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VB4gC٘IQ],uAV/N_Zekޗ.<37̈́1"ޡ`3J^ %uw: G~S ~7XL9љOIyi5{ڳp]Xe$uvNP^{XJCUyѽ)Y(ujG'{5 ^bּHUTI#wn#uV Lb6WT.QV)Y 4vbϥ2JnG?5Z ;ڴNְ-V+#D5l3,GbҫNuM/YZaq$ >Y`-la62*wM=lBg^Ͱ2z;>tN  N U> U@ B!HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 60(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,("  Z6Times New Roman RegularĬq) J~'3|xU2G+J 0_level1  X /%4 4 <DL/23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  2D+J 0_level2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  2A+J 0_level3   ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  2>+J 0_level4  ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  2;+J 0_level5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  28+J 0_level6    DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  25+J 0_level7  h DDL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  22+J 0_level8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2   2/+J 0_level9    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  2GJ 0_levsl1  X /%4 4 <DL/23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  2DJ 0_levsl2   ," <DL,23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  2AJ 0_levsl3   ) <DL)23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  2>J 0_levsl4  ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  2;J 0_levsl5   #DL#23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  28J 0_levsl6    DL 23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  25J 0_levsl7  h DDL23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  22J 0_levsl8   L23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  2/J 0_levsl9    L23  Ԁ  2( 4 <DL2  2GJ 0_levnl1  X /%4 4 <DL/23   2( 4 <DL2  2DJ 0_levnl2   ," <DL,23   2( 4 <DL2  2AJ 0_levnl3   ) <DL)23   2( 4 <DL2  2>J 0_levnl4  ` &<<DL&23   2( 4 <DL2  2;J 0_levnl5   #DL#23   2( 4 <DL2  28J 0_levnl6    DL 23   2( 4 <DL2  25J 0_levnl7  h DDL23   2( 4 <DL2  22J 0_levnl8   L23   2( 4 <DL2  2/J 0_levnl9    L23   2( 4 <DL2  \  `&Times New Roman 9 &Times New Roman(9 Z(Times New Roman  d !USUS.,  _   !XX8XXdd8+  @tt#XX!U#XXINTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @kk$ATNASHVILLE#XX#!XXԈ      @  @` July18,2000Session @ #XX!# !XXWILLIAMANDREWDIXONv.FLORAJ.HOLLAND,WARDEN#XX!L#  4 @@ DirectAppealfromtheCriminalCourtforDavidsonCounty  ( @@No.2848SethNorman,Judge    @ @@*AV) ` dE<o` A p  @@TTNo.M199902494CCAR3PC_ԄFiledNovember17,_2000__ e  AV) ` dE<0` A 1     WilliamAndrewDixonwasconvictedof_kidnapping_ԀforransominviolationofTennesseeCode  \ Annotatedsection392603inApril1981intheCircuitCourtof_Dickson_ԀCounty.Theoffensewas B committedinApril1978.Betweenthetimeoftheoffensein1978,andthetimeoftrialin1981, ( _kidnapping_Ԁforransomwas_redesignated_Ԁbythelegislatureastheoffenseofaggravated_kidnapping_;  themaximumpunishmentwasreducedbythelegislaturefromlifeimprisonmentwithoutparoleto  lifeimprisonmentwiththepossibilityofparole.TheTennesseeDepartmentofCorrectionmaintains  thatitisincarceratingPetitionerunderasentenceoflifeimprisonmentwithoutthepossibilityof p parole._Petitioner_ԀfiledaPetitionforWritofHabeasCorpusintheCriminalCourtofDavidson V County,assertingthejudgmentisillegalandvoid.Thepetitionwasdenied.Thejudgmentis < affirmed. "r  Tenn.R.App.P.3AppealasofRight;JudgmentoftheCriminalCourt_Affirmed _ >   ThomasT._Woodall_,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichNormaMcGeeOgle,J.,   joined.DavidG.Hayes,J.,filedaconcurringopinion.  ThomasF.Bloom,Nashville,Tennessee,fortheappellant,WilliamAndrewDixon. l!! _PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneralandReporter;_Ԁ_KimR.Helper,AssistantAttorneyGeneral;_ 8## _VictorS.Johnson,III,DistrictAttorneyGeneral;_Ԁ_PamelaSueAnderson,AssistantDistrictAttorney $n$ General;_ԀandLisa_Naylor_,AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral,fortheappellee,StateofTennessee. %T %   OPINION  & "'     Followingajurytrialin_Dickson_ԀCountyCircuitCourtinApril,1981,thePetitioner,William (#) AndrewDixon,wasconvictedof_kidnapping_Ԁforransomandfelonioususeandemploymentofa )$* firearmwhilecommitting_kidnapping_Ԁforransom.Thetrialcourtsjudgmentstatesthatthejury h*%+ fixedpunishmentoflifeimprisonmentforthe_kidnapping_Ԁforransomconviction;thejudgment N+&, furtherorderedthatfortheconvictionof_kidnapping_ԀforransomthePetitioner shallbeimprisoned 4,'- forlifeintheTennesseeStatePenitentiary.Asentenceoffive(5)yearsforthefirearmoffensewas -j(. orderedtobeservedconsecutivelytothesentenceoflifeimprisonment.Nowhereinthejudgment,  whichwasfiledApril25,1981,isitmentionedthatthelifesentenceistobeservedwithoutthe  possibilityofparole. |   InhisPetitionforWritofHabeasCorpus,andonappeal,theDefendantassertsthatheis H incarceratedservingasentenceoflifeimprisonmentwithoutthepossibilityofparoleandthatthis . ~ isanillegalandvoidsentence.Hefurtherarguesthatthemaximumpunishmenttowhichhewas  d subjecteduponhisconvictionwaslifeimprisonmentwiththepossibilityofparole.  J   TheStaterespondsthatthetrialcourtsjudgmentsetting Petitionerspunishment at    imprisonmentforlifeintheTennesseeStatePenitentiarywasanappropriatesentenceforthe     sentencingstructureinplaceatthetimeoftrial.TheissuepresentedbyPetitionerisproperly   presentedinaPetitionforaWritofHabeasCorpus.SeeJonathanStephensonv.HowardCarlton, x  Warden,etal.,No.E199800202SCR11CD,Tenn.Sup.Court,forpublication,filedSeptember ^  21,2000atKnoxville,___S.W.3d___,2000WL1357517at*12. D    TheoffensesoccurredinCarrollCountyinAprilof1978.Venuewaschangeduponapre ` trialmotionfiledbyPetitioner.Atthetimeofthecrimes,theoffenseofkidnappingforransomwas F setforthinTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection392603(1975)asfollows: , 8   ` 392603 .Kidnappingforransom!Penalty!Anypersonwhoseizes,  confines,inveigles,entices,decoys,abducts,conceals,kidnaps,orcarriesawayany  individualbyanymeanswhatsoeverwithintenttoholdordetain,orwhoholdsor t detains,suchindividualforransom,rewardortocommitextortionortoexactfrom Z relativesorfriendsofsuchpersonanymoney,orvaluablething,oranypersonwho @ kidnapsorcarriesawayanyindividualtocommitrobbery,oranypersonwhoaids &v orabetsanysuchact,isguiltyofafelonyanduponconvictionthereofshallbe  \ punishedbyimprisonmentinthestatepenitentiaryforlifeorforatermofyearsnot B lessthantwenty(20),withoutpossibilityofparole,atthediscretionofthejurytrying ( thesame.(Emphasisadded).     Ondirectappeal,Statev.WilliamAndrewDixon,No.11930,DicksonCounty(Tenn.Crim.   App.,Nashville,April13,1982),Petitionerraisedtheissuethatthejuryhadthediscretionto p!  determinewhetherornotthesentenceimposedwastobeservedwithoutthepossibilityofparole. V"! Thiscourt,inaddressingtheissueinitsopiniononthedirectappeal,stated: <#" 8   ` Wenowconsiderwhetheroneconvictedofkidnappingforransommaybe %X $ consideredforparoleafterbecomingeligiblepursuanttoourgeneralstatutes %>!