ÿWPCÕ rÚ„u†×ä…€*U@!í<2*v­©£ˆ¾U€H›öUb÷MlÐ`TÃ\,*+æeXî³Æ¨?IŸi§¨GÛ°V‰µç©jq ®Cwº‘”®üx¾~`aì‰ÂÊàÅ“úÚÔ”Ó±¼Ûf·G‚ÂKûbýXv¼óSN]Xe9RÎê\MHkCìIÇbÏ:(,&¨ òô(«×ÚY‰þj< ½¬M#âMÒnæžÒš ÄKªlÊã+Ž•,pÙQÖ¶¸œ&u¡…„Ñò;ß9€kø$…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U :Í b w@ 4O c r èz U:b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b Bœ œ œ œ œ D3¹ ¹ ¹ 0Dì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì AO0 Æ  0DE D/‰ B¸˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,Ù¹6 AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù- 01U2U3U4&e5D6D7D89Ó€uM%3|xB ÞÔ€ XöÕXXXÔÔ€ ¤NX XöÕÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ XöÕX ¤NÔÐ  ÐÌOctober€13,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d%%%%'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ñ›ñ4ñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€ŠqÅŠXXÔÔ€Š–´ŠŠŠqÅÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€…%XXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óñ4ñœñ4ñò òñ9ñœßr€ *<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` ð  rß›ñ9ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  ÐÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAUGUST€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À àà  à)€€€€€C.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9802„CC„00085Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àó óÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,ò òà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€ROBERTSON€COUNTYÌV.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€€Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€HON.€JOHN€H.€GASAWAY,€III,€JUDGEó óÐ ` Ðò òLARRY€DIXON,€à  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€€ó óà p àÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò òà  à)€€€€€Ô‡XöÕXŠŠ–´Ô(ESPECIALLYÔ#†Š–´ŠXXöÕ#Ô€Ô‡XöÕXŠŠ–´ÔAGGRAVATED€SEXUALÔ#†Š–´ŠXXöÕU#Ô€ó ó€€Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellant.à h àà À àò òà  à)€€€€€Ô‡XöÕXŠŠ–´ÔEXPLOITATION€OF€A€MINOR)Ô#†Š–´ŠXXöÕ#ÔÐ ` Ðó óÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà  àòòà p àFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð Hè ÐÌò òMICHAEL€R.€JONESà h àà À àà  àà p àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUP€Ð 8 Ø Ðó óDistrict€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àà p àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ 8!Ø Ð110€Sixth€Avenue,€WestÌSpringfield,€TN€37172ò òà h àà À àà  àà p àKAREN€YACUZZO€Ð (#È Ðó óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ ($È Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à2nd€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à425€Fifth€Avenue€North€Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TN€€37243ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òJOHN€WESLEY€CARNEY,€JR.Ð )   Ðó óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ *  ! ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òDENT€MORRISSÐ ð+"# Ðó óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ ð,#$ Ðà0 ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à500€South€Main€StreetÐ ` €%` €% Ѐà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àSpringfield,€TN€37172Ð à.€%& ÐÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMED€ÌÌTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGEÐ  ˜78./  ÐÓ  ÓÔ€°ßÓ°ŠŠ–´Ôò òòòOPINIONóóó óÔ€Š–´Š°°ßÓÔÐ `  ÐÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà ` àThe€Defendant,€Larry€Dixon,€appeals€as€of€right€his€conviction€of€especiallyÏaggravated€sexual€exploitation€of€a€minor.€€He€was€convicted€following€a€bench€trialÏin€the€Robertson€County€Circuit€Court.€€The€trial€court€subsequently€sentencedÏDefendant€to€ten€(10)€years€as€a€Range€I€Standard€Offender.€€In€this€appeal,ÏDefendant€raises€the€following€issues:€€à8 p àà8Èp(#p(#àÓ,ÓÐæ† ÈÐ ÈÐ  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(1)€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€that€the€video€inÏquestion€depicted€sexual€activity€under€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€section€39„17„1002€and€„1005;€Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€DefendantððsÏconduct€involved€promotion€or€use€of€children€under€theÏaforementioned€statute;€Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(3)€Whether€the€statutory€prohibition€against€ð ðlasciviousÏexhibition€of€the€female€breast€or€genitals€or€pubic€area€ofÏany€personðð€is€unconstitutionally€vague;€and€Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(4)€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€DefendantÏto€serve€ten€years€in€confinement.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÌWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌÌÓÓà ` àThe€facts€presented€at€trial€revealed€that€during€the€summer€of€1996,ÏDefendant€and€Deborah€Presson€were€living€together€in€an€apartment€in€Springfield,ÏTennessee.€€A€two„way€mirror€had€been€installed€in€the€apartment€which€allowed€Ïsomeone€in€Defendantððs€bedroom€closet€to€view€a€person€in€the€bathroom€withoutÏthe€knowledge€of€that€person.ÌÌà ` àDeborah€Pressonððs€sister,€Paula€Harris,€testified€that€during€a€visit€to€herÏsister,€she€discovered€the€two„way€mirror€with€a€video€camera€set€up€behind€it.€€Ms.ÏHarris€subsequently€returned€to€the€apartment,€searched€it,€and€found€a€video€of€twoÐ ¾8^/0 Ðyoung€girls€taking€a€bath€together.€€The€video€includes€closeups€of€one€of€the€youngÏgirlððs€breasts€and€pubic€area.€€Ms.€Harris€took€the€tape€and€called€the€police.ÌÌà ` àThe€police€eventually€discovered€that€the€girls€were€the€daughters€of€DixonððsÏformer€neighbors€and€that€the€girls€would€occasionally€visit€Defendant€and€Ms.ÏPresson.€€Since€the€victims€are€minors,€they€will€be€referred€to€by€their€initials€only.ÏA.H.€was€twelve€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€offense€and€her€sister,€C.H.,€was€tenÏyears€old.€€Ms.€Presson,€who€was€indicted€as€well,€testified€against€Defendant€at€trialÏand€said€that€it€was€Defendant€who€set€up€the€camera€to€video€A.H.€and€C.H.€whileÏthey€were€bathing.€€Ms.€Presson€further€testified€that€Defendant€urged€her€to€haveÏA.H.€pose€as€if€she€were€taking€her€picture€so€that€he€could€ð ðsee€what€he€needed€toÏsee.ðð€€Ms.€Presson€said€that€Defendant€watched€the€video€of€the€minors€beforeÏhaving€sex€with€her€(Presson).€€A.H.€testified€that€she€was€unaware€that€she€wasÏbeing€videotaped€while€she€was€in€the€bathtub.Ìà ` àÌà@.DàI.ˆÌÌà ` àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„17„1005€provides€in€part€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(a)€It€is€unlawful€for€a€person€to€knowingly€promote,Ïemploy,€use,€assist,€transport€or€permit€a€minor€toÏparticipate€in€the€performance€or€in€the€production€ofÏmaterial€which€includes€the€minor€engaging€in:€(1)€SexualÏactivity.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓÕÓÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„1005(a)(1).€€The€pertinent€definition€of€ð ðsexual€activityðð€asÏapplied€to€the€facts€of€this€case€is€the€ð ð[l]ascivious€exhibition€of€the€female€breast€orÏthe€genitals€or€pubic€area€of€any€person.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„1002(7)(G).ÌÐ Ø8x/1 Ðà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€video€in€question€does€not€involve€sexual€activityÏsince€it€only€involves€two€minor€girls€taking€a€bath€together.€€However,€we€agree€withÏthe€Stateððs€position€that€this€goes€well€beyond€the€innocent€videotaping€of€two€youngÏgirls€frolicking€in€the€bathtub.€€This€video€goes€beyond€the€bounds€of€decency€as€itÏinvolves€the€coaxing€of€young€girls€to€pose€for€an€imaginary€camera€as€well€asÏfootage€in€which€Defendant€focuses€specifically€on€the€breasts€and€pubic€area€ofÏA.H.ÌÌà ` àTennessee€case€law€has€not€specifically€addressed€the€meaning€of€lasciviousÏexhibition€as€it€relates€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„17„1005.€€However,Ïthe€United€States€District€Court€for€the€Middle€District€of€Tennessee€acknowledgedÏthat€the€determinative€test€for€assessing€whether€a€visual€depiction€of€a€minorÏinvolves€the€lascivious€exhibition€of€genitals€was€developed€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Dostóó,Ð   @ Ð636€F.€Supp.€828€(S.D.€Cal.€1986),€òòaffððdóó€òòsub€nomóó.€òòUnited€States€v.€Wiegandóó,€812Ð "0 ÐF.2d€1239€(9th€Cir.€1987),€òòcert.óó€òòdeniedóó,€484€U.S.€856,€108€S.€Ct.€164,€98€L.€Ed.€2dÐ €$  Ð118€(1987).€€òòSeeóó€òòRhoden€v.€Morganóó,€863€F.€Supp.€612,€619€(M.D.€Tenn.€1994),€òòaffððdóó,Ð p& Ð97€F.3d€1452€(6th€Cir.€1996),€òòcert.óó€òòdeniedóó,€117€S.€Ct.€1448,€137€L.€Ed.€2d€553Ð `(  Ð(1997).€€In€òòDostóó,€the€court€listed€at€least€six€factors€for€a€trial€court€to€consider€inÐ P*ð " Ðdetermining€whether€or€not€a€visual€depiction€of€a€minor€constitutes€a€ð ðlasciviousÏexhibition€of€the€genitals€or€pubic€area.ðð€€636€F.€Supp.€at€832.€€Such€factors€includedÏin€òòDostóó€are:Ð  0À&( ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(1)€whether€the€focal€point€of€the€visual€depiction€is€on€theÏchildððs€genitalia€or€pubic€area;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€whether€the€setting€of€the€visual€depiction€is€sexuallyÏsuggestive,€i.e.,€in€a€place€or€pose€generally€associatedÏwith€sexual€activity;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(3)€whether€the€child€is€depicted€in€an€unnatural€pose,€orÏin€inappropriate€attire,€considering€the€age€of€the€child;ÐÐ9p02¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(4)€whether€the€child€is€fully€or€partially€clothed,€or€nude;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(5)€whether€the€visual€depiction€suggests€sexual€coynessÏor€a€willingness€to€engage€in€sexual€activity;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(6)€whether€the€visual€depiction€is€intended€or€designed€toÏelicit€a€sexual€response€in€the€viewer.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÌòòIdóó.€Ð °  ÐÓ&&ÓÌà ` àThe€òòDostóó€court€further€noted€that€a€visual€depiction€ð ðneed€not€involve€all€ofÐ ø˜  Ðthese€factors€to€be€a€ððlascivious€exhibition€of€the€genitals€or€œpubñ5ñlñ5ñic›€area.ðð€€TheÏdetermination€will€have€to€be€made€based€on€the€overall€content€of€the€visualÏdepiction,€taking€into€account€the€age€of€the€minor.ðð€€òòIdóó.€Ð Èh ÐÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€filming€of€the€two€girls€bathing€does€not€fall€underÏthe€Tennessee€statutory€definition€of€sexual€activity.€€However,€we€find€at€least€fourÏof€the€six€òòDostóó€factors€to€be€present€in€this€case.€€First,€Defendant€focuses€theÐ ˆ#( Ðcamera€on€the€breasts€and€œpubñ6ñlñ6ñic›€area€of€A.H.€during€certain€portions€of€the€tape.€ÏSecond,€Ms.€Presson€encouraged€A.H.€to€pose€for€a€pretend€camera.€€These€posesÏwere€not€natural€for€a€young€child€to€be€doing€while€taking€a€bath.€€Third,€both€girlsÏwere€nude.€€Finally,€according€to€Ms.€Pressonððs€testimony,€Defendant€viewed€theÏvideotape€before€engaging€in€sexual€relations€with€her.€€This€supports€the€argumentÏthat€the€video€was€intended€to€elicit€a€sexual€response€in€the€viewer.€€Based€on€allÏthe€foregoing,€the€video€in€question€clearly€falls€within€the€ð ðsexual€activityðð€definitionÏfound€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„17„1002(7)(G).€ÌÌà@êê.DàII.ˆÌÐ Ø8x/1 Ðà ` àIn€its€Verdict€and€Order,€the€trial€court€found€the€elements€of€the€convictingÏoffense,€especially€aggravated€sexual€exploitation€of€a€minor,€under€the€facts€of€thisÏcase€to€be€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(1)€that€the€defendant€did€ò òpromoteó ó,€ò òuse€ó óor€permit€a€minorÐ 0Ð Ðto€participate€in€the€performance€or€in€the€production€ofÏò òmaterialó ó€which€includes€the€minor€engaging€in€sexualÐ (È Ðactivity,€and€Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€that€the€defendant€acted€knowingly.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ 1ÓÌòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„1005(a)(1)€(emphasis€added).€€The€court€went€on€toÐ    Ðlist€the€relevant€definitions€in€part€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(1)€ð ðò òPromoteó óðð€means€to€finance,€ò òproduceó ó,€direct,Ð à€ Ðmanufacture,€issue,€publish,€exhibit€ò òoró ó€advertise.Ðà€¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€ð ðò òMaterialó óðð€means€any€picture,€drawing,€photograph,Ð Øx Ðmotion€picture€film,€ò òvideocassette€tapeó ó€or€other€pictorialÐ Øx Ðrepresentation.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓW3ÓÌòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„1002(5)€and€(2)(A)€(emphasis€added).Ð À"` ÐÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€his€conduct,€as€to€the€video€at€issue,€does€not€fallÏunder€the€statutory€definition€of€promote.€€First,€under€the€facts€of€this€case,ÏDefendantððs€operation€of€the€video€camera€to€film€the€girls€in€the€bathtub€involvedÏproduction€of€a€tape.€€Defendant,€in€disputing€the€application€of€ð ðpromote,ðð€groupsÏð ðproduce€and€directðð€together€to€suggest€that€the€child€must€be€a€knowing€participantÏin€the€activity.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„1002(5).€€However,€as€emphasizedÐ P0ð&( Ðabove,€the€definition€of€ð ðpromoteðð€uses€the€term€ð ðorðð€to€separate€the€kinds€of€actionsÏwhich€fall€within€its€statutory€definition.€€In€the€instant€case,€Defendant€clearlyÏproduced€a€tape€which€complies€with€the€statutory€definition€of€ð ðpromote.ððÌâ âà ` àÐ 8°.0 Ðà ` àFurther,€Defendant€implies€that€ð ðexhibitðð€applies€to€material€being€shown€toÏâ âothers.€€However,€this€assumption€is€misplaced€as€this€Court€in€òòState€v.€FalinóóÐ P ð Ðrecognized€that€the€statute€is€intended€to€apply€to€both€commercial€and€non„¼commercial€uses.€€C.C.A.€No.€03C01„9210„CR„00340,€Sevier€County€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.,€Knoxville,€June€22,€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1993).€€Ms.€PressonÐ  À Ðtestified€that€Defendant€produced€and€viewed€the€video€in€order€to€satisfy€his€ownÏsexual€desires.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ÌÌ-DàIII.ˆÌÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€word€ð ðlasciviousðð€is€unconstitutionally€vague€underÏthe€statute€and€as€applied€by€the€trial€court.€€Again,€the€statute€does€not€specificallyÏdefine€the€word€ð ðlasciviousðð€but€the€trial€court€defined€ð ðlasciviousðð€as€ð ðtending€toÏexcite€lust;€lewd;€indecent.ðð€€We€are€required€to€construe€criminal€statutes€accordingÏto€the€ð ðfair€import€of€their€terms.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„104.€€That€constructionÏrequires€reference€to€ð ðjudicial€decisions€and€common€law€interpretations,€to€promoteÏjustice,€and€effect€the€objectives€of€the€criminal€code.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„¼104.€€Among€the€most€prominent€of€the€tenets€of€statutory€construction€is€theÏrequirement€that€courts€must€construe€statutes€so€as€to€give€effect€to€legislativeÏintent.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòWilsonóó€òòv.€Johnson€Countyóó,€879€S.W.2d€807,€709€(Tenn.€1994).€Ð 0.Ð$& ÐThat€intent€is€to€be€determined€by€the€natural€and€ordinary€meaning€of€the€language.ÌÌà ` àCongress€substituted€the€term€ð ðlasciviousðð€in€place€of€ð ðlewdðð€in€the€federalÏstatute€dealing€with€the€protection€of€children.€€18€U.S.C.A.€ðð€2256(2)(E).€€In€doingÏso,€Congress€acknowledged€that€ð ððð[l]ewdðð€has€in€the€past€been€equated€withÏððobsceneðð;€this€change€is€thus€intended€to€make€it€clear€that€an€exhibition€of€a€childððsÐ Ð9p02 Ðgenitals€does€not€have€to€meet€the€obscenity€standard€to€be€unlawful.ðð€€130€Cong.ÏRec.€S3510,€S3511€(daily€ed.€Mar.€30,€1984)€(statement€of€Sen.€Specter).€Ïð ðððLasciviousðð€is€no€different€in€its€meaning€than€ððlewd,ðð€a€ñ4ñœñ4ñcommñ7ñeñ7ññ8ñoñ8ñnsensicalñ4ñ›ñ4ñ€term€whoseÏconstitutionality€was€specifically€upheld€in€òòMiller€v.óó€òòCaliforniaóó€[citations€omitted]€andÐ 0Ð ÐòòNew€York€v.€ñ4ñœñ4ñFerberñ4ñ›ñ4ñóó€[citations€omitted].ðð€€òòñ4ñœñ4ñWeigandñ4ñ›ñ4ñóó,€812€F.2d€1239€(9th€Cir.€1987),Ð  À Ðòòcert.óó€òòdeniedóó,€484€U.S.€856,€108€S.€Ct.€164,€98€L.€Ed.€2d€118€(1987).€€Further,€ourÐ °  Ðsupreme€court€has€also€noted€that€definitions€in€this€Stateððs€obscenity€statutes,Ïincluding€the€ð ðlewd€exhibition€of€the€genitals,ðð€were€written€to€comply€with€theÏlanguage€approved€in€òòMiller€v.€California€óó(citation€omitted).€€òòSeeóó€òòTaylor€v.€Stateóó,€529Ð à€ ÐS.W.2d€692,€696„97€(Tenn.€1975).€€ÌÌà ` àDefendant€also€argues€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„17„1002Ïdoes€not€give€fair€warning€to€people€of€common€intelligence€as€to€the€meaning€ofÏð ðlascivious.ðð€€However,€this€Court€has€previously€stated€that€the€use€of€the€wordsÏð ðlewd,€lascivious,€and€obsceneðð€are€sufficient€descriptions€to€put€ordinary€personsÏof€common€intelligence€on€notice€as€to€what€conduct€is€prohibited.€€òòState€v.€CarteróóÐ p& Ð687€S.W.2d€292€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1985).€Ð `(  ÐFurther,€in€òòState€v.€Falinóó,€this€Court€upheld€the€constitutionality€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ P*ð " ÐAnnotated€section€39„17„1005,€specifically€stating€that€ð ð[ñ4ñœñ4ña]llñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ñ›ñ4ñ€the€terms€in€the€statuteÏcan€be€understood€by€their€common€usage,€except€perhaps€for€ððpromoteðð€which€isÏdefined€in€ðð€37„17„102(5)€[sic].ðð€€C.C.A.€No.€ñ4ñœñ4ñ03C01ñ4ñ›ñ4ñ„9210„CR„00340,€slip€op.€at€ñ4ñœñ4ñ4.ñ4ñ›ñ4ñ€ÏWe€find€that€the€word€ð ðlasciviousðð€in€the€statute€is€not€unconstitutionally€vague,€andÏthus,€Defendantððs€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌñ4ñœñ4ñà@ÀÀ.DàIV.ñ4ñ›ñ4ñˆÌñ4ñœ›ñ4ñÐ Ð9p02 Ðà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€did€not€give€appropriate€weight€to€theÏmitigating€factor€of€no€prior€criminal€history,€and€that€he€is€entitled€to€an€alternativeÏsentence.ÌÌà ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€the€manner€of€service€ofÏa€sentence,€this€court€has€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence€withÐ °  Ða€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÏshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÏall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð Ðp Ð1991).ÌÌà ` àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider€theÐ   @ Ðevidence€adduced€at€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€presentence€report,€theÏprinciples€of€sentencing,€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencingÏalternatives,€the€nature€of€the€offense,€and€the€defendantððs€potential€forÏrehabilitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210;€òòState€v.€Parkeróó,€932€S.W.2d€945,€955„Ð `(  Ð56€(Tenn.€Crim€App.€1996).Ìà ` àÌà ` àIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencingÏprocedure,€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€andÏproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principals€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€and€thatÏthe€trial€court's€findings€of€fact€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€we€mayÏnot€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€different€result.€€òòState€v.Ð ð5,. ÐFletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€Upon€review€of€the€record,Ð à7€.0 Ðwe€find€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€proper€sentencing€principles€and€stated€itsÐ Ð9p02 Ðreasons€and€findings€on€the€record.€€Therefore,€review€by€this€court€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€withÐ `  Ða€presumption€of€correctness.ÌÌà ` àThe€trial€court€found€the€following€enhancement€factors€to€be€applicable€toÏDefendantððs€sentence:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(1)€Defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€anÏoffense€involving€two€(2)€or€more€criminal€actors;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€The€offense€involved€more€than€one€victim;€and€Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ£RÓÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(3)€Defendant€abused€a€position€of€private€trust.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2),€(3)€and€(15).€€As€a€mitigating€factor,€the€courtÏfound€Defendantððs€lack€of€a€criminal€record€to€apply.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼113(13).Ìâ âÐ 8¸.. Ðà ` àDefendant€was€convicted€of€a€Class€B€felony€as€a€Range€I€Standard€Offender.€Ïâ âThe€sentencing€range€for€a€Range€I€Standard€Offender€convicted€of€a€Class€B€felonyÏis€not€less€than€eight€(8)€years€nor€more€than€twelve€(12)€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„112(a)(2).€€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€B€felony€shall€be€theÏminimum€sentence€in€the€range€if€there€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c).€€Should€there€be€enhancement€and€mitigatingÏfactors,€the€court€must€start€at€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range,€enhance€theÏsentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancement€factors,€and€thenÏreduce€the€sentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c).€€If€the€trial€judge€complies€with€the€purposes€andÏprinciples€of€sentencing€and€his€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,Ïthen€the€weight€assigned€to€the€existing€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors€is€generallyÏleft€to€his€ñ4ñœñ4ñor€her€discretion.ñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ññ4ñ€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€870€S.W.2d€532,€541€(Tenn.Ð À!` ÐCrim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1993).€€The€trial€court€in€the€case€òòsubóóÐ È#h Ðòòjudiceóó,€imposed€a€ten€(10)€year€sentence€for€the€Class€B€felony€conviction.€€The€trialÐ Ð%p Ðcourt€did€consider€the€mitigating€factor€in€this€case,€but€in€light€of€all€the€evidenceÏpresented€at€trial,€that€mitigating€factor€did€not€weigh€heavily€against€theÏenhancement€factors.€€Even€if€some€evidence€of€mitigation€exists,€where€theÏmitigation€factors€are€strongly€outweighed€by€the€enhancement€factors,€ñ4ñœñ4ñtheñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ññ4ñÏmaximum€sentence€ñ4ñœñ4ñmay€be€warranted.€€òòSeeóóñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ññ4ñ€ñ4ñœñ4ñòòStateñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ññ4ñ€v.€Ruaneóó,€912€S.W.2d€766,€785Ð ø/˜&& Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€The€great€weight€attribuable€to€the€applicableÏenhancement€factors€more€than€justifies€the€ñ4ñœñ4ñless€than€maximum€tenñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ññ4ñ€(10)€yearÏsentence€ñ4ñœñ4ñimposed€in€this€case.ñ4ñ›ñ4ññ4ññ4ñÌâ âÐ 8¸.. Ðà ` àDefendant€also€suggests€that€he€is€entitled€to€be€placed€on€probation.Ïâ âHowever,€because€the€trial€court€justifiably€imposed€a€sentence€in€excess€of€eightÏyears,€as€previously€discussed,€Defendant€is€not€eligible€for€probation.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„303(a).€€Furthermore,€Defendant€offered€no€persuasive€argument€atÏthe€sentencing€hearing€as€to€why€probation,€or€any€other€type€of€alternativeÏsentence,€would€be€appropriate€in€this€case.€€We€find€that€the€trial€court€was€correctÏin€ordering€a€sentence€of€total€confinement.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà ` àBased€on€all€the€foregoing,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌñ.ñÓÓñ.ñÌñ4ñœñ4ññ/ñà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àTHOMAS€T.€€WOODALL,€JudgeÌÌñ/ññ3ñÌñ3ññ/ñÌCONCUR:Ìñ/ññ2ñÌñ2ññ/ñÌ___________________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌñ/ññ1ñÌñ1ññ/ñÌ___________________________________ÌL.€T.€LAFFERTY,€Special€Judgeñ/ññ0ñ›à  àà p àà È àà  àà x àÐ Ü(| Ð____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________Ìñ0ñ