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opinion.wptƒ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptˆ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptc…—/Ï lz/Y>ê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€˜á»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼˜á»»»ÔÑ8€Ä/XXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡îb~˜áÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@gg$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼˜á»îîb~ #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMay€14,€2003€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XÄ/X»¼˜áÔÌò òÔ#†¼˜á»XXÄ/#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€MINDY€S.€DODDÔ‡XÄ/X»¼˜áÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Rutherford€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€F„48523A€€€€€€James€K.€Clayton,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2002„01882„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€23,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Mindy€S.€Dodd,€appeals€from€her€convictions€by€a€jury€in€the€Rutherford€CountyÐ V¦  ÐCircuit€Court€of€first€degree€murder€and€conspiracy€to€commit€first€degree€murder.€€She€receivedÐ ? Ðsentences€of€life€and€twenty€years,€respectively,€to€be€served€concurrently€in€the€Department€ofÐ (x ÐCorrection.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€either€conviction.€Ð a ÐWe€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction.Ð úJ ÐÌÓ¦Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ì ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼˜á»àXÄ/{#ÔÔ‡XÄ/X.¼˜áÔJoseph€M.€Tipton,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€òòAlan€E.Ð Ÿï ÐGlenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌGerald€L.€Melton,€District€Public€Defender,€for€the€appellant,€Mindy€S.€Dodd.Ð Zª ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Renee€W.€Turner,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ,| ÐWilliam€C.€Whitesell,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€Thomas€F.€Jackson,€Jr.,€and€John€W.€Price,Ð e ÐAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð þN ÐÓ@ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼˜á»XXÄ/o#ÔÔ‡XÄ/X»¼˜áÔÐ Ð! ! ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼˜á»XXÄ/5 #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÄ/X»¼˜áÔà  àThis€case€arises€from€the€shooting€death€of€Sherman€Henry€Dodd€by€his€nephew,€James€E.Ð £#ó# ÐSmallwood,€late€on€the€30th€or€early€on€the€31st€of€December€1999.€€The€defendant€was€the€victimððsÐ Œ$Ü$ Ðstep„daughter€and€was€impregnated€by€the€victim.€€She€ultimately€became€his€wife.€€The€materialÐ u%Å % Ðfacts€come€primarily€from€Ô_ÔSmallwoodÔ_Ôððs€testimony€and€the€defendantððs€statement€to€the€SmyrnaÐ ^&®!& ÐPolice.Ð G'—"' ÐÌà  àSmallwood€admitted€killing€the€victim€sometime€between€11:00€p.m.€December€30€and€1:00Ð )i$) Ða.m.€December€31,€1999.€€He€gave€the€following€account:€€The€victim€gave€Smallwood€a€ride€fromÐ *R%* ÐÔ_ÔHardeeÔ_Ôððs,€where€Smallwood€worked,€to€their€home.€€After€they€arrived€but€while€they€were€still€inÐ ë*;&+ Ðthe€victimððs€truck,€Smallwood€shot€the€victim€in€the€right€temple€with€a€.38€caliber€revolver€thatÐ Ô+$', ÐSmallwood€said€the€defendant€had€given€to€him.€€Smallwood€left€the€truck€and€retrieved€a€FruitopiaÐ ½, (- Ðbottle€from€a€box€outside€the€house.€€He€said€the€defendant€had€placed€the€bottle€inside€the€box€andÐ ¦-ö(.