’WPCŲ CŒ4čīC]O{ć¹B€Ś7H3}ƒ²U=­2Ā:ū>uRģH_ĖÜ×ĶĒћ£_“x˜(/üÉÅYĮ;6°µĻ|YŅŃŠņå—HьöœŃ{ņp”Nf9ŸW ZŃo‰ˆ¤łAę‰£ÓĻŚćŌ7+Q2"ĒčK6ęnE+·$jšlÅüĀF'­ P™ł“ļóƒ}k›S‰ūŗžW”‹Ī .×!‰ū+ƒ,Ę6ĖŸƒbąžmįuÉ®āZžµrĢJśtņš}ĆŲ»ŠŻ®AFDŹĄ5ĢŲ5ØAõ{›o2o"ĻSTÉU:öÜ7ƒˆ{†z²-÷1{źōSƒˆÉ 3’żm4śņÄzĄ¤ä—銓Ģ»e©hodžƒ¦ėślķ…ż×ų‘yq†’ę/䖋ó9V»DwBjc½ż…¦ʝÄ6ĶÜŪŪO{ųĘ6(ŲÖg®÷ĻBĄŹ#~²˜Čh:ć2 œ¤°K€»f·V“Ÿ>Ūnƒ6ĒŗB:’‘ę÷BÕxI›/7(!‚™{3Šb#Į\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ņ— i x mz 0D‘ ĘÕ ʛ Ęa Ę'UNķN;=€KEĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖbĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶ 0ėÕÕÕÕ BĄĄ 0¤Ż D3 D-“ 0Kįį AS,Ę 0¤E 0Dé A«-˜HP LaserJet 4050ČČČČČČČČ0»o؄+ā (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularyG*ą§Ÿ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular Ż ƒRud$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōę5ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€€Ō_ŌSwaffordŌ_Ō€was€asked€whether€she€recalled€the€events€of€October€26,€1997,€and€provided€the€followingŠ ° Štestimony€concerning€that€day.€€However,€it€is€clear€from€the€record€that€Ō_ŌSwaffordŌ_Ōššs€testimony€concerned€events€which,Š tÄ Šaccording€to€all€other€sources,€took€place€on€October€25,€1997. vŻ ƒRud$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōę5ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€606(b)€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€as€follows:Š ° Šą8  ąUpon€an€inquiry€into€the€validity€of€a€verdict€or€indictment,€a€juror€may€not€testify€as€to€any€matter€orŠ tÄ Šstatement€occurring€during€the€course€of€the€juryššs€deliberations€or€the€effect€of€anything€upon€anyŠ 8ˆ Šjurorššs€mind€or€emotion€as€influencing€that€juror€to€assent€to€or€dissent€from€the€verdict€or€indictmentŠ üL Šor€concerning€the€jurorššs€mental€processes,€except€that€a€juror€may€testify€on€the€question€of€whetherŠ Ą Šextraneous€prejudicial€information€was€improperly€brought€to€the€juryššs€attention€.€.€.€.€Š„ŌŠ Š  ŠTenn.€R.€Evid.€606€(b).- ł-(|G2ud$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€^-»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōę5ņ»»Ō d(|3G}$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€^-»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G}$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€^-»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€^-»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼^-»»»ŌŃ8€”XXdģ»»d8Ńą@ttģąŌ‡ī@¬ī»¼^-ŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@WW$ģąAT€KNOXVILLEŌ#†¼^-»īī@¬ #ŌˆŠ Ö& ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąAssigned€on€Briefs€May€23,€2001Š üL ŠŌ‡X”X»¼^-ŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼^-»XX”#ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEņņóó€v.€ņņóóDONALD€R.€Ō_ŌEADYŌ_Ō,€JR.Ō‡X”X»¼^-Ōó óŠ śJ ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Bradley€CountyŠ ś J Šą@@ųųģąNo.€97„528€€€€€€Carroll€L.€Ross,€JudgeŠ ę 6 ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` Aߊ Ŗś  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€E2000„01152„CCA„R3„CD€Š „õ  ŠDecember€4,€Ō_Ō2001Ō_ŌŠ ‘į  ŠßA€V) °°` dE<|` Aߊ }Ķ  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€Defendant€was€convicted€by€a€Bradley€County€jury€of€second€degree€murder.€€The€trial€courtŠ xČ  Šsentenced€him€as€a€Range€I€standard€offender€to€twenty„five€yearsšš€incarceration.€€In€this€appeal€asŠ d“ Šof€right,€the€Defendant€argues€(1)€that€insufficient€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€to€support€hisŠ P  Šconviction;€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€suppress€his€statement€to€police;€(3)€that€the€trialŠ <Œ Šcourt€erred€by€allowing€into€evidence€autopsy€photographs€of€the€victim;€(4)€that€the€jury€consideredŠ (x Šextraneous€facts€during€deliberation€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€the€manner€in€which€it€conductedŠ d Ša€post„trial€voir€dire€of€the€jury€concerning€this€matter;€and€(5)€that€he€was€improperly€sentenced.Š P ŠHaving€reviewed€the€record,€we€conclude€(1)€that€sufficient€evidence€was€presented€to€support€theŠ ģ< ŠDefendantššs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder;€(2)€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€allowing€theŠ Ų( ŠDefendantššs€statement€into€evidence;€(3)€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€admitting€into€evidenceŠ Ä Šautopsy€photographs€of€the€victim;€(4)€that€the€record€does€not€support€the€Defendantššs€allegationŠ ° Šthat€jurors€in€his€case€were€influenced€by€extraneous€information€and€that€the€manner€in€which€the€Š œģ Štrial€court€conducted€a€post„trial€voir€dire€of€the€jurors€concerning€this€matter€was€not€improper;€andŠ ˆŲ Š(5)€that€the€Defendant€was€properly€sentenced.€€We€thus€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Š tÄ ŠÓźÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óŠ L œ ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼^-»ąX”ø#ŌŌ‡X”X.¼^-ŌRobert€W.€Ō_ŌWedemeyerŌ_Ō,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņGary€R.€Wade,€Ō_ŌP.J.Ō_Ō,óó€andŠ $"t! ŠņņThomas€T.€Ō_ŌWoodallŌ_Ō,€J.óó,€joined.Š #`" ŠĢEric€S.€Armstrong,€Cleveland,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Donald€R.€Ō_ŌEadyŌ_Ō,€Jr.Š č$8 $ ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Smith,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š Ą&"& ŠJerry€N.€Ō_ŌEstesŌ_Ō,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Ō_ŌShariŌ_Ō€Lynn€Ō_ŌTayloeŌ_Ō,€Assistant€District€AttorneyŠ ¬'ü"' ŠGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š ˜(č#( ŠÓ ÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼^-»XX”L #ŌŌ‡X”X»¼^-ŌŠ p*Ą%* ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼^-»XX”ą#ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X”X»¼^-ŌŌ‡X”XXX”Ōą  ąIn€November€1997,€the€Bradley€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant,€Donald€RayŠ H,˜', ŠŌ_ŌEadyŌ_Ō,€Jr.,€for€one€count€of€second€degree€murder.€€In€July€1998,€following€a€trial,€a€Bradley€CountyŠ 4-„(-żŠ ŠŌ_Ōjury€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€the€indicted€offense.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€Defendant€asŠ ° Ša€Range€I€standard€offender€to€twenty„five€yearsšš€incarceration.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals€hisŠ œģ Šconviction€and€sentence,€raising€the€following€issues€for€our€review:€(1)€whether€sufficient€evidenceŠ ˆŲ Šwas€presented€at€trial€to€support€the€Defendantššs€conviction;€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€byŠ tÄ Šfailing€to€suppress€the€Defendantššs€statement;€(3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€intoŠ `° Ševidence€autopsy€photographs€of€the€victim;€(4)€whether€the€jury€considered€extraneous€facts€duringŠ L œ Šdeliberation€and€whether€the€trial€court€improperly€conducted€a€post„trial€voir€dire€of€the€juryŠ 8 ˆ Šconcerning€this€issue;€and€(5)€whether€the€trial€court€failed€to€consider€appropriate€mitigating€factorsŠ $ t Šin€sentencing€the€Defendant.€€Having€thoroughly€reviewed€the€record€in€this€case,€we€affirm€theŠ  ` Šjudgment€of€the€trial€court.€€€€€€€Š ü L  ŠĢņ ņÓ  ÓI.€€FACTSó óŠ Ō$  ŠÓÓĢą  ąThe€first€witness€to€testify€at€the€Defendantššs€trial€was€Officer€David€OššBoyle€of€the€BradleyŠ ¬ü  ŠCounty€Sheriffššs€Office.€€OššBoyle€testified€that€on€the€evening€of€October€25,€1997,€he€wasŠ ˜č  Špatrolling€the€eastern€part€of€Bradley€County€when€he€received€a€dispatch€š šstating€that€.€.€.€somebodyŠ „Ō  Šwas€trying€to€give€CPR€[cardiopulmonary€resuscitation]€to€a€gentleman€laying€[sic]€on€OsmentŠ pĄ ŠRoad.šš€€OššBoyle€testified€that€when€he€arrived€at€the€scene,€it€was€dark€and€š šraining€moderately.šš€Š \¬ ŠAt€the€scene,€he€saw€a€gray€car€with€the€driverššs€side€door€open.€€Next€to€the€car,€he€observed€aŠ H˜ Šš šwhite€female€sort€of€hanging€over€an€individual€laying€[sic]€on€the€ground.šš€€The€woman,€laterŠ 4„ Šidentified€as€Tracey€Green,€was€attempting€to€perform€CPR€on€the€man€on€the€ground,€the€victimŠ  p Šin€this€case,€while€š šyelling€and€screamingšš€at€him.€€OššBoyle€noticed€that€the€victim€had€bruising€onŠ  \ Šhis€chest,€that€š šthere€were€some€blood€marks,šš€that€the€victim€was€in€a€prone€position€with€his€armsŠ ųH Šdown€to€his€sides,€and€that€the€victim€was€not€reacting€at€all€to€Green.Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąOššBoyle€approached€Green€and€asked€her,€š š[W]hatššs€going€on?šš€€In€response,€Green€š šstartedŠ ¼  Šyelling€and€screaming€.€.€.€about€a€red€Camaro€and€.€.€.€two€white€guys€shot€him.šš€€She€also€screamedŠ Øų Šat€OššBoyle€š što€start€doing€something€foršš€the€victim,€so€OššBoyle€began€to€give€the€victim€CPR.€Š ”ä ŠOššBoyle€noted€that€the€victim€did€not€have€a€pulse.€€Soon,€an€off„duty€nurse€stopped€at€the€scene,Š €Š Šclaiming€he€had€heard€about€the€situation€on€the€mobile€radio€in€his€car,€and€the€nurse€took€over€CPRŠ l¼ Šon€the€victim.Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąOššBoyle€then€led€Green€away€from€the€scene,€so€as€to€prevent€her€from€disrupting€the€nurseššsŠ 0"€  Šwork,€and€assisted€her€to€his€patrol€vehicle.€€The€officer€noticed€an€odor€of€alcohol€about€Green€andŠ #l! Šdescribed€her€as€drunk€and€disorderly€at€the€scene.€€He€testified€that€she€was€š šhystericalšš€and€Š $X" Šexplained€that€she€was€crying,€shaking,š švery€loud;€was€cussing€.€.€.€[and€was]€very€upset.šš€€OššBoyleŠ ō$D # Šrecalled€that€she€š škept€repeating€a€partial€[license]€tag€number,€a€red€Camaro,€and€two€.€.€.€whiteŠ ą%0!$ Šmales.šš€€Green€told€the€officer,€š šAll€I€know€is€a€red€Camaro€pulled€up,€and€the€next€thing€I€heard€wasŠ Ģ&"% Šgunshots€.€.€.€.šš€€OššBoyle€testified€that€while€at€the€scene,€he€did€not€find€any€weapons€in€the€vicinityŠ ø'#& Šof€the€victim.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą  ąTracey€Green€testified€that€on€the€evening€of€October€25,€1997,€she€was€with€the€victim,Š |*Ģ%) Šwhom€she€identified€as€Curtis€Cronk,€and€a€friend€named€Eric€Caywood.€€She€stated€that€she€and€theŠ h+ø&* Štwo€men€visited€a€bar€called€Grumpyššs€that€evening,€where€they€listened€to€a€band€and€drank€beer.€Š ° ŠGreen€recalled€that€she€drank€three€beers€during€the€course€of€the€evening,€that€Caywood€drank€fourŠ œģ Šbeers,€and€that€the€victim€drank€š šquite€a€few.šš€€Green€testified€that€they€left€Grumpyššs€at€10:00€p.m.Š ˆŲ Šin€her€car.€€Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąGreen€testified€that€after€leaving€the€bar,€she€first€dropped€off€Caywood€at€his€home€and€thenŠ L œ Šdrove€the€victim€to€Osment€Road.€€There,€she€and€the€victim€š šstopped€to€talk.šš€€She€explained€thatŠ 8 ˆ Šshe€and€the€victim,€who€was€married,€were€involved€in€an€extramarital€affair,€and€on€the€night€of€theŠ $ t Šmurder,€she€and€the€victim€were€discussing€their€relationship.€€Green€stated€that€it€was€a€dark,€rainyŠ  ` Šnight€and€that€the€only€visible€light€came€from€a€business€down€the€road.€€Green€recalled€that€shortlyŠ ü L  Šafter€they€stopped€on€Osment€Road,€while€the€victim€sat€on€the€hood€of€her€car€and€she€leanedŠ č 8  Šagainst€the€car,€two€cars€drove€by.€€Green€testified€that€the€second€car,€š ša€red€TransAm€or€CamaroŠ Ō$  ŠFirebird,šš€stopped,€backed€up€to€her€car,€and€then€collided€with€her€car.€€She€and€the€victim€jumpedŠ Ą  Šout€of€the€way.€Š ¬ü  Š€Ģą  ąGreen€stated€that€after€the€collision,€she€and€victim€walked€to€the€passengerššs€side€of€the€carŠ „Ō  Šand€asked€the€two€men€inside€the€car€if€they€had€insurance.€€She€admitted€that€she€š šprobably€said,Š pĄ ŠššYou,€you€hit€my€f__king€car€.€.€.€.šššš€Green€claimed€that€the€passenger€in€the€car€told€her€there€wasŠ \¬ Šnothing€wrong€with€her€car,€and€all€parties€checked€the€damage€on€the€cars,€which€she€described€asŠ H˜ Šš šnot€bad.šš€€Green€testified€that€the€driver€of€the€car€said,€š šIššll€take€your€car,€bitch.šš€€Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąGreen€testified€that€she€then€took€the€keys€from€the€ignition€of€the€menššs€car,€although€sheŠ  \ Šmaintained€that€she€did€not€know€why€she€did€so.€€Meanwhile,€according€to€Green,€the€victim€andŠ ųH Šthe€two€men€engaged€in€an€argument,€screaming€at€one€another.€€Green€stated€that€she€š šbacked€upššŠ ä4 Štowards€her€car€and€said,€š šJust€let€us€go.€€Iššve€got€your€keys.€€Just€let€us€go€and€weššll€throw€them€inŠ Š  Šthe€ditch.šš€€She€testified€that€she€then€heard€š šbap,€bap,€bap,šš€and€the€victim€said,€š šOh,€my€God,€theyŠ ¼  Šshot€me.šš€€The€victim€began€to€walk€towards€her,€taking€a€couple€of€steps€before€falling€to€theŠ Øų Šground.€€According€to€Green,€the€men€ran€around€him,€demanding€their€keys,€and€she€threw€the€keysŠ ”ä Šat€them.€€Green€testified€that€the€two€men€then€drove€away.€€As€the€car€drove€off,€Green€was€able€toŠ €Š Šsee€the€license€tag€number.€Š l¼ ŠĢą  ąGreen€stated€that€after€the€men€left,€she€attempted€to€get€the€victim€into€her€car,€but€wasŠ D!” Šunable€to€do€so€because€she€could€not€pick€him€up.€€She€then€ran€to€a€nearby€building,€hoping€to€findŠ 0"€  Ša€phone,€but€she€could€not€find€anyone€at€the€building.€€Green€stated€that€she€returned€to€the€victim,Š #l! Šand€when€she€reached€him,€a€car€drove€up.€€She€told€the€driver€to€call€911€and€then€attempted€to€giveŠ $X" Šthe€victim€CPR.€€Green€testified€that€eventually,€Officer€OššBoyle€and€a€nurse€arrived€at€the€scene.€Š ō$D # ŠShe€admitted€that€she€was€hysterical€when€they€arrived.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąGreen€described€to€police€the€two€men€that€hit€her€car€as€follows:€š š[T]hey€were€younger€guys,Š ø'#& Šlike€early€šš20's€.€.€.€,€and€.€.€.€they€were€about€six€feet€tall,€and€.€.€.€one€of€them€had€sort€of€a,€like€dirtyŠ ¤(ō#' Šdishwater€blond,€crewcut€hair€type,€short€hair,€and€.€.€.€one€of€them€had€on€a€.€.€.€white€t„shirt€and€blueŠ )ą$( Šjeans,€and€the€other€one€had€on€a€dark€shirt€and€blue€jeans.šš€€She€reported€that€she€had€never€seenŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€men€before€October€25,€1997,€and€she€stated€that€to€her€knowledge,€the€victim€did€not€know€theŠ h+ø&* Šmen,€either.€€In€addition,€Green€reported€that€she€did€not€have€a€gun€in€her€car,€and€she€stated€thatŠ ° Što€her€knowledge,€the€victim€did€not€possess€a€gun€on€the€night€of€the€crime.Š œģ ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Green€testified€that€she€remembered€one€of€the€two€men€initiallyŠ tÄ Šsaying€that€he€was€checking€to€make€sure€the€victim€was€not€hurting€her.€€She€could€not€recall€whichŠ `° Šof€the€two€men€asked€her€whether€she€was€alright.€€Green€testified€that€in€her€statement€to€police,€sheŠ L œ Šrecalled€that€the€victim€responded,€š šI€ainššt€hurting€her.€€Weššre€just€talking.ššŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąDetective€Tony€Alvarez€of€the€Bradley€County€Sheriffššs€Office€testified€that€he€was€the€š šcase€Š  ` Šagentšš€for€this€case€and€explained€that€a€case€agent€is€š šthe€primary€investigator€responsible€for€theŠ ü L  Šinvestigation€of€[the]€case.šš€€He€stated€that€initially,€police€targeted€Michael€Shelton€and€anotherŠ č 8  Šindividual€as€suspects€for€the€crime.€€Alvarez€testified€that€Shelton€confessed€to€being€at€the€sceneŠ Ō$  Šof€the€crime€and€to€being€one€of€the€participants€in€the€commission€of€the€crime.€€Although€SheltonŠ Ą  Šidentified€the€second€individual€as€the€shooter,€police€soon€eliminated€the€second€individual€as€aŠ ¬ü  Šsuspect.€€Alvarez€reported€that€through€their€ongoing€investigation,€police€eventually€discovered€thatŠ ˜č  Šthe€Defendant€was€the€second€person€at€the€scene€and€that€the€Defendant€was€the€shooter.€€SheltonŠ „Ō  Šagreed€to€cooperate€with€police,€telling€police€exactly€what€happened€at€the€crime€scene,€and€he€ledŠ pĄ Špolice€to€the€gun€used€in€the€shooting.€€Shelton€told€police€that€the€gun€had€been€š štossed€outšš€onŠ \¬ ŠOsment€Road.€€Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąAlvarez€testified€that€during€the€course€of€the€investigation,€he€also€interviewed€VanessaŠ  p ŠStarcher,€a€friend€of€the€Defendant.€€Alvarez€stated€that€Starcher€made€a€š šcontrolled€callšš€for€policeŠ  \ Što€the€Defendant,€which€police€monitored€and€recorded.€€According€to€Alvarez,€during€theŠ ųH ŠDefendantššs€conversation€with€Starcher,€the€Defendant€attempted€to€establish€an€alibi€as€to€hisŠ ä4 Šwhereabouts€on€the€night€of€the€crime.€€Alvarez€stated€that€the€Defendant€instructed€Starcher€to€tellŠ Š  Šthe€police€that€he€spent€the€evening€of€October€25,€1997€with€her€and€that€he€never€left€her€that€night.€Š ¼  ŠBased€on€their€investigation,€the€police€arrested€the€Defendant€in€connection€with€the€shooting€deathŠ Øų Šof€the€victim.€€Alvarez€testified€that€after€the€Defendant€was€taken€into€custody,€the€Defendant€gaveŠ ”ä Ša€statement€to€the€police€in€which€he€maintained€that€he€was€with€Vanessa€Starcher€on€the€night€ofŠ €Š Šthe€crime.€€Š l¼ ŠĢą  ąVanessa€Starcher€testified€that€she€was€š šfriendsšš€with€the€Defendant€and€had€known€himŠ D!” Šseveral€years.€€She€stated€that€at€some€point€after€the€crime,€the€Defendant€told€her€that€he€andŠ 0"€  ŠMichael€Shelton€wereŠ #l! Šą8  ągoing€out€Osment€Road,€and€there€was€a€car€parked€on€the€side€of€the€road€and€thereŠ $X" Šwas€two€people€in€it,€a€man€and€a€woman.€€And€they€backed€up€to€help€them,€and€.Š ō$D # Š.€.€they€barely€bumped€the€car.€.€.€.€And€[Shelton]€told€[the€victim]€that€it€done€[sic]Š ą%0!$ Šmore€damage€to€his€car€than€it€did€to€[the€other]€car.€€And€then€the€woman€got€out€ofŠ Ģ&"% Šthe€passenger€side€and€come€up€and€got€the€keys€out€of€the€driverššs€side,€and€lookedŠ ø'#& Šat€[the€Defendant]€and€said€that€sheššd€throw€the€f__king€keys€over€in€the€field.€€AndŠ ¤(ō#' Šthen€[the€Defendant]€got€out€and€walked€around€to€the€back€of€the€car.€.€.€.€[TheŠ )ą$( Šā āDefendant]€said€.€.€.€[the€victim]€was€saying€something€to€him,€and€then€he€pointedŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€gun€at€him.€€And€then€[the€victim]€smacked€the€gun€.€.€.€and€said,€š šWhatššs€this?ššŠ ° Šand€then€[the€Defendant]€shot€[the€victim€several]€times€in€the€chest.ŠœģŠ Š  Šā āStarcher€testified€that€on€the€night€of€the€shooting,€she€and€the€Defendant€had€sexual€relations€afterŠ ˆŲ Šhe€returned€from€Osment€Road.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąStarcher€also€testified€that€she€allowed€police€to€record€a€phone€conversation€that€she€hadŠ L œ Šwith€the€Defendant.€€She€reported€that€during€the€conversation,€the€Defendant€asked€her€š š[t]o€lie€forŠ 8 ˆ Šhim€to€get€him€out€of€trouble.šš€€The€taped€conversation€was€entered€into€evidence€at€trial.Š $ t ŠĢą  ąDr.€Charles€Warren€Harlan,€a€forensic€pathologist,€testified€that€he€performed€an€autopsy€onŠ ü L  Šthe€victim€in€this€case.€€He€testified€that€the€victim€had€sustained€multiple€gunshot€wounds€andŠ č 8  Šspecified€that€he€found€a€total€of€six€wounds€on€the€victimššs€body.€€Three€of€the€wounds,€all€to€theŠ Ō$  Švictimššs€extremities,€were€consistent€with€defensive€wounds.€€Harlan€reported€that€chemical€analysisŠ Ą  Šof€the€victimššs€blood€and€urine€revealed€that€the€victim€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€0.11€gramsŠ ¬ü  Špercent€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€He€stated€that€š šan€individual€will€show€alteration€in€reaction€timeŠ ˜č  Šand€judgment€at€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€0.08€grams€percent€of€ethyl€alcohol€or€greater.šš€€The€testsŠ „Ō  Šalso€showed€the€presence€of€marijuana€in€the€victimššs€urine,€indicating€that€the€victim€had€usedŠ pĄ Šmarijuana€at€some€point€during€the€eight€weeks€previous€to€his€death.€€€€€€€€€€Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąBrandy€Marie€Swafford€testified€that€Michael€Shelton€was€her€boyfriend.€€She€stated€that€theŠ 4„ ŠDefendant€was€her€friend€and€that€she€had€known€him€less€than€a€year.€€She€recalled€that€on€the€dayŠ  p Šof€the€crime,׃ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀the€Defendant,€Shelton,€and€other€friends€visited€her€home,€where€they€š šshot€someŠ  \ Špool€.€.€.€and€sat€around.šš€€During€the€visit,€the€Defendant€and€Shelton€borrowed€her€car,€a€1986Š ųH ŠTransAm€which€had€her€motherššs€license€plate€on€it.€€Swafford€explained€that€she€used€her€motherššsŠ ä4 Šlicense€tag€because€š šthe€people€[she]€bought€her€car€from€never€would€give€[her]€a€tag.šš€€SwaffordŠ Š  Šrecalled€that€the€Defendant€and€Shelton€left€her€home€in€her€car€and€returned€later€that€evening.€€Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąSwafford€stated€that€when€the€Defendant€and€Shelton€arrived€back€at€her€house,€they€wereŠ ”ä Šacting€š šscaredšš€and€nervous,€and€they€were€š štalking€real€fast.šš€€Swafford€testified€that€the€DefendantŠ €Š Štold€her€that€after€he€and€Shelton€left€her€house,€they€were€driving€down€a€road€when€they€passed€aŠ l¼ Šcar€that€they€believed€had€š šbroke[n]€down.šš€€She€related€the€subsequent€events€as€follows:€€Š X Ø Šą8  ąThey€went€past€it.€€[Shelton]€and€[the€Defendant]€both€decided€that€they€was€[sic]Š D!” Šgoing€to€try€to€see€if€they€could€help€the€people,€but€instead€of€turning€around,€theyŠ 0"€  Šjust€backed€up.€[Shelton]€was€driving.€€[Shelton]€told€[the€Defendant]€to€roll€downŠ #l! Šthe€window€to€see€how€far€he€had€to€go€back.€€He€didnššt€want€to€hit€them,€but€theyŠ $X" Štapped€into€them€anyway.€.€.€.€[Shelton]€got€out€to€talk€to€the€man€because€.€.€.€a€manŠ ō$D # Šand€a€woman€was€[sic]€outside€their€car.€€They€got€out€and€[Shelton]€was€talking€toŠ ą%0!$ Šā āthe€man€.€.€.€.€[T]he€guy€started€cussing€them€because€they€hit€the€car.€€ŠĢ&"%Š Š  ŠSwafford€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€her€that€š šthe€guy€got€smart€with€him€and€was€cussing€himŠ ° Šā āand€pushed€him€and€smacked€him,€and€[the€Defendant]€said€that€he€thought€he€was€going€to€doŠ œģ Šsomething,€so€[the€Defendant]€pulled€the€gun.šš€€€Swafford€testified€that€the€Defendant€claimed€heŠ ˆŲ Šshot€the€man.€€Swafford€also€reported€that€the€Defendant€told€her€he€thought€the€man€had€a€weapon.€Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąSwafford€testified€that€after€drinking€four€or€five€beers€and€talking€with€Swafford€and€SheltonŠ L œ Šfor€a€while,€the€Defendant€related€the€story€a€second€time.€€According€to€Swafford,€the€second€timeŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€Defendant€related€the€events€of€the€evening,€he€was€still€nervous,€but€š šit€was€not€really€a€big€dealŠ $ t Šanymore.šš€€She€maintained€that€the€Defendant€š šbraggedšš€about€killing€the€man€and€implied€that€š šitŠ  ` Šwas€[the€victimššs]€stupidity€for€coming€at€[the€Defendant]€like€that€and€he€deserved€it.šš€€SwaffordŠ ü L  Šalso€testified€that€the€Defendant€mimicked€the€manššs€actions€after€he€was€shot,€š šmaking€fun€of€howŠ č 8  Šhe€fell€down€screaming€to€his€wife€heššs€shot.ššŠ Ō$  ŠĢą  ąMichael€Shelton,€who€reported€that€he€was€seventeen€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€crime,Š ¬ü  Štestified€that€he€and€the€Defendant€were€friends€and€that€the€Defendantššs€brother€was€his€š šbestŠ ˜č  Šfriend.šš€€He€recalled€that€on€October€25,€1997,€he,€the€Defendant,€and€other€friends€went€to€š šFantasyŠ „Ō  ŠWorldšš€at€approximately€8:00€p.m.€to€drink€beer€and€to€shoot€pool.€€Shelton€stated€that€they€rode€inŠ pĄ Šhis€girlfriendššs€car.€€He€stated€that€they€left€Fantasy€World€around€11:00€p.m.€and€went€to€a€store€toŠ \¬ Šbuy€beer.€€They€then€went€to€an€apartment€to€drink€the€beer.€€Shelton€testified€that€he€and€theŠ H˜ ŠDefendant€soon€left€the€apartment€in€Swaffordššs€car€to€go€to€a€friendššs€house€that€was€located€offŠ 4„ Šof€Osment€Road.€€Shelton€reported€that€at€the€time,€the€Defendantššs€arm€was€in€a€cast€due€to€a€recentŠ  p Šautomobile€accident,€so€Shelton€was€driving.€€He€also€recalled€that€his€gun€had€been€in€the€car€allŠ  \ Ševening€and€that€it€was€in€the€car€when€he€and€the€Defendant€left€the€apartment.€€Š ųH ŠĢą  ąShelton€testified€that€it€was€dark€and€raining€as€he€and€the€Defendant€drove€down€OsmentŠ Š  ŠRoad.€€He€stated€that€he€and€the€Defendant€noticed€a€man€walking€down€Osment€Road,€and€soonŠ ¼  Šafterwards,€they€saw€a€car€and€other€people€on€the€side€of€the€road.€€Shelton€stated€that€it€looked€asŠ Øų Šthough€the€two€people€standing€outside€the€car€were€š šfighting.šš€€€Thinking€that€the€car€belonged€toŠ ”ä Šthe€man€they€had€seen,€Shelton€decided€to€stop€to€make€sure€the€car€was€not€broken€down.€€As€theyŠ €Š Šbacked€up€towards€the€car,€however,€Shelton€š šbumped€intošš€the€car.€€Š l¼ ŠĢą  ąShelton€reported€that€in€response,€the€two€people€š šcome€up€to€hit€the€passenger€window,Š D!” Šshouting€and€screaming.šš€€He€stated€that€the€people€were€š šdrunkšš€and€smelled€of€liquor.€€SheltonŠ 0"€  Štestified€that€he€got€out€of€the€car€that€he€was€driving,€walked€around€it€to€assess€the€damage,€andŠ #l! Štold€the€people€that€there€was€nothing€wrong€with€their€car.€€Shelton€recalled€that€the€woman€thenŠ $X" Štook€the€keys€from€his€car,€shouting,€š šYou€all€ainššt€going€nowhere.šš€€He€stated€that€everyone€at€theŠ ō$D # Šscene€was€š šcussing.šš€€Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąAccording€to€Shelton,€the€woman€began€walking€down€the€road,€and€he€followed€her,€askingŠ ø'#& Šher€to€return€his€keys.€€Shelton€stated€that€he€followed€the€woman€š šall€the€way€down€the€road.šš€Š ¤(ō#' ŠWhen€he€turned€back€towards€his€car,€Shelton€noticed€the€Defendant€getting€out€of€the€car.€€HeŠ )ą$( Štestified€that€the€Defendant€š šoffered€his€insurance€or€something.šš€€The€victim,€who,€according€toŠ |*Ģ%) ŠShelton,€was€barely€able€to€walk€and€who€had€been€š šmumblingšš€to€the€Defendant€until€this€point,Š h+ø&* Šš šstarted€pushing€[the€Defendant].šš€€Shelton€testified,€š šThen€[the€victim]€walked€in€[the€Defendantššs]Š ° Šface,€and€I€.€.€.€donššt€know€what€he€said,€but€I€know€he€smacked€[the€Defendant]€a€couple€of€times,Š œģ Šor€he€was€moving€his€arms€up€like€that€and€I€heard€a€pop€and€.€.€.€[the€victim]€hit€[the€Defendant]€inŠ ˆŲ Šthe€face.šš€€Shelton€reported€that€the€Defendant€responded€by€š špull[ing]€a€gun€onšš€the€victim€andŠ tÄ Štelling€the€victim€to€š šback€off.šš€€Š `° ŠĢą  ąShelton€testified€that€the€victim€š škind€of€backed€off€a€little,šš€but€then€began€walking€towardŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€Defendant€again€while€holding€his€right€arm€behind€his€leg.€€Shelton€maintained€that€as€heŠ $ t Šwalked€toward€the€Defendant,€the€victim€said,€š šNow€I€got€one,€motherf__ker,šš€and€the€DefendantŠ  ` Šthen€shot€the€victim€several€times€using€Sheltonššs€gun.€€Shelton€recalled€that€after€being€shot,€theŠ ü L  Švictim€turned€around,€began€to€walk€towards€his€car,€and€said€to€his€companion,€š šBaby,€they€shotŠ č 8  Šme,šš€before€falling€to€the€ground.€€Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąShelton€testified€that€the€woman€soon€threw€him€the€keys€to€his€car,€and€he€and€theŠ ¬ü  ŠDefendant€left€the€scene.€€He€reported€that€he€and€the€Defendant€were€š šboth€just€scared,šš€and€heŠ ˜č  Šstated€that€the€Defendant€š šthrew€[the€gun]€outšš€of€the€car€window€while€they€drove€back€to€theŠ „Ō  Šapartment.€€He€testified€that€when€they€arrived€at€the€apartment,€he€drank€š ša€couple€of€beersšš€toŠ pĄ Šrelieve€tension.€€Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąShelton€testified€that€police€officers€began€to€question€him€about€the€incident€on€the€nightŠ 4„ Šof€the€crime,€and€he€accompanied€them€to€š šthe€justice€centeršš€to€give€a€statement.€€Shelton€admittedŠ  p Šthat€he€initially€lied€to€police€by€identifying€someone€other€than€the€Defendant€as€the€shooter.€€HeŠ  \ Šclaimed€that€he€did€so€because€the€police€told€him€that€they€š šalready€got€the€guy€who€did€itšš€and€thatŠ ųH Šthe€other€individual€had€š šalready€admitted€to€it.šš€€Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf€at€trial.€€He€stated€that€he€was€twenty„one€yearsŠ ¼  Šold€at€the€time€of€the€crime.€€He€testified€that€in€October€1997,€he€had€a€job€at€a€cabinet€shop,€butŠ Øų Šwas€not€working€at€the€time€of€the€crime€because€he€had€injured€his€hand€in€an€automobile€accident.€Š ”ä ŠThe€Defendant€recalled€that€on€October€25,€1997,€he€was€visiting€his€mother,€who€lived€inŠ €Š ŠCleveland,€Tennessee,€and€he€went€to€his€cousinššs€birthday€party€there€at€an€apartment€complex.€Š l¼ ŠThat€evening,€the€Defendant€and€several€others€bought€beer€and€drove€to€Fantasy€World,€where€theyŠ X Ø Šš šshot€pool€and€listened€to€music.šš€€They€then€returned€to€an€apartment€to€drink€more€beer.€€TheŠ D!” ŠDefendant€testified€that€at€approximately€11:00€p.m.,€he€and€Shelton€left€the€apartment€to€drive€toŠ 0"€  Ša€friendššs€house€that€was€located€off€Osment€Road.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€on€the€way,€theyŠ #l! Šsaw€a€š šman€walking€off€the€road,šš€and€they€guessed€that€the€man€was€having€š šcar€trouble.šš€€As€theyŠ $X" Šrounded€a€corner,€they€saw€a€car€š šsitting€in€the€roadšš€and€two€people€standing€in€front€of€the€car.€Š ō$D # ŠThe€Defendant€testified€that€after€passing€the€car,€he€told€Shelton€to€stop€to€see€if€the€people€neededŠ ą%0!$ Šhelp.€€He€recalled€that€Shelton€stopped€and€backed€up,€accidentally€š šbump[ing]šš€the€car.€€Š Ģ&"% ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€testified€that€the€two€people,€whom€he€identified€as€Tracey€Green€and€theŠ ¤(ō#' Švictim,€then€š šrun€[sic]€up€to€[his]€window,€screaming€and€yelling€and€cussing€at€[him].šš€€He€reportedŠ )ą$( Šthat€they€were€š špointing€their€finger[s]€in€[his]€face.šš€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€told€SheltonŠ |*Ģ%) Šthat€they€should€leave,€stating,€š š[t]hereššs€going€to€be€trouble,šš€but€Shelton€wanted€to€see€if€he€hadŠ h+ø&* Šdamaged€Greenššs€car.€€While€Shelton€got€out€of€the€car,€the€Defendant€began€looking€for€insuranceŠ ° Šinformation€in€his€wallet.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€however,€Green€and€the€victim€told€him,Š œģ Šš šF__k€you€and€your€insurance,€you€little€bastards.€€Youššre€going€to€jail.šš€€The€Defendant€reportedŠ ˆŲ Šthat€the€victim€then€walked€to€the€back€of€the€car€and€began€š šcussing€[Shelton]šš€while€SheltonŠ tÄ Šattempted€to€reason€with€the€victim.€€Š `° ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€stated€that€during€the€commotion,€Green€š šgrabbed€the€keys€out€of€the€car.ššŠ 8 ˆ ŠThe€Defendant€testified€that€at€this€point,€he€decided€to€put€Sheltonššs€gun€into€his€back€pocket.€€HeŠ $ t Šexplained€that€he€decided€to€carry€the€gun€because€his€š šleft€hand€was€broke€in€five€places,€and€[he]Š  ` Š.€.€.€couldnššt€defend€himself€against€a€grown€man.ššŠ ü L  ŠĢą  ąAccording€to€the€Defendant,€as€Shelton€began€to€plead€with€Green€to€return€his€car€keys,€theŠ Ō$  ŠDefendant€walked€to€the€back€of€their€car€to€assess€the€damage€to€Greenššs€car.€€He€asked€the€victimŠ Ą  Što€also€look€at€the€car,€telling€the€victim€that€he€could€not€find€any€damage€to€Greenššs€car.€€TheŠ ¬ü  ŠDefendant€testified€that€the€victim€š šwalked€over€and€started€pushing€on€[him].šš€€The€DefendantŠ ˜č  Šreported€that€the€victim€then€š šslapped€[him]€in€the€facešš€and€pushed€him€two€or€three€more€times.€Š „Ō  ŠThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€told€the€victim€to€š šback€off€and€quit,šš€but€the€victim€slapped€himŠ pĄ Šagain.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€therefore€š špulled€the€pistol€out€on€him[,]€.€.€.€stuck€the€gun€inŠ \¬ Šhis€face€and€[]€told€him€to€back€off.šš€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€he€š šstood€there€for€a€second,šš€andŠ H˜ Šthen€the€victim€asked,€š šWhat€the€f__k€is€that?šš€€According€to€the€Defendant,€the€victim€š štried€to€slapŠ 4„ Šthe€gun,šš€but€instead€hit€the€Defendantššs€arm.€€The€Defendant€again€told€the€victim€to€š šback€off,ššŠ  p Šand€the€victim€responded,€š šOh.€€Okay.€€Okay.šš€€The€Defendant€testified€that€the€victim€then€walkedŠ  \ Što€Greenššs€car€as€the€Defendant€lowered€his€gun,€reached€inside€the€car,€and€walked€rapidly€backŠ ųH Štoward€the€Defendant,€saying,€š šNow€I€got€one,€motherf__ker.šš€€The€Defendant€stated,€š šWhen€I€seenŠ ä4 Šhis€right€hand€come€up,€I€fired€two€shots.šš€€The€Defendant€maintained€that€the€victim€wasŠ Š  Šapproximately€two€feet€from€the€barrel€of€the€gun€when€he€fired€the€second€shot,€and€he€claimed€thatŠ ¼  Šhe€believed€his€life€was€in€danger€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€Š Øų ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€testified€that€after€he€shot€the€victim,€the€victim€turned€around,€walked€backŠ €Š Što€his€car€door,€and€squatted€down.€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€Tracey€Green€then€ran€to€him,Š l¼ Šasking€what€had€happened,€and€the€victim€said,€š šOh,€God,€baby,€they€shot€me.€€They€shot€me.šš€€TheŠ X Ø ŠDefendant€testified€that€he€was€afraid€and€š šjust€wanted€to€leave€and€get€away€from€there,šš€so€heŠ D!” Šdemanded€the€keys€from€Green,€who€tossed€the€keys€under€Sheltonššs€car.€€The€Defendant€andŠ 0"€  ŠShelton€obtained€the€keys€and€left€the€scene.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€on€the€way€home,€he€threwŠ #l! Šthe€gun€out€of€the€car€window.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€later€that€night,€he€told€Vanessa€StarcherŠ $X" Šand€Brandy€Swafford€what€had€happened,€but€he€denied€that€he€ever€joked€about€the€shooting.€€Š ō$D # ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€admitted€that€he€had€spoken€to€Vanessa€Starcher€in€a€secretly€taped€phoneŠ Ģ&"% Šconversation€about€Starcher€acting€as€his€alibi.€€He€claimed€that€after€the€crime,€Starcher€approachedŠ ø'#& Šhis€cousin€š šabout€being€an€alibi.šš€€Ō#†X”XXX”i#ŌŌ‡X”XXX”ŌHe€also€admitted€that€he€initially€gave€a€false€statement€to€policeŠ ¤(ō#' Šregarding€his€whereabouts€on€the€night€of€the€shooting.€€However,€the€Defendant€maintained€that€heŠ )ą$( Šlied€to€police€because€he€was€afraid.Š |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Šą  ąOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€testified€that€he€knew€that€š š[i]tššs€wrong€to€killŠ ° Šsomeone.šš€€Nevertheless,€he€claimed€that€it€was€not€wrong€to€kill€the€victim€š šafter€[the€victim]Š œģ Šimplied€to€[the€Defendant]€that€he€had€a€weapon.šš€€He€insisted€that€he€was€not€at€fault€because€ofŠ ˆŲ Šthe€victimššs€actions.Š tÄ ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņII.€€ANALYSISŠ L œ ŠÓ¬ŠÓÓ  ÓĢA.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óŠ $ t ŠÓķŠÓĢą  ąThe€Defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€€The€Defendant€wasŠ ü L  Šconvicted€of€second€degree€murder,€which€is€defined,€in€pertinent€part,€as€š š[a]€knowing€killing€ofŠ č 8  Šanother.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„210(a)(1).€€š šššKnowingšš€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€knowinglyŠ Ō$  Šwith€respect€to€the€conduct€or€to€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€awareŠ Ą  Šof€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€that€the€circumstances€exist.€€A€person€acts€knowingly€with€respectŠ ¬ü  Što€a€result€of€the€personššs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certainŠ ˜č  Što€cause€the€result€.€.€.€.šššš€€ņņId.ó󀚚€39„11„106(a)(20).€€In€his€brief,€the€Defendant€contends€that€š šthe€factsŠ „Ō  Šthat€were€developed€at€trial€more€closely€support€a€finding€of€voluntary€manslaughter€rather€thanŠ pĄ Šsecond€degree€murder.šš€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€39„13„211.€€Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court's€standard€ofŠ 4„ Šreview€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€anyŠ  p Šrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Š  \ ŠņņJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€ņņState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);Š ųH ŠTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,Š ä4 Šcircumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€ņņState€v.Š Š  ŠPendergrassóó,€13€S.W.3d€389,€392-93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000).Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re-weigh€or€re-evaluateŠ ”ä Šthe€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€thisŠ €Š ŠCourt€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Buggsóó,Š l¼ Š995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);Ō#†X”XXX”Š‡#ŌŌ‡X”XXX”Ō€ņņLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956).ņņóó€€QuestionsŠ X Ø Šconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allŠ D!” Šfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859.€Š 0"€  ŠThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceŠ #l! Šcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Š $X" ŠņņState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantŠ ō$D # Šremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalŠ ą%0!$ Šdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyŠ Ģ&"% Šverdict.€€ņņId.Š ø'#& ŠĢóóą  ąIn€this€case,€the€Defendant€never€denied€that€he€shot€the€victim.€€Rather,€he€contends€that€he€Š )ą$( Šacted€š šin€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€personŠ |*Ģ%) Što€act€in€an€irrational€manner.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„211(a).€€The€State€presented€evidence€thatŠ h+ø&* Šthe€Defendant€shot€the€victim€after€the€men€engaged€in€a€verbal€disagreement.€€Tracey€GreenŠ ° Štestified€that€the€victim€did€not€have€a€weapon€in€his€possession€on€the€night€of€his€death€and€thatŠ œģ Šthe€shooting€occurred€after€a€relatively€short€verbal€confrontation.€€Green€did€not€witness€any€typeŠ ˆŲ Šof€physical€altercation€between€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€prior€to€the€victimššs€death.€€TheŠ tÄ ŠDefendant€himself€testified€that€he€put€a€gun€in€his€pocket€prior€to€emerging€from€his€friendššs€carŠ `° Što€speak€to€the€victim,€and€he€also€stated€that€he€pointed€the€gun€at€the€victim€during€the€altercation.€Š L œ ŠAlthough€the€Defendant€and€Michael€Shelton€each€testified€that€the€victim€physically€accosted€theŠ 8 ˆ ŠDefendant€and€that€the€victim€appeared€to€have€a€gun,€this€testimony€was€apparently€discredited€byŠ $ t Šthe€jury.€€It€was€within€the€juryššs€purview€to€determine€whether€the€Defendant€acted€in€a€state€ofŠ  ` Špassion€and€whether€he€was€adequately€provoked€to€shoot€the€victim.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€atŠ ü L  Š859;€ņņState€v.€Johnsonóó,€909€S.W.2d€461,€464€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).ņņóó€€The€jury€found€that€theŠ č 8  ŠDefendant€did€not€act€in€a€š šstate€of€passion,šš€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„211(a),€but€rather€that€heŠ Ō$  Šacted€in€a€knowing€manner.€€We€may€not€disturb€this€finding€on€appeal.€€We€conclude€that€sufficientŠ Ą  Ševidence€was€presented€at€trial€to€support€the€juryššs€finding€that€the€Defendant€was€aware€that€hisŠ ¬ü  Šconduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€victimššs€death.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€39„11„106(a)(20).€€This€issueŠ ˜č  Šis€therefore€without€merit.€€Š „Ō  ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņB.€€Suppression€of€Defendantššs€Statementó óŠ \¬ ŠÓ4”ÓĢą  ąThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€suppress€his€statement€to€police.€Š 4„ ŠHe€claims€that€he€did€not€voluntarily€waive€his€rights€prior€to€making€the€statement.€€In€support€ofŠ  p Šthis€argument,€he€points€to€the€fact€that€he€signed€only€part€of€part€of€the€waiver€of€rights€formŠ  \ Šprovided€by€police:€On€the€form,€he€provided€his€signature€to€indicate€that€he€understood€his€rights;Š ųH Šhowever,€he€refused€to€sign€the€second€half€of€the€form,€which€stated€that€he€was€voluntarily€andŠ ä4 Šwillingly€giving€up€his€right€to€remain€silent,€that€he€did€not€wish€to€have€a€lawyer€present€duringŠ Š  Šquestioning,€and€that€he€was€not€coerced€into€giving€his€statement.€€Under€the€signature€line€for€theŠ ¼  Šsecond€portion€of€the€form,€Detective€Alvarez€wrote€the€following:€š šDefendant€refused€to€sign.€€SaidŠ Øų Šhe€understood€his€rights€and€proceeded€to€give€a€statement€to€myself€and€Cpt.€Burnett€who€led€theŠ ”ä Šinterview.ššŠ €Š ŠĢą  ąAt€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress€the€Defendantššs€statement,€Detective€AlvarezŠ X Ø Štestified€that€after€refusing€to€sign€the€second€half€of€the€waiver€of€rights€form,€the€DefendantŠ D!” Šindicated€no€hesitation€to€speak€to€police€about€the€crime.€€Alvarez€testified€that€the€Defendant€didŠ 0"€  Šnot€request€a€lawyer,€and€he€maintained€that€he€never€felt€that€the€police€were€proceeding€against€theŠ #l! ŠDefendantššs€wishes€by€taking€the€Defendantššs€statement.€€Alvarez€stated€that€the€Defendant€toldŠ $X" Špolice€that€he€was€unwilling€to€sign€the€second€signature€line,€but€he€also€told€police€that€he€wasŠ ō$D # Šwilling€to€provide€a€statement.€€In€addition,€Alvarez€stated€that€there€was€š š[n]o€question€in€[his]Š ą%0!$ Šmindšš€that€the€Defendant€understood€his€rights€at€the€time€he€made€his€statement.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€also€testified€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress.€€He€stated,€š šThey€readŠ ¤(ō#' Šme€my€rights€and€asked€me€if€I€understood€my€rights,€and€I€signed€that€I€did€understand€my€rights.ššŠ )ą$( ŠWith€regard€to€the€signature€line€that€he€refused€to€sign,€the€Defendant€testified€that€he€believed€thatŠ |*Ģ%) Šš šif€[he]€signed€it€.€.€.€[he]€signed€his€rights€away;€that€[he]€had€to€tell€the€detectives€whatever€heŠ h+ø&* Šknew.šš€€He€stated€that€he€believed€that€if€he€signed€the€second€portion€of€the€waiver€of€rights€form,Š ° Šhe€š šcouldnššt€plead€the€5ņņthóó€or€remain€silent;€that€[he]€had€to€speak€without€a€lawyer€.€.€.€.šš€€TheŠ œģ ŠDefendant€claimed€that€at€the€time€he€made€the€statement,€he€was€š šscared€to€death€and€really€didnšštŠ ˆŲ Šknow€what€to€do€or€wasnššt€really€thinking€clearly.šš€€However,€he€also€told€the€trial€court€that€he€didŠ tÄ Šin€fact€understand€his€rights,€and€he€testified€that€he€made€his€statement€with€a€full€understandingŠ `° Šof€his€rights.€€The€Defendant€further€testified€that€he€was€twenty„one€years€old,€that€he€could€readŠ L œ Šand€write,€and€that€he€had€completed€his€G.E.D.€€Š 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€the€Defendantššs€testimony,€the€trial€court€overruled€the€Defendantššs€Š  ` Šmotion€to€suppress€the€statement.€€The€court€found€that€the€Defendant€understood€his€rights€andŠ ü L  Šš šwaived€those€rights,€whether€or€not€he€signed€a€particular€document.šš€€The€court€concluded,€š š[I]nŠ č 8  Šlooking€at€the€totality€of€the€circumstances,€itššs€clear€[the€Defendant]€understood€what€his€rightsŠ Ō$  Šwere,€and€understanding€those€rights,€he€proceeded€to€give€a€statement€to€the€detective.šš€€€Š Ą  ŠĢą  ąWhen€an€evidentiary€hearing€is€held€on€the€merits€of€a€motion€to€suppress,€the€State€mustŠ ˜č  Šdemonstrate€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€Defendant's€statements€were€voluntary,Š „Ō  Šknowing€and€intelligent.€€ņņState€v.€Andrade€Bruce€Williams,€Jr.óó,€No.€01C01-9803-CR-00104,€1999Š pĄ ŠWL€191782,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Apr.€8,€1999)€(citing€ņņState€v.€Kellyóó,€603€S.W.2dŠ \¬ Š726,€728€(Tenn.€1980)).€The€trial€court,€as€the€trier€of€fact,€is€entrusted€with€determining€theŠ H˜ Šcredibility€of€witnesses,€as€well€as€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence€presented.€€ņņState€v.€Odomóó,Š 4„ Š928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€In€determining€the€admissibility€of€a€confession,€the€totality€of€theŠ  p Šcircumstances€must€be€examined.€€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€933€S.W.2d€450,€455€(Tenn.€1996).€€TheŠ  \ Šconfession€š šššmust€not€be€extracted€by€any€sort€of€threats€or€violence,€nor€obtained€by€any€direct€orŠ ųH Šimplied€promises,€however€slight,€nor€by€the€exertion€of€any€improper€influence€.€.€.€.šššš€ņņId.óó€(quotingŠ ä4 ŠņņBram€v.€United€Statesóó,€168€U.S.€532,€542-43€(1897)).€€The€standard€to€be€followed€is€whether€š ššštheŠ Š  Šbehavior€of€the€state's€law€enforcement€officials€was€such€as€to€overbear€petitioner's€will€to€resist€andŠ ¼  Šbring€about€confessions€not€freely€self-determined€.€.€.€.šššš€€ņņKellyóó,€603€S.W.2d€at€728€(quoting€ņņRogersŠ Øų Šv.€Richmondóó,€365€U.S.€534,€544€(1961)).Š ”ä ŠĢą  ąA€trial€court's€determination€at€a€suppression€hearing€is€presumptively€correct€on€appeal.€Š l¼ ŠņņState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€The€reviewing€court€is€bound€by€the€trialŠ X Ø Šcourt's€findings€of€fact€unless€the€evidence€found€in€the€record€preponderates€against€these€findings.Š D!” ŠņņOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€On€review,€the€prevailing€party€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€viewŠ 0"€  Šof€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€therefrom.€€ņņId.óó€€However,€this€Court€is€not€bound€byŠ #l! Šthe€trial€court's€conclusions€of€law.€€ņņState€v.€Simpsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€1998).Š $X" ŠĢą  ąWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€in€the€record€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtššsŠ ą%0!$ Šfindings€in€this€case.€€The€Defendant€himself€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€he€gave€aŠ Ģ&"% Šstatement€to€police€with€a€full€understanding€of€his€rights.€€We€find€no€evidence€of€coercion,€threats,Š ø'#& Šviolence,€or€other€improper€influence€in€the€record.€€We€further€note€that€the€absence€of€theŠ ¤(ō#' ŠDefendantššs€signature€on€the€second€portion€of€the€waiver€of€rights€form€does€not€necessitate€aŠ )ą$( Šā āfinding€that€he€refused€to€waive€his€right€to€counsel.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Huddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€666,€669„Š |*Ģ%) Š70€(Tenn.€1996).€€We€thus€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€Defendantššs€motion€toŠ ° Šsuppress€his€statement€to€police.Š œģ Šā āĢÓ  Óņ ņC.€€Autopsy€Photographsó 󀀱 @h ąŠ tÄ ŠÓm¾ÓĢą  ąThe€Defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€into€evidence€autopsyŠ P   Šphotographs€of€the€victim.€He€contends€that€the€photographs€constituted€cumulative€evidence,€andŠ < Œ Šhe€argues€that€the€photographs€were€unduly€prejudicial.Š ( x ŠĢą  ąWe€first€note€that€the€Defendant€has€failed€to€include€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€Š  P  ŠGenerally,€failure€to€include€an€issue€in€a€motion€for€new€trial€waives€consideration€of€the€issue€onŠ ģ <  Šappeal.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e);€ņņState€v.€Clintonóó,€754€S.W.2d€100,€103€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€Š Ų(  ŠThus,€the€Defendant€has€waived€this€issue€on€appeal.€€Nevertheless,€we€will€briefly€address€theŠ Ä  Šmerits€of€the€issue.Š °  ŠĢą  ąThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€determined€that€the€admissibility€of€photographs€is€aŠ ˆŲ  Šmatter€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€a€trial€court's€ruling€concerning€the€admission€intoŠ tÄ Ševidence€of€photographs€š šwill€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€except€upon€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuseŠ `° Šof€discretion.šš€ņņState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949€(Tenn.€1978).€€š šTo€be€admissible,€photographsŠ Lœ Šmust€be€relevant€to€some€issue€at€trial€and€their€probative€value€must€outweigh€their€undueŠ 8ˆ Šprejudicial€effect,€if€any.šš€€ņņState€v.€Gannóó,€733€S.W.2d€113,€115€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Š $t ŠĢą  ąThe€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€state€that€all€relevant€evidence€is€generally€admissible.Š üL ŠTenn.€R.€Evid.€402.€€Relevant€evidence€is€defined€as€š ševidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€theŠ č8 Šexistence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€lessŠ Ō$ Šprobable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€However,€š š[a]lthoughŠ Ą Šrelevant,€evidence€may€be€excluded€if€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€dangerŠ ¬ü Šof€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undueŠ ˜č Šdelay,€waste€of€time,€or€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.Š „Ō ŠĢą  ąIn€overruling€the€Defendantššs€motion€to€exclude€the€autopsy€photographs,€the€trial€courtŠ \ ¬ Šstated,€š š[A]s€far€as€photographs€go,€.€.€.€these€are€about€as€unobtrusive€as€Iššve€ever€seen.€€They€areŠ H!˜ Šobviously€taken€in€a€very€professional€manner€and€.€.€.€they€donššt€show€the€victimššs€face€or€any€otherŠ 4"„  Špart,€other€than€what€I€presume€the€doctor€will€be€speaking€about.šš€€Having€reviewed€theŠ  #p! Šphotographs€at€issue,€we€agree€with€the€trial€courtššs€conclusions.€€The€photographs€are€notŠ  $\" Šparticularly€graphic.€€We€also€note€that€the€photographs€depict€what€Dr.€Harlan€described€asŠ ų$H # Šš šdefensive€wounds,šš€and€thus,€the€photographs€are€probative€of€whether€the€Defendant€acted€in€self„Š ä%4!$ Šdefense,€as€he€claimed€at€trial.€€We€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€on€the€part€of€the€trial€court€inŠ Š& "% Šadmitting€the€photographs€into€evidence.Š ¼' #& ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņĢĢŠ l+¼&* ŠD.€€Individual€Voir€Dire€of€Jurorsó óŠ ° ŠÓ@ĢÓĢą  ąThe€Defendant€next€contends€that€the€jury€considered€extraneous€facts€in€arriving€at€itsŠ ˆŲ Šverdict.€€The€Defendant€further€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€the€manner€in€which€it€conductedŠ tÄ Ša€post„trial€voir€dire€of€the€jurors€concerning€this€issue.€€Š `° ŠĢą  ąAfter€his€trial,€the€Defendant€filed€a€š šMotion€for€Leave€to€Interview€Jurors.šš€€In€support€ofŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€motion,€the€Defendant€filed€an€affidavit€in€which€he€stated€that€when€the€jury€retired€to€beginŠ $ t Šdeliberations,€he€was€placed€in€a€holding€room€in€the€courthouse€where€his€trial€occurred.€€TheŠ  ` ŠDefendant€claimed€that€while€he€was€in€the€holding€room,€he€overheard€š šone€of€the€jurors€.€.€.€sayŠ ü L  Šin€deliberations€that€he€had€read€in€the€paper€that€[the€Defendant]€had€killed€a€man€before€as€aŠ č 8  Šjuvenile€and€that€he€was€going€to€convict€no€matter€what.šš€€In€his€motion€for€new€trial,€the€DefendantŠ Ō$  Šstated,€š šOne€or€more€jurors€are€believed€to€have€interjected€extraneous€information€about€theŠ Ą  ŠDefendantššs€prior€criminal€record€which€was€improper€and€not€evidence€introduced€properly€at€trail€Š ¬ü  Š[sic].€€This€is€believed€to€have€influenced€the€juryššs€verdict€in€a€manner€which€was€unfairlyŠ ˜č  Šprejudicial€to€the€Defendant.šš€Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąAfter€the€Defendant€filed€his€affidavit€regarding€this€matter,€the€trial€court€denied€theŠ \¬ ŠDefendantššs€motion€to€interview€jurors.€€However,€the€Defendant€filed€a€motion€to€reconsider€andŠ H˜ Šfiled€a€second€affidavit€by€an€attorney€who€stated€that€while€he€was€in€the€hallway€of€the€courthouseŠ 4„ Šin€which€the€Defendantššs€trial€was€held,€he€overheard€a€man€tell€another€individual:€š šhe€wasŠ  p Šconvicted€of€second€degree€murder,šš€and€š šthe€guy€had€been€convicted€of€killing€a€man€when€he€wasŠ  \ Šsixteen.šš€€The€trial€court€subsequently€granted€the€Defendantššs€motion€to€reconsider€and€conductedŠ ųH Ša€hearing€on€the€matter€on€September€2,€1998.׃ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ä4 ŠĢą  ąAt€the€hearing,€the€trial€court,€over€objection€by€the€Defendant,€advised€each€juror€of€his€orŠ ¼  Šher€rights€before€questioning€the€jurors€about€this€issue.€€The€court€reasoned€that€if€a€juror€admittedŠ Øų Što€having€knowledge€of€the€Defendantššs€past€record€and€if€it€became€apparent€that€the€juror€hadŠ ”ä Šfailed€to€disclose€that€knowledge€during€voir€dire€prior€to€trial,€the€State€could€possibly€elect€toŠ €Š Šprosecute€the€juror€for€perjury.€€The€court€concluded€that€it€had€no€choice€but€to€advise€the€jurors€ofŠ l¼ Štheir€rights€š šif€the€end€result€is€that€[this€proceeding]€could€result€in€a€prosecution€against€them.ššŠ X Ø Š€Ģą  ąThe€Defendant€first€complains€that€the€jury€in€his€case€was€influenced€by€extraneousŠ 0"€  Šinformation.€€At€the€hearing€conducted€on€this€matter,€some€of€the€jurors€who€were€questionedŠ #l! Šinformed€the€court€that€they€learned€of€the€Defendantššs€prior€conviction€after€the€trial.€€€However,Š $X" Šnone€of€the€jurors€who€were€questioned€indicated€that€they€had€any€knowledge€of€the€DefendantššsŠ ō$D # Šprior€juvenile€conviction€during€trial€or€at€the€time€of€jury€deliberations.€€Moreover,€none€of€theŠ ° Šjurors€recalled€the€subject€arising€during€deliberations.€€In€fact,€some€of€the€jurors€stated€that€theyŠ œģ Šhad€no€knowledge€of€the€Defendantššs€prior€record€until€they€were€informed€of€it€at€the€hearing.€Š ˆŲ ŠThus,€we€agree€with€the€trial€courtššs€conclusion€that€š šabsolutely€no€foundationšš€exists€to€support€theŠ tÄ ŠDefendantššs€allegations€of€juror€misconduct.Š `° ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant,€however,€also€challenges€the€manner€in€which€the€trial€court€conducted€theŠ 8 ˆ Šhearing€on€this€matter.€€He€complains€that€it€was€not€necessary€for€the€trial€court€to€inform€each€jurorŠ $ t Šof€his€or€her€rights€before€questioning€them€because€š ša€right€to€counsel€had€not€even€attached.šš€€InŠ  ` Šhis€brief,€the€Defendant€states,€š šThe€only€thing€that€the€court€accomplished€in€conducting€voir€direŠ ü L  Šin€the€manner€it€did€was€to€create€an€atmosphere€of€tension,€which€chilled€any€hope€of€getting€at€theŠ č 8  Štruth.šš€€In€addition,€the€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€questioning€four€of€theŠ Ō$  Šjurors€who€convicted€him.Š Ą  ŠĢą  ąThe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€in€part€that€"no€person€.€.Š ˜č  Š.€shall€be€compelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself."€U.S.€Const.€amend.€V.Š „Ō  ŠSimilarly,€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€states€that€"in€all€criminal€prosecutions,Š pĄ Šthe€accused€.€.€.€shall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself."€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€šš€9.€Š \¬ ŠMiranda€warnings€are€intended€to€protect€a€personššs€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€ņņSeeóóŠ H˜ ŠņņMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€478„79€(1966).€€Miranda€warnings€are€required€when€a€personŠ 4„ Šis€subject€to€custodial€interrogation€by€law€enforcement.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀀹 šCustodialšš€means€that€the€subjectŠ  p Šof€questioning€is€in€š šcustody€or€otherwise€deprived€of€his€freedom€by€the€authorities€in€anyŠ  \ Šsignificant€way.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€478.€€š šInterrogationšš€has€been€interpreted€to€refer€to€questions€that€lawŠ ųH Šenforcement€officers€should€know€are€reasonably€likely€to€elicit€an€incriminating€response.€€ņņRhodeŠ ä4 ŠIsland€v.€Innisóó,€446€U.S.€291,€301€(1980).€Š Š  ŠĢą  ąIn€this€case,€the€court€provided€Miranda€warnings€not€for€individuals€already€accused€ofŠ Øų Šcrimes,€but€for€jurors€acting€as€witnesses€in€court.€€However,€we€find€no€error€by€the€trial€court€inŠ ”ä Šadvising€the€jurors€of€their€rights€prior€to€questioning€them.€€The€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€hasŠ €Š Šconcluded€that€š šwhere€there€is€a€conflict€between€the€basic€right€of€a€defendant€to€compulsoryŠ l¼ Šprocess€and€the€witness's€right€against€self-€incrimination,€.€.€.€the€right€against€self-incrimination€isŠ X Ø Šthe€stronger€and€paramount€right.šš€€ņņState€v.€Dicksóó,€615€S.W.2d€126,€129€(Tenn.€1981).€€Furthermore,Š D!” Ša€trial€court€has€wide€discretion€as€to€the€proceedings€before€it.€€ņņState€v.€Kingóó,€40€S.W.3d€442,€449Š 0"€  Š(Tenn.€2001).€€The€court€in€this€case€opted€to€inform€the€jurors€of€their€rights€out€of€an€abundanceŠ #l! Šof€caution,€and€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtššs€decision€to€do€so€was€not€an€abuse€of€its€discretion.Š $X" ŠĢą  ąWe€also€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€failing€to€question€everyŠ ą%0!$ Šjuror€that€served€for€the€Defendantššs€trial.€€The€record€indicates€that€a€few€of€the€jurors€wereŠ Ģ&"% Šunavailable€for€the€post„trial€proceedings,€and€the€trial€court€thus€proceeded€without€them.€€GivenŠ ø'#& Šthat€all€other€jurors€who€were€questioned€during€the€post„trial€proceedings€denied€any€knowledgeŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€the€Defendantššs€prior€criminal€history€at€the€time€of€deliberations€and€that€some€of€the€jurors€evenŠ )ą$( Šā āexpressed€surprise€at€learning€of€the€Defendantššs€prior€conviction,€we€are€satisfied€that€the€DefendantŠ |*Ģ%) Šsuffered€no€prejudice€as€a€result€of€the€trial€courtššs€failure€to€question€every€juror€that€sat€for€his€trial.€Š ° ŠWe€conclude€that€this€issue€is€therefore€without€merit.€€Š œģ Šā ā€€€Š ˆŲ ŠÓ  Óņ ņE.€€Sentencingó óŠ tÄ ŠÓUķÓĢą  ąFinally,€the€Defendant€argues€that€he€was€improperly€sentenced.€€He€contends€that€the€trialŠ L œ Šcourt€failed€to€consider€appropriate€mitigating€factors€in€sentencing€him€and€that€the€trial€court€erredŠ 8 ˆ Šby€sentencing€him€to€the€maximum€sentence€within€his€range.€€The€Defendant€specifically€arguesŠ $ t Šthat€the€trial€court€should€have€applied€mitigating€factors€(2),€(3),€(8),€(11),€and€(13).€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeŠ  ` ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„113(2),€(3),€(8),€(11),€(13).Š ü L  ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€criminal€defendant€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,Š Ō$  Šthe€reviewing€court€must€conduct€a€ņņde€novoóó€review€of€the€sentence€with€a€presumption€that€theŠ Ą  Šdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€ņņóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d).€€ThisŠ ¬ü  Špresumption,€however,€š šis€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtŠ ˜č  Šconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Š „Ō  ŠS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€the€event€that€the€record€fails€to€show€such€consideration,€theŠ pĄ Šreview€of€the€sentence€is€purely€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó.€€ņņState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š \¬ Š1992).Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąIn€making€its€sentencing€determination,€the€trial€court,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencingŠ  p Šhearing,€determines€the€range€of€sentence€and€then€determines€the€specific€sentence€and€the€proprietyŠ  \ Šof€sentencing€alternatives€by€considering€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€theŠ ųH Šsentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€toŠ ä4 Šsentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved,€(5)Š Š  Ševidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,€(6)€anyŠ ¼  Šstatements€the€defendant€wishes€to€make€in€the€defendant's€behalf€about€sentencing,€and€(7)€theŠ Øų Špotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€ņņóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„35„210(a),€(b),€„103(5);€ņņState€v.Š ”ä ŠWilliamsóó,€920€S.W.2d€247,€258€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Š €Š ŠĢą  ąThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€second€degree€murder,€a€Class€A€felony.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeŠ X Ø ŠAnn.€šš€39„13„210(b).€€Because€the€Defendant€was€sentenced€as€a€Range€I€standard€offender,€theŠ D!” Šappropriate€range€for€his€sentence€was€between€fifteen€and€twenty„five€years.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„35„Š 0"€  Š112(a)(1).€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€the€midpoint€of€the€sentencing€rangeŠ #l! Šunless€there€are€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors€present.€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40„35„210(c).€€If€there€areŠ $X" Šenhancement€or€mitigating€factors,€the€court€must€start€at€the€presumptive€sentence,€enhance€theŠ ō$D # Šsentence€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancement€factors,€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€in€the€range€asŠ ą%0!$ Šappropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40„35„210(e).€€The€weight€to€be€given€each€factor€is€leftŠ Ģ&"% Što€the€discretion€of€the€trial€judge.€€ņņSheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€at€123.€€However,€the€sentence€must€beŠ ø'#& Šadequately€supported€by€the€record€and€comply€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989Š ¤(ō#' ŠSentencing€Reform€Act.€€ņņState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€237€(Tenn.€1986).Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą  ąWhen€imposing€a€sentence,€the€trial€court€must€make€specific€findings€of€fact€on€the€recordŠ ° Šā āsupporting€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„209(c).€€The€record€should€also€include€anyŠ œģ Šenhancement€or€mitigating€factors€applied€by€the€trial€court.€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40„35„210(f).€€Thus,€if€the€trialŠ ˆŲ Šcourt€wishes€to€enhance€a€sentence,€the€court€must€state€its€reasons€on€the€record.€€The€purpose€ofŠ tÄ Šrecording€the€courtššs€reasoning€is€to€guarantee€the€preparation€of€a€proper€record€for€appellateŠ `° Šreview.€€ņņState€v.€Ervinóó,€939€S.W.2d€581,€584€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€Because€the€record€in€thisŠ L œ Šcase€indicates€that€the€trial€court€adequately€considered€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€asŠ 8 ˆ Šwell€as€the€underlying€facts,€our€review€is€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó€with€a€presumption€of€correctness.Š $ t ŠĢą  ąIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€that€theŠ ü L  Šcourt€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€theŠ č 8  Šfactors€and€principles€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€and€that€the€trial€courtššs€findings€of€fact€areŠ Ō$  Šadequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€we€may€not€modify€the€sentence€"even€if€we€would€haveŠ Ą  Špreferred€a€different€result."€€ņņState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€TheŠ ¬ü  Šdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence€imposed.€€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2dŠ ˜č  Šat€169.ņņóóŠ „Ō  ŠĢą  ąIn€sentencing€the€Defendant,€the€trial€court€applied€two€enhancement€factors:€enhancementŠ \¬ Šfactor€(8),€that€š š[t]he€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditionsŠ H˜ Šof€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community,šš€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(8),€andŠ 4„ Šenhancement€factor€(20),€that€€š š[t]he€defendant€was€adjudicated€to€have€committed€a€delinquent€actŠ  p Šor€acts€as€a€juvenile€that€would€constitute€a€felony€if€committed€by€an€adult,šš€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„35„114(20).€Š  \ ŠThe€record€supports€the€imposition€of€both€of€these€enhancement€factors.Š ųH ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€then€considered€proposed€mitigating€factors.€€It€rejected€mitigating€factor€(2),Š Š  Šthat€š š[t]he€defendant€acted€under€strong€provocation,šš€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„35„113(2),€and€mitigating€factor€(3),Š ¼  Šthat€š š[s]ubstantial€grounds€exist€tending€to€excuse€or€justify€the€defendantššs€criminal€conduct,€thoughŠ Øų Šfailing€to€establish€a€defense,šš€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„35„113(3).€€The€court€explained€its€reasoning€as€follows:€Š ”ä Šą8  ąAs€I€recall€the€testimony,€[the€Defendant€and€Michael€Shelton]€backed€into€this€guyššsŠ €Š Šcar.€€He€jumped€out€and€was€very€upset€and€demanded€to€know€if€they€had€insurance.€Š l¼ ŠProbably€everybody€in€this€county€would€ask€that€same€question€and€be€angry€underŠ X Ø Šthose€circumstances.€€I€donššt€think€we€can€start€shooting€people€because€they€get€outŠ D!” Šand€are€upset€and€ask€if€you€have€insurance€in€an€automobile€vehicle.Š0"€ Š Š  ŠĢ€€ą  ąThe€trial€court€next€considered€mitigating€factor€(8),€that€š š[t]he€defendant€was€suffering€fromŠ $X" Ša€mental€or€physical€condition€that€significantly€reduced€the€defendantššs€culpability€for€the€offense.šš€Š ō$D # ŠņņId.ó󀚚€40„35„113(8).€€The€court€stated,€Š ą%0!$ Šą8  ąThe€defendant€suggests€that€his€broken€arm€in€some€way€is€a€mitigating€factor.€Š Ģ&"% ŠAgain,€.€.€.€as€I€recall,€the€defendant€was€a€passenger€in€the€vehicle.€€The€victim€wasŠ ø'#& Šupset€at€the€driver€and€they€had€some€words€and€there€was€no€indication€that€he€everŠ ¤(ō#' Šthreatened€to€harm€.€.€.€the€defendant,€and€I€donššt€doubt€he€was€angry€and€I€donšštŠ )ą$( Šdoubt€he€was€carrying€on€in€a€belligerent€fashion.€€I€just€donššt€think€under€theseŠ |*Ģ%) Šcircumstances€that€thatššs€grounds€to€kill€somebody.Šh+ø&*Š Š  Š‡Although€the€Defendant€testified€that€the€victim€physically€threatened€him,€the€trial€court€obviouslyŠ ° Šgave€this€testimony€little€weight.€€It€is€proper€for€the€trial€court€to€determine€the€credibility€of€aŠ œģ Šwitness.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€then€considered€mitigating€factor€(11),€that€š š[t]he€defendant,€although€guiltyŠ `° Šof€the€crime,€committed€the€offense€under€such€unusual€circumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€aŠ L œ Šsustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€the€criminal€conduct.šš€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40„35„113(11).€€WithŠ 8 ˆ Šregard€to€this€factor,€the€court€made€the€following€comments:€š šI€donššt€see€any€evidence€that€showedŠ $ t Šthat€[the€Defendant]€had€no€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law.€€If€you€kill€a€man,€to€me€thatššs€a€prettyŠ  ` Šclear€intent.€€And€again,€weššre€.€.€.€sitting€here€today€with€a€jury€verdict€saying€that€he€has€committedŠ ü L  Šsecond€degree€murder.ššŠ č 8  ŠĢą  ąFinally,€the€trial€court€considered€mitigating€factor€(13),€the€catchall€provision.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„Š Ą  Š35„113(13).€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defense€presented€testimony€by€a€couple,€Susan€andŠ ¬ü  ŠDoug€Jacquith,€with€whom€the€Defendant€lived€at€the€time€of€the€crime.€€Mrs.€Jacquith,€who€testifiedŠ ˜č  Šthat€she€was€director€of€the€Bradley€Group€Home,€stated€that€she€and€her€husband€took€the€DefendantŠ „Ō  Šinto€the€group€home€and€later€into€their€own€home€following€his€conviction€for€voluntaryŠ pĄ Šmanslaughter€as€a€juvenile.€€She€testified€about€the€Defendantššs€history€of€physical€abuse€at€theŠ \¬ Šhands€of€his€family,€the€difficulties€that€the€Defendant€had€as€a€result€of€the€abuse,€and€his€remorseŠ H˜ Šfor€the€crime€now€at€issue.€€Mr.€Jacquith€testified€that€the€Defendant€is€a€skilled€carpenter€and€thatŠ 4„ Šhe€had€a€job€at€a€cabinet€shop€at€the€time€of€the€crime.€€€€He€stated€that€while€the€Defendant€livedŠ  p Šwith€his€family,€the€Defendant€did€not€display€any€problems,€and€he€described€the€Defendant€asŠ  \ Šhelpful€and€cooperative.€€With€regard€to€this€testimony,€the€trial€court€stated,€Š ųH Šą8  ą[The€Defendant]€has€brought€the€Jacquiths€here€today€and€they€have€given€very€goodŠ ä4 Štestimony€in€his€behalf€.€.€.€.€[I]n€effect,€what€they€have€said€is€they€care€a€lot€for€thisŠ Š  Šguy€and€wish€better€things€could€have€happened€to€him€during€his€life.€€Itššs€obviousŠ ¼  Šif€he€had€had€good€folks€like€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Jacquith€.€.€.€a€longer€period€of€time€in€hisŠ Øų Šlife,€he€might€not€be€here€today.€€And€.€.€.€certainly€my€heart€goes€out€to€both€of€them,Š ”ä Šand€I€think€they€have€very€heartfelt€feelings€for€this€young€man€in€their€willingnessŠ €Š Što€come€here€today€and€express€the€fact€that€they€do€care€for€him.€€That€does€not,Š l¼ Šhowever,€rise€to€the€level€of€a€mitigating€factor.€€And€as€much€as€I€appreciate€theirŠ X Ø Šwillingness€to€come€and€speak€for€this€young€man,€I€cannot€accept€that€as€aŠ D!” Šmitigating€factor€in€his€behalf.€€Itššs€evident€that€this€defendant,€while€he€was€in€theirŠ 0"€  Šhouse,€pretty€much€under€their€control,€tried€to€behave€himself.€€Itššs€evident€whenŠ #l! Šheššs€not€under€some€kind€of€degree€of€control,€he€doesnššt€behave€himself,€and€thatššsŠ $X" Šwhy€weššre€here€today.€€If€he€had€been€home€with€them€that€night,€none€of€this€wouldŠ ō$D # Šhave€happened.€€The€point€is,€he€wasnššt€home€with€them.€€He€canššt€stay€with€them,Š ą%0!$ Šany€more€than€anybody€can€sit€with€someone€their€entire€life€just€to€insure€thatŠ Ģ&"% Šsomething€doesnššt€happen.€€He€was€tried€and€convicted€on€an€action€he€committedŠ ø'#& Šwhile€he€was€out,€in€effect,€in€the€real€world.€.€.€.€[W]eššre€talking€about€a€man€that€atŠ ¤(ō#' Šthis€time€was€not€21€years€old€barely€when€this€occurred€and€had€already€taken€twoŠ )ą$( Šlives€in€his€.€.€.€very,€very€short€life;€all€taken€š!š€shooting€someone€with€a€gun,Š |*Ģ%) Šreacting,€lashing€out€in€anger.Šh+ø&*Š Š  Š‡ą  ąThe€court€concluded,€Š ° Šą8  ąBecause€of€the€severity€of€[the€Defendantššs]€past€convictions,€.€.€.€I€just€donššt€knowŠ œģ Šhow€many€lives€a€person€is€allowed€to€take€before€they€are€faced€with€the€full€extentŠ ˆŲ Šof€punishment€of€the€law.€€This€is€one€Court€thatššs€not€willing€to€give€him€anotherŠ tÄ Šcrack€at€someone€elseššs€life.€€Based€upon€those€enhancement€factors,€the€severity€ofŠ `° Šthe€acts€on€which€the€Court€finds€those€enhancement€factors,€the€Court€sentences€himŠ L œ Što€the€full€range€of€25€years,€and€commits€him€to€the€Tennessee€Department€ofŠ 8 ˆ ŠCorrections€to€serve.Š$ tŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąAlthough€the€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€consider€appropriate€mitigatingŠ ü L  Šfactors,€it€is€clear€from€the€record€that€the€trial€court€conducted€a€thorough€analysis€of€eachŠ č 8  Šmitigating€factor€proposed€by€the€Defendant.€€However,€the€court€ultimately€rejected€each€of€theŠ Ō$  Šproposed€mitigating€factors.€€Having€reviewed€the€record,€we€agree€with€the€trial€courtššs€findingsŠ Ą  Šconcerning€each€mitigating€factor€proposed€by€the€defense.€€As€previously€stated,€the€weight€to€beŠ ¬ü  Šgiven€each€factor€is€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€judge.€€ņņSheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€at€123.€€The€trialŠ ˜č  Šcourt€applied€two€enhancement€factors,€which€it€granted€substantial€weight,€and€found€no€mitigatingŠ „Ō  Šfactors.€€We€conclude€that€the€Defendantššs€sentence€is€adequately€supported€by€the€record€and€thatŠ pĄ Šit€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Reform€Act.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņMossóó,€727Š \¬ ŠS.W.2d€at€237.€€€We€therefore€decline€to€modify€the€Defendantššs€sentence.Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąAccordingly,€we€AFFIRM€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€ą Č ąŌ#†X”XXX”g”#ŌŠ  p ŠĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š Š  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGE