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opinion.wptƒ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptˆ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÌs‚/Ï yö.YTê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€„»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼„»»»ÔÑ8€ÁXXdé»»d8ÑÔ€¼}3»»¼„Ôà@hhìàÔ‡î“ü}3ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼}3»îî“ü;#ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àSeptember€9,€2003€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡X=X»¼}3ÔÌò òÔ#†¼}3»XX=8#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€CALVIN€REGINALD€EDWARDSÔ‡X=X»¼}3Ôó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Tipton€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€4464€€€€€Joseph€H.€Walker,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„00077„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€November€24,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Calvin€Reginald€Edwards,€entered€a€plea€of€guilt€to€simple€possession€of€marijuana,Ð V¦  Ðexplicitly€reserving€a€certified€question€of€law€challenging€the€legality€of€an€investigatory€stop.€€òòSeeóóÐ ? ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô).€€Because€the€stop€was€based€upon€a€reasonable€and€articulableÐ (x Ðsuspicion,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.Ð a ÐÓÈÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ã3 ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼}3»àX=«#ÔÔ‡X=X.¼}3ÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€òòJoe€G.€Riley,Ð ¶ ÐJJ.óó,€joined.Ð Ÿï ÐÌJeffrey€L.€Stimpson,€Munford,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Calvin€Reginald€Edwards.Ð qÁ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Kathy€D.€Aslinger,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Ð C“ ÐElizabeth€T.€Rice,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Colin€Campbell€and€James€Walter€Freeland,Ð ,| ÐAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð e ÐÓÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼}3»XX=/#ÔÔ‡X=X»¼}3ÔÐ ç 7  ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼}3»XX=ô #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X=X»¼}3Ôà  àAt€approximately€4:50€P.M.€on€October€6,€2001,€State€Trooper€Keith€Franks,€who€wasÐ º" " Ðtraveling€westbound€on€Highway€179€in€Tipton€County,€slowed€his€vehicle€as€he€approached€anÐ £#ó# Ðintersection€with€Highway€54.€€At€that€point,€a€vehicle€driven€by€the€defendant€proceeded€throughÐ Œ$Ü$ Ðthe€intersection€at€approximately€45€mph.€€During€the€two„€or€three„second€opportunity€the€trooperÐ u%Å % Ðhad€to€observe€the€exterior€of€the€vehicle's€passenger€window,€he€developed€a€suspicion€that€theÐ ^&®!& Ðtinted€window€treatment€was€"too€dark."€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„9„107€(regulating€alteration€ofÐ G'—"' Ðvisible€light€transmittance€of€vehicle€windows).€€Ð 0(€#( Ðà  àÌà  àTrooper€Franks€followed€the€defendant's€vehicle€and,€during€the€two€or€three€minutes€it€tookÐ *R%* Ðto€find€a€safe€place€to€stop,€he€was€able€to€further€examine€the€tint€of€the€car€windows.€€TrooperÐ ë*;&+ ÐFranks€activated€his€blue€lights€in€order€to€conduct€a€comparison€analysis€of€his€tinted€DepartmentÐ Ô+$', Ðof€Safety€card€with€the€darkness€of€the€tinted€windows€in€the€defendant's€vehicle.€€As€TrooperÐ ½, (- ÐFranks€approached€the€vehicle,€however,€he€smelled€marijuana€coming€from€the€interior.€€HeÐ ¦-ö(.ýV ÐÔ_Ôsearched€the€defendant's€vehicle€and€found€three€marijuana€roaches€in€the€center€ash€tray.€€UponÐ ° Ðinvestigation,€Trooper€Franks€found€that€there€were€three€unserved€warrants€for€the€defendant'sÐ ™é Ðarrest.€€When€the€defendant€acknowledged€that€he€was€a€regular€user€of€marijuana,€the€trooperÐ ‚Ò Ðsuggested€that€he€needed€to€turn€over€any€other€contraband€before€he€was€jailed,€else€he€might€faceÐ k» Ðmore€serious€charges.€€The€defendant€then€took€a€marijuana€cigarette€from€his€pocket€and€handedÐ T¤ Ðit€to€the€trooper.€€An€examination€of€the€window€tint€on€the€driver's€side€of€the€defendant's€vehicleÐ =  Ðestablished€that€it€was€in€violation€of€the€statute.€€The€trooper€did€not€specifically€examine€the€tintÐ & v Ðon€the€passenger€side€window€of€the€vehicle,€the€area€that€aroused€his€suspicion,€indicating€allÐ  _ Ðwindows€appeared€to€be€the€same€level€of€darkness.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àIn€this€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€stop€of€his€vehicle€violated€Article€I,€Section€7,Ð Ê   Ðof€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€the€Fourth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution.€€HeÐ ³  Ðcontends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€suppress€the€marijuana€seized€from€the€vehicle,Ð œì  Ðarguing€that€the€investigatory€stop€was€not€based€upon€reasonable€suspicion€supported€by€specificÐ …Õ  Ðand€articulable€facts€that€an€offense€had€been€or€was€about€to€be€committed.€€The€defendant€submitsÐ n¾  Ðthat€the€holding€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Pageóó,€154€F.€Supp€2d€1316,€1320€(M.D.€Tenn.€2001),€supportsÐ W§  Ðhis€claims.€€In€òòPageóó,€the€district€court€in€the€middle€district€of€this€state€chose€not€to€accredit€theÐ @ Ðtestimony€of€the€arresting€officer,€who€insisted€that€he€was€able€to€determine€that€the€tint€of€a€vehicleÐ )y Ðwas€too€dark€during€a€five„€to€ten„second€observation€as€it€was€driven€around€a€sharp€curve.€€TheÐ b Ðopinion€suggests€that€something€more€than€a€"fleeting€glance"€is€necessary€to€support€a€traffic€stopÐ ûK Ðbased€upon€the€darkness€of€tinted€car€windows.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àBoth€the€state€and€federal€constitutions€protect€individuals€from€unreasonable€searches€andÐ ¶ Ðseizures;€the€general€rule€is€that€a€warrantless€search€or€seizure€is€presumed€unreasonable€and€anyÐ Ÿï Ðevidence€discovered€subject€to€suppression.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€IV;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€Ô‡X=XXX=Ôðð€Ô#†X=XXX=E#Ô7;Ð ˆØ ÐòòCoolidge€v.€New€Hampshireóó,€403€U.S.€443,€454„55€(1971);€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€487,€490Ð qÁ Ð(Tenn.€1997).€€An€automobile€stop€constitutes€a€ð ðseizureðð€within€the€meaning€of€both€the€FourthÐ Zª ÐAmendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€Ð C“ ÐòòMichigan€Dep't€of€State€Police€v.€Sitzóó,€496€U.S.€444,€450€(1990);€òòDelaware€v.€Prouseóó,€440€U.S.€648,Ð ,| Ð653€(1979);€òòState€v.€Binionóó,€900€S.W.2d€702,€705€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Westbrooksóó,Ð e Ð594€S.W.2d€741,€743€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979).€€The€fact€that€the€detention€may€be€brief€and€limitedÐ þN Ðin€scope€does€not€alter€that€fact.€€òòProuseóó,€440€U.S.€at€653;€òòState€v.€Pulleyóó,€863€S.W.2d€29,€30€(Tenn.Ð ç 7 Ð1993);€òòBinionóó,€900€S.W.2d€at€705;€òòWestbrooksóó,€594€S.W.2d€at€743.€€The€basic€question,€asÐ Ð!   Ðindicated,€is€whether€the€seizure€was€ð ðreasonable.