% authorizingparole....&$"&   8   ` The[Petitioner]nowconstruesthestatutetomeanthatitwasdiscretionary (#( withthejuryastowhetherthesentenceimposedwas withoutpossibilityofparole. )$) ...l*%*     R+&+ 8   ` Weinterpretthestatuteasmeaningthatthelengthofthetermof   imprisonmentmaybelifeimprisonmentoratermofnotlessthan20yearsatthe  discretionofthejury,butthatthetermofimprisonmentimposedbythejuryis | withoutpossibilityofparoleasamatteroflaw.b     Id.atpp.46.(Emphasisadded). . ~   In1979,aftercommissionoftheoffensesforwhichPetitionerwasconvicted,butpriorto  J histrialandconvictionsin1981,theoffenseofkidnappingforransomwasamendedtoconstitute  0 anoffenseunderthemorecomprehensiveoffenseofaggravatedkidnapping.Tenn.CodeAnn.39    2603(Supp.1979).(In1990,kidnappingforransombecameaClassAfelonyspecifiedas    especiallyaggravatedkidnapping.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913305(Supp.1990).Themaximum   punishmentofthisoffenseforaRangeIstandardoffenderiscurrently25yearsimprisonment,with x  serviceofaminimumof85%ofthatsentence.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035112,501(c)(1997 ^  &Supp.1999)).XXXXԀ#XXXX&#XXXX D    Moreover,effectiveSeptember1,1979,TennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection392603, ` classifiedasaggravatedkidnapping,becameapartoftheClassXfelonylegislationpassedbythe F GeneralAssembly.Underthislegislation,theGeneralAssemblyreducedthemaximumpunishment , forkidnappingforransomfromlifeimprisonmentwithoutparoletolifeimprisonmentwiththe  possibilityofparole.Tenn.CodeAnn.392603(Supp.1979).#XXXXG&#XXXXԀThespecificlegislationstatedthat   apersonconvictedofaggravatedkidnappingshallbepunishedbyimprisonmentinthestate  penitentiaryforlifeorforatermofnotlessthantwenty(20)years.Id.#XXXX(#XXXX t #XXXX)#XXXX  AtthetimeofPetitionerstrialin1981,therelativesavingsstatute,TennesseeCode @ Annotatedsection39114(1975)[laterreplacedbyTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection#XXXXQ*#XXXXԀ391105 &v (1982)andnowcodifiedatTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection3911112(1997)]providedas  \ follows: B 8   Repealedoramendedlaws!Applicationinprosecutionforoffense.! Whenever  anypenalstatuteorpenallegislativeactofthestateisrepealedoramendedbya  subsequentlegislativeact,anyoffense,asdefinedbythestatuteoractbeingrepealed   oramended,committedwhilesuchstatuteoractwasinfullforceandeffectshallbe p!  prosecutedundertheactorstatuteineffectatthetimeofthecommissionofthe V"! offense.Intheeventthesubsequentactprovidesforalesserpenalty,any <#" punishmentimposedshallbeinaccordancewiththesubsequentact.[Acts1968ch. "$r# 513,1](emphasisadded).%X $     Therecanbenoquestionthatasentenceof lifeimprisonment(withthepossibilityof &$"& parole)isalesserpenaltythanasentenceof lifeimprisonmentwithoutpossibilityofparole. ' #' Therefore,arguesPetitioner,pursuanttothe savingsstatute,TennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection (#( 39114[nowcodifiedat3911112]#XXXXc+#XXXXԀandsection392603(Supp.1979),itwasmandatorythat )$) Petitionerbesentencedtolifeimprisonment,withthepossibilityofparolefollowinghistrialin l*%* 1981.IndismissingthePetitionforWritofHabeasCorpus,thetrialcourtruledthatthesavings R+&+ statutesetforthpresentlyinTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection3911112didnotreducethe 8,', punishmentforacrimecommittedpriortoJuly1,1982.Aspresentlyprovided,TennesseeCode  Annotatedsection3911112providesinpertinentpart: Exceptasprovidedundertheprovisions  of4035117,intheeventthesubsequentactprovidesforalesserpenalty,anypunishment | imposedshallbeinaccordancewiththesubsequentact.(Emphasisadded).TennesseeCode b Annotatedsection4035117(c)providesthat [f]orallpersonswhocommittedcrimespriortoJuly H 1,1982,priorlawshallapplyandremaininfullforceandeffectineveryrespect,including,butnot . ~ limitedto,sentencing,parole,andprobation.See1989Tenn.Pub.Actsch.591,6.  d   ThepertinentlanguageofTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection3911112relieduponbythe  0 trialcourtinthehabeascorpusproceedingis [e]xceptasprovidedin4035117.However,this    languagewasaddedtothesavingsstatute(TennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection3911112(Supp.    1989),formerlyTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection39114)effectiveNovember1,1989,subsequent   toPetitionerstrialandconviction,andsubsequenttothiscourtsaffirmanceofhisconvictionon x  directappealin1982.Thus,thetrialcourtsrelianceupontheamendedlanguageofTennesseeCode ^  Annotatedsection3911112violatesconstitutionalproscriptionsagainstexpostfactolaws.See  D   Millerv.State,584S.W.2d758,761(Tenn.1979)(enumeratingfivetypesofexpostfactolaws); *z  Statev.Pearson,858S.W.2d879,882(Tenn.1993).  `    Nevertheless,aportionoftheClassXFeloniesAct,Tenn.CodeAnn.395404(later391 , 704),specificallyprecludesPetitionerfrombeingentitledtoreliefinthiscase.Thatstatuteprovides  asfollows:  0  AllPersonswhohavecommittedcrimesonorafterSeptember1,1979,shallbetriedand t sentencedundertheClassXFeloniesActof1979.Allpersonswhosecrimesoccurredprior Z toSeptember1,1979,butwhosetrialsoccuronorafterSeptember1,1979,shallbetried @ underthelawasitwaspriortoSeptember1,1979,andastothosedefendants,thepriorlaw &v shallremaininfullforceandeffect.(emphasisadded) \(#(#   PetitionerarguesthatsinceTenn.CodeAnn.395404statesthatthosewhocommitClass ( XFeloniesafterSeptember1,1979mustbe triedandsentencedunderthenewAct,andthatthose  whocommitcrimesbeforeSeptember1,1979(asPetitioner)areonlytobe triedundertheoldlaw,  thensentencingforPetitionermustbeunderthelesssevereClassXFeloniesAct(lifewithparole   versuslifewithoutparole).Wedisagree.In1979,priortotheJudgeSentencingActof1982, p!    [Tenn.CodeAnn.40-35-101etseq.]#XXXX 1#XXXXԀthejurytriedandsentencedadefendantchargedwith V"! kidnappingforransom(nowaggravatedkidnapping). <#"   DespitethefactthatthelegislaturereferredtopostSeptember1,1979casesasbeing %X $  triedandsentencedandtopreSeptember1,1979casesasbeing tried,thelegislatureclearly %>!% statedthatastothosewhocommittedcrimespriortoSeptember1,1979,thepriorlawshall &$"& remaininfullforceandeffect.Wecaninterpretthistomeannothingexceptthatallaspectsof ' #' thepriorlaw(includingsentencing)mustremaininfullforceandeffect. (#(   Accordingly,thejudgmentoftheDavidsonCountyCriminalCourtisaffirmed. l*%* _   `     h      p     _ 8,', Ї   `     h     ____________________________________     `     h     THOMAST.WOODALL,JUDGE#XXXX@# | _   `     h      p   ___   `     h      p   _  _  _?+ ` hp x X?XX)INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE   @..ATNASHVILLE   #)XX)ҠG#)!X)X#!)!G#)!!July18,2000Session "  #)XX)!wH##XXX)XH#)XXXX )!X)X#!)!HI#)!!WILLIAMANDREWDIXONv.FLORAJ.HOLLAND,WARDEN  #)XX)!kI##XXX)XI#)XXXXDirectAppealfromtheCriminalCourtforDavidsonCounty   No.2848SethNorman,Judge  No.M1999-02494-CCA-R3-PC n   DavidG.Hayes,J.,concurring.  #XXX)XWJ#,XlXXX#XXX,XlK#-XXXX  IjoinwiththemajorityinconcludingthattheDefendantsapplicationforthewritofhabeas N! corpusiswithoutmerit.Themajoritysrationaleisclearlysupportedbycaselaw.Seegenerally 4"  ЀStatev.Turner,919S.W.2d346,361(Tenn.Crim.App.1995)(accusedwhocommittedoffense #j! priortoJuly1,1982butsentencedaftereffectivedateof1982Actnotentitledtobesentenced $P" pursuantto1982Act);Statev.Harris,678S.W.2d473,476(Tenn.Crim.App.1984)(ifcrime $6 # committedonorafterJuly1,1982,thentrialjudgepropersentencingauthority;ifcrimecommitted %!$ priortoJuly1,1982,sentencingresponsibilityuponjury);Statev.Carter,669S.W.2d707,708 &"% (Tenn.Crim.App.1984)(judgesentencingactonlyapplicabletocrimescommittedonorafterJuly '"& 1,1982).Moreover,theSentencingCommissionCommentstoTenn.CodeAnn.40-35-117(c) ~(#' provide: d)$(  X X?+ ` hp x X?Subsection(c)providesthatcrimescommittedpriortoJuly1,1982mustbetriedand 0+&* sentencedunderthelawasitexistedpriortothatdate.Offensesthatoccurredprior ,f'+ toJuly1,1982,weretreatedundertheverydifferentindeterminatejurysentencing  structure.Duetotheradicalchangeinsentencingprocedures,thecommission  believedthatitwasappropriatetoretainpriorlawastothosefewcasesleftinthat | category. b  X XE+ ` hp x X EForthesereasons,Iconcur. . ~   Asapostscript,itcannotbeignoredthattheDefendantinthiscasewasconvictedoftheonly  J offense,i.e.,kidnappingforransom,underthe1975Actthatprohibitedparoleeligibility.See  0 generallyTenn.CodeAnn.39-2603(1975).Indeed,nootheroffenseunderthe1975Actprovided    forsuchaharshpenalty.Adefendantconvictedoffirstdegreemurderwitharesultingsentenceof    lifeimprisonmentwaseligibleforparoleafterthirtyyears.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.40-3613(1975)   (personssentencedtotermofsixty-fiveyearsormore,orlife,eligibleforparoleafterthirtyyears); x  see,e.g.,Millerv.State,584S.W.2d758(Tenn.1979)(legallyeffectivepunishmentforfirst-degree ^  murderforcrimecommittedonApril7,1976,waslifeimprisonment).Similarly,ahabitual D  offender,whosestatutorypunishmentwaslifewithoutthepossibilityofparole,becameparole *z  eligibleafterthirtyyears.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.40-3613.Thus,itappearsthattheonlyoffense ` forwhichnoparolewasavailableunderthe1975Actwasthecrimeofkidnappingforransom. F Althoughthelegislaturereducedthepunishmentforthisoffensetolifewithparolelessthanoneyear , fromthedateofthecommissionofthiscrimeandpriortotheDefendant'ssentencing,itremains  equallyclearthatnostatutoryauthoritynorstatutoryconstructionexistswhichwouldpermit  impositionofthelessersentence.    Tofurthercompoundthedilemmapresentedbythedisparityofsentencesinthetwo Z sentencingacts,until1998,theDefendantssentencewasclassifiedbytheDepartmentofCorrection @ asalifesentencewithparole.TherecordreflectsthatinAprilof1998theDefendanthadaccrued &v 2,268daysofsentencecreditsbeforebeingadvisedthathewasineligibleforparole.Thisappeal  \ appearstobetheDefendantsfifthchallengetohissentence.Itmustbeemphasizedthattherepeal B ofacriminalstatutefollowedbytheadoptionofitsreplacementoftenresultsindisparate ( punishment.Suchisthesituationinthiscase.Despiteapparentinequities,oursisnotacourtof  equitablejurisdictionfromwhichreliefmaybegranted.  #XXX-XK#)XXXX   `     h   __________________________________________ "$r#    `     h   DAVIDG.HAYES,JUDGE#XXX)XA^#_