ÿWPC5 æÜšÐ÷ç+aJHëÇPµ|`Æ*纉ˆý¡ònÌÈ(ä1¨õŽF–qºº¸II¯è$?ÇØ9})#çrÔ¯¬÷jäÆ@I‘¦Ôd¼’…æ‚Í ›°õ¦ÐäøÉ¦Êp4ˆŒÈÅâ+üíX bý!¾Ô äÂBœ¥H=šÃáu›©=ÿ:󇃜u]?SDB<xÙ¡r×h.¡6˜ULáèåDÌ iÕ£]6ÓŠdg²Ú 3ütGä¿ÈežEF-âï—f aÃ-‚=|óSµG´©Ú–ù`ÛâGèÏ&“ùT’>6“øâ¡[þ«®Lù3ÚÒgYE6òü—¦jE=Í™™L›#âþWlÄø:Z- íø¹¦&¬ÍwsOxZ¼ ƒyQ¼_ú/:œVÍàŒ“ÐÆ^â­üçA˜~”ëîæZ˜Ò×çgÏ׎Ó½eáK¼±D4%C‹P úÛÛ œH!CbVŠCW–jéÈw²yÿt[ÿY5KySCY# –ÜhñkqæaïxìÇn/ª`°m |KËùb„àtc¢£ì+Tð`M3K0¦%Ô²Î@jb”×1•`E7<Ë·q\È"äੱ¥jºìÁÚ‹»Çb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz UN‘ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1¾÷Nµ 0D·U@ûE; 1u= 1‡² 729k 0€s 0có;V 0P‘ 0‚á B-c BU:­­­­­­­­­­­­bççççççççç iCïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïï 0ë2222 B 0¤: D3Þ D- 0K>> AS‰ÆÜ 0¤¢ 0DF A«Š˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0 »3x)â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular"q~)ff ItalÀä§ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ´Ý ƒRõ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ ôW ò» »ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial€was€denied€on€September€16,€1999.€€His€notice€of€appeal€was€filed€on€Ð ° ÐDecember€6,€1999.€€Although€untimely€filed,€we€consider€the€appeal€on€its€merits€because€it€appears€that€the€defendantÐ tÄý Ðwas€without€counsel€for€a€number€of€weeks,€after€trial€counsel€was€allowed€to€withdraw€from€representation,€€and€beforeÐ ° Ðappellate€counsel€was€appointed.€€òòóóTenn.€R.€App.€P.€4(a);€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€980€S.W.2d€414,€418€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð tÄ Ð1998).(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.i) P/Tqê,_DaysDays of the monthÓ/€d/Ó€(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à 1Ý ƒRõ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ ôW ò» »ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ-°,XƒX×  h•X°œX-Ó€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„13„101(a)€(1997)€provides:€Ð ° Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€person€commits€assault€who:ÐtÄ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8× ` x` xà(1)€à8 × × àIntentionally,€knowingly€or€recklessly€causes€bodily€injury€toÐ 8ˆ Ðanother;€orÐüL Õ Õ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8× ` x` xà(2)€à8 × × àIntentionally€or€knowingly€causes€another€to€reasonably€fearÐ À Ðimminent€bodily€injury;€orÐ„Ô Õ Õ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8× ` x` xà(3)€à8 × × àIntentionally€or€knowingly€causes€physical€contact€withÐ H ˜ Ðanother€and€a€reasonable€person€would€regard€the€contact€asÐ  \ Ðextremely€offensive€or€provocative.ÐÐ  Õ Õ Ðà  àPT4_WeekdaysWeekday namesDD•½._MonthMonth nameÔ€"( ËV& ÂÂÔÔ€"( ËV& ÂÂÔ)Hairline düÿP Pd„ˆñ‡AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù- ! 7 Thick Top Open" (|G2õ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô8ò»»Ô d(|3Íò$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Íò$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€FÄ»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€ ¼°_»» »ÔÑ8€ 4XXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡ î·î» ¼°_ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#† ¼°_»î î· #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€October€3,€2000Ð üL ÐÔ‡ XõSX» ¼°_ÔÌò òÔ#† ¼°_»X XõS#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€CLARENCE€L.€Ô_ÔCURRIEÔ_ÔòòóóÔ‡ XõSX» ¼°_Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„12542€€€€€€W.€Fred€Ô_ÔAxleyÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„01813„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€12,€2000Ð ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓA€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€assault€for€shooting€a€coworker€with€a€handgunÐ xÈ  Ðduring€an€altercation€at€their€workplace.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€five€years€in€the€countyÐ d´ Ðworkhouse,€denying€€his€request€for€probation.€€The€defendant€appeals€his€conviction€and€sentencing,Ð P  Ðarguing€that€the€juryððs€verdict€was€not€supported€by€the€evidence,€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ <Œ Ðsentencing€him€to€five€years€imprisonment.€€Based€upon€our€review,€we€conclude€that€the€evidenceÐ (x Ðat€trial€was€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction,€and€that€the€nature€and€circumstances€of€theÐ d Ðdefendantððs€offense€justifies€the€sentence€imposed.€€Accordingly,€€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÐ P ÐcourtÔ#† ¼°_»X XõS¸#ÔÔ‡ XõSX» ¼°_Ô.Ð ì< ÐÓÞÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ä ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#† ¼°_»à XõSZ#ÔÔ‡ XõSX. ¼°_ÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayes€óóand€òòJerry€L.Ð œì ÐSmith,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌChristine€W.€Stephens€(on€appeal)€and€Ô_ÔWhittenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGurkinÔ_Ô€(at€trial),€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€theÐ `° Ðappellant,€Clarence€L.€Ô_ÔCurrieÔ_Ô.Ð L œ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Lucian€D.€Ô_ÔGeiseÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð $"t! ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Julie€Ô_ÔMosleyÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ #`" ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ü#L# ÐÓ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#† ¼°_»X XõS< #ÔÔ‡ XõSX» ¼°_ÔÐ Ô%$!% ÐÌòòóóÔ#† ¼°_»X XõSÀ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XõSX» ¼°_Ôà  àThe€defendant,€Clarence€L.€Ô_ÔCurrieÔ_Ô,€was€convicted€of€aggravated€assault€for€shooting€aÐ ¬'ü"' Ðcoworker€with€a€handgun,€and€sentenced€to€five€years€imprisonment.€€After€the€denial€of€his€motionÐ ˜(è#( Ðfor€a€new€trial,€the€defendant€filed€an€appeal€to€this€court,€presenting€the€following€issues€for€review:׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð „)Ô$)ý ЇÓ*°,XƒX" –X°œX*ÓÓ€ (5h83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£×ÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0" ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððsÐ ° Ðverdict;€and݃3£×$݌Мì" x" x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£\ÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0" ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€correctly€sentenced€the€defendant€toÐ tÄ Ðincarceration€for€five€years.݃3£\©ÝŒÐ`°" x" x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà  àBased€upon€our€review,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà@¥¥(ìàòòò òFACTSó óóóˆÐ  ` ÐÌà  àOn€June€2,€1998,€the€defendant,€a€truck€driver€employed€by€Central€Woodwork,€a€MemphisÐ è 8  Ðdoor€and€window€manufacturing€company,€culminated€an€altercation€with€a€coworker€by€shootingÐ Ô$  Ðhim€with€a€handgun€in€the€companyððs€shipping€office.€€€The€altercation€began€with€the€sixty„year„oldÐ À  Ðdefendant€exchanging€insults€with€the€twenty„one„year„old€victim,€Ô_ÔBrennonÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWarrÔ_Ô,€in€the€companyððs€Ð ¬ü  Ðwarehouse.€€When€the€argument€escalated€into€a€physical€fight,€the€defendant€pulled€a€.380€caliberÐ ˜è  Ðpistol€on€the€victim.€The€victim€fled€into€the€shipping€office,€followed€by€the€defendant,€who€shotÐ „Ô  Ðhim€one€time,€striking€him€in€the€hip.€€The€defendant€was€subsequently€charged€with€aggravatedÐ pÀ Ðassault.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  à€The€Stateððs€first€witness€at€trial€was€Kevin€OððDonnell,€operations€manager€at€CentralÐ 4„ ÐWoodwork.€€Asked€to€describe€the€physical€layout€of€the€facility,€OððDonnell€stated€that€theÐ  p Ðwarehouse€area€in€which€the€defendant€and€the€victim€began€their€fight€is€located€immediately€inÐ  \ Ðfront€of€the€companyððs€shipping€and€sales€offices.€€He€testified€that€a€door€from€the€warehouse€leadsÐ øH Ðdirectly€into€the€companyððs€shipping€office,€which€has€glass€walls€through€which€the€warehouse€isÐ ä4 Ðvisible.€€A€second€door€at€the€rear€of€the€shipping€office€leads€into€the€companyððs€sales€office,€whereÐ Ð  Ðnine€or€ten€employees€work,€and€routinely€meet€with€customers.€€OððDonnell€testified€that€the€bullet€Ð ¼  Ðthat€struck€the€victim€in€the€shipping€office,€passed€through€the€victimððs€body€and€the€wall€Ð ¨ø Ðseparating€the€shipping€and€sales€offices,€and€hit€a€chair,€designated€for€customersðð€use,€€in€the€salesÐ ”ä Ðoffice.€€Although€the€nine€or€ten€sales€desks€were€occupied€€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€€no€one€wasÐ €Ð Ðsitting€in€the€chair€that€the€bullet€struck.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€victim€testified€that€two€weeks€before€the€shooting,€he€and€the€defendant€argued€overÐ D!” Ðmoney€that€the€defendant€owed€him€for€drugs.€€He€said€that€when€he€encountered€the€defendant€inÐ 0"€  Ðfront€of€the€shipping€office€on€the€day€that€he€was€shot,€the€defendant€began€ð ðtalking€messðð€to€him,Ð #l! Ðand€made€an€obscene€remark€about€his€mother.€€In€response,€he€walked€up€to€the€defendant€and€toldÐ $X" Ðhim€that€they€should€hold€the€argument€until€they€both€were€off€work€in€€fifteen€or€twenty€minutes.€Ð ô$D # Ðâ âHe€testified€that€he€then€turned€to€walk€away,€and€ð ðThatððs€when€he€followed€me€towards€the€timeÐ à%0!$ Ðclock,€and€we€got€to€arguing€face€to€face€then,€and€thatððs€when€he€hit€me,€and€I€hit€him€back,€andÐ ° Ðthen€we€got€to€scuffling€a€little€bit.€€He€pulled€a€gun€out,€and€he€shot€me.ððÐ œì Ðâ âÌà  àWhen€he€saw€the€defendantððs€gun,€the€victim€ran€into€the€shipping€office€in€an€effort€toÐ tÄ Ðescape.€€€Upon€seeing€that€the€defendant€had€followed€and€was€pointing€the€gun€at€him€from€theÐ `° Ðdoorway€of€the€shipping€office,€the€victim€ran€through€the€second€door€into€the€sales€office.€€TheÐ L œ Ðdefendant€shot€him€in€the€hip€before€he€made€it€through€the€door.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€had€also€pulled€a€pistol€on€himÐ  ` Ðduring€their€earlier€€argument€over€money,€and€acknowledged€having€told€a€coworker,€regarding€theÐ ü L  Ðincident,€that€€he€was€ð ðgoing€to€have€to€take€care€of€it.ðð€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àSeveral€Central€Woodwork€employees€witnessed€the€June€2,€1998,€altercation.€€€Larry€Minor,Ð À  Ðshipping€supervisor,€watched€the€fight€unfold€while€standing€in€the€doorway€of€the€shipping€office.€Ð ¬ü  ÐHe€testified€that€the€men€first€called€each€other€names,€and€then€ð ðjust€bear€hugged€one€another€forÐ ˜è  Ða€while,€you€know,€because€somebody€was€trying€to€hit€somebody.ðð€€Minor€said€that€the€victim€thenÐ „Ô  Ðstarted€running€toward€the€shipping€office€ð ðsaying€that€he€[the€defendant]€had€a€gun.ðð€€The€victimÐ pÀ Ðran€past€him€into€the€shipping€office,€followed€by€the€defendant,€who€stopped€at€the€doorway€to€theÐ \¬ Ðoffice,€approximately€one€and€one„half€feet€from€Minor,€and€fired€his€pistol€at€the€fleeing€victim.Ð H˜ ÐAfter€the€defendant€fired€one€shot,€Minor€grabbed€the€defendant€in€a€bear€hug€and€shook€him,€forcingÐ 4„ Ðhim€to€drop€the€gun€to€the€floor.Ð  p ÐÌà  àThomas€Rush,€a€truck€driver,€testified€that€he€was€sitting€at€a€desk€in€the€shipping€office€whenÐ øH Ðhe€heard€the€defendant€and€the€victim€arguing€in€the€warehouse€outside€the€offices.€€Rush€said€thatÐ ä4 Ðwhen€he€looked€out€through€the€glass€walls€of€the€office,€he€saw€ð ðÔ_ÔBrennonÔ_Ô€and€him€scuffling.€€ThenÐ Ð  Ðthey€was€shoving€and€somebody€fell.€€Then€he€came€running€through€the€office€door€thereð!ðÔ_ÔBrennonÔ_ÔÐ ¼  Ðdid.€€Then€Ô_ÔCurrieÔ_Ô€come€behind€him€with€the€gun€shooting.ðð€€Rush€said€that€the€victim€continued€intoÐ ¨ø Ðthe€sales€office€after€being€shot,€and€that€Minor€pushed€the€defendant€back€into€the€warehouse€andÐ ”ä Ðdisarmed€him.€€€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àHarold€Houston€Payne,€maintenance€supervisor,€said€€that€he€was€walking€past€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðand€the€victim€when€the€altercation€started.€€He€heard€them€arguing,€but€could€not€understand€what€Ð D!” Ðthey€were€saying.€€He€testified€that,€after€exchanging€some€angry€words€with€the€defendant,€theÐ 0"€  Ðvictim€walked€off,€but€that€he€came€back€when€the€defendant€told€him€to€ð ðstick€my€dick€up€yourÐ #l! Ðmotherððs€ass.ðð€€After€that,€the€men€ð ðtied€upðð€wrestling.€€€He€saw€the€defendant€pull€a€gun€out€and€tryÐ $X" Ðto€hit€the€victim€on€the€head€with€it.€€Payne€said€that€when€the€victim€saw€the€gun,€ð ðhe€took€offÐ ô$D # Ðrunningðð€and€tried€to€go€into€the€sales€office,€but€that€the€defendant€ð ðfollowed€him€and€shot€him€justÐ à%0!$ Ðas€he€went€in€the€door.ðð€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àSergeant€Carolyn€Williams€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€who€investigated€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðincident,€€testified€that€the€defendant€admitted€shooting€the€victim.€€The€defendantððs€taped€statementÐ )à$( Ðwas€played€before€the€court.€€Neither€the€tape,€nor€a€transcript€of€the€defendantððs€statement,€wasÐ |*Ì%) Ðincluded€in€the€record€provided€to€this€court.€€However,€the€trial€courtððs€remarks€during€discussionsÐ h+¸&* Ðwith€counsel€regarding€proposed€jury€instructions€suggest€that,€in€his€statement,€the€defendantÐ ° Ðjustified€his€use€of€the€gun€as€self„defense.€Ð œì ÐÌà  àThree€Central€Woodwork€employees€testified€on€the€defendantððs€behalf.€€€Jim€Terry€said€thatÐ tÄ Ðhe€had€seen€the€defendant€and€the€victim€ð ðexchanging€words€on€the€dockðð€about€two€weeks€beforeÐ `° Ðthe€shooting.€€He€could€not€say,€however,€whether€the€men€had€been€arguing,€or€merely€talking.Ð L œ ÐCalvin€Sharp€testified€that,€€approximately€one€day€before€the€shooting,€€the€victim€told€him€that€heÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€ð ðgoing€to€getðð€the€defendant€if€the€defendant€did€not€pay€him€the€money€that€he€was€owed.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àElton€Ô_ÔWorlesÔ_Ô€testified€that,€on€the€afternoon€of€the€shooting,€the€defendant€came€into€theÐ ü L  Ðwarehouse€and€began€to€tell€him€about€some€fellow€employees€who€had€threatened€him€earlier€thatÐ è 8  Ðday,€by€pointing€a€two„by„four€at€him€as€he€drove€his€delivery€truck€out€of€the€facility.€€Ô_ÔWorlesÔ_Ô€saidÐ Ô$  Ðthat,€as€the€defendant€related€the€incident€to€him,€the€victim,€who€apparently€overheard€theÐ À  Ðconversation,€walked€over€and€began€to€insult€the€defendant.€€Ô_ÔWorlesÔ_Ô€testified€that€the€men€thenÐ ¬ü  Ðpassed€insults€until€the€victim€grabbed€the€defendantððs€shirt€to€pull€it€over€his€head,€and€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€swung€at€the€victim.€€€After€a€€ð ðlittle€tussle,ðð€the€victim€pushed€the€defendant€over€a€dolly.€Ð „Ô  ÐAt€that€point,€the€defendant€pulled€out€a€gun.€€Ô_ÔWorlesÔ_Ô€witnessed€nothing€further,€testifying€that,€atÐ pÀ Ðthe€sight€of€the€gun,€he€ð ðbroke€and€ran€and€got€out€[of]€the€way.ðð€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Ô_ÔWorlesÔ_Ô€acknowledged€that,€because€he€had€looked€away€at€one€pointÐ 4„ Ðduring€the€portion€of€the€fight,€it€was€possible€that€the€defendant€could€have€swung€at€the€victimÐ  p Ðbefore€the€victim€grabbed€the€defendantððs€shirt.€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€deposition€testimony€of€Dr.€Samuel€T.€Summers,€€the€defendantððs€treating€physician,€wasÐ ä4 Ðread€into€evidence.€€Summers€testified€that€the€defendant€suffered€from€narrowing€of€the€arteries€inÐ Ð  Ðhis€legs,€and€that,€prior€to€the€shooting,€he€had€twice€undergone€bypass€surgery€for€that€condition.Ð ¼  ÐSummers€opined€that,€as€a€result,€the€defendantððs€physical€strength€and€stamina€would€be€less€thanÐ ¨ø Ðthat€of€a€man€of€similar€age€who€did€not€suffer€from€the€same€condition.€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€State€presented€the€rebuttal€testimony€of€Central€Woodwork€employees€Lawrence€BoydÐ l¼ Ðand€Joseph€Ô_ÔBougardÔ_Ô,€who€both€testified€that€the€defendant€had€thrown€the€first€blow€in€the€fight.Ð X ¨ ÐÌÓ6°,XƒX× –X°,XƒX" –X6Óà  àAfter€deliberation,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€assault.€€When€askedÐ 0"€  Ðat€the€sentencing€hearing€if€he€understood€that€what€he€had€done€was€wrong,€the€defendant€answered:Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àI€wasnððt€thinking€rationally,€no€doubt€about€it.€€I€am€61€years€oldÐ ô$D # Ðand€I€let€him€raffle€[sic]€me,€you€know.€€And€he€is€the€culprit.€€He€isÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€one€that,€you€know,€he€started€after€me,€you€know.€€For€threeÐ Ì&"% Ðweeks€he€walk€[sic]€around€there€talking€about€what€he€is€going€to€doÐ ¸'#& Ðto€me.€€I€am€going€to€kick€your€old€ass.€€And€I€kept€telling€him€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwasnððt€going€to€happen.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àSee,€if,€you€know,€I€was€trying€thatð!ðmy€record€speak€[sic]€forÐ ° Ðâ âitself,€I€am€a€changed€person.€€You€know,€because€if€that€had€been€anÐ œì Ðearlier€time€in€my€life,€he€never€would€had€did€that,€you€know.€€He€isÐ ˆØ Ða€coward.€€I€am€61€years€old.€€He€is€20.€€He€outweighs€me€almost€90Ð tÄ Ðpounds.€€He€grabbed€me€first.€€I€had€the€pistol€when€I€first€came€there.€Ð `° ÐBut€that€morning€when€he€picked€up€the€two„by„four€at€me,€I€got€onÐ L œ Ðin€the€truck.€€I€had€the€pistol€then.€€Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àWhen€I€came€back€up€in€the€place€that€evening,€if€I€wanted€toÐ  ` Ðshoot€him€I€would€had€pulled€it€out€and€shot€him€then.€€I€never€shotÐ ü L  Ðhim€or€shot€at€him€until€he€grabbed€me€and€tried€to€put€me€down€onÐ è 8  Ðmy€back.€€I€wasnððt€going€to€let€that€happen.€€I€wasnððt€going€to€let€himÐ Ô$  Ðget€on€top€me.€And€the€rest€of€them€was€starting,€it€was€like€a€circle,Ð À  Ðlike€in€high€school,€in€grade€school,€it€was€like€a€circle.€€They€wereÐ ¬ü  Ðstanding€there,€you€understand,€trying€to€egg€him€on.€€He€was€aÐ ˜è  Ðcoward.€€My€son€would€never€do€that€to€an€old€man.€Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€did€not€get€into€fights,€and€that€hisÐ \¬ Ðprevious€arrests€for€assault€and€battery€ð ðwasnððt€for€fighting.ðð€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€was€notÐ H˜ Ðguilty€of€many€of€the€offenses€for€which€he€had€previously€been€convicted.€€He€said€that€he€hadÐ 4„ Ðð ðneverðð€burglarized€a€house€or€robbed€anybody,€despite€his€criminal€record€which€indicated€that€heÐ  p Ðhad€been€convicted€for€those€crimes.€€He€explained€his€convictions€for€disturbing€the€peace€byÐ  \ Ðstating,€ð ðyou€basically€just€raise€your€voice€and€get€a€disturbing€the€peace.€€Look€at€my€color.€€MyÐ øH Ðskin€is€my€sin.ðð€€He€insisted€that€he€shot€the€victim€in€self„defense,€and€that€the€shooting€would€notÐ ä4 Ðhave€occurred€if€the€victim€ð ðhadnððt€never€put€his€hands€on€me.ðð€€Pulling€the€gun,€he€said,€was€theÐ Ð  Ðonly€means€he€had€to€€protect€himself€from€the€much€younger€and€stronger€victim.€€When€asked€toÐ ¼  Ðexplain€why€he€shot€the€victim€from€behind€as€the€victim€was€running€away,€the€defendant€firstÐ ¨ø Ðstated€that€ð ðsomething€just€came€over€me,ðð€and€then€said,€ð ðI€donððt€know€whether€he€was€running€orÐ ”ä Ðnot.ðð€€However,€when€asked€why€he€had€called€the€victim€a€coward,€he€answered,€ð ðWhat€made€himÐ €Ð Ðrun?€€What€made€him€run?ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  à€In€sentencing€the€defendant,€the€trial€court€issued€both€verbal€findings€of€fact,€at€theÐ D!” Ðconclusion€of€the€evidence,€and€a€written€order,€which€was€entered€the€same€day.€€Because€all€butÐ 0"€  Ðtwo€of€his€previous€convictions€had€occurred€more€than€ten€years€previously,€the€trial€court€classifiedÐ #l! Ðthe€defendant€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant:€had€a€historyÐ $X" Ðof€previous€criminal€convictions€and€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€required€to€establish€theÐ ô$D # Ðrange;€had€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involvingÐ à%0!$ Ðrelease€into€the€community;€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;Ð Ì&"% Ðhad€no€hesitation€about€committing€the€crime€when€there€was€a€threat€to€the€lives€of€others;Ð ¸'#& Ðcommitted€a€felony€that€involved€the€threat€of€death€or€bodily€injury€to€another€person€and€hadÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpreviously€been€convicted€of€a€felony€that€resulted€in€bodily€injury;€and€willingly€inflicted€bodilyÐ )à$( Ðinjury€upon€another€person.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(8)„(12)€(1997).€€Rejecting€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendantððs€argument€that€he€acted€under€strong€provocation,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(2)Ð h+¸&* Ð(1997),€the€trial€court€found€no€applicable€mitigating€factors,€and€sentenced€the€defendant€to€fiveÐ ° Ðyears€imprisonment,€denying€his€request€for€probation.€Ð œì Ðà  àÌà@òò&ìàòòò òANALYSISˆÐ tÄ ÐÌó óóóà@÷÷ìàò òI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ L œ ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€first€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict.€Ð $ t ÐHe€asserts€that€the€victim€assaulted€him,€and€contends€that€his€actions€qualified€as€justifiable€self„Ð  ` Ðdefense,€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„11„611(a€)€(1997),€which€states:Ð ü L  ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óA€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€against€anotherÐ Ô$  Ðperson€when€and€to€the€degree€the€person€reasonably€believes€theÐ À  Ðforce€is€immediately€necessary€to€protect€against€the€otherððs€use€orÐ ¬ü  Ðattempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€€The€person€must€have€a€reasonableÐ ˜è  Ðbelief€that€there€is€an€imminent€danger€of€death€or€serious€bodilyÐ „Ô  Ðinjury.€€The€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€or€seriousÐ pÀ Ðbodily€injury€must€be€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€at€the€time,Ð \¬ Ðand€must€be€founded€upon€reasonable€grounds.€€There€is€no€duty€toÐ H˜ Ðretreat€before€a€person€threatens€or€uses€force.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌThe€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€showing€that€the€victim€had€threatened€ð ðtoÐ  \ Ðgetðð€him,€combined€with€the€fact€that€the€victim€was€much€younger,€heavier,€and€stronger€than€he,€Ð øH Ðsupports€a€finding€that€he€acted€in€the€reasonable€fear€that€the€victim€posed€an€imminent€threat€ofÐ ä4 Ðdeath€or€great€bodily€harm€to€him.€€The€defendant€acknowledges€that€the€jury€was€instructed€on€self„Ð Ð  Ðdefense;€he€argues,€however,€that€the€verdict€shows€that€the€jury€ð ðdid€not€properly€consider€theÐ ¼  Ðdefense,ðð€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€charge€the€jury€on€the€lesser€offense€of€assault.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€State€argues€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððsÐ €Ð Ðverdict,€and€that,€by€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€assault,€the€jury€rejected€his€claim€ofÐ l¼ Ðself„defense.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àIn€considering€this€issue,€we€apply€the€rule€that€where€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidenceÐ 0"€  Ðis€challenged,€the€relevant€question€of€the€reviewing€court€is€€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidenceÐ #l! Ðin€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÐ $X" Ðelements€of€the€offense€charged€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,Ð ô$D # Ð99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€190„92Ð à%0!$ Ð(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.Ð Ì&"% Ð1992);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€orÐ ¸'#& Ðjury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guiltÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð).€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€andÐ )à$( Ðvalue€to€be€given€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð |*Ì%) ÐPappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).€€ð ðA€guilty€verdictÐ h+¸&* Ðby€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€andÐ ° Ðresolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.Ð œì Ð1973).€€Our€supreme€court€stated€the€rationale€for€this€rule:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trial€judge€andÐ `° Ðthe€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimony€andÐ L œ Ðobserve€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€and€jury€areÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weight€andÐ $ t Ðcredibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trialÐ  ` Ðforum€alone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€theÐ ü L  Ðevidence€cannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌòòÔ_ÔBolinÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€4,€11,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€212€Tenn.€464,Ð À  Ð370€S.W.2d€523€(1963)).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convictedÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ð pÀ ÐÌà  à€The€defendant€was€convicted€of€a€violation€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„13„Ð H˜ Ð102(a),€which€provides:Ð 4„ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€person€commits€aggravated€assault€who:Ð \` x` x ÐÌÓ6°,XƒX" –X°,XƒX× –X6Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€(1)à8" ` x` xàIntentionally€or€knowingly€commits€an€assault€as€definedÐ ä4 Ðin€ðð€39„13„101׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and:ÐÐ " ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8" ` x` xà(A)€Causes€serious€bodily€injury€to€another;€orШø" ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8" ` x` xà(B)€Uses€or€displays€a€deadly€weapon;€orЀÐ" ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€€(2)€à8" ` x` xàRecklessly€commits€an€assault€as€defined€in€ðð€39„13„Ð X ¨ Ð101(a)(1)€and:ÐD!”" ¶" ¶ ÐÐ 0"€  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8" ` x` xà(A)€Causes€serious€bodily€injury€to€another;€orа" ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8" ` x` xà(B)€Uses€or€displays€a€deadly€weapon.ЈØ" ¶" ¶ ÐÌAlthough€the€trial€court€initially€expressed€some€doubt€as€to€whether€the€defendant€had€properlyÐ `° Ðraised€the€defense€at€trial,€the€record€reveals,€and€the€defendant€acknowledges,€that€the€court€includedÐ L œ Ða€full€and€detailed€charge€on€self„defense€in€the€instructions€issued€to€the€jury.€€€After€deliberating,Ð 8 ˆ Ðthe€jury€returned€with€a€verdict€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€assault.Ð $ t ÐÌ€€€à  àThe€evidence€presented€at€trial€supports€the€juryððs€verdict.€€The€evidence€showed€that:€€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendant€pulled€a€handgun€on€the€victim€during€a€workplace€fight;€the€victim€fled€at€the€sight€of€theÐ è 8  Ðgun;€the€defendant€chased€the€victim€to€the€doorway€of€the€shipping€office;€the€victim€then€attemptedÐ Ô$  Ðto€escape€into€the€sales€office;€and€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€from€behind€as€he€was€runningÐ À  Ðthrough€the€sales€office€door.€€Moreover,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidenceÐ ¬ü  Ðshows€that€it€was€the€defendant€who€initiated€the€fight,€confronting€the€victim€in€the€warehouse,€andÐ ˜è  Ðthrowing€the€first€blow.€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€juryððs€verdict€shows€that€it€failed€to€properly€consider€hisÐ \¬ Ðdefense€of€self„defense.€€€We€disagree.€€In€order€to€conclude€that€the€defendant€acted€in€self„defense,Ð H˜ Ðthe€jury€would€have€had€to€find€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€while€under€a€òòreasonableóó€beliefÐ 4„ Ðthat€such€force€was€òòimmediately€necessaryóó€to€protect€himself€from€òòimminentóó€death€or€serious€bodilyÐ  p Ðinjury€at€the€hands€of€the€victim.€€The€evidence€at€trial,€however,€showed€that€the€victim€was€shotÐ  \ Ðafter€he€had€already€withdrawn€from€the€fight€and€was€attempting€to€leave.€€Thus,€even€had€theÐ øH Ðvictim€posed€a€real€threat€of€immediate,€serious€bodily€injury€or€death€to€the€defendant€during€theÐ ä4 Ðfight,€the€threat€was€over€by€the€time€the€defendant€shot€the€victim.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€conviction.€€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€argues€in€his€appellate€brief€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€chargeÐ ”ä Ðthe€jury€on€the€lesser€charge€of€assault.€€However,€this€issue€was€waived€because€it€was€not€includedÐ €Ð Ðin€the€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e);€òòState€v.€Maddoxóó,€957€S.W.2d€547,€553€(Tenn.Ð l¼ ÐCrim.€App.€1997).€€Notwithstanding€the€waiver,€the€defendant€would€not€be€entitled€to€relief€if€weÐ X ¨ Ðconsidered€this€issue€on€the€merits.€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€467€(Tenn.€1999)€(holding€thatÐ D!” Ðthere€must€be€a€factual€basis€before€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„included€offense€is€submitted€to€theÐ 0"€  Ðjury).Ð #l! Ðà  àÌà@€€#ìàò òII.€€SentencingˆÐ ô$D # ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€him€to€five€yearsÐ Ì&"% Ðimprisonment.€€He€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€that€strong€provocation€was€not€aÐ ¸'#& Ðmitigating€factor,€and€argues€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€properly€consider€other€mitigating€factors.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€him€probation.€€The€State€argues€thatÐ )à$( Ðthe€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€sentencing€the€defendant€to€five€years€imprisonment.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àÔ‡XõSXX XõSÔAppellate€review€of€a€trial€courtððs€sentencing€is€òòóóòòde€novoóó€on€the€record,€€with€a€presumptionÐ ° Ðthat€"the€determinations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct."€€Tenn.€CodeÐ œì ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption,€however,€€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showingÐ ˆØ Ðin€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€presumption€does€notÐ `° Ðapply€to€the€legal€conclusions€reached€by€the€trial€court€in€sentencing€the€accused€or€to€theÐ L œ Ðdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€which€are€predicated€upon€Ô_ÔuncontrovertedÔ_Ô€facts.€€òòState€v.Ð 8 ˆ ÐButleróó,€900€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,€929€(Tenn.Ð $ t ÐCrim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòState€v.€Bonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€163,€166€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð  ` ÐApp.€1993).€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThe€party€challenging€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€has€the€burden€of€establishingÐ Ô$  Ðthat€the€sentences€are€erroneous.€€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401;€Ð À  ÐòòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169;€€òòButleróó,€900€S.W.2d€at€311.€Ô#† XõSXXXõS‘z#ÔÔ‡XõSXX XõSÔ€If€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutoryÐ ¬ü  Ðsentencing€procedure,€made€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€and€gaveÐ ˜è  Ðdue€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€relevant€to€sentencing€under€theÐ „Ô  Ð1989€Sentencing€Act,€we€may€not€disturb€the€sentence,€even€if€we€would€have€reached€a€differentÐ pÀ Ðresult.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€If,€however,€the€trialÐ \¬ Ðcourt€applied€inappropriate€factors,€the€sentenceððs€presumption€of€correctness€fails.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð H˜ ÐSheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)€(citing€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169Ð 4„ Ð(Tenn.€1991)).€€Ð  p ÐÌà@k k ìàò òA.€€Applicability€of€Enhancement€and€Mitigating€Factorsó óˆÐ øH ÐÌà  àIn€its€verbal€findings€of€fact€at€sentencing,€the€trial€court€specifically€mentioned€only€threeÐ Ð  Ðof€the€six€enhancement€factors€that€it€ultimately€applied.€€It€mentioned€only€one€of€the€defendantððsÐ ¼  Ðproposed€mitigating€factors.€€The€trial€courtððs€written€findings€of€fact€consisted€of€a€preprinted€formÐ ¨ø Ðcontaining,€òòinter€aliaóó,€a€list€of€all€statutory€enhancement€and€mitigating€€factors,€with€a€place€besideÐ ”ä Ðeach€factor€for€the€court€to€circle€€either€ð ðyesðð€or€ð ðno,ðð€according€to€its€determination€of€the€factorððsÐ €Ð Ðapplicability.€€The€trial€court€circled€€ð ðyesðð€for€six€enhancement€factors,€and€ð ðnoðð€for€two€mitigatingÐ l¼ Ðfactors,€with€little€or€no€explanation€provided€for€its€determinations.€€Therefore,€we€€review€theÐ X ¨ Ðenhancement€and€mitigating€factors€òòde€novoóó,€without€a€presumption€of€correctness.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àThe€six€enhancement€factors€applied€by€the€trial€court€are€as€follows:Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€à8" ` x` xàThe€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÐ ô$D # Ðconvictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€thoseÐ à%0!$ Ðnecessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;€ÐÌ&"%" ¶" ¶ Ðà  àà ` àà " à.€.€.€.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(8)€à8" ` x` xàThe€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€toÐ )à$( Ðcomply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involvingÐ |*Ì%) Ðrelease€in€the€community;Ðh+¸&*" ¶" ¶ Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(9)€à8" ` x` xàThe€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm,€explosiveÐ ° Ðdevice€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€the€commission€ofÐ œì Ðthe€offense;ЈØ" ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(10)€à8" ` x` xàThe€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crimeÐ `° Ðwhen€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high;ÐL œ" ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(11)€à8" ` x` xàThe€felony€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury€or€involvedÐ $ t Ðthe€threat€of€death€or€bodily€injury€to€another€person€andÐ  ` Ðthe€defendant€has€previously€been€convicted€of€a€felonyÐ ü L  Ðthat€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury;€andÐè 8 " ¶" ¶ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(12)€à8" ` x` xàDuring€the€commission€of€the€felony,€the€defendantÐ À  Ðwillfully€inflicted€bodily€injury€upon€another€person,€orÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€actions€of€the€defendant€resulted€in€the€death€of€orÐ ˜è  Ðserious€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€or€a€person€other€than€theÐ „Ô  Ðintended€victim[.]ÐpÀ" ¶" ¶ ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(8)„(12)€(1997).€€In€his€brief,€the€defendant€does€not€disputeÐ H˜ Ðspecifically€the€application€by€the€trial€court€of€any€of€these€enhancement€factors€but,€instead,€arguesÐ 4„ Ðthat€the€five„year€sentence€was€improper.€€Accordingly,€we€will€consider€whether€these€factors€wereÐ  p Ðproperly€applied€by€the€trial€court.€€Ô#† XõSXXXõSŸ€#ÔÔ‡XõSXX XõSÔÐ  \ ÐÌà  àAs€to€factor€(1),€the€defendantððs€criminal€record€showed€an€extensive€history€of€priorÐ ä4 Ðconvictions,€beginning€in€1958,€and€ending€in€August€1995,€when€he€was€arrested€for€the€unlawfulÐ Ð  Ðmanufacture€and€sale€of€drugs€and€for€possession€of€unlawful€drug€paraphernalia.€€For€the€1995Ð ¼  Ðoffenses,€the€defendant€was€allowed€to€plead€guilty€to€a€lesser€charge€of€drug€possession,€sentencedÐ ¨ø Ðto€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days,€suspended,€and€placed€on€probation.€€In€1974,€he€wasÐ ”ä Ðconvicted€of€three€counts€of€the€sale€of€heroin€and€received€three€concurrent€five„year€sentences.€€InÐ €Ð Ð1966,€he€was€convicted€of€smuggling€heroin,€receiving€a€three„year€suspended€sentence€with€fiveÐ l¼ Ðyears€probation.€€Additionally,€according€to€the€presentence€report,€the€defendant€was€convicted€inÐ X ¨ Ð1960€of€robbery,€although€the€length€of€the€sentence€is€not€disclosed.€€Enhancement€factor€(1),Ð D!” Ðtherefore,€is€clearly€applicable.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€criminal€record€also€reveals€an€arrest€for€violation€of€probation€and€severalÐ $X" Ðarrests€and€convictions€for€crimes€committed€while€on€probation.€Thus,€enhancement€factor€(8)€isÐ ô$D # Ðapplicable.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àFactor€(9)€was€not€applicable€because€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€was€inherent€in€the€offenseÐ ¸'#& Ðof€aggravated€assault.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€98€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Jeffrey€EugeneÐ ¤(ô#' ÐWrightóó,€No.€M1999„00647„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€264224,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Mar.€10,Ð )à$( Ð2000).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àFactor€€(10),€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€the€offense€when€the€risk€toÐ ° Ðhuman€life€was€high,€is€certainly€applicable€and€entitled€to€the€great€weight€that€the€trial€court€gaveÐ œì Ðit.€€By€firing€his€pistol€in€a€crowded€office,€the€defendant€placed€at€risk€the€lives€of€over€a€dozenÐ ˆØ Ðcoworkers.€€In€addition,€the€defendant€potentially€placed€at€risk€the€lives€of€the€companyððs€customers,Ð tÄ Ðwho,€according€to€operations€manager€Kevin€OððDonnell,€frequently€meet€with€sales€employees€inÐ `° Ðthe€sales€office.€€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€909€S.W.2d€46,€50€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(stating€that€factor€(10)Ð L œ Ðis€properly€ð ðapplied€in€situations€where€individuals€other€than€the€victim€are€in€the€area€and€subjectÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€injuryðð).Ð $ t ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€factors€(11)€and€(12)€were€not€applicable.€€Factor€(11)€requires€that€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendant€have€a€previous€conviction€involving€death€or€bodily€injury€to€another€and,€according€toÐ è 8  Ðhis€record,€that€was€not€the€case.€€Factor€(12)€requires€that,€during€the€commission€of€the€felony,€aÐ Ô$  Ðperson€other€than€the€victim€was€killed€or€received€serious€bodily€injury.€€Since€only€the€victim€wasÐ À  Ðinjured,€this€factor€does€not€apply.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÔ#† XõSXXXõS±‘#ÔÔ‡XõSXX XõSÔà  à€In€his€notice€of€mitigating€factors,€the€defendant€argued€that:€his€conduct€did€not€causeÐ „Ô  Ðserious€bodily€injury;€he€acted€under€strong€provocation;€substantial€grounds€existed€to€excuse€orÐ pÀ Ðjustify€his€conduct;€and€he€committed€the€offense€under€circumstances€that€show€he€did€not€have€aÐ \¬ Ðsustained€intent€to€commit€a€crime.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(1)„(3),€(11)€(1997).€€AfterÐ H˜ Ðreviewing€the€record,€we€conclude€that€none€of€these€mitigating€factors€apply.Ô#† XõSXXXõS»ž#ÔÔ‡XõSXX XõSԀР4„ ЀÌà  àMitigating€factor€(1)€applies€only€if€the€defendantððs€criminal€conduct€ð ðneither€caused€norÐ  \ Ðthreatened€serious€bodily€injury.ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(1)€(1997).€€While€it€is€true€that€theÐ øH Ðvictim€was€not€seriously€injured,€the€defendantððs€conduct€threatened€serious€bodily€injury€not€onlyÐ ä4 Ðto€the€victim,€but€also€to€the€other€Central€Woodwork€employees€present€in€the€area.€€TheÐ Ð  Ðdefendantððs€claims€that€he€acted€under€strong€provocation€(factor€(2));€his€actions€were€justifiedÐ ¼  Ð(factor€(3));€and€he€lacked€a€sustained€intent€to€commit€the€crime€(factor€(11));€are€not€supported€byÐ ¨ø Ðthe€record.€€€The€evidence€in€this€case€showed€that€the€defendant€chased€the€fleeing€victim€a€distanceÐ ”ä Ðof€approximately€twenty€€feet€before€firing€his€gun,€and€that,€at€the€time€that€he€was€shot,€the€victimÐ €Ð Ðhad€his€back€to€the€defendant€and€was€attempting€to€flee.€€Under€these€circumstances,€we€concludeÐ l¼ Ðthat€the€defendantððs€proposed€mitigating€factors€are€inapplicable€to€his€crime.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àIn€the€absence€of€mitigating€factors,€and€applying€great€weight€to€the€applicable€enhancementÐ 0"€  Ðfactors,€we€conclude€that€the€sentence€of€five€years€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€justified€by€theÐ #l! Ðrecord.€€€Ð $X" ÐÐ  ô$D # Ðà@ìàò òB.€€Denial€of€ProbationˆÐ ° Ðó óÔ#† XõSXXXõS1¡#ÔÌà  àThe€defendant€points€out€that€he€was€eligible€for€probation,€and€argues€that€the€trial€courtÐ ˆØ Ðerred€in€denying€his€request€for€probation.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€he€is€a€suitable€candidate€forÐ tÄ Ðprobation.€€In€support,€he€cites,€òòinter€aliaóó,€his€advanced€age,€health€problems,€marital€status,€and€longÐ `° Ðhistory€of€steady€employment.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€is€correct€that€he€was€eligible€for€probation.€€òòSeeóóòòóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð $ t Ð303(a)€(1997)€(ð ðA€defendant€shall€be€eligible€for€probation€.€.€.€if€the€sentence€actually€imposed€uponÐ  ` Ðsuch€defendant€is€€eight€(8)€years€or€less€.€.€.€ðð).€€Even€though€eligible,€however,€the€€defendant€wasÐ ü L  Ðnot€automatically€entitled€to€probation€as€a€matter€of€law.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(b)Ð è 8  Ð(1997).€€The€burden€was€upon€the€defendant€to€show€that€he€was€a€suitable€candidate€for€probation.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòState€v.€Ô_ÔGoodeÔ_Ôóó,€956€S.W.2d€521,€527€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997);€òòState€v.€Boggsóó,€932€S.W.2d€467,€477Ð À  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(b)€(1997).€€€In€order€to€meet€this€burden,Ð ¬ü  Ðthe€defendant€was€required€to€ð ðdemonstrate€that€probation€will€ððsubserve€the€ends€of€justice€and€theÐ ˜è  Ðbest€interest€of€both€the€public€and€the€defendant.ððððòòóó€òòState€v.€Binghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€448,€456€(Tenn.Ð „Ô  ÐCrim.€App.€1995)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€259€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990)).€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àIn€determining€whether€or€not€to€grant€probation,€the€trial€court€should€consider,€among€otherÐ H˜ Ðfactors,€the€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€offense,€€the€defendantððs€criminal€record,€the€defendantððsÐ 4„ Ðpresent€condition,€whether€a€sentence€other€than€probation€would€provide€an€effective€deterrent€toÐ  p Ðothers€likely€to€commit€similar€crimes,€and€whether€a€sentence€of€probation€would€unduly€depreciateÐ  \ Ðthe€seriousness€of€the€offenseòòóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€940€S.W.2d€558,€559€(Tenn.€1997);€òòÔ_ÔGoodeÔ_Ôóó,€956Ð øH ÐS.W.2d€at€€527;òòóó€òòBinghamóó;€910€S.W.2d€at€456òòóó.Ô‡XõSXX XõSÔò òÐ ä4 Ðó óÔ#† XõSXXXõSX±#ÔÌà  àIn€denying€the€defendantððs€request€€for€probation,€the€trial€court€emphasized€the€seriousnessÐ ¼  Ðof€the€offense,€the€need€to€protect€society€from€the€defendant,€and€the€interest€in€sending€a€messageÐ ¨ø Ðto€others€that€workplace€violence€would€not€be€tolerated.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€40„35„103(1)(B)€allows€a€trial€court€to€base€a€sentenceÐ l¼ Ðof€confinement€on€a€finding€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôc]onfinementÔ_Ô€is€necessary€to€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousnessÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€offense€or€confinement€is€particularly€suited€to€provide€an€effective€deterrent€to€others€likelyÐ D!” Ðto€commit€similar€offenses[.]ðð€€The€record€in€this€case€supports€the€trial€courtððs€reliance€on€theseÐ 0"€  Ðfactors€in€sentencing€the€defendant€to€imprisonment€without€probation.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2dÐ #l! Ð166,€170€(Tenn.€1991);€òòState€v.€Daryl€Hooperóó,€No.€M1997„00031„SC„R11„CD,€2000€WL€1357520,Ð $X" Ðat€*8„9€(Tenn.€Sept.€21,€2000);€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔGrigsbyÔ_Ôóó,€957€S.W.2d€541,€545„46€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€Ð ô$D # ÐAdditionally,€we€conclude€that€Ô_ÔsubpartsÔ_Ô€103(1)(A)€and€(C)€apply€because,€respectively,€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðdefendantððs€long€history€of€criminal€conduct€and€because€less€restrictive€measures€than€confinementÐ Ì&"% Ðhave€failed€to€rehabilitate€the€defendant,€and€that€the€facts€of€the€crime,€shooting€the€victim€in€aÐ ¸'#& Ðcrowded€workplace,€are€ð ðespecially€.€.€.€shocking,€reprehensible€[and]€offensive,ðð€makingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconfinement€appropriate.€€òòState€v.€Hartleyóó,€818€S.W.2d€370,€374„75€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€WeÐ )à$( Ðfind€no€error€in€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€probation,€and€therefore€affirm€both€the€length€and€mannerÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€sentencing€imposed.€Ð h+¸&* Ðà@FF%ìàò òòòCONCLUSIONˆÐ ° ÐÌóóó óà  àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€convictÐ ˆØ Ðthe€defendant€of€aggravated€assault.€€We€conclude€that€the€enhancement€factors€applicable€to€theÐ tÄ Ðcase,€combined€with€the€lack€of€mitigating€factors,€support€the€sentence€imposed.€€We€furtherÐ `° Ðconclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€probation€was€justified.€€Therefore,€we€affirm€both€theÐ L œ Ðjudgment€of€conviction,€and€the€length€and€manner€of€sentencing€imposed.Ð 8 ˆ Ðà X àÔ‡XõSXX XõSÔò òó óà ° àÔ#† XõSXXXõSB¼#Ôò òó óòòóóÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà " àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð À  Ðà  àà ` àà " àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGEÐ ¬ü  Ð