ý ÐÔ_Ôhad€told€him€to€use€the€bottle€as€a€silencer€and€to€use€the€box€to€dispose€of€everything€else.€Ð ° ÐSmallwood€held€the€bottle€against€the€victimððs€chest€and€shot€through€the€bottle.€€He€also€woreÐ ™é Ðrubber€gloves€which€he€said€the€defendant€had€given€to€him.€€Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  àSmallwood€smoked€some€marijuana€and€drank€a€Pepsi.€€He€then€drove€the€truck€away€fromÐ T¤ Ðthe€home,€during€which€time€he€shot€the€victim€three€times€in€the€back.€€He€parked€the€truck€at€theÐ =  ÐSmyrna€Square€Shopping€Center€near€the€Hardeeððs€where€he€worked.€€He€left€the€victim€in€the€carÐ & v Ðand€locked€the€doors,€taking€the€victimððs€wallet€and€keys€in€order€to€indicate€a€robbery€had€occurred.Ð  _ ÐÌà  àSmallwood€threw€his€jacket,€rubber€gloves,€and€the€victimððs€wallet€and€keys€into€a€trashÐ á 1  Ðcontainer€near€Hardeeððs,€knowing€that€it€was€picked€up€daily.€€However,€he€threw€the€box,€theÐ Ê   Ðrevolver,€the€revolver€case,€a€purple€bag€in€which€the€revolver€was€kept,€and€extra€ammunition€intoÐ ³  Ðanother€trash€container.€€By€his€directions,€the€police€were€able€to€retrieve€the€items€from€the€latterÐ œì  Ðcontainer.€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àSmallwood€went€to€the€Hardeeððs€and€called€the€defendant,€telling€her€that€ð ðitððs€done.ðð€€HeÐ W§  Ðsaid€that€she€knew€what€he€meant€because€they€had€talked€about€it€for€several€days.€€He€said€theÐ @ Ðdefendant€took€him€home.€€Ð )y ÐÌà  àSmallwood€recounted€a€history€of€sexual€depravity€with€the€victim€since€Smallwood€wasÐ ûK Ðeight€or€nine€years€old.€€He€said€that€he€also€had€sex€with€the€defendant€at€the€victimððs€insistence€andÐ ä4 Ðthat€the€three€of€them€would€engage€in€sexual€acts€together.€€He€said€this€continued€nightly€until€heÐ Í Ðmoved€out€of€the€victimððs€home€in€October€1999.€Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àSmallwood€said€that€he€and€the€defendant€began€discussing€killing€the€victim€in€October.€Ð ˆØ ÐHe€said€that€the€defendant€told€him€that€she€was€growing€tired€of€the€victim€because,€among€otherÐ qÁ Ðthings,€he€was€making€her€have€sex€with€other€people€with€whom€the€victim€worked.€€AfterÐ Zª ÐSmallwood€left€the€victimððs€house,€he€lived€with€his€mother.€€However,€he€returned€to€the€victimððsÐ C“ Ðhouse€on€December€26,€1999.€€€€The€defendant€talked€about€leaving€the€victim,€but€she€was€afraidÐ ,| Ðthat€she€would€have€to€leave€her€children.€€Smallwood€said€that€the€defendant€told€him€that€theyÐ e Ðshould€go€ahead€and€ð ðtake€careðð€of€the€victim€and€asked€him€if€he€knew€anyone€who€would€kill€theÐ þN Ðvictim.€€Smallwood€said€that€he€telephoned€someone€who€wanted€twenty„five€thousand€dollars.€Ð ç 7 ÐHowever,€Smallwood€said€that€the€price€later€became€two€hundred€fifty€thousand€dollars€becauseÐ Ð!   Ðof€the€victimððs€community€and€police€connections.€€Smallwood€said€that€within€a€few€hours€of€hisÐ ¹" ! Ðreturn€to€the€victimððs€home€in€December,€talk€of€killing€the€victim€resumed€with€the€defendant.€€HeÐ ¢#ò" Ðsaid€the€defendant€told€him€that€he€would€not€believe€all€the€things€that€the€victim€had€put€herÐ ‹$Û# Ðthrough€while€Smallwood€was€gone€and€that€the€victim€would€want€them€to€start€having€sex€again.€Ð t%Ä $ ÐHe€said€that€she€said€the€price€for€his€friend€was€too€high€and€asked€him€to€do€it.€€Smallwood€statedÐ ]&­!% Ðthat€he€ultimately€told€her€that€he€would€but€that€she€would€have€to€get€a€gun.€€He€said€the€defendantÐ F'–"& Ðtold€him€where€the€victimððs€gun€was€kept€in€the€house.Ð /(#' ÐÌà  àSmallwood€testified€that€the€defendant€gave€him€a€pair€of€rubber€gloves€and€told€him€to€useÐ *Q%) Ðthem€to€avoid€getting€gunpowder€residue€on€his€hands€and€from€getting€fingerprints€in€the€truck.€Ð ê*:&* ÐHe€said€that€she€handed€him€a€little€case€that€contained€a€gun€and€the€rubber€gloves.€€The€next€day,Ð Ó+#'+ ÐSmallwood€began€working€at€Hardeeððs€and€he€carried€the€gun€with€him.€€Smallwood€said€that€whenÐ ° Ðthe€victim€drove€him€home€that€first€night,€Smallwood€pulled€the€loaded€gun€out€in€the€truck€butÐ ™é Ðcould€not€carry€through.€€He€said€that€when€they€got€home,€he€put€the€gun€back€into€the€bedroomÐ ‚Ò Ðcloset€as€the€victim€always€left€it.€€Smallwood€testified€that€the€defendant€gave€him€the€gun€againÐ k» Ðthe€next€day€and€was€upset€that€he€had€not€killed€the€victim.€€He€said€that€she€told€him€that€it€wouldÐ T¤ Ðbe€easy€to€do.€€He€said€he€was€too€scared€that€evening€to€do€it.€€Again,€he€put€the€gun€back€into€theÐ =  Ðcloset.€€On€the€next€night,€Smallwood€killed€the€victim€after€the€victim€drove€him€home.€Ð & v ÐÌà  àSmallwood€testified€that€he€and€the€defendant€devised€a€plan.€€Smallwood€was€to€act€as€ifÐ ø H Ðthe€victim€did€not€pick€him€up€from€work.€€He€was€to€telephone€the€victim€several€times€in€order€toÐ á 1  Ðcreate€records€that€the€victim€did€not€answer.€€Smallwood€was€to€call€the€defendant€at€her€place€ofÐ Ê   Ðwork,€Wal„Mart,€and€the€defendant€was€to€call€the€victimððs€number€several€times€as€if€she€wereÐ ³  Ðtrying€to€locate€him.€€Smallwood€said€that€on€the€night€of€the€killing,€the€defendant€took€him€home,Ð œì  Ðreturned€to€work,€and€called€the€house€about€every€forty„five€minutes.€€Smallwood€testified€that€heÐ …Õ  Ðshowed€the€defendant€the€victimððs€truck€on€the€night€the€victim€was€killed.€€He€said€that€he€pointedÐ n¾  Ðthe€truck€out€to€her€and€that€she€drove€by€it€to€get€a€closer€look.€€He€stated€that€the€defendantððs€filingÐ W§  Ða€report€with€the€police€the€next€day€was€part€of€the€plan.€€Smallwood€said€he€told€police€whatÐ @ Ðhappened.Ð )y ÐÌà  àWilliam€Brice€Poteete€testified€that€he€worked€at€the€Hardeeððs€with€Smallwood.€€He€saidÐ ûK ÐSmallwood€told€him€that€Smallwood€needed€all€the€hours€he€could€get€because€he€was€getting€readyÐ ä4 Ðto€get€married€and€inherit€some€children.€€Poteete€said€Smallwood€worked€the€night€of€DecemberÐ Í Ð30,€1999,€and€left€work€between€10:00€and€10:30€p.m.€€He€said€Smallwood€telephoned€for€a€ride€andÐ ¶ Ðtold€Poteete€he€was€going€to€wait€outside.€€Poteete€stated€that€about€two€to€two€and€one„half€hoursÐ Ÿï Ðlater,€Smallwood€returned€to€the€store€without€his€uniform€shirt€and€sweating€profusely.€€He€saidÐ ˆØ ÐSmallwood€told€him€that€his€ride€did€not€arrive€and€then€made€another€call€for€a€ride.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àRobert€Curtis€Dickinson€testified€that€he€worked€with€the€defendant€at€Wal„Mart.€€He€saidÐ C“ Ðthey€started€a€personal€relationship€in€August€1999€that€continued€through€December.€€He€said€heÐ ,| Ðgave€the€defendant€a€ring€as€a€Christmas€gift€and€to€let€her€know€that€when€she€divorced€herÐ e Ðhusband,€he€would€marry€her.€€He€said€she€never€complained€of€abuse€or€ill€treatment€but€wasÐ þN Ðunhappy€and€afraid.€€She€said€she€planned€to€leave€the€victim€after€the€first€of€the€year.Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àDickinson€testified€that€he€was€working€with€the€defendant€on€the€evening€of€December€30,Ð ¹" ! Ð1999.€€He€said€that€she€received€a€telephone€call€around€11:40€p.m.€and€told€him€that€she€had€to€pickÐ ¢#ò" Ðup€her€nephew€at€work.€€She€told€him€that€her€husband€should€have€picked€him€up€an€hour€earlier.€Ð ‹$Û# ÐDickinson€stated€that€the€defendant€returned€to€work€around€1:15€a.m.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àThe€record€reflects€that€the€defendant€reported€the€victim€missing€at€10:28€a.m.,€DecemberÐ F'–"& Ð31.€€Officer€Trent€Givens€went€to€the€defendantððs€house€and€talked€with€her.€€He€testified€that€theÐ /(#' Ðdefendant€said€her€daughter€told€her€that€the€victim€left€the€house€around€11:00€p.m.€to€pick€up€herÐ )h$( Ðnephew€at€work.€€She€said€that€her€nephew€called€her€at€Wal„Mart€around€12:30€a.m.€to€inform€herÐ *Q%) Ðthat€the€victim€had€not€arrived.€€She€told€Officer€Givens€that€she€gave€her€nephew€a€ride€home.€Ð ê*:&* ÐOfficer€Givens€stated€that€the€defendant€was€very€calm,€not€upset.Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àSmyrna€Police€Lieutenant€Todd€Spearman€testified€that€he€interviewed€Smallwood€and€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€on€December€31.€€He€said€Smallwood€ultimately€confessed,€admitting€he€had€conspiredÐ ™é Ðwith€the€defendant€and€had€shot€the€victim€as€part€of€their€plan.€€Lieutenant€Spearman€said€thatÐ ‚Ò ÐSmallwood€gave€a€detailed€account€of€the€events€of€the€days€leading€up€to€the€killing.€€He€saidÐ k» ÐSmallwood€drew€a€map€from€which€the€police€located€the€Fruitopia€bottle,€the€gun,€the€bullets,€andÐ T¤ Ðthe€case€and€box€that€Smallwood€had€thrown€into€a€dumpster.Ð =  ÐÌà  àLieutenant€Spearman€testified€that€the€defendant€initially€denied€any€knowledge€about€theÐ  _ Ðmanner€of€the€victimððs€death.€€She€denied€there€being€any€domestic€problems€or€abuse.€€LieutenantÐ ø H ÐSpearman€testified€that€when€confronted€with€Smallwoodððs€claim€that€she€had€asked€him€if€he€hadÐ á 1  Ðkilled€the€victim€yet,€the€defendant€acknowledged€being€aware€of€what€Smallwood€was€planning€butÐ Ê   Ðdenied€participating€in€it.€Ð ³  ÐÌà  àIn€her€statement€to€the€police,€the€defendant€stated€that€she€and€the€victim€had€a€big€argumentÐ …Õ  Ðin€October€and€that€the€victim€had€threatened€to€kill€her.€€She€said€she€was€afraid€to€go€to€the€policeÐ n¾  Ðbut€she€told€Smallwood€about€it€the€next€morning.€€She€said€Smallwood€became€upset€about€theÐ W§  Ðthreat€and€said€he€would€take€care€of€it,€claiming€that€he€had€somebody€that€he€could€have€do€it.€€TheÐ @ Ðdefendant€said€that€Smallwood€moved€out€of€their€home€for€awhile€but€returned€after€Christmas.€Ð )y ÐShe€said€that€when€Smallwood€arose€the€next€morning€after€his€return,€he€told€her€that€if€he€had€theÐ b Ðvictimððs€gun,€he€would€ð ðdo€itðð€that€day.€€The€defendant€said€that€she€told€him€that€he€could€not€doÐ ûK Ðit.€€However,€when€he€asked€her€for€gloves,€she€provided€them.€€She€claimed€that€she€did€not€believeÐ ä4 Ðthat€he€would€go€through€with€it.€€She€said€that€when€he€started€working€at€Hardeeððs,€he€took€theÐ Í Ðvictimððs€gun€with€him.€€She€said€that€Smallwood€knew€where€the€victim€kept€the€gun€in€the€closet,Ð ¶ Ðbut€she€acknowledged€confirming€to€Smallwood€that€the€victim€always€kept€the€gun€in€the€closetÐ Ÿï Ðbecause€of€the€children.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€statement€reflects€that€on€December€30,€she€was€aware€that€Smallwood€tookÐ Zª Ðthe€gun€to€work.€€She€said€she€thought€he€was€going€to€pawn€the€gun€and€leave.€€However,€sheÐ C“ Ðacknowledged€that€Smallwood€told€her€that€he€was€going€to€kill€the€victim.€€She€said€she€told€himÐ ,| Ðthat€if€he€worked€late,€he€should€call€and€she€would€pick€him€up.€€She€said€she€telephonedÐ e ÐSmallwood€at€work€around€10:00€p.m.€to€see€if€he€was€still€there.€€She€said€Smallwood€said€that€ð ðitÐ þN Ðwas€a€done€dealðð€and€that€he€got€off€work€in€fifteen€minutes.€€She€said€that€she€did€not€believe€heÐ ç 7 Ðwould€do€it.€€She€said€that€Smallwood€called€her€around€12:30€a.m.€€He€asked€her€if€she€could€comeÐ Ð!   Ðget€him€at€work.€€She€said€that€after€checking€with€her€manager,€she€telephoned€Smallwood€to€letÐ ¹" ! Ðhim€know€that€she€would€pick€him€up.€€She€said€she€asked€him€if€it€was€done,€meaning€had€he€killedÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€victim.€€She€said€Smallwood€said€it€had€been€done.€€She€said€that€after€picking€up€Smallwood,Ð ‹$Û# Ðhe€told€her€that€he€had€gotten€rid€of€the€gun€and€other€items,€using€a€dumpster€and€another€trash€binÐ t%Ä $ Ðbehind€Hardeeððs.€€She€said€that€Smallwood€pointed€out€the€victimððs€red€truck€to€her€and€that€sheÐ ]&­!% Ðreplied,€ð ðOh,€my€God,€you€didnððt.ðð€€She€said€he€started€getting€hysterical,€saying€that€he€thought€theÐ F'–"& Ðdefendant€wanted€him€to€kill€the€victim.€€She€said€that€she€responded€that€she€did€not€thinkÐ /(#' ÐSmallwood€would€do€it.€Ð )h$( ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€statement€reflects€that€the€defendant€said€that€on€the€way€home,€she€sworeÐ ê*:&* Ðherself€to€secrecy€because€she€was€scared.€€She€said€that€Smallwood€told€her€how€he€had€shot€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðvictim€in€the€temple,€obtained€a€Fruitopia€bottle€from€the€house,€and€ð ðfinished€unloading€the€gun.ðð€Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€said€she€returned€to€work.€€She€said€that€she€reported€the€victim€missing€toÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€police€the€next€morning.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€going€by€the€parking€lot€where€theÐ k» Ðambulance€and€police€cars€were€around€the€truck€that€could€have€been€her€husbandððs.€€She€said€thatÐ T¤ Ðshe€did€not€stop,€though,€because€she€was€afraid€to€check€on€what€was€happening.Ð =  ÐÌà@  ìàò òI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óˆÐ  _ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€guilt€on€bothÐ â 2  Ðthe€first€degree€murder€and€conspiracy€to€commit€first€degree€murder€charges.€€Our€standard€ofÐ Ë   Ðreview€when€the€defendant€questions€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€on€appeal€is€ð ðwhether,€afterÐ ´  Ðviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÐ í  Ðhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443Ð †Ö  ÐU.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence€but€presume€that€theÐ o¿  Ðjury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€all€reasonable€inferences€from€theÐ X¨  Ðevidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.Ð A‘ ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Questions€about€witness€credibility€were€resolved€byÐ *z Ðthe€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).Ð c ÐÌà@""ìàòòA.€€First€Degree€MurderóóˆÐ å5 ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€attacks€the€first€degree€murder€conviction€in€two€ways.€€She€claims€that€theÐ · Ðevidence€is€insufficient€to€show€that€Smallwood€killed€the€victim€with€premeditation.€€She€alsoÐ  ð Ðclaims€that€the€evidence€fails€to€connect€her€with€the€victimððs€death€except€through€the€testimonyÐ ‰Ù Ðof€Smallwood,€an€accomplice.€Ð r ÐÌà  àFirst€degree€premeditated€murder€is€defined€as€an€unlawful,€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentionalÐ D” Ðkilling€of€another.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðððð€39„13„201,€„202(a)(1).€€Additionally,€ð ðpremeditationðð€is€defined€as€Ð -} ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àan€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€Ð ÿO Ðð ðPremeditationðð€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formedÐ è 8 Ðprior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„Ð Ñ!!  Ðexist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definite€period€of€time.€€TheÐ º" ! Ðmental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€the€accused€allegedly€decidedÐ £#ó" Ðto€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determine€whether€theÐ Œ$Ü# Ðaccused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€beÐ u%Å $ Ðcapable€of€premeditation.Ð^&®!%` x` x ÐÌT.C.A.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€€The€element€of€premeditation€is€a€question€for€the€jury€and€may€beÐ 0(€#' Ðestablished€by€proof€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,Ð )i$( Ð660€(Tenn.€1997).€€Our€supreme€court€has€noted€the€following€factors€that€demonstrate€the€existenceÐ *R%) Ðof€premeditation:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim,€the€particular€cruelty€of€theÐ ë*;&* Ðkilling,€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill,€evidence€of€procurement€of€a€weapon,Ð Ô+$'+ Ðpreparations€before€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime,€and€calmness€immediately€after€theÐ ° Ðkilling.€€òòId.óó€€Ð ™é ÐÌà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€defendant€contends€that€Smallwood€testified€that€he€decided€to€killÐ k» Ðthe€victim€only€when€the€victim€threatened€to€abuse€Smallwoodððs€son.€€The€defendant€argues€thatÐ T¤ Ðthis€reflects€both€excitement€and€passion,€not€reflection€and€judgment.€€The€defendant€also€notes€thatÐ =  ÐSmallwood€testified€at€one€point€that€he€intended€to€scare€the€victim€with€the€gun€and€that€heÐ & v Ðadmitted€telling€the€authorities€that€the€defendant€essentially€told€him€to€use€the€gun€only€for€self„Ð  _ Ðdefense.Ð ø H ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€rendition€of€parts€of€Smallwoodððs€testimony€is€accurate,€but€it€is€notÐ Ê   Ðcomplete.€€In€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€Smallwood€testified€that€he€discussed€and€plannedÐ ³  Ðthe€victimððs€killing€with€the€defendant.€€He€said€she€directed€him€to€the€gun,€provided€him€rubberÐ œì  Ðgloves,€planned€the€killing,€including€the€use€of€the€Fruitopia€bottle€as€a€silencer,€urged€itsÐ …Õ  Ðcompletion,€and€planned€the€discarding€of€the€evidence€and€the€subsequent€missing€person€coverÐ n¾  Ðstory.€€Smallwood€had€sought€to€find€someone€else€who€would€kill€the€victim.€€In€this€respect,€theÐ W§  Ðevidence€shows€that€Smallwood€talked€with€the€defendant€about€killing€the€victim,€obtained€the€gunÐ @ Ðfor€that€purpose,€prepared€before€the€killing€to€make€it€appear€to€be€robbery„related€and€to€concealÐ )y Ðhis€and€the€defendantððs€involvement,€and€shot€the€victim€multiple€times.€€The€jury€could€easily€haveÐ b Ðconcluded€that€Smallwoodððs€testimony€about€the€victimððs€threats€to€his€son€only€steeledÐ ûK ÐSmallwoodððs€resolve€to€complete€the€planned€killing.€€Evidence€that€Smallwood€premeditated€theÐ ä4 Ðmurder€of€the€victim€is€sufficient.Ð Í ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€asserts€that€Smallwood€is€an€accomplice,€necessitating€the€need€forÐ Ÿï Ðindependent€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€involvement€in€corroboration.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885Ð ˆØ ÐS.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.€1994)€(stating€that€it€is€well€settled€that€a€conviction€may€not€be€based€uponÐ qÁ Ðthe€uncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accomplice).€€The€defendant€asserts€that€no€such€independentÐ Zª Ðevidence€exists.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà  àUnquestionably,€Smallwood€was€an€accomplice.€€However,€we€take€a€different€view€of€theÐ e Ðevidence€than€the€defendant€does.€€To€corroborate€the€testimony€of€an€accomplice,€Ð þN ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àthere€must€be€some€fact€testified€to,€entirely€independent€of€theÐ Ð!   Ðaccompliceððs€testimony,€which,€taken€by€itself,€leads€to€the€inference,Ð ¹" ! Ðnot€only€that€a€crime€has€been€committed,€but€also€that€the€defendantÐ ¢#ò" Ðis€implicated€in€it;€and€this€independent€corroborative€testimony€mustÐ ‹$Û# Ðalso€include€some€fact€establishing€the€defendantððs€identity.€€ThisÐ t%Ä $ Ðcorroborative€evidence€may€be€direct€or€entirely€circumstantial,€andÐ ]&­!% Ðit€need€not€be€adequate,€in€and€of€itself,€to€support€a€conviction;€it€isÐ F'–"& Ðsufficient€to€meet€the€requirements€of€the€rule€if€it€fairly€andÐ /(#' Ðlegitimately€tends€to€connect€the€defendant€with€the€commission€ofÐ )h$( Ðthe€crime€charged.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€corroboration€extendÐ *Q%) Ðto€every€part€of€the€accompliceððs€evidence.€€The€corroboration€needÐ ê*:&* Ðnot€be€conclusive,€but€it€is€sufficient€if€this€evidence,€of€itself,€tendsÐ Ó+#'+ Ðto€connect€the€defendant€with€the€commission€of€the€offense,Ð ° Ðalthough€the€evidence€is€slight€and€entitled,€when€standing€alone,€toÐ ™é Ðbut€little€consideration.ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌòòHawkins€v.€Stateóó,€4€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€121,€133,€469€S.W.2d€515,€520€(1971)€(citations€omitted).€Ð T¤ ÐWe€conclude€that€such€corroborating€evidence€exists.Ð =  ÐÌà  àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€defendant€admitted€confirming€for€SmallwoodÐ  _ Ðthe€location€of€the€victimððs€gun€and€provided€him€rubber€gloves€after€Smallwood€stated€that€heÐ ø H Ðintended€to€kill€the€victim.€€The€jury€could€have€concluded€that€the€defendant€called€Smallwood€inÐ á 1  Ðorder€to€verify€that€he€was€going€to€kill€the€victim€and,€in€fact,€did€kill€the€victim.€€Moreover,€theÐ Ê   Ðdefendant€admitted€that€Smallwood€showed€her€the€victimððs€truck€and€told€her€that€he€had€gottenÐ ³  Ðrid€of€the€gun€and€other€items.€€Finally,€she€admitted€that€she€and€Smallwood€agreed€to€keep€theÐ œì  Ðmatter€secret€and€that€she€called€the€authorities€to€report€that€the€victim€was€missing.€€We€believeÐ …Õ  Ðthat€her€affirming€the€whereabouts€of€the€gun,€providing€the€gloves,€communicating€with€SmallwoodÐ n¾  Ðabout€whether€he€had€accomplished€the€killing,€and€attempting€to€conceal€her€knowledge€of€theÐ W§  Ðevent€sufficiently€corroborate€Smallwoodððs€testimony€and€connect€the€defendant€to€the€murder.€€WeÐ @ Ðhold€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€convict€the€defendant€of€first€degree€murder.Ð )y ÐÌà@€ € ìàòòB.€€Conspiracy€to€Commit€First€Degree€MurderóóˆÐ ûK ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€prove€that€she€and€SmallwoodÐ Í Ðconspired€to€commit€first€degree€murder.€€Again,€the€defendant€relies€upon€Smallwoodððs€saying,€atÐ ¶ Ðone€point,€that€he€made€no€ð ðagreementðð€with€the€defendant€because€he€did€not€really€intend€to€killÐ Ÿï Ðthe€victim€until€shortly€before€he€shot€him.€€And€again,€the€defendant€claims€that€no€evidenceÐ ˆØ Ðcorroborates€Smallwoodððs€claim€of€her€involvement€in€the€killing.€€However,€as€previouslyÐ qÁ Ðexplained,€we€believe€that€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€involve€the€defendant€in€the€first€degreeÐ Zª Ðmurder€of€the€victim.Ð C“ ÐÌà  àThe€remaining€issue€is€whether€a€conspiracy€was€proven€to€exist€between€the€defendant€andÐ e ÐSmallwood.€€The€defendant€contends€that€no€evidence€of€an€agreement€to€kill€the€victim€exists.€€WeÐ þN Ðdisagree.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€essence€of€conspiracy€has€always€been€an€agreement€to€commitÐ ¹" ! Ða€crime.€€òòState€v.€Hodgkinsonóó,€778€S.W.2d€54,€58€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¢#ò" Ð1989);€òòOwens€v.€Stateóó,€84€Tenn.€1,€3€(1885).€€Obviously,€aÐ ‹$Û# Ðconspiracy€requires€a€knowing€involvement.€€However,€no€formal€orÐ t%Ä $ Ðexpressed€agreement€is€necessary€and€the€agreement€may€be€provedÐ ]&­!% Ðby€circumstantial€evidence.ÐF'–"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàTo€prove€a€conspiracy,€it€is€not€necessary€that€theÐ )h$( ÐState€show€a€formal€agreement€between€the€parties€toÐ *Q%) Ðdo€the€unlawful€act,€but€a€mutual€impliedÐ ê*:&* Ðunderstanding€is€sufficient,€although€not€manifestedÐ Ó+#'+ Ðby€any€formal€words,€or€by€a€written€agreement.€€TheÐ ° Ðunlawful€confederation€may€be€established€byÐ ™é Ðcircumstantial€evidence€and€the€conduct€of€the€partiesÐ ‚Ò Ðin€the€execution€of€the€criminal€enterprise.€Ð k» ÐConspiracy€implies€concert€of€design€and€notÐ T¤ Ðparticipation€in€every€detail€of€execution.€€Ð= ¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàòòRandolph€v.€Stateóó,€570€S.W.2d€869,€871€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð & v ÐApp.€1978).Ð _¸ ¸  ÐÌòòState€v.€Shropshireóó,€874€S.W.2d€634,€641€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€shows€that€the€defendant€and€SmallwoodÐ ³  Ðdiscussed€killing€the€victim.€€Smallwood€testified€that€he€and€the€defendant€planned€the€manner€inÐ œì  Ðwhich€Smallwood€would€kill€the€victim€and€the€means€by€which€the€two€would€conceal€theirÐ …Õ  Ðinvolvement.€€The€fact€that€Smallwood€exhibited€reluctance€in€carrying€through€the€plan€does€notÐ n¾  Ðnegate€the€fact€that€he€and€the€defendant€acted€in€concert€for€the€purpose€of€killing€the€victim.€Ð W§  ÐObviously,€Smallwood€ultimately€completed€the€plan.€€We€hold€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€toÐ @ Ðconvict€the€defendant€of€conspiracy€to€commit€first€degree€murder.Ð )y ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction.Ð ûK ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à____________________________________Ð Ÿï Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGE