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ÔÔ€KÔÝ  ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÙ€"ÙÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑòòÔ€LÔ›œßR€OPNA1-j|?ÿ ` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌà@ àòòAT€JACKSONÌÓ  ÓóóMARCH€1997€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌœ›ÌÒ€X€ÒÓ ` <ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à à*Ìà àAppellee,à à*ÌVS.à àà à*ÌANTHONY€D.€CUTTLE,à à*Ìà àAppellant.à àÓ ` hÜÓ*Ìà àà à*ÌÓ ` °œXÓà àÉœC.C.A.›€#€02C01„9605„CR„00153ÌSHELBY€COUNTY€ÌHon.€John€P.€Colton,€Jr.,€JudgeÌ(Attempted€Especially€AggravatedÏKidnapping)ÌÌÓÓœ›ÌÓÓòòÉÒ/z„Ñ…ÒFor€Appellant:óóÌÓÓA.€C.€WhartonÌShelby€County€Public€DefenderÌ(on€appeal)ÌÌWalker€GwinnÌAssistant€Public€DefenderÌSecond€FloorÌCriminal€Justice€ComplexÌ201€PoplarÌMemphis,€TN€€38103Ì(on€appeal)ÌÌBarry€KuhnÌAssistant€Public€DefenderÌ5100€Stage€Road,€Suite€4ÌBartlett,€TN€€38134Ì(at€trial)ÉòòFor€œAppellee:óó›ÌÌCharles€W.€BursonÌAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌÌMerrilyn€FeirmanÌAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌ500€Charlotte€AvenueÌNashville,€TN€€37243ÌÌJames€LammeyÌAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌThird€FloorÌCriminal€Justice€ComplexÌ201€PoplarÌMemphis,€TN€€38103ÌÌÉÒÒÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÓÓÔ€QÔÇÖ€RÖÔ€LÔà@ àòòò òOPINIONó óóóÌà àà àThe€defendant,€Anthony€Cuttle,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€attemptedÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€The€trial€judge€imposed€a€Range€II,€twenty„yearÏsentence.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€presents€the€following€issues€forÏour€review:ÌÒ ä ÒÒ  Ò(I)€€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient;ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X Òà8 àà8 à(II)€€whether€his€right€to€a€speedy€trial€was€violated;€and€Ìà8 àà8 à(III)€€whether€his€sentence€is€excessive.ÌThe€conviction€and€sentence€are€affirmed.€€ÌÌà àà àOn€the€night€of€April€5,€1994,€the€victim,€Norma€Voyles€was€sitting€inÏher€car€outside€her€home€when€the€defendant€approached€her€vehicle,€stuck€a€gunÏto€her€head,€and€ordered€her€to€open€the€door.€€When€the€defendant€insisted€onÏtaking€the€driver's€seat,€the€victim€struggled€and€managed€to€escape€to€theÏdriveway€where€the€defendant€held€his€cocked€gun€to€her€head€and€threatened€toÏkill€her.€€The€struggle€lasted€for€around€ten€minutes€before€the€victim's€son€heardÏthe€screams€and€emerged€from€their€residence.€€At€that€point,€the€defendantÏpushed€the€victim€to€the€ground€and€ran€away.€ÌÌà àà àThe€victim€called€police€who€arrived€some€five€minutes€later.€€WhenÍthe€investigating€officers€received€word€that€a€man€fitting€the€assailant's€descriptionÏhad€been€taken€into€custody,€the€victim€was€asked€to€make€an€identification.€ÏInitially€uncertain,€the€victim€made€a€positive€identification€after€the€defendant€putÏon€the€hood€of€his€sweatshirt.€€Later,€the€victim€was€able€to€identify€the€defendantÏtwo€more€times,€once€in€a€lineup€at€the€police€station€and€again€at€the€preliminaryÏhearing.€€€ÌÌà àà àOn€the€same€night,€only€a€few€minutes€later,€Debra€Hanna€wasÏattacked€by€a€man€she€identified€as€the€defendant.€€She€stated€that€as€she€wasÏunlocking€her€residence€œdoor,€the›€defendant€approached€her€holding€a€gun.€€Ms.ÏHanna€was€able€to€get€inside,€lock€the€door,€and€call€police.€€Within€ten€minutes,Ïpolice€arrived€and€reported€that€they€had€taken€a€man€into€custody€only€a€fewÏhouses€away,€who€fit€her€description€of€the€attacker.€€When€escorted€by€the€policeÏto€where€the€defendant€was€held,€Ms.€Hanna€identified€the€defendant€as€herÏassailant.€€ÌÌà àà àOfficer€J.D.€Simon€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€was€in€hisÏpatrol€car€searching€the€area€near€the€Voyles€residence€when€he€received€notice€ofÏthe€second€attack.€€When€apprehended,€the€defendant€was€carrying€a€butcher€knifeÏbut€had€no€gun.ÌÌà àà àAt€trial,€the€defendant€denied€any€involvement€in€either€attack.€€HeÏclaimed€that€he€and€a€friend€had€been€visiting€with€his€cousin.€€He€asserted€that€heÏhad€decided€to€visit€his€ex„girlfriend,€walked€over€to€her€apartment,€and,€unable€toÏlocate€her,€was€returning€to€his€cousin's€residence€when€stopped€by€police.€€ÌÌà àà àAntoine€Thompson,€a€witness€for€the€defense,€claimed€that€he€and€theÏdefendant€were€at€a€mutual€friend's€residence€watching€television€until€sometimeÏbetween€10:30€and€11:30€p.m.€€Thompson€recalled€that€when€he€went€to€bed,€theÏdefendant€was€still€at€the€residence.ÌÌà àà àWhile€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€attempted€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnapping€of€Ms.€Voyles,€it€acquitted€the€defendant€of€the€chargesÏrelating€to€Ms.€Hanna.ÌÌÌÓ  Óò òIó óÌÓ  Óà àà àThe€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€insistingÏthat€there€was€no€evidence€that€he€intended€to€kidnap€the€victim,€Ms.€Voyles.€€HeÏalso€argues€that€there€was€insufficient€proof€of€his€identity.€€ÌÌà àà àOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawnÏtherefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€ofÏthe€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€ofÏconflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€triers€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.ÏStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theÏevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€haveÏfound€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).ÌÌà àà àA€kidnapping€occurs€when€one€€"knowingly€removes€or€confinesÏanother€unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€...€liberty€...€[u]nderÏcircumstances€exposing€the€other€to€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury...."€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðððð€39„13„302,€„303.€€It€becomes€especially€aggravated€when,€among€otherÏthings,€it€is€"[a]ccomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€..."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„305.€€"A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpabilityÏotherwise€required€for€the€offense€[a]cts€with€intent€to€...€cause€a€result€that€wouldÏconstitute€the€offense€...€[and€the€action€is]€a€substantial€step€toward€theÍcommission€of€the€offense."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(a)(3).€€ÌÌà àà àIn€our€view,€the€proof€clearly€established€that€the€defendant€attemptedÏto€commit€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€of€the€victim.€€He€pointed€a€gun€toÏher€head,€told€her€to€move€from€the€driver's€seat€to€the€passenger's€seat,€andÏinformed€her€that€she€would€go€with€him.€€There€was€a€violent€struggle€in€the€frontÏseat€as€the€victim€attempted€to€escape€her€vehicle.€€When€the€victim€got€out€of€theÏcar,€the€defendant€continued€to€restrain€her€until€he€was€startled€by€the€arrival€of€theÏvictim's€son.€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€because€the€victim€was€uncertain€ofÏhis€identify€until€he€put€the€hood€on€his€head,€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€"It€is€well„established€that€the€identification€of€a€defendant€as€the€person€who€committed€theÏoffense€for€which€he€is€on€trial€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€determination€of€the€juryÏupon€consideration€of€all€competent€proof.€€...€€[T]he€testimony€of€a€victim,€by€itself,€isÏsufficient€to€support€a€conviction."€€œòòState›€v.€Stricklandóó,€885€S.W.2d€85,€87€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1993)€(citations€omitted).€€Here,€the€victim's€inability€to€initially€recognizeÏthe€defendant€was€well„established€by€the€proof.€€The€defense€vigorously€cross„examined€the€victim€about€the€accuracy€of€her€identification.€€The€trial€courtÏcorrectly€instructed€the€jury€as€to€how€to€determine€the€reliability€of€theÍidentification.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dyleóó,€899€S.W.2d€607€(Tenn.€1995).€€Under€theseÏcircumstances,€it€was€the€prerogative€of€the€jury€to€accredit€the€victim'sÏidentification.€€Ì€€Ìà@ àò òIIó óÌà àà àBecause€he€was€arrested€on€the€day€of€the€offense,€April€5,€1994,€andÏcontinuously€incarcerated€until€the€day€of€his€trial,€August€8,€1995,€the€defendantÏclaims€he€was€denied€a€speedy€trial.€€The€indictment€was€returned€November€22,Ï1994.€€Several€weeks€later,€the€defendant€filed€a€"Notice€for€Demand€for€SpeedyÏTrial."€€Eighteen€more€days€passed€before€the€trial€court€entered€an€orderÏscheduling€the€trial€for€May€23,€1995.€€At€the€conclusion€of€a€hearing€on€the€motionÏfor€a€speedy€trial€some€two€weeks€earlier,€the€trial€court€determined€that€"[t]he€caseÏhas€been€set€as€quickly€as€possible€....€€I€don't€see€how€it€can€be€done€any€quickerÏthan€that."€€Thereafter,€the€defendant€asked€for€continuances€on€three€separateÏoccasions€before€his€trial€on€August€8,€1995.€š€The€defendant€complains€that€hisÏsixteen„month€period€of€pretrial€incarceration€was€"prejudicial€to€[him]€and€to€theÏjudicial€process."€€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€right€to€a€speedy€trial€is€founded€in€the€constitution€of€Tennessee,Ïart.€I€ðð€9.€€This€same€right€has€been€codified€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„14„101Íwhich€provides:€€"In€all€criminal€prosecutions,€the€accused€is€entitled€to€a€speedyÏtrial€...."€€€Our€rules€of€criminal€procedure€also€require€a€prompt€trial:€€"If€there€isÏunnecessary€delay€...€in€bringing€a€defendant€to€trial,€the€court€may€dismiss€theÏindictment,€presentment,€information€or€complaint."€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€48(b).ÌÌà àà àIn€òòState€v.€Bishopóó,€493€S.W.2d€81€œ(Tenn.€1973),›€the€TennesseeÏSupreme€Court€adopted€a€four„factor€test€for€determining€whether€one€has€beenÏdenied€his€right€to€a€speedy€trial.€€Adopting€a€test€first€established€in€òòBarker€v.ÏWingoóó,€407€U.S.€514€(1972),€our€court€identified€the€factors€asÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€the€length€of€the€delay;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)€the€reason€for€the€delay;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)€whether€the€defendant€asserted€his€right€to€a€speedyÏtrial;€andÌÌà8 àà8 à(4)€the€prejudice€which€accrued€to€the€defendant€as€aÏresult€of€the€delay.ÌÌÓÓòòBishopóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€84€(citing€òòBarkeróó,€407€U.S.€at€530).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Woodóó,€924ÏS.W.2d€342,€346€(Tenn.€1996)€(reaffirming€the€factors€established€in€òòBarkeróó).ÌÌà àà àIn€òòBarkeróó,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€"[t]he€length€ofÏthe€delay€is€to€some€extent€a€triggering€mechanism.€€Until€there€is€some€delayÍwhich€is€presumptively€prejudicial,€there€is€no€necessity€for€inquiry€into€the€otherÏfactors€that€go€into€the€balance."€€òòBarkeróó,€407€U.S.€at€530.€€"Serious€charges€are,Ïhowever,€expected€to€take€longer€than€'ordinary€street€crime[s].'"€€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,Ï818€S.W.2d€350,€362€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991)€(quoting€òòBarkeróó,€407€U.S.€at€531)Ï(alteration€in€original).€€Some€courts€have€held€"that€a€two„year€delay€is€notÏinordinately€long."€€òòThomasóó,€818€S.W.2d€at€363.€€Other€courts,€however,€have€foundÏthat€a€delay€of€one€year€or€longer€"marks€the€point€at€which€courts€deem€the€delayÏunreasonable€enough€to€trigger€the€òòBarkeróó€inquiry."€€òòDoggett€v.€United€Statesóó,€505ÏU.S.€647,€652,€œn.1›€(1992).€€Because€there€was€a€sixteen„month€delay€in€this€case,Ïthis€court€will€consider€the€other€factors.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€proof€indicates€that€a€major€reason€for€the€delay€was€a€crowdedÏtrial€docket.€€The€defendant's€requests€for€continuances€also€accounted€for€some€ofÏthe€delay.€€Our€courts€have€held€that€a€crowded€docket€is€often€a€"legitimateÏreason"€for€delay.€€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€880€S.W.2d€390,€394€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€requested€a€speedy€trial€in€January€1995,€ten€monthsÏinto€his€period€of€pretrial€incarceration.€€That€favors€the€position€of€the€defense.€€Ì€€Ìà àà àPrejudice,€the€most€important€of€the€considerations,€is€assessed€in€theÍlight€of€three€interests€to€the€defendant:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€to€prevent€oppressive€pretrial€incarceration;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)€to€minimize€anxiety€and€concern€of€the€accused;€€andÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)€to€limit€the€possibility€that€the€defense€will€beÏimpaired.ÌÌÓÓòòBarkeróó,€407€U.S.€at€532.€€€"Of€these,€the€most€serious€is€the€last,€because€theÏinability€of€a€defendant€adequately€to€prepare€his€case€skews€the€fairness€of€theÏentire€system."€€òòId.óó€€ÌÌà àà àThat€the€defendant€was€incarcerated€for€sixteen€months€before€thereÏwas€a€determination€of€his€guilt€is€troublesome.€€In€òòBarkeróó,€where€the€defendantÏwas€incarcerated€for€ten€months€before€trial,€the€United€States€Supreme€CourtÏexpressed€concern€about€a€lengthy€pretrial€incarceration:ÌÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓThe€time€spent€in€jail€awaiting€trial€has€a€detrimentalÏimpact€on€the€individual.€€It€often€means€loss€of€a€job;€itÏdisrupts€family€life;€and€it€enforces€idleness.€...€€The€timeÏspent€in€jail€is€simply€dead€time.€...€€Imposing€thoseÏconsequences€on€anyone€who€has€not€yet€beenÏconvicted€is€serious.ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓòòId.óó€at€532„33.€€Despite€the€expression€of€concern€about€pretrial€incarceration,€theÏSupreme€Court€did€not€deem€ten€months€"sufficiently€oppressive€to€call€for€a€rulingÏin€his€favor."€€2€Wayne€Lafave,€òòCriminal€Procedureóó,€ðð€18.2,€œ410›€(1984)Í(commenting€on€the€ruling€in€òòBarkeróó).€€"Lower€courts€have€reached€the€sameÏconclusion€as€to€substantially€longer€periods€of€imprisonment."€€òòIdóó.€(citing€òòUnitedÏStates€v.€Hermanóó,€576€F.2d€1139,€1147€(5th€Cir.€1978)€(twenty„two„month€period€ofÏincarceration€did€not,€standing€alone,€constitute€speedy€trial€denial)).€€òòSee€alsoóóÏòòState€v.€James€H.€Mastersóó,€No.€03C01„9503„CR„00092,€slip€op.€at€6„7€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.,€at€Knoxville,€July€19,€1995)€(acknowledging€that€the€"proof,€on€its€face,€showsÏ[the€defendant]€was€exposed€to€unreasonably€stressful€conditions€during€hisÏpretrial€confinement€that€could€have€been€avoided€or€substantially€reduced€by€aÏspeedy€trial"€but€ruling€the€delay€did€not€cause€"sufficient€prejudice€to€justify€aÏdismissal.")€€€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€most€important€factor€in€determining€if€the€defendant€had€beenÏprejudiced€is€whether€his€ability€to€present€a€defense€has€suffered.€€òòBarkeróó,€407ÏU.S.€at€532.€€The€defendant€has€made€no€allegation€that€he€could€not€adequatelyÏprepare€a€defense.€€There€has€been€no€showing€that€evidence€has€been€lost,Ïwitnesses€have€disappeared,€or€memories€faded.€€The€defendant€has€offered€noÏproof€to€show€he€was€actually€prejudiced€in€the€presentation€of€his€defense.€ÏWithout€condoning€the€lengthy€period€of€pretrial€incarceration,€we€conclude€theÏprejudice€factor€weighs€favorably€for€the€state.ÌÌà àà àIn€our€view,€a€dismissal€on€grounds€of€the€denial€of€a€speedy€trial€isÏunwarranted€in€these€circumstances.€€ÌÌà àà àà@ àò òIIIÌó óà àà àNext,€the€defendant€claims€that€his€sentence€was€excessive.€ÏConvicted€of€a€Class€B€felony,€the€defendant€received€a€Range€II,€twenty„yearÏsentence,€the€maximum€possible€within€the€statutory€range€of€twelve€to€twentyÏyears.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(b)(2).€€When€there€is€a€challenge€to€theÏlength,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€toÏconduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€theÏtrial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€isÏ"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÏconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€ÏòòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2dÏ597€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€theÏburden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€ÌÌà àà àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÏthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€theÍnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;Ï(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€theÏdefendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€€40„35„102,€„103,€and€Ì„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).ÌÌà àà àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€the€presumptive€sentence€was€theÏminimum€in€the€range€absent€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„210.€€Should€the€trial€court€find€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors,€it€mustÏstart€at€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range€and€enhance€the€sentence€based€uponÏany€applicable€enhancement€factors,€then€reduce€the€sentence€based€upon€theÏappropriate€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(e).€€The€weight€givenÏto€each€factor€is€within€the€trial€court's€discretion€provided€that€the€record€supportsÏits€findings€and€it€complies€with€the€Sentencing€Act.€€òòSeeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€atÏ169.€€The€trial€court€should,€however,€make€specific€findings€on€the€record€whichÏindicate€its€application€of€the€sentencing€principles.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„209€and€Ì„210.€€ÌÌà àà àIn€this€instance,€the€trial€court€failed€to€make€specific€determinationsÍon€each€of€the€enhancement€factors:€€ÌÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓAnd€it€appears€that€since€you€have€been€an€adult€...€youÏhave€been€arrested€24€times.€€I€don't€know€about€all€theÏconvictions.€€...€€[T]his€was€what€I€find€to€be€a€violentÏcrime.€€One€woman€was€not€convicted€(sic);€but€as€theÏState€has€stated,€she€certainly€was€a€witness€in€thisÏcase.€€And€it€appeared€from€her€testimony€that€she€wasÏattacked€also.€€Two€women€attacked€at€night.€€On€the€firstÏcase€...€there€was€a€lengthy€time€of€struggle„„violentÏstruggle€with€a€gun€put€to€a€woman's€head.€€If€thatÏœwoman›€had€not€been€able€to€get€away€from€you,€I€don'tÏknow€where€she€would€be€...€€None€of€us€know€what€theÏoutcome€could€have€been.€€And€the€Court€has€a€greatÏconcern€about€the€violence€of€that€and€the€possibility€ofÏwhat€could€have€happened€to€that€victim.€€The€Court€willÏsentence€you€to€20€years€...€the€maximum.€€ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓÌà àà àThe€court€also€entered€a€form€styled€"Written€Findings€of€Fact"× ƒS ××  ×€whichÏcontains€the€following€handwritten€statement:€€"SENTENCE€...€€Due€to€several€priorÏfelonies,€twenty„four€(24)€arrests€and€several€convictions,€violence€involved,€crueltyÏof€the€act,€prior€violation€of€probation,€firearm€used,€risk€of€life."€€This€suggests€thatÏthe€trial€court€applied€the€following€statutory€enhancement€factors:€€ÌÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓ(1)€€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€...€in€additionÏto€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;ÌÌ(2)€€the€offense€involved€more€than€one€victim;€ÌÌ(3)€€the€defendant€treated€...€the€victim€with€exceptionalÏcruelty;ÌÌ(4)€€the€defendant€has€a€history€of€unwillingness€toÏcomply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involvingÏrelease€to€the€community;ÌÌ(5)€€the€defendant€used€a€firearm;€ÌÌ(6)€€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÏcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high;€andÌÌ(7)€€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(3),€(5),€(8),€(9),€(10),€and€(16).€€ÌÌà àà àThe€record€establishes€a€history€of€criminal€convictions€beyond€thatÏnecessary€to€establish€the€defendant€as€a€Range€II€offender.€€The€presentenceÏreport€shows€prior€convictions€for€theft€under€$500;€disorderly€conduct€(2€counts);Ïassault€(2€counts);€driving€on€a€suspended€license€(2€counts);€DUI;€selling€cocaine;Ïassault€and€battery;€possession€of€cocaine;€weapons€offense;€armed€robbery;Ïsecond€degree€murder;€and€third€degree€burglary.€€Thus,€the€number€and€degreeÏof€his€prior€criminal€history€was€entitled€to€significant€weight€in€the€determination€ofÏthe€sentence.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€judge€indicated€that€he€relied€on€the€fact€that€the€defendantÏhad€twenty„four€arrests.€€In€reviewing€the€presentence€report,€however,€we€haveÏconcluded€that€seven€of€those€charges€resulted€in€dismissals.€€Section€40„35„207(a)(4),€Tenn.€Code€Ann.,€which€sets€forth€the€contents€to€be€included€in€aÏpresentence€report,€provides€that€the€report€should€contain€the€"defendant's€recordÏof€prior€convictions."€€In€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€870€S.W.2d€532,€542€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1993),€this€court€held€as€follows:ÌÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓAn€arrest€or€charge€is€not€considered€evidence€of€theÏcommission€of€a€crime.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Milleróó,€674€S.W.2dÏ279,€284€(Tenn.€1984).€€A€trial€court€should€not€useÏevidence€merely€showing€arrests,€without€more,€toÏenhance€a€sentence.€€òòState€v.€Newsomeóó,€798€S.W.2dÏ542,€543€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓWhile€this€enhancement€factor€is€still€sufficiently€established€without€relying€on€theÏarrests,€the€trial€court€should€not€have€relied€on€the€mere€arrests€to€enhance€theÌsentence.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Ben€Ingramóó,€No.€01C01„9509„CC„00297€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.,€at€Nashville,€Oct.€29,€1996);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1).€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€record€also€suggests€the€trial€court€enhanced€the€sentenceÏbecause€the€offense€involved€more€than€one€victim.€€In€òòState€v.€Lambertóó,€741ÏS.W.2d€127,€134€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987),€this€court€held€that€where€a€defendantÏreceives€a€separate€sentence€for€each€victim,€use€of€the€more€than€one€victim€factorÍis€inappropriate.€€The€ruling€in€òòLambertóó€has€been€extended€to€bar€use€of€this€factorÏwhen€the€jury€acquits€the€defendant€of€the€charges€against€the€additional€victims.ÏòòState€v.€John€L.€Smithóó,€No.€01C01„9309„CR„00308,€slip€op.€at€10€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.,€at€Nashville,€Oct.€20,€1994);€€òòState€v.€Greg€Pattersonóó,€No.€03C01„9106„CR„180,€slip€op.€at€9€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€May€19,€1992).€€Thus,€thisÏenhancement€factor€was€inappropriately€applied.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(3).€€Ì€€€€€€Ìà àà àThe€trial€court€also€enhanced€the€sentence€because€the€defendantÏtreated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€Application€of€this€factor€requires€aÏshowing€of€"exceptional€cruelty."€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€920€S.W.2d€247,€250€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1995).€€"Exceptional€cruelty€is€usually€found€in€cases€of€abuse€orÏtorture."€€òòIdóó.€€Our€supreme€court€recently€discussed€application€of€this€factor€andÏruled€that€the€trial€court€had€a€duty€to€state€on€the€record€the€circumstancesÏqualifying€as€"exceptional€cruelty."€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€98€(Tenn.€1997)Ï(citing€òòState€v.€Goodwinóó,€909€S.W.2d€35,€45€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)).€€Before€theÏfactor€may€be€applied,€the€facts€in€the€case€must€"support€a€finding€of€'exceptionalÏcruelty'€that€'demonstrates€a€culpability€distinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€thanÏthat€incident€to'"€the€crime.€€òòPooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€98€(quoting€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883ÏS.W.2d€597,€601€(Tenn.€1994)).€€In€òòPooleóó,€the€supreme€court€found€this€factorÍapplicable€in€an€especially€aggravated€robbery€case€where€the€defendant€hit€anÏelderly€woman€over€the€head€with€a€baseball€bat€and€left€her€alone€while€bleedingÏand€unconscious.€€In€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€908€S.W.2d€410,€413€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),Ïour€court€found€this€factor€applicable€in€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€andÏaggravated€robbery€case,€where€the€victim€had€been€raped€and€left€"naked€inÏfreezing€weather."€In€òòState€v.€Kernóó,€909€S.W.2d€5,€7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€anÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€case,€thisÏcourt€found€the€exceptional€cruelty€enhancement€factor€applicable€where€theÏdefendant€"made€repeated€sexual€comments€and€threats€to€the€victim€and€orderedÏher€to€remove€her€clothing€at€knife€point."€€ÌÌà àà àHere,€the€defendant€accosted€the€victim,€struggled€with€her€for€severalÏminutes,€threatened€her€with€a€gun,€and€pushed€her€to€the€ground€before€leavingÏher.€€While€egregious,€these€facts€do€not€establish€a€culpability€appreciably€greaterÏthan€what€is€required€to€sustain€a€conviction€for€attempted€especially€aggravatedÏkidnapping.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€should€not€have€applied€this€factor.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(5).€€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€also€considered€that€the€defendant€has€a€history€ofÏunwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€to€theÍcommunity.€€The€presentence€report€indicates€probation€violations;€thus,€there€isÏadequate€proof€to€support€application€of€this€enhancement€factor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„114(8).ÌÌà àà àThe€next€three€enhancement€factors€used€by€the€trial€judge€are€thatÏthe€defendant€used€a€firearm,€that€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€aboutÏcommitting€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high,€and€that€the€potential€forÏbodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(9),€(10),€and€(16).€ÏThe€trial€court€may€only€consider€enhancement€factors€that€are€"not€themselvesÏessential€elements€of€the€offense€as€charged€in€the€indictment."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„114.€€In€òòPooleóó,€our€supreme€court€explained€this€rule:ÌÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓFacts€which€establish€the€elements€of€the€offenseÏcharged€may€not€also€be€the€basis€of€an€enhancementÏfactor€increasing€punishment.€€The€legislature,€inÏdetermining€the€ranges€of€punishment€within€theÏclassifications€of€offenses,€necessarily€took€into€accountÏthe€culpability€inherent€in€each€offense.ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓòòPooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€95„96€(quoting€òòJonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€at€601).ÌÌà àà àThe€indictment€charging€the€defendant€with€attempted€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnapping€alleged€the€defendant€attempted€to€"interfere€with€theÏliberty€of€[the€victim]€by€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€...."€€Because€the€use€of€a€deadlyÍweapon€is€an€element€of€the€charged€offense,€it€cannot€be€used€to€enhance€theÏsentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(9).€€ÌÌà àà àKidnapping€is€defined€as€a€false€imprisonment€"[u]nder€circumstancesÏexposing€the€other€person€to€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„13„303€(a)(1).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€also€erred€by€applying€the€enhancementÏfactor€that€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€riskÏto€human€life€was€high.€€òòSeeóó€òòJonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€at€603.€€In€òòJonesóó,€our€supremeÏcourt€held€that€"[t]he€determinative€language€of€this€factor€is€'the€risk€to€human€lifeÏwas€high.'"€€òòIdóó.€at€602.€€To€justify€use€of€this€factor,€the€state€must€prove€theÏdefendant€"demonstrated€a€culpability€distinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€thanÏthat€incident€to€the€offense€for€which€he€was€convicted."€€òòIdóó.€at€603.€€Here,€the€stateÏfailed€to€prove€that€the€defendant€demonstrated€an€"appreciably€greater"€type€ofÏculpability.€€Thus,€application€of€the€factor€was€erroneous.€€The€same€reasoningÏwould€bar€application€of€the€final€factor,€€that€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€aÏvictim€was€great.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Kernóó,€909€S.W.2d€5,€7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)Ï(ruling€enhancement€factors€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10)€and€(16)€wereÏerroneously€used€to€enhance€a€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping).ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€erred€in€its€use€of€five€of€the€seven€mentionedÍenhancement€factors.€€"If€the€trial€court€applies€inappropriate€factors€or€otherwiseÏfails€to€follow€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€the€presumption€of€correctness€falls."€€òòStateÏv.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€The€state€concedes€theÏtrial€court€may€have€erroneously€relied€on€certain€enhancement€factors€but€urgesÏthis€court,€in€its€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€to€apply€the€enhancement€factor€that€the€"felony€...Ïinvolved€the€threat€of€death€or€bodily€injury€...€and€the€defendant€has€previouslyÏbeen€convicted€of€a€felony€that€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„114(11).€€The€record€does€demonstrate€that€the€defendant€was€previouslyÏconvicted€of€second€degree€murder.€€This€additional€factor€warrants€considerableÏweight.€ÌÌà àà àWhile€the€trial€court€misapplied€a€number€of€enhancement€factors,Ïthose€applicable€are€entitled€to€much€weight.€€The€gravity€and€number€of€theÏdefendant's€prior€felonies,€his€unwillingness€to€comply€with€conditions€of€releaseÏinto€the€community,€his€previous€second€degree€murder€conviction,€and€hisÏuncurbed€propensity€towards€violence€warrant€the€maximum€sentence€possible.ÌÌà àà à€€€€€€€€à àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€ÌÌÓÓÔ% €6 Ôà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJoe€B.€Jones,€Presiding€Judge€ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌCurwood€Witt,€Judge€Ô€QÔÌÌ