ðð€€òòBinionóó,€900€S.W.2d€at€705€(citing€òòSitzóó,€496€U.S.Ð ¹" ! Ðat€444).€€The€state€always€carries€the€burden€of€establishing€the€reasonableness€of€any€detention.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Matthew€Manuelóó,€No.€87„96„III€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€Nov.€23,€1988).Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àAmong€the€narrowly€defined€exceptions€to€the€warrant€requirement€is€an€investigatory€stop.Ð ]&­!% ÐòòSeeóó€òòTerry€v.€Ohioóó,€392€U.S.€1,€27„28€(1968).€€An€investigatory€stop€is€deemed€less€intrusive€thanÐ F'–"& Ðan€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€In€òòPulleyóó,€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€ð ðthe€reasonableness€of€seizures€lessÐ /(#' Ðintrusive€than€a€full„scale€arrest€is€judged€by€weighing€the€gravity€of€the€public€concern,€the€degreeÐ )h$( Ðto€which€the€seizure€advances€that€concern,€and€the€severity€of€the€intrusion€into€individual€privacy.ðð€Ð *Q%) Ð863€S.W.2d€at€30.Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà  àOur€determination€of€the€reasonableness€of€the€stop€of€a€vehicle€depends€on€whether€theÐ ° Ðofficer€had€either€probable€cause€or€an€ð ðarticulable€and€reasonable€suspicionðð€that€the€vehicle€or€itsÐ ™é Ðoccupants€were€subject€to€seizure€for€violation€of€the€law.€€òòSeeóó€òòProuseóó,€440€U.S.€at€663;€òòState€v.Ð ‚Ò ÐColemanóó,€791€S.W.2d€504,€505€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€€Probable€cause€has€been€generallyÐ k» Ðdefined€as€a€reasonable€ground€for€suspicion,€supported€by€circumstances€indicative€of€an€illegal€act.€Ð T¤ ÐòòSeeóó€òòLea€v.€Stateóó,€181€Tenn.€378,€380„81,€181€S.W.2d€351,€352€(1944).€€While€probable€cause€is€notÐ =  Ðnecessary€for€an€investigative€stop,€it€is€a€requirement€that€the€officerððs€reasonable€suspicion€beÐ & v Ðsupported€by€ð ðspecific€and€articulable€facts€which,€taken€together€with€rational€inferences€from€thoseÐ  _ Ðfacts,€reasonably€warrant€that€intrusion.ðð€€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€21;€òòPulleyóó,€863€S.W.2d€at€30;€òòColemanóó,Ð ø H Ð792€S.W.2d€at€505;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Watkinsóó,€827€S.W.2d€293,€294€(Tenn.€1992)€(applying€òòTerryóóÐ á 1  Ðdoctrine€in€context€of€vehicular€stop).€€In€determining€whether€reasonable€suspicion€exists,€anÐ Ê   Ðimportant€factor€in€the€analysis€is€that€reasonable€suspicion€is€a€less€demanding€standard€thanÐ ³  Ðprobable€cause€not€only€in€the€sense€that€reasonable€suspicion€can€be€established€with€informationÐ œì  Ðthat€is€different€in€quantity€or€content€than€that€required€to€establish€probable€cause,€but€also€in€theÐ …Õ  Ðsense€that€reasonable€suspicion€can€arise€from€information€that€is€less€reliable€than€that€required€toÐ n¾  Ðshow€probable€cause.€€òòPulleyóó,€863€S.W.2d€at€32€(citing€òòAlabama€v.€Whiteóó,€496€U.S.€325,€330Ð W§  Ð(1990)).Ð @ ÐÌà  àCourts€considering€the€issue€of€reasonable€suspicion€must€look€to€the€totality€of€theÐ b Ðcircumstances.€€Those€circumstances€include€the€personal€observations€of€the€police€officer,Ð ûK Ðinformation€obtained€from€other€officers€or€agencies,€information€obtained€from€citizens,€and€theÐ ä4 Ðpattern€of€operation€of€certain€offenders.€€òòWatkinsóó,€827€S.W.2d€at€294€(citing€òòUnited€States€v.Ð Í ÐCortezóó,€449€U.S.€411,€417„18€(1981)).€€Objective€standards€apply€rather€than€the€subjective€beliefsÐ ¶ Ðof€the€officer€making€the€stop.€€òòState€v.€Norwordóó,€938€S.W.2d€23,€25€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).Ô‡X=XXX=ÔÐ Ÿï ÐÌÔ#†X=XXX=o-#Ôà  àWhen€the€trial€court€makes€a€finding€of€facts€at€the€conclusion€of€a€suppression€hearing,€theÐ qÁ Ðfacts€are€accorded€the€weight€of€a€jury€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.Ð Zª Ð1994).€€The€trial€courtððs€findings€are€binding€upon€this€court€unless€the€evidence€in€the€recordÐ C“ Ðpreponderates€against€them.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòStephensonóó,Ð ,| Ð878€S.W.2d€at€544;€òòState€v.€Goforthóó,€678€S.W.2d€477,€479€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€Questions€ofÐ e Ðcredibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€evidenceÐ þN Ðare€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€The€party€prevailing€in€the€trial€court€isÐ ç 7 Ðentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€wellÐ Ð!   Ðas€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòOdomóó,€928Ð ¹" ! ÐS.W.2d€at€23.€€The€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts,€however,€requires€de€novo€review.€€òòState€v.Ð ¢#ò" ÐDanielóó,€12€S.W.3d€420,€423„24€(Tenn.€2000).€€Likewise,€if€the€evidence€does€not€involve€aÐ ‹$Û# Ðcredibility€assessment,€the€reviewing€court€must€examine€the€record€de€novo€without€a€presumptionÐ t%Ä $ Ðof€correctness.€€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€€Ð ]&­!% Ðò òòòó óóó€Ð F'–"& Ðà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€55„9„107(a)(1)€makes€it€"unlawful€for€any€person€toÐ /(#' Ðoperate,€upon€a€public€highway,€street€or€road,€any€motor€vehicle€registered€in€this€state,€in€whichÐ )h$( Ðany€window€.€.€.€has€been€altered,€treated€or€replaced€by€the€affixing,€application€or€installation€ofÐ *Q%) Ðany€material€which:€(A)€Has€a€visible€light€transmittance€of€less€than€thirty„five€percent€(35%);€orÐ ê*:&* Ð(B)€.€.€.€reduces€the€visible€light€transmittance€in€the€windshield€below€seventy€percent€(70%)."€€TheÐ Ó+#'+ Ðstatute€expressly€authorizes€a€"police€officer€of€this€state€to€detain€a€motor€vehicle€being€operatedÐ ° Ðon€the€public€roads,€streets€or€highways€of€this€state€when€such€officer€has€a€reasonable€belief€thatÐ ™é Ðthe€motor€vehicle€is€in€violation€of€subdivision€(a)(1),€for€the€purpose€of€conducting€a€fieldÐ ‚Ò Ðcomparison€test."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„9„201(c).€€Ð k» ÐÌà  àDuring€his€testimony,€Trooper€Franks€expressed€familiarity€with€the€tint€requirements€in€thisÐ =  Ðstate€and€explained€the€basis€upon€which€he€formed€his€opinion€that€the€defendant's€tinted€windowsÐ & v Ðwere€"too€dark."€€While€he€had€only€observed€the€vehicle€for€two€or€three€seconds€as€the€defendantÐ  _ Ðdrove€by€at€approximately€45€miles€per€hour,€the€trooper€was€able€to€confirm€his€belief€during€theÐ ø H Ðtwo€or€three€minutes€that€elapsed€before€he€activated€his€blue€lights.€€òòSeeóó€òòPulleyóó,€863€S.W.2d€at€30.€Ð á 1  ÐIn€our€view,€the€officer€had€more€than€corroborated€his€initial€"fleeting€glance"€of€the€tint€and€wasÐ Ê   Ðable€to€base€the€investigatory€stop€upon€articulable€and€reasonable€suspicion.€€Moreover,€the€trialÐ ³  Ðcourt€specifically€accredited€the€testimony€of€Trooper€Franks.€€In€òòPageóó,€the€district€court€chose€notÐ œì  Ðto€accredit€the€testimony€of€the€arresting€officer€and€determined€that€the€stop€was€based€upon€anÐ …Õ  Ðinadequate€period€of€observation€and€followup.€€Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.Ð @ ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ä4 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE