ÿWPCz  án¥=žsœ_`-*0ýàùæP ŽÈ¨¸›¹Ê÷ÚsYœÜn€=˜qÏpòã-ÿ<ØZÿ‡nªmsZ“ª³Š…ôK)öº hvøû»/›[~Æ%VªT¥Õ—T»#ƺ‘}5E¦ï×¹¼ä†³‰Ÿíz|V¹µF$\«¦—p¬ ÅÖŸƒÑž‚»œ(ZÌË2¿`º=jûˆ¡ª#.·ÄÙ‰Nûï˜ëù]!?Üzy¯j}µÖ=µÜ4Þg·5" à ±ÜsiEHÓb_$\üÆyœx5†É¿læ?ñkYÍåQ3?øZsƽX”¨ÕÝw¬2¾ýÆ Oϱ‚FŽhð–mùÎŒnRÂëd1S¨fë¯p(< S{Oò'ý­%tî[Ù75 µÒ¨¾£Öè¹Lí°Äxx®n–øH¾å6  ®@XO» ‰ó8„m¹ZågªgÁ¿ð Ê&rÈf.“J³ÎŸs.hÌV”`+=¥ÏÇŠ‹þH1¼6$Úý$v.°cʰíÏtw¯¾·OÖ†–KTð’³%6<±(ÆžÑZHPVó¥áØ9ô,<ƒ •ʼäïîóÏs1¹Žlµhpǧüê¨6ô"}ߟZ+]6㪥ʒÛpä³Ñ*vƒÍ b#É\ %% ^ + 0ˆ7 UN¿ w 4 z% ÒŸ q € m‚ À™ ÆYÆÆåÆ« 0DqNµN·N¹E»½½½œÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓboooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 0ëwwww Bbb 0¤ D3# D-V 0Kƒƒ ASÎÆ! 0¤ç 0D‹ A«Ï˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK3ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»Ì¡—/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularóbï.˜Cê:i¢×+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ¶Ý ƒR†}$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôîíò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€victimððs€testimony€on€this€point€strongly€suggests€that€the€defendant€had€assaulted€the€victim€onÐ ° Ðtwo€prior€occasions,€the€victim€did€not€specifically€say€the€defendant€had€been€the€one€who€assaulted€him.€€The€natureÐ tÄ Ðof€any€prior€assaults€committed€against€the€victim€by€the€defendant€was€not€imparted€to€the€jury€in€the€present€case.€Ð 8ˆ ÐAlthough€not€of€record€in€the€case€now€before€us,€this€courtððs€opinion€in€òòState€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Howard€Duty,€Jr.,€óóNo.Ð üL ÐE2001-03008-CCA-R3-CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Nov.€13,€2002),€òòperm.€app.€denied€óó€(Tenn.€€2003),€describesÐ À Ðthe€November€4,€2000€assault,€wherein€the€defendant€rammed€his€truck€into€the€truck€the€victim€was€driving.€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ñ ° Ñ  P.J.WoodallBlountvillecaus[ing i]ntentionallythrowed Y]ou CrimKeoughh]arassesunconsented contemplat[ingHoxie DUIBlouvettDellingerCURWOOD WITTresentence- ù-(|G2†}$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N]»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôîíò»»Ô d(|3G$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N]»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N]»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N]»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼N]»»»ÔÑ8€ÙXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  ÑÑ€OaÑà@ttìàÔ‡îOÜN]ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼N]»îîOÜ#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓMay€20,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XÙX»¼N]ÔÌò òÔ#†¼N]»XXÙ #ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€HOWARD€DUTY,€JR.òòóóÔ‡XÙX»¼N]Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Sullivan€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€S45,840€€€€€€R.€Jerry€Beck,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„01772„CCA„R3„CD€Ð ¥õ  ÐDecember€23,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓConvicted€by€a€jury€of€assault€and€aggravated€stalking,€the€defendant,€Howard€Duty,€Jr.,€appeals.€Ð xÈ  ÐIn€addition€to€claiming€that€his€convictions€are€not€supported€by€sufficient€evidence,€he€claims€it€wasÐ d´ Ðerror€for€the€trial€court€to€enhance€a€charge€of€misdemeanor€stalking€to€the€felony€of€felony€stalking.€Ð P  ÐThe€lower€court€imposed€the€felony€stalking€conviction€based€upon€a€previous€€conviction€of€stalkingÐ <Œ Ðthat€was€adjudicated€after€the€commission€of€the€offense€in€the€present€case.€€Based€upon€our€review,Ð (x Ðwe€conclude€that€sufficient€evidence€supports€the€stalking€conviction;€however,€the€aggravation€ofÐ d Ðthe€stalking€offense€to€a€felony€was€improper.€€Thus,€the€lower€courtððs€actions€are€reversed€in€partÐ P Ðand€affirmed€in€part.Ð ì< ÐÔ#†¼N]»XXÙƒ#ÔÔ‡XÙX»¼N]ÔÓÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€are€Affirmed€in€Part€andÐ Ä ÐReversed€in€Part.ó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼N]»àXÙL#ÔÔ‡XÙX.¼N]ÔJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,€óóJ.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.,óóÐ ˆØ Ðand€òòThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€joined.Ð tÄ ÐÌTerry€L.€Jordan,€Blountville,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Howard€Duty,€Jr.Ð L œ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Renee€W.€Turner,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€H.Ð $"t! ÐGreeley€Wells,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Todd€Martin,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Ð #`" Ðfor€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ü#L# ÐÓ ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼N]»XXÙ< #ÔÔ‡XÙX»¼N]ÔÐ Ô%$!% ÐòòóóÔ#†¼N]»XXÙÜ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÙX»¼N]Ôà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  àà ` àOn€November€14,€2001,€the€defendant€was€charged€via€presentment€with€stalkingÐ ¬'ü"' ÐJames€Martin€from€January€13,€2001,€through€July€1,€2001.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„315(a)(1),Ð ˜(è#( Ð(b)(1)€(2003)€(proscribing€stalking€as€a€misdemeanor).€€€In€the€second€count€of€the€presentment,€theÐ „)Ô$) Ðdefendant€was€charged€with€felony€stalking.€€òòSee€id.óó€ðð€39„17„315(a)(1),€(b)(2)€(2003)€(ð ðA€second€orÐ p*À%* Ðsubsequent€violation€of€subsection€(a)€involving€the€same€victim€and€occurring€within€seven€(7)Ð \+¬&+ Ðyears€of€the€prior€conviction€is€a€Class€C€felony.ðð).€€In€the€third€and€final€count€of€the€presentment,Ð H,˜', Ðthe€defendant€was€charged€with€assault,€specifically,€ð ðintentionally€and€knowingly€caus[ing]€another,Ð 4-„(-ý  ÐJames€Martin,€to€reasonably€fear€imminent€bodily€injury.ðð€€òòSee€id.óó€ðð€39„13„101(a)(2)€(2003)€(assaultÐ ° Ðis€committed€by€one€who,€òòinter€aliaóó,€ð ð[i]ntentionally€or€knowingly€causes€another€to€reasonably€fearÐ œì Ðimminent€bodily€injuryðð).€€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€trial,€James€Martin,€the€victim,€testified€that€he€met€the€defendant€in€the€summerÐ `° Ðof€1998.€€Later€a€brief€homosexual€relationship€developed,€but€the€victim€terminated€the€relationship.€Ð L œ ÐSubsequently,€the€defendant€began€appearing€in€the€environs€of€the€victimððs€Blountville€home.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€victim€introduced€videotapes€made€by€himself€and,€on€some€occasions,€by€theÐ  ` Ðvictimððs€daughter.€€The€videotapes€were€made€on€various€days,€beginning€on€January€13,€2001€andÐ ü L  Ðconcluding€on€July€1,€2001.€€The€tapes€and€the€victimððs€narrative€testimony€showed€that€on€JanuaryÐ è 8  Ð13,€2001,€the€defendant€parked€across€the€street€from€the€victimððs€home€and€sat€in€his€vehicle.€€€OnÐ Ô$  Ða€number€of€days€throughout€the€presentmentððs€time€frame,€the€defendant€went€to€a€middle€schoolÐ À  Ðoutdoor€basketball€court€located€about€500€feet€from€the€victimððs€house.€€€€Typically,€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðwould€play€basketball€on€the€court€for€a€few€minutes,€then€drive€his€vehicle€around€a€circle€thatÐ ˜è  Ðenveloped€the€victimððs€neighborhood,€and€return€to€the€school.€€On€occasion,€the€defendant€sat€orÐ „Ô  Ðstood€and€looked€toward€the€victimððs€house.€€The€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€usually€madeÐ pÀ Ðtwo€or€three€trips€to€the€neighborhood€on€each€Friday€evening€and€made€five€or€six€trips€eachÐ \¬ ÐSaturday.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€May,€the€victim€was€working€on€a€utility€pumping€station€near€the€chamber€ofÐ  p Ðcommerce€office€in€Bristol,€Tennessee.€€The€victim€began€seeing€the€defendant€standing€or€sittingÐ  \ Ðnear€the€work€site.€€On€the€afternoon€of€May€16,€2001,€the€victim€was€sitting€in€his€truck€at€the€workÐ øH Ðsite€when€the€defendant€ð ðwalked€by€and€he€throwed€[sic]€a€[finger„sized]€rock€and€hit€the€side€of€theÐ ä4 Ðtruck.ðð€€The€victim€told€the€defendant,€ð ð[Y]ou€need€to€get€out€of€here€.€.€.€go€on,€leave€me€alone.ðð€Ð Ð  ÐThe€defendant€retreated€but€came€back€and€ð ðthrowed€[sic]€another€[small]€rock€ð!ð€hit€the€side€of€theÐ ¼  Ðtruck.ðð€€The€victim€told€him€again€to€leave,€but€the€defendant€stepped€over€a€small€fence,€picked€upÐ ¨ø Ðthen€dropped€a€piece€of€wood,€€picked€up€a€half€of€a€brick,€and€said,€ð ðIððll€just€whip€your€ass.ðð€€TheÐ ”ä Ðvictim€told€the€defendant€to€come€on,€and€they€ð ðgot€into€it,ðð€meaning€that€a€€fist€fight€ensued,€duringÐ €Ð Ðthe€course€of€which€both€combatants€struck€the€other.€€The€victim€testified€that€he€ð ðwas€afraidððÐ l¼ Ðduring€the€encounter.€€Ultimately,€the€defendant€left€the€scene.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àAdditionally,€the€victim€testified€that€during€the€months€that€the€defendant€was€seenÐ 0"€  Ðin€the€victimððs€neighborhood,€he€was€afraid€of€the€defendant€because€he€had€been€assaulted€on€twoÐ #l! Ðprevious€occasions.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ò òó óÐ $X" Ðâ â€Ð ô$D # Ðà  àà ` àA€police€officer€testified€that€he€was€familiar€with€the€victimððs€neighborhood€and€hadÐ ° Ðâ âbeen€to€the€defendantððs€house.€€He€traced€the€possible€routes€of€travel€from€the€defendantððs€houseÐ œì Ðto€the€victimððs€house€and€testified€that,€regardless€of€the€route€chosen,€a€traveler€would€pass€twoÐ ˆØ Ðoutdoor€basketball€courts€between€the€defendantððs€house€and€the€middle€school€outdoor€court€nearÐ tÄ Ðthe€victimððs€house.€€Also,€the€officer€testified€that€the€defendant€had€a€basketball€goal€in€the€gravelÐ `° Ðdriveway€at€his€house.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€did€not€testify€at€trial.Ð $ t ÐÌÓ  Óò òI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidence.ó óÐ ü L  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àThe€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€the€assault€andÐ Ô$  Ðfelony€stalking€convictions.€€To€assess€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€the€appellate€courtÐ À  Ðdetermines€whether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crimeÐ ¬ü  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);Ð ˜è  ÐòòStateóó€òòv.€Shawóó,€37òò€óóS.W.3dòò€óó900òò,€óó902„03€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Keoughóó,€18€S.W.3d€175,€180-81€(Tenn.Ð „Ô  Ð2000).€€The€appellate€court€affords€the€prosecution€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€andÐ pÀ Ðthe€benefit€of€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence,€andÐ \¬ Ðwe€defer€to€the€trier€of€fact€to€weigh€the€evidence€and€to€resolve€factual€issues,€including€credibilityÐ H˜ Ðissues.€€òòShawóó,€37€S.W.3d€at€902„03.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌò òÓ  Ó(A)€Aggravated€Stalking.ó óÐ  \ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àð ðA€person€commits€the€offense€of€stalking€who€intentionally€and€repeatedly€followsÐ ä4 Ðor€harasses€another€person€in€such€a€manner€as€would€cause€that€person€to€be€in€reasonable€fear€ofÐ Ð  Ðbeing€assaulted,€suffering€bodily€injury€or€death.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„315(a)(1)€(2003).€Ð ¼  Ðð ðððFollowsðð€means€maintaining€a€visual€or€physical€proximity€over€a€period€of€time€to€a€specificÐ ¨ø Ðperson€in€such€a€manner€as€would€cause€a€reasonable€person€to€have€a€fear€of€an€assault,€bodilyÐ ”ä Ðinjury€or€death,ðð€and€ð ððð[h]arassesðð€means€a€course€of€conduct€directed€at€a€specific€person€whichÐ €Ð Ðwould€cause€a€reasonable€person€to€fear€an€assault,€bodily€injury,€or€death,€including,€but€not€limitedÐ l¼ Ðto,€verbal€threats,€written€threats,€vandalism,€or€unconsented-to€physical€contact.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„17„Ð X ¨ Ð315(a)(2)(A),€(B)€(2003).òòóó€€ð ðRepeatedlyðð€refers€to€two€or€more€separate€occasions.€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„17„Ð D!” Ð315(a)(2)(C)€(2003).€€€Although€stalking€as€defined€above€is€a€Class€A€misdemeanor,€òòid.óó€ðð€39„17„Ð 0"€  Ð315(b)€(2003),€it€is€a€Class€C€felony€when€it€is€a€ð ðsecond€or€subsequent€violation€.€.€.€involving€theÐ #l! Ðsame€victim€and€occurring€within€seven€(7)€years€of€the€prior€conviction,ðð€òòid.€óóðð€39„17„315(b)(2)Ð $X" Ð(2003).€€Stalking€is€a€ð ðcontinuing€offense,ðð€based€upon€the€proscriptive€statute€ð ðcontemplat[ing]€aÐ ô$D # Ðseries€of€discrete€actions€amounting€to€a€continuing€course€of€conduct.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hoxieóó,€963€S.W.2dÐ à%0!$ Ð737,€743€(Tenn.€1998).€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àà ` àFirst,€we€examine€the€defendantððs€claim€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€using€Code€sectionÐ ¤(ô#' Ð39„17„315(b)(2)€to€aggravate€the€stalking€charge€to€a€Class€C€felony,€even€though€the€defendant€hadÐ )à$( Ðonly€a€pending€charge,€not€a€conviction€of€misdemeanor€stalking€when€he€committed€the€instantÐ |*Ì%) Ðoffense.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„315(b)(2)€(2003)€(stalking€is€aggravated€when€the€offenseÐ h+¸&* Ðis€the€ð ðsecond€or€subsequent€violation€.€.€.€involving€the€same€victim€and€occurring€within€seven€(7)Ð ° Ðyears€of€the€prior€convictionðð).€€€The€record€reflects€that,€in€August€2001,€the€defendant€wasÐ œì Ðconvicted€of€stalking€the€victim,€James€Martin,€on€November€4,€2000.€€Thus,€the€defendant€wasÐ ˆØ Ðconvicted€of€stalking€the€same€victim,€and€the€current€offense€occurred€within€seven€years€of€theÐ tÄ Ðconviction€for€the€November€4,€2000€offense.€€The€issue€in€dispute€is€whether€the€August€2001Ð `° Ðconviction€for€the€November€4,€2000€offense€is€a€òòprioróó€conviction.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€support€of€his€position€that€the€conviction€for€the€November€4,€2000€offense€is€notÐ $ t Ða€prior€conviction,€the€defendant€advances€òòState€v.€Blouvettóó,€904€S.W.2d€111,€112„13€(Tenn.€1995),Ð  ` Ðwhich€holds€that,€for€purposes€of€establishing€offender€range€pursuant€to€the€sentencing€law,€a€ð ðpriorÐ ü L  Ðconvictionðð€means€that€the€conviction€was€adjudicated€before€the€commission€of€the€offenses€forÐ è 8  Ðwhich€the€defendant€is€currently€being€sentenced.€€€Conversely,€the€state€relies,€at€least€in€part,€uponÐ Ô$  ÐòòState€v.€Bowenóó,€67€S.W.3d€826,€827€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001),€in€which€this€court€held€that€a€second„Ð À  Ðoffense€driving€while€under€the€influence€(DUI)€conviction€may€be€imposed,€despite€that€BowenððsÐ ¬ü  Ðòòfirstóó€conviction€occurred€after€the€DUI€offense€occurred€in€the€òòsecond€óócase.€€Based€upon€theÐ ˜è  Ðdifferences€in€statutory€language€being€construed€in€òòBlouvett€óóand€òòBowenóó,€however,€we€areÐ „Ô  Ðunconvinced€that€either€case€affords€much€guidance€in€the€present€case.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àRather,€we€are€guided€by€rules€of€statutory€construction,€particularly€the€rules€thatÐ H˜ Ðstatutory€provisions€should€be€ð ðconstrued€according€to€the€fair€import€of€their€terms€.€.€.€to€promoteÐ 4„ Ðjustice[]€and€effect€the€objectives€of€the€criminal€code,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„104€(2003),€andÐ  p Ðthat€the€reviewing€court€should€apply€the€natural€and€ordinary€meaning€of€the€language€employed,Ð  \ ÐòòState€v.€Flemmingóó,€19€S.W.3d€195,€197€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€the€interests€of€promoting€justice,€we€areÐ øH Ðalso€compelled€by€the€established€rule€that€a€criminal€statute€is€strictly€construed€in€favor€of€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant.€€òòKey€v.€State,óó€563€S.W.2d€184,€188€(Tenn.€1978).€€€Applying€these€rules,€we€construeÐ Ð  ÐCode€section€39„17„315(b)(2)€to€mean€that,€to€be€a€felony,€a€stalking€offense€must€have€occurred€notÐ ¼  Ðonly€subsequently€to€a€previous€stalking€offense€but€also€subsequently€to,€and€within€seven€years€of,Ð ¨ø Ðthe€òòprioróó€òòconvictionóóresulting€from€the€prior€offense.€€€€Applying€normal€and€ordinary€meaning€toÐ ”ä Ðthe€language€ð ð[a]€second€or€subsequent€violation€of€subsection€(a)€.€.€.€involving€the€same€victim€andÐ €Ð Ðoccurring€within€seven€(7)€years€of€the€prior€conviction,ðð€we€conclude€that€the€legislature€meant€that€Ð l¼ Ðat€least€one€stalking€òòconviction€óómust€precede€the€subsequent€òòoffense€óóby€no€more€than€seven€yearsÐ X ¨ Ðbefore€the€subsequent€offense€may€be€prosecuted€as€a€felony.€€€That€having€not€occurred€in€theÐ D!” Ðpresent€case,€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€a€felony.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€to€the€remainder€of€the€elements€of€stalking€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,Ð $X" Ðthe€evidence€showed€that€the€defendant€intentionally€and€repeatedly€followed€and€harassed€the€victimÐ ô$D # Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€Code€section€39„17„315.€€Because€the€victim€had€previously€been€assaultedÐ à%0!$ Ðby€the€defendant,€combined€with€the€defendantððs€doggedness,€his€threat€to€whip€the€victim,€and€hisÐ Ì&"% Ðbrandishing€a€brick€on€May€16,€2001,€the€victim€would€reasonably€be€fearful€of€bodily€injury€at€theÐ ¸'#& Ðhands€of€the€defendant.€€Therefore,€the€evidence€establishes€the€elements€of€misdemeanor€stalking.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThe€judgment€of€conviction€of€felony€stalking€shall€be€vacated,€and€in€its€place€the€trial€court€shallÐ )à$( Ðenter€a€judgment€convicting€the€defendant€of€stalking€pursuant€to€Code€section€39„17„315(a),€afterÐ |*Ì%) Ðwhich€the€trial€court€shall€resentence€the€defendant€on€the€misdemeanor€conviction.Ð h+¸&* ЇÓ  Óò ò(B)€Assault.ó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àAssault,€as€alleged€in€the€indictment,€is€committed€by€one€who€ð ðintentionally,Ð ˆØ Ðknowingly€or€recklessly€causes€another€to€reasonably€fear€imminent€bodily€injury.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ tÄ ÐAnn.€ðð€39-13-101(a)(2)€(2003).Ð `° ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€need€not€review€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€of€assault€via€putting€the€victimÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€reasonable€fear€of€imminent€bodily€injury€because€the€jury€acquitted€the€defendant€of€this€charge.€Ð $ t ÐInstead,€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€assault€via€extremely€offensive€or€provocative€physicalÐ  ` Ðcontact,€based€upon€the€trial€courtððs€instruction€that€the€latter€offense€was€a€lesser„included€offenseÐ ü L  Ðof€the€former.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€argues€that€no€physical€contact€occurred€on€May€16,€prior€to€the€partiesÐ À  Ðengaging€in€mutual€combat.€€He€assumes€that,€once€the€mutual€combat€commenced,€he€couldÐ ¬ü  Ðphysically€contact€the€victim€with€impunity€to€a€charge€of€assault€via€extremely€offensive€orÐ ˜è  Ðprovocative€physical€contact.€€We€do€not€make€that€assumption.€€The€evidence€showed€that€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€was€the€provocateur.€€After€weeks€of€loitering€about€the€victimððs€home€and€then€extendingÐ pÀ Ðthat€behavior€to€the€victimððs€work€site,€the€defendant€disobeyed€a€reasonable€request€to€leave,€pickedÐ \¬ Ðup€a€brick,€and€threatened€to€whip€the€victim.€€That€the€victim€did€not€back€down€does€not€endue€theÐ H˜ Ðdefendant€with€license€to€assault€the€victim.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€authorized€the€jury€toÐ 4„ Ðconvict€the€defendant€of€assault€through€extremely€offensive€physical€contact€had€that€offense€beenÐ  p Ðcharged.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àò òII.€€Plain€Error€Review€of€Lesser„Included€Offense€Instruction/Conviction.ó ó€Ð ä4 ЀÌà  àà ` àò òó óThis€section€of€this€opinion€expresses€the€minority€view€of€Judge€Witt€that€theÐ À Ðconviction€offense€of€assault€was€not€charged€in€the€presentment.€€Presiding€Judge€Wade€and€JudgeÐ ¬ü ÐWoodall€are€of€the€view€that€the€conviction€offense€of€assault€was€charged€in€the€presentment€viaÐ ˜è Ðits€status€as€a€lesser€included€offense.€Ð „Ô ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€presentment€in€the€case€before€us€charged€the€defendant€with€assault€viaÐ \ ¬ Ðintentionally€or€knowingly€causing€the€victim€to€reasonably€fear€imminent€bodily€injury,€a€Class€AÐ H!˜ Ðmisdemeanor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101(a)(2),€(b)€(2003).€€At€trial,€the€court€instructed€the€juryÐ 4"„  Ðto€consider€not€only€this€named€offense€but€also€the€offense€of€intentionally€or€knowingly€causingÐ  #p! Ðð ðphysical€contact€with€another€and€a€reasonable€person€would€regard€the€contact€as€extremelyÐ  $\" Ðoffensive€or€provocative,ðð€a€Class€B€misdemeanor.€€€òòSee€id.€óóðð€39„13„101(a)(3),€(b)€(2003).€€The€trialÐ ø$H # Ðcourt€treated€assault€via€offensive€or€provocative€contact€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€assaultÐ ä%4!$ Ðcommitted€by€putting€the€victim€in€reasonable€fear€of€imminent€bodily€injury.€òò€See€State€v.€Parkeróó,€Ð Ð& "% Ð932€S.W.2d€945,€954€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996)€(indictment€calls€for€trial€on€not€only€the€namedÐ ¼' #& Ðoffense€but€also€on€all€lesser„included€offenses€of€the€named€offense).€€Even€though€the€issue€hasÐ ¨(ø#' Ðnot€been€raised€by€the€parties,€the€appellate€court€must€determine€whether€the€conviction€offense€inÐ ”)ä$( Ðthe€present€case€was€charged€in€the€presentment;€essentially,€we€must€determine€whether€theÐ €*Ð%) Ðconviction€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€offense€named€in€the€presentment.€€WeÐ l+¼&* ÐÑOaÑâ âѰ°Ñâ âÑ  Ñundertake€this€analysis€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€52(b),€a€provision€forÐ ° Ðexamining€plain€error.Ð œì ÐÌà  àà ` àAlthough€by€the€terms€of€Code€section€39„13„101€assault€via€offensive€or€provocativeÐ tÄ Ðcontact€is€a€ð ðlesserðð€offense€than€assault€by€putting€the€victim€in€reasonable€fear€of€imminent€bodilyÐ `° Ðinjury,€we€must€nevertheless€determine€whether€the€former€is€ð ðincludedðð€in€the€latter.€€Our€supremeÐ L œ Ðcourt€has€held€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€if:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °Ò(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€€€€€€€Ð  ` Ðelements€of€the€offense€charged;€orÐ ü L  ÐÌ(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€contains€a€statutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐ À  ÐÌà ¸ à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€culpability;€and/orÐ „Ô  ÐÌà ¸ à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€€€€Ð \¬ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€property€or€public€interest;€orÐ H˜ ÐÌ(c)€it€consists€ofÐ  p ÐÌà ¸ à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€€€€Ð øH Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€offense€Ð ä4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐ Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€€€Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€€€€€€€Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐ €Ð ÐÌà ¸ à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€€Ð X ¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€€€€€€Ð D!” Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b).Ð 0"€  ÐÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒòòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€466-67€(Tenn.€1999).€€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€undersigned€discerns€that,€because€the€lesser€offense€contains€the€elements€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðextremely€offensive€or€provocative€physical€contact,€it€requires€an€element€in€addition€to€thoseÐ Ì&"% Ðrequired€in€the€greater€offense.€€Judge€Witt€concludes€that€the€lesser€offense€fails€to€satisfy€any€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€parts€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€for€determining€a€lesser„included€offense.€€As€such,€the€Class€BÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmisdemeanor€offense€of€assault€via€offensive€or€provocative€touching€was€not€charged€in€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âpresentment.€€Because€the€jury€acquitted€the€defendant€of€the€named€charge€and€no€other€charges€areÐ |*Ì%) Ðincluded€within€the€named€charge,€the€conviction€of€assault€should€be€reversed,€and€count€three€ofÐ ° Ðthe€presentment€should€be€dismissed.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àà ` àIt€is€the€view€of€Presiding€Judge€Wade€and€Judge€Woodall€that€the€facts€in€this€caseÐ tÄ Ðestablish€that€the€Class€B€assault€falls€within€part€(b)(2)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€While€touching€anotherÐ `° Ðin€the€manner€contemplated€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„101(a)(3)€presents€theÐ L œ Ðpotential€for€some€harm€to€the€victim,€the€risk€of€harm€is€not€as€serious€as€that€which€is€present€whenÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€victim€is€threatened€with€immediate€bodily€injury€as€contemplated€by€section€39„10„101(a)(2).€Ð $ t ÐAlthough€their€language€might€qualify€as€dicta,€a€separate€panel€of€this€court€recently€observed€thatÐ  ` ÐClass€B€misdemeanor€assault€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€Class€A€misdemeanor€assault:Ð ü L  ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ°ÒThe€Defendant€was€indicted€for€two€counts€of€Class€A€misdemeanor€assault:€oneÐ Ô$  Ðcount€involving€the€caseworker€and€the€other€count€involving€the€transportationÐ À  Ðofficer.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101(a)(2).€€The€jury€found€him€guilty€on€theÐ ¬ü  Ðcount€charging€assault€against€the€transportation€officer€and€found€him€guilty€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðlesser€included€offense€of€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault€against€the€caseworker.€€òòSeeóóÐ „Ô  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101(a)(3).Ð pÀ ÐÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÌòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dennis€Michael€Richardsonóó,€No.€E2002„02675„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÐ H˜ ÐKnoxville,€July€14,€2003).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` àAccordingly,€the€assault€conviction€is€affirmed.Ð  \ Ðòòóóà  àà ` àÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ¼  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGE