ÿWPC… {ñÔdQÝ~páÏ)q¹A i“YÈ9r\žh¥Ê'fK>•›_ýÇÒ¥¶h!°t{b.ô³×]sU2'g|,o<Àñ)SgÚ+I½z„€^·½ý¹Íwcߥ6)ô̼eåÆL¡Ã¼fëVòHÅ›WzGh«êª-MšG þàÜ¥Xi+óÕüÀÊò¶‡„¿7ËÐ/»hGù×f-e.È÷õF°3èè€ =Úâ$/M©_¥¥•eîšbˆ>§+Y»`½©®|/Ü']‰ÂçB̃œ&˜T67ʬ0Nm£TüãjKÐ~¢~õ5cAŸl9-¿ÁíÔ´Ðq[O/Öj…Ûës£‡;ä?~ÔÉ êŠÔÆZ`¨³šæ…&‘¬oDm‚)òSPRev»ñ÷h…2Œ £KûsÆmŸœ)z µ¢ˆÍF÷Éq豸ÒpñßE?3ñ6 Ÿïú¿(©Š­¶y>N¾ÿKªZžœ‚O‹FÒ¯RÈÒGµc#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€an€accused€must€prove€the€followingÐ °"  ÐprerequisitesÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ Çd#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ:€(1)€there€was€a€delay;€(2)€the€accused€sustained€actual€prejudice€as€a€direct€andÐ  #ð! Ðproximate€result€of€the€delay;€and€(3)€the€State€caused€the€delay€in€order€to€gain€a€tactical€advantageÐ $à" Ðover€the€accused€or€to€harass€the€accused.€€òòState€v.€Utleyóó,€956€S.W.2d€489,€495€(Tenn.€1997)(citingÐ €%Ð # ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Marionóó,€404€U.S.€307,€324„325,€92€S.€Ct.€455,€465€(1971),€and€òòState€v.€Grayóó,€917Ð p&À!$ ÐS.W.2d€668,€671€(Tenn.€1996));€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Caricoóó,€968€S.W.2d€280,€284„285€(Tenn.€1998)Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ Oe#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ.€Ð `'°"% ÐÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ Þg#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔIn€contrast,€when€determining€whether€a€defendant€was€denied€his€right€to€a€speedy€trial,€the€trialÐ P( #& Ðcourt€must€balance€the€following€four€factors:€(1)€the€length€of€the€delay;€(2)€the€reason€for€the€delay;Ð @)$' Ð(3)€whether€the€defendant€asserted€a€claim€to€this€right;€and€(4)€whether€the€defendant€was€prejudicedÐ 0*€%( Ðby€the€delay.€€òòUtleyóó,€956€S.W.2d€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ 7h#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔòòóóat€492€(citing€òòBarker€v.€Wingoóó,€407€U.S.€514,€530,€92€S.€Ct.€2182,Ð  +p&) Ð2192€(1972));€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Vickersóó,Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ j#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€985€S.W.2d€1,€5€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1997).Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ëj#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ ,`'* Їà  àà ` àAs€to€unnecessary€delay€that€falls€short€of€constitutional€proportions,€our€supremeÐ ° Ðcourt€in€òòBennóó€articulated€the€analysis€required€before€a€trial€court€may€dismiss€an€indictment€underÐ  ð ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€48(b):Ð à Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€facts€to€be€considered€in€passing€on€a€motion€to€dismiss€underÐ €Ð ÐRule€48(b)€where€there€has€been€no€constitutional€violation€are€theÐ pÀ Ðlength€of€the€delay,€the€reasons€for€the€delay,€the€prejudice€to€theÐ ` ° Ðdefendant,€and€waiver€by€the€defendant.€€Of€course,€these€are€theÐ P   Ðsame€factors€that€determine€a€speedy€trial€constitutional€violation,Ð @  Ðexcept€for€the€factor€of€a€defendantððs€assertion€of€his€right€to€a€speedyÐ 0 € Ðtrial.Ð p ` x` x Ðòòóó713€S.W.2d€at€311.€€Again,€the€supreme€court€affirmed€that,€in€the€absence€of€a€constitutionalÐ `  Ðviolation,€dismissal€with€prejudice€ð ðshould€be€utilized€with€caution€and€only€after€a€forewarning€toÐ P  Ðprosecutors.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€310.€€Moreover,€if€a€trial€court€finds€it€appropriate€to€dismiss€an€indictment€withÐ ð@  Ðprejudice€on€the€basis€of€a€non„constitutional€ground,€the€court€ð ðmust€make€express€findings€of€factÐ à0  Ðon€each€of€the€[above]€factors.ðð€€òòId.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ vk#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔóó€at€311.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€dismissing€the€indictment€in€this€case,€the€trial€court€did€not€address€whether€anyÐ ° Ðpre„accusatorial€or€pre„trial€delay€had€violated€the€appelleeððs€constitutional€rights,€nor€did€the€trialÐ  ð Ðcourt€make€findings€concerning€the€factors€set€forth€in€òòBennóó.€€Moreover,€we€note€that,€as€it€currentlyÐ à Ðstands,€the€record€does€not€support€the€trial€courtððs€dismissal€of€the€indictment€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.Ð €Ð ÐP.€48(b),€whether€on€constitutional€or€non„constitutional€grounds.€€The€appellee€was€indictedÐ pÀ Ðapproximately€three€years€and€two€months€following€the€first€inquiries€by€the€Tennessee€DepartmentÐ `° Ðof€Transportation€into€the€appelleeððs€activities.€€Her€trial€was€scheduled€approximately€three€yearsÐ P  Ðand€four€months€thereafter.€€The€trial€court€itself€noted€the€complexity€of€the€case,€but€the€prosecutorÐ @ Ðalso€tacitly€conceded€some€negligence€on€the€part€of€the€State€in€prosecuting€this€case.€€Nevertheless,Ð 0€ Ðthe€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€that€the€State€intentionally€caused€the€delays€in€order€to€gain€aÐ  p Ðtactical€advantage€over€the€appellee€or€to€harass€the€appellee.€€The€record€is€also€devoid€of€anyÐ ` Ðassertion€by€the€appellee€of€her€right€to€a€speedy€trial€or€any€request€that€her€case€be€scheduled€forÐ P Ðtrial.€€Indeed,€the€record€reflects€that€the€appellee€was€released€on€bond€and€living€in€Texas€followingÐ ð@ Ðher€indictment€and€pending€her€trial€and,€at€one€point,€notified€the€court€that€she€was€unable€to€travelÐ à0 Ðto€Tennessee€for€six€months€due€to€poor€health.€€Finally,€the€record€contains€no€evidence€that€theÐ Ð  Ðdelays€prejudiced€the€appelleeððs€ability€to€prepare€and€present€a€defense,€and€the€appellee€has€neverÐ À! Ðasserted€any€prejudice.€€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ zq#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔAccordingly,€we€must€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€inÐ °"  Ðdismissing€the€indictment€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€48(b).Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¬y#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔò òÐ  #ð! ÐÌb.à0  àTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€7(b)ó óЀ%Ð #(#(# Ðà  àà ` àThe€State€additionally€challenges€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€its€motion€to€amend€theÐ p&À!$ Ðindictment€in€this€case€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€7(b),€which€denial€precipitated€the€StateððsÐ `'°"% Ðrequest€for€the€entry€of€an€order€of€nolle€prosequi€as€to€all€counts€of€the€indictment.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ Œz#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€€The€denial€ofÐ P( #& Ða€motion€to€amend€an€indictment,€like€the€dismissal€of€an€indictment€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð @)$' Ð48(b),€is€a€matter€within€the€trial€courtððs€discretion,€and€this€court€will€reverse€the€trial€courtððsÐ 0*€%( Ðdecision€only€if€that€discretion€has€been€abused.€€òòState€v.€Kennedyóó,€10€S.W.3d€280,€283€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð  +p&) ÐApp.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1999).Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ‚|#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ ,`'* Їà  àà ` àThe€legal€standard€applicable€to€the€amendment€of€an€indictment€is€set€forth€in€Tenn.Ð ° ÐR.€Crim.€P.€7(b),€which€provides€thatÐ  ð Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Ô_Ôa]nÔ_Ô€indictment€.€.€.€may€be€amended€in€all€cases€with€the€consent€ofÐ à Ðthe€defendant.€€If€no€additional€or€different€offense€is€thereby€chargedÐ €Ð Ðand€no€substantial€rights€of€the€defendant€are€thereby€prejudiced,€theÐ pÀ Ðcourt€may€permit€an€amendment€without€the€defendantððs€consentÐ ` ° Ðbefore€jeopardy€attaches.€€ÐP  ` x` x ÐThis€rule€is€designed€to€protect€several€constitutional€rights,€including€the€right€to€an€indictment€byÐ @  Ða€grand€jury,€òòÔ#†¼³Ì»àX³ ~#ÔÔ‡X³ X.¼³ÌÔTenn.€Const.óó€art.€I,€ðð€14,€and€the€right€to€fair€notice€of€the€nature€and€cause€of€theÐ 0 € Ðaccusation,€òòU.S.€Const.óó€amend.€VI€and€XIV,€òòTenn.€Const.óóÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ ‚#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€art.€I,€ðð€9Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ƒ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ.€€Ð  p  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€this€case,€the€appellee€did€not€consent€to€the€proposed€amendments€to€theÐ P  Ðindictment.€€However,€it€is€undisputed€that€jeopardy€had€not€yet€attached€in€the€appelleeððs€case.€Ð ð@  ÐThus,€the€trial€court€could€grant€the€Stateððs€motion€if€the€proposed€amendments€did€not€chargeÐ à0  Ðadditional€or€different€offenses€or€otherwise€prejudice€substantial€rights€of€the€appellee.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ Yƒ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔIn€considering€whether€the€proposed€amendments€charged€additional€or€differentÐ ° Ðoffenses€than€those€presented€to€the€Unicoi€County€Grand€Jury,€we€note€that€the€allegations€in€theÐ  ð Ðoriginal€indictment€and€the€proposed€amended€indictment€both€concern€the€appelleeððs€theft€of€fundsÐ à Ðentrusted€to€her€by€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Transportation€for€the€purchase€of€three€specificÐ €Ð Ðtracts€of€land€and€the€appelleeððs€theft€of€all€interest€earned€on€state€funds€deposited€in€an€escrowÐ pÀ Ðaccount€at€Erwin€National€Bank.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¦…#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€€Although€the€amendments€increase€or€change€the€time€frame€inÐ `° Ðwhich€the€offenses€occurred,€this€court€has€previously€held€that€an€amendment€to€an€indictmentÐ P  Ðchanging€the€date€of€the€commission€of€the€offense€does€not€charge€a€defendant€with€a€new€orÐ @ Ðadditional€crime.€€òòKennedyóó,€10€S.W.3d€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ Mˆ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔòòóóat€284€(citingòòóó,€in€part,€òòState€v.€Wellsóó,€No.€01C01„9505„CR„Ð 0€ Ð00146,€1997€WL€311924,€at€**5„6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€June€6,€1997),€in€which€this€courtÐ  p Ðheld€that€amendments€to€charges€of€sexual€battery€that€changed€ð ðin€1990"€and€ð ðin€1991"€to€ð ðon€a€dayÐ ` Ðbefore€April€22,€1991"€did€not€allege€new€or€different€offenses€despite€the€defendantððs€argument€thatÐ P Ðthe€increased€time€frame€forced€him€to€defend€against€charges€that€were€not€in€the€originalÐ ð@ Ðindictment).€€Moreover,€because€an€indictment€for€an€offense€encompasses,€by€implication,€all€lesserÐ à0 Ðincluded€offenses,€òòStrader€v.€Stateóó,€362€S.W.2d€224,€228€(Tenn.1962),€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€No.€03C01„Ð Ð  Ð9902„CR„00072,€2000€WL€45723,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€January€21,€2000),€òòperm.Ð À! Ðto€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€2000),€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€31(c),€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ò‰#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔthe€Stateððs€proposed€amendment€to€theÐ °"  Ðvalue€of€the€money€alleged€stolen€in€Count€Four€did€not€charge€an€additional€or€different€offense.€Ð  #ð! ÐòòóóAccordingly,€the€sole€remaining€question€is€whether€the€proposed€amendments€otherwise€prejudicedÐ $à" Ða€substantial€right€of€the€appellee.Ð €%Ð # ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€noted€previously,€under€the€Sixth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€UnitedÐ `'°"% ÐStates€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€an€accused€is€entitled€toÐ P( #& Ðnotice€of€the€nature€and€cause€of€the€accusation.€€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€954€S.W.2d€725,€727€(Tenn.€1997).€Ð @)$' ÐIn€order€to€satisfy€this€constitutional€mandate,€an€indictment€must€provide€a€defendant€with€noticeÐ 0*€%( Ðof€the€offense€charged,€provide€the€court€with€an€adequate€ground€upon€which€a€proper€judgmentÐ  +p&) Ðmay€be€entered,€and€provide€the€defendant€with€protection€against€double€jeopardy.€€òòState€v.Ð ,`'* ÐLemacksóó,€996€S.W.2d€166,€172€(Tenn.€1999);€òòHillóó,€954€S.W.2d€at€727;€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,€820€S.W.2dÐ ° Ð739,€740„741€(Tenn.€1991).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202€(1997)€similarly€requires€thatÐ  ð Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€indictment€.€.€.€state€the€facts€constituting€the€offense€in€ordinaryÐ à Ðand€concise€language,€without€prolixity€or€repetition,€in€such€aÐ €Ð Ðmanner€as€to€enable€a€person€of€common€understanding€to€know€whatÐ pÀ Ðis€intended,€and€with€that€degree€of€certainty€which€will€enable€theÐ ` ° Ðcourt€on€conviction,€to€pronounce€the€proper€judgment€.€.€.€.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ &Ž#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐP  ` x` x ÐA€formally€amended€indictment€will€generally€provide€an€adequate€ground€upon€which€a€properÐ @  Ðjudgment€may€be€entered€and€protection€against€double€jeopardy€but,€if€the€amendment€is€profferedÐ 0 € Ðshortly€before€trial,€may€fail€to€afford€meaningful€notice€of€the€charged€offense.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ s•#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ  p  ÐÌà  àà ` àThat€having€been€said,€the€above€constitutional€and€statutory€mandates€generally€doÐ P  Ðnot€require€that€the€time€of€the€commission€of€the€offense€be€stated€in€the€indictment.€€ð ðThe€rule€ofÐ ð@  Ðlaw€is€well„established€in€Tennessee€that€the€exact€date,€or€even€the€year,€of€an€offense€need€not€beÐ à0  Ðstated€in€an€indictment€.€.€.€unless€the€date€or€time€is€ðða€material€ingredient€in€the€offense.ðððð€òòByrdóó,Ð Ð  Ð820€S.W.2d€at€740;€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„207€(1997).€€Therefore,€the€date€of€an€offenseÐ À Ðmay€generally€be€amended€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€7(b).€€òòKennedyóó,€10€S.W.3d€at€283.€€In€a€closelyÐ ° Ðrelated€context,€Tennessee€courts€have€also€observed€that€a€variance€between€the€time€of€theÐ  ð Ðcommission€of€the€offense€alleged€in€the€indictment€and€the€time€established€by€proof€at€trial€isÐ à Ðrarely€fatal.€€òòState€v.€Ealeyóó,€959€S.W.2d€605,€608€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)(ð ð[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€State€is€notÐ €Ð Ðrequired€to€strictly€show€that€the€offenses€occurred€on€or€during€the€dates€alleged€in€the€[indictment]Ð pÀ Ðunless€the€dates€are€essential€to€proving€the€offense€or€imposing€a€defense.ðð);€òòState€v.€Westóó,€737Ð `° ÐS.W.2d€790,€792„793€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)(holding€that,€unless€the€time€of€the€commission€ofÐ P  Ðthe€offense€is€an€essential€element€of€the€offense€or€time€will€bar€the€commencement€of€theÐ @ Ðprosecution,€ð ðthe€time€of€the€commission€of€the€offense€averred€in€the€indictment€is€not€material€andÐ 0€ Ðproof€is€not€confined€to€the€time€chargedðð);€òòState€v.€Fearsóó,€659€S.W.2d€370,€374€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  p Ð1983)(enunciating€the€same€principle);€òòÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ —#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔState€v.€Edmondsóó,€No.€02C01„9708„CC„00334,€1998€WLÐ ` Ð527232,€at€*4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ êž#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔAugust€25,€1998)(ð ð[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€state€has€no€burden€to€proveÐ P Ðthat€an€offense€happened€on€the€exact€date€alleged€in€the€indictment.ðð);€òòState€v.€Watsonóó,€No.€01C01„Ð ð@ Ð9606„CC„00260,€1998€WL€10881,€at€**4„5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€January€14,Ð à0 Ð1998)(ð ðVariances€between€the€indictment€and€the€proof€as€to€when€the€offense€occurred€areÐ Ð  Ðparticularly€innocuous.ðð).€€Additionally,€an€eleventh€hour€amendment€that€merely€charges€a€lesserÐ À! Ðincluded€offense€will€not€implicate€constitutionally€guaranteed€notice€requirements.€€òòCf.óó€òòÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¢Ÿ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔState€v.Ð °"  ÐBurnsóó,Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ †¢#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€6€S.W.3d€453,€465„467€(Tenn.€1999).Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ î¢#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ  #ð! ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€the€final€analysis,€the€extent€to€which€a€proposed€amendment€to€an€indictment€orÐ €%Ð # Ða€variance€affects€ð ðsubstantial€rightsðð€of€a€defendant€depends€in€large€part€upon€the€extent€to€whichÐ p&À!$ Ðthe€amendment€or€variance€affects€the€defendantððs€ability€to€prepare€for€trial€and€present€a€defense.€Ð `'°"% ÐòòState€v.€Mayesóó,€854€S.W.2d€638,€640€(Tenn.€1993)(citing€òòBerger€v.€United€Statesóó,€295€U.S.€78,€82,Ð P( #& Ð55€S.€Ct.€629,€629€(1935));€òòState€v.€Badgettóó,€693€S.W.2d€917,€919€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ T£#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ @)$' Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àGeneral€agreement€exists€that€the€concept€of€ð ðprejudiceðð€to€theÐ 0*€%( Ðð ðsubstantial€rightsðð€of€the€accused€requires€an€inquiry€that€focuses€onÐ  +p&) Ðthe€element€of€surprise.€.€.€.€[Therefore,]€the€defense,€in€opposing€anÐ ,`'* Ðamendment€[to€an€indictment],€must€make€some€showing€that€theÐ ° Ðproposed€change€introduces€an€element€of€surprise€that€will€interfereÐ  ð Ðwith€the€defenseððs€ability€to€defend€against€the€charges.Ðà` x` x ÐòòWayne€R.€LaFave€et€al.,€Criminal€Procedure€ðð€19.5(B)€(óóWest€Group€ed.,€2d€ed.€1999)(footnotesÐ €Ð Ðomitted).€€In€this€case,€the€record€is€devoid€of€any€evidence€of€surprise€or€confusion€concerning€theÐ pÀ Ðfactual€basis€of€the€indictment.€€Rather,€it€is€apparent€from€defense€counselððs€statements€at€the€MarchÐ ` ° Ð2€hearing€and€the€exhibits€introduced€by€defense€counsel€at€the€hearing€that€she€was€aware€at€allÐ P   Ðtimes€that€the€dates€alleged€in€the€indictment€were€incorrect€and,€furthermore,€that€she€was€fullyÐ @  Ðapprised€of€the€relevant€time€periods€and€the€relevant€amounts€of€stolen€funds€by,€at€the€latest,Ð 0 € ÐNovember€of€1998.€€Indeed,€as€noted€previously,€defense€counsel€stated€that€the€prosecutor€hadÐ  p  Ðreviewed€the€appelleeððs€case€with€her.€€Significantly,€she€did€not€allege€that€the€prosecutor€misledÐ `  Ðher€concerning€the€factual€basis€of€the€indictment,€including€the€relevant€time€periods€of€the€offenses.€Ð P  ÐIn€the€absence€of€any€evidence€of€surpriseÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¦#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ,€we€must€conclude€that€the€proposed€amendments€did€notÐ ð@  Ðaffect€substantial€rights€of€the€appellee,€and€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€denying€the€StateððsÐ à0  Ðmotion€to€amend€the€indictment.ò òó óÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ ­#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ Ð  ÐÌò òc.à0  àJurisdictionó óа(#(# Ðà  àà ` àAlthough€not€raised€by€either€party€on€appeal,€we€nevertheless€address€an€issue€thatÐ  ð Ðtroubled€the€trial€court.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(b).Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ F®#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€€At€the€March€2€hearing,€the€trial€court€expressedÐ à Ðits€doubt€that€Unicoi€County€was€the€appropriate€venue€in€this€case.€€Specifically,€the€court€notedÐ €Ð Ðthat€the€thefts€in€this€case€related€to€the€writing€of€checks€by€the€appellee€in€Alabama€or€TexasÐ pÀ Ðrequesting€the€disbursement€of€funds€held€in€an€escrow€account€in€Unicoi€County.€€The€funds€wereÐ `° Ðapparently€disbursed€to€individuals€or€entities€outside€Tennessee.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€courtÐ P  Ðasserted,€ð ðI€have€a€problem€that€weððre€in€essence€prosecuting€an€escrow€account.ððÐ @ ÐÌà  àà ` àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„103(a)€(1997)€provides€that€Ð  p Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Ô_Ôe]veryÔ_Ô€person,€whether€an€inhabitant€of€this€or€any€other€state€orÐ ` Ðcountry,€is€liable€to€punishment€by€the€laws€of€this€state,€for€anÐ P Ðoffense€committed€in€this€state,€except€where€it€is€by€law€cognizableÐ ð@ Ðexclusively€in€the€courts€of€the€United€States.Ðà0` x` x ÐMoreover,€when€an€accused€is€liable€to€punishment€by€the€laws€of€this€state€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð Ð  Ð39„11„103(a),€she€is€entitled€to€a€trial€in€the€county€in€which€the€offense€was€committed.€€òòTenn.Ð À! ÐConst.óóÔ#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¯#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€art.€I,€ðð€9Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ Uµ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ;€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€18(a);Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¦µ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€òòsee€alsoóó€òòEllis€v.€Carltonóó,Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¶#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€986€S.W.2d€600,€601€(Tenn.Ð °"  ÐCrim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1998).Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ k¶#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ€€In€other€words,€ð ðthe€jurisdiction€of€the€trial€courtÐ  #ð! Ðis€limited€to€the€crimes€which€occur€within€the€territorial€boundaries€of€the€county€in€which€it€sits.ðð€Ð $à" ÐÔ_ÔòòEllisóó,Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ·#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÔ_Ô€986€S.W.2d€at€Ô_Ô601.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ A¸#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÔ_Ô€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¶¸#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ €%Ð # ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€initially€emphasize€that,€according€to€the€record€currently€before€this€court,€if€theÐ `'°"% Ðinstant€offenses€occurred€in€Tennessee€at€all,€they€occurred€in€Unicoi€County.€€Thus,€the€questionÐ P( #& Ðis€not€whether€Unicoi€County€is€the€appropriate€venue€but,€more€broadly,€whether€TennesseeÐ @)$' Ðpossesses€territorial€jurisdiction.€€In€this€regard,€section€(b)€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„103Ð 0*€%( Ðâ âprovides€a€clear€answer.€€According€to€that€statutory€section,€Ð  +p&) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€€When€an€offense€is€commenced€outside€this€state€andÐ ° Ðâ âconsummated€in€this€state,€the€person€committing€the€offense€is€liableÐ  ð Ðfor€the€punishment€in€this€state€in€the€county€in€which€the€offense€wasÐ à Ðconsummated,€unless€otherwise€provided€by€statute.ЀÐ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€It€is€no€defense€that€the€person€charged€with€the€offense€wasÐ pÀ Ðoutside€this€state€when€the€offense€was€consummated€if€the€personÐ ` ° Ðused:ÐP  ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(A)€An€innocent€or€guilty€agent;€orÐ@ ¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(B)€Other€means€proceeding€directly€from€the€person.Ð0 €¸ ¸  ÐòòId.óó€€In€this€case,€as€noted€by€the€trial€court,€the€appellee€allegedly€commenced€her€offenses€by€writingÐ  p  Ðchecks€in€Alabama€or€Texas€drawing€upon€state€funds€held€in€the€escrow€account€at€Erwin€NationalÐ `  ÐBank.€€The€record€before€this€court€further€indicates€that€the€appelleeððs€offenses,€if€proven€by€theÐ P  ÐState€at€trial,€were€indeed€consummated€in€Unicoi€County.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ¹#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔÐ ð@  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòState€v.€Leggóó,€9€S.W.3d€111,€115€(Tenn.€1999),€the€supreme€court€agreed€that€inÐ Ð  Ðmost€cases€a€crime€is€consummated€when€the€last€element€necessary€for€the€commission€of€the€crimeÐ À Ðis€satisfied.€€In€order€to€establish€the€theft€offenses€charged€in€the€indictment,€the€State€would€beÐ ° Ðrequired€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€(1)€the€appellee€knowingly€exercised€control€overÐ  ð Ðthe€state€funds;€(2)€the€appellee€exercised€control€over€the€funds€with€the€intent€to€deprive€the€StateÐ à Ðof€the€funds;€and€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ºÀ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔ(3)€the€appellee€did€not€have€the€Stateððs€effective€consent.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„Ð €Ð Ð14„103.€€Thus,€the€appelleeððs€exercise€of€control€over€the€state€funds€was€a€prerequisite€toÐ pÀ Ðconsummation€of€the€offenses.€€Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ŒÃ#ÔÔ‡X³ X»¼³ÌÔUnlike€the€trial€court,€we€do€not€believe€that€the€mere€act€of€writingÐ `° Ðchecks€or€the€distribution€of€those€checks€to€vendors€or€other€beneficiaries€constituted€the€exerciseÐ P  Ðof€control€over€the€state€funds.€€Rather,€we€conclude€that€the€appellee€exercised€control€over€theÐ @ Ðfunds€when€the€bank€in€Unicoi€County€received€a€check€written€by€the€appellee€and€requesting€theÐ 0€ Ðdisbursement€of€funds€from€the€escrow€account,€òòandóó€the€bank€honored€the€check€by€disbursing€stateÐ  p Ðfunds.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòClark€v.€Stateóó,€287€A.2d€660,€667€(Del.€1972)(holding€that,€when€a€defendantÐ ` Ðcommitted€the€offense€of€embezzlement€by€writing€checks€on€an€ð ðattorneyððsðð€account,€venue€wasÐ P Ðproper€in€the€county€where€the€bank€account€was€located€because€the€embezzlement€culminatedÐ ð@ Ðð ðwhen€the€Ô_Ôcheck[sÔ_Ô]€Ô_Ôclear[edÔ_Ô]€through€the€account€in€the€bankðð);€òòState€v.€Frankóó,€355€So.€2d€912,€916„Ð à0 Ð917€(La.€1978)(holding€that,€for€the€purpose€of€establishing€the€appropriate€venue€for€the€prosecutionÐ Ð  Ðof€a€theft€offense,€ð ðconversionðð€occurred€when€a€New€Orleans€bankððs€cashierððs€check,€following€aÐ À! Ðforged€endorsement€and€deposit€in€a€Baton€Rouge€bank,€was€presented€at€the€New€Orleans€bank€forÐ °"  Ðpayment€and€was€honored);€òòState€v.€Rileyóó,€151€S.E.2d€308,€322„323€(W.€Va.€1966)(holding€that,Ð  #ð! Ðwhen€a€defendant€embezzled€Board€of€Education€funds€by€writing€checks€on€a€bank€account,€ð ðvenueÐ $à" Ð.€.€.€[was€found]€in€the€county€where€the€drawee€bank€.€.€.€[was]€located€and€the€check€.€.€.€[was]Ð €%Ð # Ðdeposited€for€payment,€and€until€the€check€.€.€.€[was]€paid€there€.€.€.€[was]€no€conversion€orÐ p&À!$ Ðembezzlementðð).€€Contingent€upon€the€Stateððs€offer€of€proof€at€trial€and€the€juryððs€findings,€theÐ ° Ðremaining€elements€were€simultaneously€satisfied€when€the€checks€related€to€the€appelleeððs€personalÐ  ð Ðexpenses€or€her€companyððs€expenses€and€the€disbursements€were€not€authorized€by€the€TennesseeÐ à ÐDepartment€of€Transportation.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€noted€above,€the€appelleeððs€absence€from€Tennessee€at€the€time€the€offenses€wereÐ ` ° Ðconsummated€provides€no€defense€to€the€courtððs€exercise€of€jurisdiction.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„Ð P   Ð103(b)(2)€embodies€the€principle,€also€recognized€in€other€states,€thatÐ @  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àif€a€person,€while€in€one€state€sets€in€motion€a€force€which€operatedÐ 0 € Ðin€another€state,€the€actual€presence€of€the€offender€in€the€other€stateÐ  p  Ðis€not€necessary€to€make€.€.€.€[her]€amenable€to€its€laws€for€the€crimeÐ `  Ðcommitted€there,€if€an€offense€is€the€immediate€result€of€.€.€.€[her]Ð P  Ðaction.Ðð@ ` x` x ÐòòState€v.€Butleróó,€724€A.2d€657,€663€(Md.€App.€1999);€òòsee€also,€e.g.óó,€òòIn€Re€Vasquezóó,€705€N.E.2d€606,Ð à0  Ð610„611€(Mass.€1999);€òòKeselica€v.€Commonwealthóó,€480€S.E.2d€756,€758€(Va.€App.€1997).Ð Ð  ÐÌà@MM"ìàò òòòIII.€€Conclusionó óóóˆÐ ° Ðà  àà ` àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€reverse€the€order€of€the€trial€court€dismissing€theÐ  ð Ðindictment€and€remand€this€case€for€further€proceedings.€€Specifically,€upon€a€request€by€theÐ à Ðappellee,€the€trial€court€should€conduct€a€hearing€for€the€purpose€of€determining€whether€a€dismissalÐ €Ð Ðof€the€indictment€is€appropriate€under€the€standards€enunciated€in€this€opinion.€€If,€at€that€hearing,Ð pÀ Ðno€additional€evidence€is€presented€satisfying€those€standards,€the€trial€court€should€permit€theÐ `° Ðamendment€of€the€indictment,€and€this€case€should€proceed€to€trial.Ô#†¼³Ì»XX³ ÏÄ#ÔÐ P  ÐÔ_Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àÔ_Ôà  àÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à___________________________________€ÐpÀÀ(#À(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGEÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  à