ÿWPCT ÒYµW?zm˜å­¢•4a>ËÖ:Àke©ppîA(ÑÒÑÖ‹€ÐþdŠÑ:ÐàI’Á¶-‰¸hJÞ&D³s×?‹èE¸ò‹‹¡ºü4mËLöqûŽòf ež’׃rͪJ¬à± ÁŠijJAÉßå_ !¿Ø .]›íÛA–c8õêù”½EÂ`ÇGµáÛÍ]HM“úmr¾åïjw#NfTê>ºV0vÔY'ë}äNd\ RˆiàúõÏZ|Mjù£›È;öò™~ÝËÂb´ßã®ýó“)Wxš™N m2H™H*øž3'JUfÏl½JB¼‘°nð}z&ÖH9Žð¡0AjJ©‡gOYm‰µrïä"ømš]ôTâ3Àºm²¨}IåÎÆOÿÄ~¿’ÉrX¸´œ¿¢S‡Ó #ÔÔ‡X_X»¼5ÔÐ ü#L# ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼5»XX_» #ÔÔ‡X_X»¼5ÔÓ  Óà  àOfficer€Danny€Boone€testified€at€trial€that€on€September€17,€1997,€he€was€a€police€officerÐ Ô%$!% Ðwith€the€Knoxville€Police€Department.€€At€approximately€7:20€p.m.€on€that€date,€Officer€BooneÐ À&"& Ðobserved€the€Defendant€operating€a€blue€Ô#†¼5»XX_ #ÔÔ€X_X»¼5Ô1980€Chevrolet€northbound€on€South€Haven€Road€in€KnoxÐ ¬'ü"' ÐCounty.€€As€the€Defendant€reached€the€intersection€with€Ô_ÔMcClungÔ_Ô,€ð ðhe€stopped€the€car€and€thenÐ ˜(è#( Ðexecuted€a€right„hand€turn€onto€Ô_ÔMcClungÔ_Ô.ðð€€The€Defendantððs€stop€was€a€sudden€stop.€€The€three€carsÐ „)Ô$) Ðbehind€the€Defendant€almost€collided€in€an€attempt€to€avoid€striking€the€Defendantððs€car.€€OfficerÐ p*À%* ÐBoone€was€directly€behind€the€Defendantððs€car.Ð \+¬&+ Ðâ âÐ H,˜',ý¡ ÐÔ_Ôà  àOfficer€Boone€testified€that€he€activated€his€blue€lights,€and€the€Defendant€stopped.€€UponÐ ° Ðâ âapproaching€the€Defendantððs€vehicle,€Officer€Boone€detected€the€odor€of€an€alcoholic€beverage.€€HeÐ œì Ðasked€the€Defendant€to€step€out€of€the€car,€which€he€did.€€Officer€Boone€noticed€that€the€DefendantððsÐ ˆØ Ðspeech€was€slurred€and€his€eyes€were€bloodshot.€€In€response€to€questions€by€Officer€Boone,€theÐ tÄ ÐDefendant€stated€that€he€had€consumed€about€four€beers€around€2:00€p.m.€that€day€and€an€additionalÐ `° Ðquart€of€beer€around€4:00€p.m.€that€day:€€The€Defendant€also€stated€that€he€had€taken€several€typesÐ L œ Ðof€€medication€that€day:€he€said€he€took€ð ðone€thousand€milligrams€of€an€anti„inflammatory€pill,€oneÐ 8 ˆ Ðblood€pressure€pill,€one€diabetic€pill,€and€half€a€pain€pill.ððÐ $ t ÐÌà  àOfficer€Boone€noticed€that€the€Defendant€was€unsteady€on€his€feet,€but€the€Defendant€toldÐ ü L  Ðhim€that€he€had€had€knee€surgery€the€month€before.€€Because€of€the€knee€surgery,€Officer€Boone€didÐ è 8  Ðnot€ask€the€Defendant€to€perform€any€field€sobriety€tests€involving€balance€or€walking.€€TheÐ Ô$  ÐDefendant€was€asked€to€recite€the€alphabet€from€E€to€T,€but€he€told€Officer€Boone€ð ðthat€he€couldnððtÐ À  Ðeven€begin€that€test.ðð€€Officer€Boone€also€testified€that€when€he€asked€the€Defendant€for€his€license,Ð ¬ü  Ðthe€Defendant€fumbled€excessively€while€getting€his€license€out.€€The€Defendant€was€offered€aÐ ˜è  Ðbreathalyser€test,€which€he€refused.€€Officer€Boone€offered€his€opinion€that€the€Defendant€was€underÐ „Ô  Ðthe€influence€of€an€intoxicant€and€that€his€ability€to€operate€a€motor€vehicle€was€impaired.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€stopped€his€car€quickly€because€he€thought€he€saw€an€animalÐ H˜ Ðdart€out€in€front€of€his€car.€€Once€he€saw€Officer€Booneððs€blue€lights,€he€stopped€at€his€nextÐ 4„ Ðopportunity.€€The€Defendant€said€that€he€had€had€knee€surgery€approximately€a€month€before€thisÐ  p Ðtime,€for€which€he€was€receiving€physical€therapy.€€€He€testified€that€around€5:00€that€morning€heÐ  \ Ðdrank€about€a€quart€of€beer,€but€he€had€not€had€any€alcohol€since€that€time.€€He€denied€telling€OfficerÐ øH ÐBoone€that€he€drank€four€beers€that€afternoon.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€regarding€four€different€medications€which€he€was€taking.€€He€saidÐ ¼  Ðhe€was€taking€blood€pressure€medication,€diabetic€medication,€an€anti„inflammatory,€andÐ ¨ø Ðhydrocodone€for€pain.€€The€Defendant€said€that€he€only€took€the€hydrocodone€when€he€was€goingÐ ”ä Ðto€physical€therapy€because€it€was€habit€forming.€€He€took€the€hydrocodone€about€three€hours€beforeÐ €Ð Ðhe€was€stopped€that€day.€€He€also€explained€that€if€he€had€consumed€any€beer€after€taking€hisÐ l¼ Ðmedication€that€afternoon,€it€would€have€made€him€sick.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€was€notÐ X ¨ Ðintoxicated€when€he€was€stopped€by€Officer€Boone€and€that€his€ability€to€operate€a€motor€vehicle€wasÐ D!” Ðnot€impaired€in€any€way.Ð 0"€  ÐÌÓ  ÓSTATEMENTS€TO€OFFICER€BOONEÐ $X" ÐÌÓuÓà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€admitted€the€statements€he€madeÐ à%0!$ Ðto€Officer€Boone€regarding€drinking€alcohol€that€afternoon€because€Officer€Boone€failed€to€adviseÐ Ì&"% Ðhim€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights.€€In€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966),€the€United€States€SupremeÐ ¸'#& ÐCourt€held€thatÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà8  àthe€prosecution€may€not€use€statements,€whether€exculpatory€or€inculpatory,Ð |*Ì%) Ðstemming€from€custodial€interrogation€of€the€defendant€unless€it€demonstrates€the€useÐ h+¸&* Ðof€procedural€safeguards€effective€to€secure€the€privilege€against€self€incrimination.€Ð ° ÐòòBy€custodial€interrogation,€we€mean€questioning€initiated€by€law€enforcementÐ œì Ðofficers€after€a€person€has€been€taken€into€custody€or€otherwise€deprived€of€hisÐ ˆØ Ðfreedom€of€action€in€any€significant€wayóó.€€As€for€the€procedural€safeguards€to€beÐ tÄ Ðemployed,€unless€other€fully€effective€means€are€devised€to€inform€accused€personsÐ `° Ðof€their€right€of€silence€and€to€assure€a€continuous€opportunity€to€exercise€it,€theÐ L œ Ðfollowing€measures€are€required.€€Prior€to€any€questioning,€the€person€must€beÐ 8 ˆ Ðwarned€that€he€has€a€right€to€remain€silent,€that€any€statement€he€does€make€may€beÐ $ t Ðused€as€evidence€against€him,€and€that€he€has€a€right€to€the€presence€of€an€attorney,Ð  ` Ðeither€retained€or€appointed.Ðü L Ð Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€at€444€(emphasis€added).€€The€Defendant€thus€asserts€that€because€he€was€not€informed€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðrights€set€forth€in€òòMirandaóó€prior€to€Officer€Boone€asking€him€any€questions,€his€statements€areÐ À  Ðinadmissible.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àHowever,€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings€must€only€be€given€when€a€defendant€is€subject€to€custodialÐ „Ô  Ðinterrogation.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€ð ðIn€determining€whether€an€individual€was€in€custody,€a€court€must€examineÐ pÀ Ðall€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€interrogation,€but€ððthe€ultimate€inquiry€is€simply€whetherÐ \¬ Ðthere€[was]€a€formal€arrest€or€restraint€on€freedom€of€movement€of€the€degree€associated€with€aÐ H˜ Ðformal€arrest.ðððð€€òòStansbury€v.€Californiaóó,€511€U.S.€318,€322€(1994)€(quoting€òòCalifornia€v.€Beheleróó,Ð 4„ Ð463€U.S.€1121,€1125€(1983)).€€The€test€is€an€objective€test€which€asks€ð ðhow€a€reasonable€man€in€theÐ  p Ðsuspectððs€position€would€have€understood€his€situation.ðð€€òòBerkemer€v.€McCartyóó,€468€U.S.€420,€444Ð  \ Ð(1984);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€937€S.W.2d€851,€854€(Tenn.€1996).€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àIn€òòMcCartyóó,€the€Supreme€Court€considered€whether€the€roadside€questioning€of€a€motoristÐ Ð  Ðdetained€pursuant€to€a€routine€traffic€stop€should€be€considered€ð ðcustodial€interrogation,ðð€and€it€heldÐ ¼  Ðthat€ð ðpersons€temporarily€detained€pursuant€to€such€stops€are€not€ððin€custodyðð€for€the€purposes€ofÐ ¨ø ÐMiranda.ðð€€òòMcCartyóó,€468€U.S.€at€440.€€In€so€doing,€it€noted€that€ð ðthe€atmosphere€surrounding€anÐ ”ä Ðordinary€traffic€stop€is€substantially€less€ððpolice€dominatedðð€than€that€surrounding€the€kinds€ofÐ €Ð Ðinterrogation€at€issue€in€Miranda€itself.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€438„39.€€It€found€a€traffic€stop€to€be€more€analogousÐ l¼ Ðto€a€ð ðTerry€stopðð€than€to€a€formal€arrest;€in€a€ð ðTerry€stop,ðð€if€an€officer€has€reasonable€suspicion€thatÐ X ¨ Ða€person€has€been€involved€in€or€is€about€to€be€involved€in€criminal€activity,€the€officer€may€brieflyÐ D!” Ðdetain€that€person€in€order€to€investigate€the€circumstances€which€provoked€that€suspicion.€€òòId.óó€atÐ 0"€  Ð439;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòTerry€v.€Ohioóó,€392€U.S.€1€(1968);€òòUnited€States€v.€Brignoni„Ponceóó,€422€U.S.€873,€881Ð #l! Ð(1975).€€ð ðTypically,€this€means€that€the€officer€may€ask€the€detainee€a€moderate€number€of€questionsÐ $X" Ðto€determine€his€identity€and€to€try€to€obtain€information€confirming€or€dispelling€the€officerððsÐ ô$D # Ðsuspicions.ðð€€òòMcCartyóó,€468€U.S.€at€439.€€The€Supreme€Court€thus€concluded€that€the€statements€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€defendant,€made€after€being€stopped€in€his€vehicle€and€in€response€to€questioning€by€a€policeÐ Ì&"% Ðofficer,€that€he€had€been€drinking€and€smoking€marijuana,€were€admissible€because€the€defendantÐ ¸'#& Ðwas€not€ð ðin€custody.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€441„42;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Snappóó,€696€S.W.2d€370,€371€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¤(ô#' Ð1985).€€€€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àWe€similarly€conclude€that€the€statements€of€the€Defendant€in€this€case€that€he€had€beenÐ ° Ðâ âdrinking€were€admissible€because€the€Defendant€was€not€ð ðin€custodyðð€when€they€were€made.€€TheÐ œì ÐDefendant€was€subjected€to€a€routine€traffic€stop,€and€Officer€Booneððs€questions€were€brief€ones€Ð ˆØ Ðregarding€whether€the€Defendant€had€been€drinking€that€day.€€This€type€of€investigative€questioningÐ tÄ Ðdoes€not€give€rise€to€the€determination€that€a€defendant€is€ð ðin€custodyðð€for€òòMirandaóó€purposes.€€òòSeeóóÐ `° Ðòòid.óó€€Ð L œ ЀÌà@ð ð ìàSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEˆÐ $ t ÐÌà  àÔ‡X_XXX_ÔThe€Defendant€also€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€€Tennessee€RuleÐ ü L  Ðof€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€that€ð ð[f]indings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€theÐ è 8  Ðtrial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trierÐ Ô$  Ðof€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€Evidence€is€sufficient€if,€after€reviewing€the€evidenceÐ À  Ðin€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÐ ¬ü  Ðelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979).€Ð ˜è  ÐIn€addition,€because€conviction€by€a€trier€of€fact€destroys€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€imposesÐ „Ô  Ða€presumption€of€guilt,€a€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidenceÐ pÀ Ðwas€insufficient.€€òòMcBee€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.€1963);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838Ð \¬ ÐS.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1976),€and€òòStateÐ H˜ Ðv.€Brownóó,€551€S.W.2d€329,€331€(Tenn.€1977));€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);Ð 4„ ÐòòHolt€v.€Stateóó,€357€S.W.2d€57,€61€(Tenn.€1962).Ð  p ÐÌà  àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€State€ð ðthe€strongest€legitimateÐ øH Ðview€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawnÐ ä4 Ðtherefrom.ðð€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914€(citing€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Ð Ð  Ð1978)).€€The€court€may€not€ð ðre„weigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidenceðð€in€the€record€below.€€òòEvansóó,€838Ð ¼  ÐS.W.2d€at€191€(citing€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€836).€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€court€findÐ ¨ø Ðparticular€conflicts€in€the€trial€testimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favor€of€the€jury€verdict€orÐ ”ä Ðtrial€court€judgment.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€ofÐ €Ð Ðwitnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€theÐ l¼ Ðtrier€of€fact,€not€the€appellate€courts.€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð X ¨ Ð1987).Ô#†X_XXX_/5#Ô€€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àLooking€at€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€establishes€thatÐ #l! Ðthe€Defendant€stopped€his€vehicle€suddenly,€almost€causing€an€accident.€€When€Officer€BooneÐ $X" Ðapproached€the€Defendant,€he€noticed€an€odor€of€alcohol.€€Officer€Boone€also€observed€that€theÐ ô$D # ÐDefendantððs€speech€was€slurred€and€his€eyes€were€bloodshot.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€hadÐ à%0!$ Ðconsumed€four€beers€around€2:00€p.m.€and€another€quart€of€beer€around€4:00€p.m.€€The€DefendantÐ Ì&"% Ðhad€also€taken€four€different€kinds€of€medication,€including€hydrocodone.€€He€fumbled€whenÐ ¸'#& Ðattempting€to€retrieve€his€license.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€ð ðcould€not€even€beginðð€to€recite€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðalphabet€from€E€to€T,€and€he€refused€a€breathalyser€test.€€We€conclude€that€this€evidence€supportsÐ )à$( Ðthe€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€Defendant€was€driving€a€motor€vehicle€while€under€the€influenceÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€an€intoxicant.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„401(a)(1).€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð ° ÐÌà  à€€€€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGE