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ōp'ņņōńŲŌAs€of€July€4,€2002,€the€statutory€Ō#†ōńŲņņ ōp'€#ŌŌ‡ ōp'ņņōńŲŌenhancement€factors€have€been€Ō#†ōńŲņņ ōp'ä#ŌŌ‡ ōp'ņņōńŲŌrenumbered.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Ō#†ōńŲņņ ōp'D#ŌŌ‡ ōp'ņņōńŲŌšš€Ō#†ōńŲņņ ōp'­#ŌŌ‡ ōp'ņņōńŲŌ40„35„Š ° Š114€(2003).€€However,€in€the€instant€case,€we€will€use€the€numbering€of€the€1997€version€of€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedŠ qĮ Šsection€40„35„114.Ō#†ōńŲņņ ōp'ō#Ō(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÓŻ ƒRGō$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōńŲņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€€We€again€note€that€the€length€of€the€appellantššs€sentences€was€stipulated€in€the€plea€agreement,€whichŠ ° Šagreement€was€approved€by€the€trial€court.€€Accordingly,€we€now€address€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€inŠ qĮ Šrelation€to€their€relevance€to€the€trial€courtššs€denial€of€full€probation.€€ Ō 98 ' ib014r200ib014r20 .   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Šunder€the€motor€vehicle€laws€of€this€state,€to€forward€a€certified€copy€of€such€recordŠ “ Što€the€motor€vehicle€administrator€in€the€state€wherein€the€person€so€convicted€is€aŠ uÅ Šresident.Š6 †` x` x Š5˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt:˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt?˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptD˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptI˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised 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 ~‰/\Pź:i¢×+003|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACČČ,,,,ČČ0Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€ÖĶ»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼ÖĶ»»»ŌŃ8€‚[XXdé»»d8Ńą@hhģąŌ‡ī"ZÖĶŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@ņņ%ģąAT€JACKSONŌ#†¼ÖĶ»īī"Z#ԈŠ Ó# ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąAssigned€on€Briefs€August€5,€2003Š öF ŠŌ‡X‚[X»¼ÖĶŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼ÖĶ»XX‚[-#ŌņņSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€ņņóóCLIFFORD€JAMES€Ō_ŌENGUMŌ_ŌŌ‡X‚[X»¼ÖĶŌó óŠ ļ? ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Madison€CountyŠ é 9 Šą@@ųųģąNo.€00„586€€€€€€Donald€H.€Allen,€JudgeŠ Ó # ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` Aߊ ‘į  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2002„01124„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€February€4,€Ō_Ō2004Ō_ŌŠ ŠŚ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<]` Aߊ ^®  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Clifford€James€Ō_ŌEngumŌ_Ō,€pled€guilty€in€the€Madison€County€Criminal€Court€toŠ V¦  Švehicular€homicide€by€recklessness€and€aggravated€assault€with€a€deadly€weapon,€to„wit:€a€motorŠ ? Švehicle.€€Pursuant€to€the€plea€agreement,€the€appellant€received€a€total€effective€sentence€of€eightŠ (x Šyears€incarceration€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction.€€The€trial€court€ordered€the€appellantŠ a Što€serve€one€year€of€his€sentence€in€confinement€and€the€remainder€of€his€sentence€on€probation.€Š śJ ŠOn€appeal,€the€appellant€contests€the€trial€courtššs€denial€of€full€probation€and€the€eight„yearŠ ć3 Šsuspension€of€his€driverššs€license.€€Upon€review€of€the€record€and€the€partiesšš€briefs,€we€remand€toŠ Ģ Šthe€trial€court€for€correction€of€the€judgment€of€conviction€for€vehicular€homicide€to€reflect€that€theŠ µ Šappellantššs€driving€privileges€in€the€state€of€Tennessee€are€revoked€for€a€period€of€eight€years.€€TheŠ žī Šjudgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed€in€all€other€respects.€€Š ‡× ŠÓšÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€are€Affirmed€andŠ Y© ŠRemanded.ó óŠ C“ ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼ÖĶ»ąX‚[É#ŌŌ‡X‚[X.¼ÖĶŌNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņThomas€T.€Ō_ŌWoodallŌ_Ōóó€andŠ f ŠņņRobert€W.€Ō_ŌWedemeyerŌ_Ō,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ’O ŠĢHelen€M.€Ō_ŌDonnellyŌ_Ō,€Knoxville,€Tennessee€(at€trial€and€on€appeal)€and€Patrick€B.€Moore,€Atlanta,Š Ń!!! ŠGeorgia€(at€trial),€for€the€appellant,€Clifford€James€Ō_ŌEngumŌ_Ō.Š ŗ" " ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€JamesŠ Œ$Ü$ ŠG.€(Jerry)€Ō_ŌWoodallŌ_Ō,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Alfred€L.€Earls,€Assistant€District€AttorneyŠ u%Å % ŠGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š ^&®!& ŠÓR ÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼ÖĶ»XX‚[ #ŌŌ‡X‚[X»¼ÖĶŌŠ 0(€#( ŠĢņņņ ņI.€€Factual€Backgroundó óóóŠ *S%* ŠņņóóŌ#†¼ÖĶ»XX‚[7#ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X‚[X»¼ÖĶŌĢą  ąOn€February€27,€2002,€the€appellant€pled€guilty€in€the€Madison€County€Criminal€Court€toŠ Ö+&', Šā āthe€vehicular€homicide€of€Tennessee€State€Trooper€Lynn€M.€Ross€and€the€aggravated€assault€ofŠ æ,(-ż ŠŌ_ŌMargaret€Jordan.€€At€the€guilty€plea€hearing,€the€State€recited€the€following€factual€basis€for€theŠ ° Špleas:Š ™é Šā āĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą[O]n€or€about€the€26ņņthóó€day€of€July€of€the€year€2000€the€[appellant]€didŠ k» Šunlawfully€and€recklessly€kill€Trooper€Lynn€M.€Ross€by€operation€ofŠ T¤ Ša€motor€vehicle,€that€being€a€tractor€trailer€by€the€proximate€result€ofŠ =  Š[the€appellantššs]€conduct€creating€a€substantial€risk€of€death€orŠ & v Šserious€bodily€injury€here€in€Madison€County.Š _` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAlso,€pursuant€to€that€reckless€conduct€.€.€.€a€lady€by€the€name€ofŠ į 1  ŠMargaret€Jordan€suffered€serious€bodily€injury€as€a€result€of€thatŠ Ź   Šconduct€when€her€vehicle€was€struck.€€She€had€several€broken€bonesŠ ³  Šand€a€screwdriver€was€embedded€in€her€leg.€€She€suffered€seriousŠ œģ  Šbodily€injury€as€a€result€of€that€conduct.Š…Õ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąSpecifically,€.€.€.€the€State€would€show€through€witnesses€that€theŠ W§  Š[appellantššs]€speed€in€a€construction€zone€was€in€excess€of€the€speedŠ @ Šlimit€which€was€posted€at€55.€€His€speed€was€determined€to€beŠ )y Šbetween€64€and€65€based€upon€the€Accident€Reconstructionist€for€theŠ b ŠState€and€the€[appellantššs]€statement.€€That€during€the€passage€of€thisŠ ūK Šconstruction€zone€.€.€.€he€went€through€at€least€29€signs€indicating€theŠ ä4 Šspeed,€that€workers€were€in€a€lane€ahead,€and€that€lane€was€closed.€Š Ķ ŠHe€remained€in€that€lane€when€he€struck€Trooper€Rossššs€vehicle€fromŠ ¶ Šbehind,€causing€Trooper€Rossššs€vehicle€to€enter€the€median.€€ItŠ Ÿļ Šerupted€in€flames.€€Trooper€Ross€was€killed€by€the€flames€in€thatŠ ˆŲ Švehicle.€€ŠqĮ` x` x ŠĢą  ąThe€plea€agreement€provided€that€the€appellant€would€receive€a€sentence€of€six€years€for€theŠ C“ Švehicular€homicide€conviction€and€two€years€for€the€aggravated€assault€conviction.€€The€agreementŠ ,| Šalso€provided€that€the€sentences€would€be€served€consecutively€for€a€total€effective€sentence€of€eightŠ e Šyears.€€Finally,€the€agreement€stated,€š šSentencing€will€be€determined€at€a€later€date€by€The€Court.€Š žN ŠHowever,€the€State€agrees€not€to€request€more€than€one€year€of€this€time€will€be€served.€€But€theŠ ē 7 Š[appellant]€obviously€will€be€seeking€a€suspension€of€sentence€and€will€be€seeking€probation.šš€€Š Š!   ŠĢą  ąThereafter,€the€trial€court€held€a€sentencing€hearing.€€Trooper€Sam€McCoy€with€theŠ ¢#ņ" ŠTennessee€Highway€Patrol€(THP)€testified€that€on€the€morning€of€July€26,€2000,€he€witnessed€anŠ ‹$Ū# Šaccident€š š[o]n€I„40€in€the€eastbound€lane€near€the€86„mile€marker.šš€€That€morning,€he€and€TrooperŠ t%Ä $ ŠRoss€were€performing€traffic€control€for€a€construction€crew€that€was€cutting€a€š šrumble€stripšš€intoŠ ]&­!% Šthe€emergency€lane€of€the€interstate.€€Trooper€McCoy€noted€that€the€westbound€lanes€of€traffic€wereŠ F'–"& Šš šflowing€normally,šš€while€the€eastbound€lanes€were€slower€due€to€the€construction€and€the€closureŠ /(#' Šof€the€right€lane€of€traffic.€€Trooper€McCoy€was€stationed€in€the€right€lane€behind€the€constructionŠ )h$( Šcrew;€specifically,€he€was€parked€behind€an€š šarrow€boardšš€which€was€mounted€on€a€pickup€truck.€Š *Q%) ŠTrooper€Ross€was€stationed€in€the€right€lane€approximately€one€hundred€yards€behind€TrooperŠ ź*:&* ŠMcCoy.€€Š Ó+#'+ Їą  ąTrooper€McCoy€stated€that€there€were€š šnumerousšš€signs€indicating€a€lane€closure€and€thatŠ ° Šthe€area€was€a€construction€zone.€€However,€Trooper€McCoy€did€not€know€the€specific€wording€ofŠ ™é Šthe€signs€because€the€signs€were€placed€behind€him€and€he€was€not€responsible€for€their€placement.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąTrooper€McCoy€stated€that€the€construction€crew€had€made€progress€for€two€miles€thatŠ T¤ Šmorning€and€š šseveral€thousand€carsšš€had€passed€through€the€area€without€any€trouble.€€Furthermore,Š =  ŠTrooper€McCoy€opined€that€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€was€visible€from€approximately€one„half€ofŠ & v Ša€mile€away.€€Shortly€before€9:00€a.m.,€Trooper€McCoy€looked€into€his€rear€view€mirror€andŠ  _ Šobserved€the€appellantššs€tractor„trailer€collide€with€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car.€€Trooper€McCoy€notedŠ ų H Šthat€there€was€no€tractor„trailer€driving€in€front€of€the€appellant.€€Specifically,€Trooper€McCoyŠ į 1  Šexplained€that€upon€seeing€the€crash€he€immediately€turned€his€patrol€car€around€to€go€and€helpŠ Ź   ŠTrooper€Ross;€accordingly,€his€vehicle€would€have€been€š šbroadsidedšš€if€there€had€been€anotherŠ ³  Štractor„trailer€in€the€left€lane.€€Trooper€McCoy€was€unaware€of€anyone€narrowly€missing€TrooperŠ œģ  ŠRossšš€patrol€car€that€morning.€€Š …Õ  ŠĢą  ąThe€next€witness€to€testify€was€the€second€victim,€Margaret€Firn€Jordan.€€Jordan€testified€thatŠ W§  Šshe€was€retired€after€twenty„eight€years€in€law€enforcement.€€On€the€morning€of€July€26,€2000,Š @ ŠJordan€was€driving€in€the€left€westbound€lane€of€I„40.€€She€stated€that€there€were€signs€cautioningŠ )y Šdrivers€to€reduce€their€speed.€€Jordan€began€watching€the€construction€and€traffic€in€the€eastboundŠ b Šlanes€as€well€as€the€traffic€in€the€westbound€lanes.€€Jordan€described€the€accident€as€follows:Š ūK ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAnd€then€just€all€of€a€sudden,€I€saw€this€truck€hit€the€rear€end€of€theŠ Ķ ŠTrooperššs€car,€and€it€exploded,€and€how€it€veered€off€into€the€median.€Š ¶ ŠAnd€I€just€.€.€.€didnššt€know€what€to€think.€€You€know,€I€š!šand€at€thatŠ Ÿļ Štime,€it€seemed€like€all€traffic€seemed€to€have€slowed€downŠ ˆŲ Šconsiderably€to€probably€20€miles€per€hour.€€ŠqĮ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAnd€I€just€kept€watching€this€truck.€€And€I€thought,€š šMy€goodness.€Š C“ ŠHeššs€not€even€stopping.€€Heššs€justšš€š!š€the€truck€just€seemed€like€it€wasŠ ,| Šjust€struggling€to€go€forward,€and€then€I€saw€it€veering€to€the€left€š!šŠ e Šhis€left.€€And€I€was€constantly€calculating,€you€know,€would€he€comeŠ žN Šacross€the€median€and€hit€me,€or€would€he€jackknife€or€whatever?€€SoŠ ē 7 ŠI€just€kept€watching€him.€€And€it€just€seemed€like€all€of€a€sudden€myŠ Š!   Šcalculations€were€saying,€š šHey,€heššs€coming€right€at€me.šš€€And€IŠ ¹" ! Šlooked€to€the€right.€€And€of€course,€traffic€was€really€congested.€€AndŠ ¢#ņ" Šso,€I€thought€my€only€alternative€was€to€jerk€my€truck€to€the€left.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠAnd€I€did,€and€my€right€fender€caught€his€back€tandems.€€And€thatššsŠ t%Ä $ Š.€.€.€about€it.€€Š]&­!%` x` x ŠĢJordan€stated€that€during€her€years€in€law€enforcement€she€had€been€trained€to€be€observant;Š /(#' Šhowever,€prior€to€the€impact€she€did€not€see€any€vehicle€narrowly€miss€striking€Trooper€Rossšš€patrolŠ )h$( Šcar.€Š *Q%) Šā āŠ ź*:&* Šą  ąJordan€testified€that€a€screwdriver€went€through€her€left€leg€and€one€of€her€teeth€was€brokenŠ ° Šā āduring€the€collision.€€Additionally,€the€top€of€Jordanššs€left€leg€was€severely€bruised€and€her€rightŠ ™é Šwrist€was€crushed.€€At€the€time€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€Jordan€continued€to€suffer€from€disabilityŠ ‚Ņ Šin€her€right€arm€and€still€bore€š šsigns€of€a€hematoma€that€was€on€[her]€left€leg.šš€€Jordan€continuedŠ k» Što€have€dental€problems€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€She€stated€that€her€medical€problems€caused€aŠ T¤ Šš štremendous€financial€strain.šš€€Additionally,€Jordan€noted€that€she€had€seen€a€counselor€because€theŠ =  Šaccident€š šhad€a€very€traumatic€effect€on€me€as€far€as€driving€on€the€interstate.€€I€have€to€depend€onŠ & v Šmy€friends€to€take€me€places.šš€€Š  _ ŠĢą  ąJordan€acknowledged€that€she€had€filed€a€civil€lawsuit€against€the€appellant€and€hisŠ į 1  Šemployer.€€She€further€acknowledged€that€in€her€lawsuit€she€alleged€that€Dement€ConstructionŠ Ź   ŠCompany€had€inadequately€marked€the€construction€zone.€€Š ³  ŠĢą  ąTrooper€Rossšš€sister,€Vernell€Thomas,€testified€on€behalf€of€Trooper€Rossšš€family.€€SheŠ …Õ  Šstated€that€the€collision€had€a€š šdevastating€emotional€effect€on€my€family.šš€€In€particular,€ThomasŠ n¾  Šnoted€that€Trooper€Rossšš€four€children€were€suffering€emotionally€because€they€had€been€very€closeŠ W§  Što€their€father.€€Š @ ŠĢą  ąNext,€Trooper€Barry€Waldrop€testified.€€Trooper€Waldrop€stated€that€he€worked€for€the€THPŠ b Šas€the€Team€Leader€for€the€Critical€Incident€Response€Team.€€Trooper€Waldrop€stated€that€he€wasŠ ūK Šthe€š šcrash€reconstructionistšš€for€the€collisions€of€July€26,€2000.€€Without€objection,€TrooperŠ ä4 ŠWaldrop€was€designated€as€an€expert€in€accident€reconstruction.€€Š Ķ ŠĢą  ąTrooper€Waldrop€noted€that€š šthere€were€probably€in€excess€of€twenty„nine€signsšš€in€the€areaŠ Ÿļ Šsurrounding€the€collision€site.€€The€signs€consisted€of€š ševerything€from€speed€limit€signs€to€shoulderŠ ˆŲ Šwork€signs€to€actual€message€boards.šš€€Additionally,€some€signs€warned€of€a€lane€closure.€€InŠ qĮ Šparticular,€Trooper€Waldrop€stated€that€there€were€eight€speed€limit€signs,€five€message€boards,€andŠ ZŖ Šsixteen€other€construction€zone€signs.€€The€message€boards€rotated€the€messages,€š šUse€Caution,ššŠ C“ Šš šOne€Lane€Traffic€Ahead,šš€and€š šWorkers€in€Road€Ahead.šš€€Trooper€Waldrop€acknowledged€thatŠ ,| Šthere€were€no€signs€specifically€noting€that€the€right€lane€would€close.€€The€signs€began€at€the€74Š e Šmile€marker€and€construction€began€between€the€85€and€86€mile€markers.€€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€carŠ žN Šwas€stationed€near€the€86€mile€marker.€€Trooper€Waldrop€also€noted€that€there€were€orange€andŠ ē 7 Šwhite€barrels€placed€in€the€median,€indicating€a€construction€zone.€€Trooper€Waldrop€opined€thatŠ Š!   ŠTrooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€could€have€been€seen€from€a€distance€of€one„half€of€a€mile€away.€€Š ¹" ! ŠĢą  ąTrooper€Waldrop€stated€that€the€speed€limit€in€the€construction€zone€was€55€miles€per€hourŠ ‹$Ū# Š(mph).€€From€his€consideration€of€the€appellantššs€statement€to€police€shortly€after€the€collisions€andŠ t%Ä $ Šhis€examination€of€the€scene,€Trooper€Waldrop€determined€that€the€appellant€was€driving€no€lessŠ ]&­!% Šthan€64€mph€at€the€time€of€the€collision€with€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car.€€Trooper€Waldrop€stated€thatŠ F'–"& Šthe€appellant€had€veered€into€the€emergency€lane€and€was€attempting€correction€when€he€collidedŠ /(#' Šwith€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car.€€Specifically,€Trooper€Waldrop€noted€that€the€appellantššs€š špath€ofŠ )h$( Štravel€would€have€put€him€off€the€highway€onto€the€emergency€strip€approximately€100€feet.€Š *Q%) Šā āAnywhere€from€50€to€100€feet€prior€to€the€collision,€he€was€off€the€highway€onto€the€shoulder€of€theŠ ź*:&* Šhighway.šš€€Trooper€Waldrop€explained€that€it€was€not€unusual€for€drivers€to€stray€into€theŠ ° Šemergency€lane.€€Š ™é Šā āĢą  ąTrooper€Waldrop€explained€that€the€appellantššs€tractor„trailer€struck€Trooper€Rossšš€patrolŠ k» Šcar€twice.€€Š T¤ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąThe€first€time€would€be€the€initial€impact€where€the€š!š€Trooper€RossššsŠ & v Švehicle€was€stationary€in€the€highway€and€the€truck€hit€him.€€And€theŠ  _ Šsecond€time€was€after€Trooper€Ross€was€overrun€and€came€out€fromŠ ų H Šunderneath€the€tractor„trailer€truck,€and€the€truck€entered€the€medianŠ į 1  Šwith€the€patrol€car.€€Then€it€was€š!š€he€ran€over€him€again,€this€timeŠ Ź   Šfrom€the€front€because€Trooper€Rossššs€patrol€car€had€rotated€180Š ³  Šdegrees€around.€€And€this€time,€he€was€run€over€by€the€trailer€of€theŠ œģ  Štractor„trailer,€specifically€the€left€side€of€the€Number€4€axle.Š…Õ ` x` x ŠĢTrooper€Waldrop€explained€that€the€second€impact€sealed€Trooper€Rossšš€vehicle€and€prevented€hisŠ W§  Šescape.€€The€collision€ruptured€the€trooperššs€gas€tank€and€the€fumes€ignited,€creating€a€fire.€€ThereŠ @ Šwas€evidence€that€Trooper€Ross€applied€his€brakes€after€the€flames€erupted,€indicating€that€TrooperŠ )y ŠRoss€was€alive€at€the€time€his€vehicle€caught€fire.€€Š b ŠĢą  ąTrooper€Waldrop€concluded€that€the€evidence€did€not€demonstrate€another€vehicle€hadŠ ä4 Šswerved€to€avoid€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€just€before€the€appellantššs€collision€with€Trooper€Ross.€Š Ķ ŠRegardless,€Trooper€Waldrop€explained€that€a€vehicle€driving€in€front€of€the€appellant€would€notŠ ¶ Šhave€obstructed€the€appellantššs€view€of€Trooper€Ross€because€the€appellant€š šwasnššt€even€on€theŠ Ÿļ Šroadway.€€He€was€off€on€the€shoulder.€€He€should€have€been€able€to€see€him.šš€€Trooper€WaldropŠ ˆŲ Šmaintained€that€the€appellant€did€not€apply€his€brakes€until€1.8€seconds€after€impact.€€TrooperŠ qĮ ŠWaldrop€explained€that,€considering€a€personššs€normal€reaction€time,€this€evidence€indicated€thatŠ ZŖ Šthe€appellant€did€not€see€Trooper€Ross€until€impact€and€at€that€point€applied€his€brakes.€€Š C“ ŠĢą  ąWithout€objection€from€the€State,€the€defense€submitted€the€affidavit€of€John€C.€Glennon.€Š e ŠGlennon€was€a€š šSafety€Consultant€with€John€C.€Glennon,€Chartered€š!š€Automotive€Technology€andŠ žN ŠTraffic€Engineering.šš€€Glennon€š šhelped€author€the€previous€Manual€on€Uniform€Traffic€ControlŠ ē 7 ŠDevices.šš€€Glennon€reviewed€photographs€of€the€scene€of€the€collisions€and€the€depositions€ofŠ Š!   Šwitnesses.€€Glennon€stated,€š šBased€on€my€experience€and€expertise,€it€is€my€opinion€that€theŠ ¹" ! Šconstruction€zone€where€the€accident€occurred€in€this€case€was€made€extremely€dangerous€to€thoseŠ ¢#ņ" Šworking€in€the€work€zone€as€well€as€travelers€on€the€highway€by€the€completely€improper€markingsŠ ‹$Ū# Šset€up€to€mark€the€construction€zone.šš€€Š t%Ä $ ŠĢą  ąSpecifically,€Glennon€noted€that€there€should€have€been€signs€indicating€a€closure€of€theŠ F'–"& Šright€lane€and€a€š šlane€closure€taperšš€to€gradually€close€the€right€lane.€€Additionally,€Glennon€statedŠ /(#' Šthat€the€arrow€board€was€positioned€too€far€away€to€help€motorists€notice€Trooper€Ross,€and€theŠ )h$( Šmessage€boards€did€not€comply€with€federal€regulations€in€that€they€flashed€too€many€messages€forŠ *Q%) Ša€motorist€to€read.€€Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ Šą  ąThe€defense€next€submitted€the€affidavit€of€Scott€Green.€€Green€stated€that€he€was€drivingŠ ° Ša€tractor„trailer€in€the€right€lane€on€I„40€east€on€the€morning€of€July€26,€2000.€€He€was€drivingŠ ™é Šdirectly€in€front€of€the€appellant€and€there€were€two€more€tractor„trailers€in€front€of€Green.€€HeŠ ‚Ņ Šestimated€that€all€traffic€was€moving€at€60€or€65€mph.€€As€Green€neared€the€86€mile€marker€atŠ k» Šapproximately€8:45€a.m.€that€morning,€he€noticed€the€two€tractor„trailers€in€front€of€him€quicklyŠ T¤ Šswerve€into€the€left€lane.€€After€the€tractor„trailer€directly€in€front€of€him€swerved€into€the€left€lane,Š =  ŠGreen€finally€noticed€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€parked€in€the€right€lane€with€its€blue€lights€activated.€Š & v ŠGreen€quickly€changed€lanes€and€missed€hitting€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€by€approximately€one€andŠ  _ Šone„half€feet.€€Š ų H ŠĢą  ąThe€defense€also€submitted€the€affidavit€of€Craig€Treanor.€€At€8:30€or€9:00€a.m.€on€July€26,Š Ź   Š2000,€Treanor€was€traveling€eastbound€on€I„40.€€Treanor€stated€that€he€was€driving€in€the€left€lane€Š ³  Šat€70€or€75€mph.€€He€claimed€that€he€did€not€remember€seeing€any€construction€signs.€€Upon€nearing€Š œģ  Šexit€85,€Treanor€noticed€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€in€the€right€lane€with€its€emergency€lightsŠ …Õ  Šactivated.€€Treanor€applied€his€brakes€to€ensure€that€he€was€no€longer€speeding.€€At€first,€TreanorŠ n¾  Šbelieved€that€Trooper€Ross€was€pursuing€another€vehicle;€however,€Treanor€quickly€š šclosed€theŠ W§  Šgapšš€between€himself€and€the€trooper€and€realized€that€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€was€parked€in€theŠ @ Šright€lane.€€The€white€car€that€had€been€driving€in€the€right€lane€beside€Treanor€quickly€swerved€intoŠ )y Šthe€left€lane€€in€front€of€Treanor€in€order€to€avoid€a€collision€with€the€trooper.€€Approximately€100Š b Šyards€down€the€road,€Treanor€saw€the€construction€crew€and€some€arrow€boards.€€Treanor€assertedŠ ūK Šthat€there€had€been€no€prior€indication€that€the€right€lane€would€be€closed.€€Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąNext,€the€defense€called€Sharon€Jones.€€Jones,€€a€nurse,€was€driving€home€from€work€at€7:30Š ¶ Šor€7:35€a.m.€on€I„40€east€on€the€morning€of€July€26,€2000.€€She€stated€that€she€was€driving€the€speedŠ Ÿļ Šlimit€in€deference€to€the€construction€zone.€€Jones€saw€two€troopers€stationed€near€the€construction.€Š ˆŲ ŠAt€first,€she€thought€the€troopers€were€on€the€side€of€the€highway;€however,€as€she€got€closer€she€wasŠ qĮ Šš šshockedšš€to€discover€that€the€troopers€were€parked€in€the€right€lane€of€the€interstate.€€SheŠ ZŖ Šacknowledged€that€she€had€ample€time€to€get€out€of€the€way€because€she€had€a€clear€view€of€theŠ C“ Štroopers.€€Jones€stated€that€she€had€planned€to€call€the€THP€and€report€the€dangerous€conditions€ofŠ ,| Šthe€construction€zone,€but€she€became€distracted€upon€arriving€at€home.€€Jones€maintained€that€afterŠ e Šshe€heard€about€the€accident€she€made€numerous€telephone€calls€in€order€to€contact€defense€counselŠ žN Šbecause€she€believed€that€š šthe€roadblock€was€terrible.€€There€was€no€warning.ššŠ ē 7 ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€testified€on€his€own€behalf€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€The€appellant€explainedŠ ¹" ! Šthat€his€home€was€in€Caldwell,€Idaho.€€The€appellant€stated€that€his€three€brothers,€three€sisters,€andŠ ¢#ņ" Šhis€mother€also€resided€in€Idaho.€€Since€his€graduation€from€high€school,€the€appellant€had€held€aŠ ‹$Ū# Švariety€of€jobs.€€He€served€five€years€in€the€Army€and€received€an€honorable€discharge.€€FollowingŠ t%Ä $ Šhis€discharge,€he€spent€four€years€in€law€enforcement€before€beginning€his€truck€driving€career€inŠ ]&­!% Š1980.€€Š F'–"& ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€stated€that€he€had€not€driven€a€tractor„trailer€since€these€offenses€and€wouldŠ )h$( Šnot€drive€a€tractor„trailer€again.€€The€appellant€explained€that€it€was€traumatic€for€him€to€look€at€aŠ *Q%) Štractor„trailer.€€The€appellant€maintained,š šI€never€wanted€to€hurt€anybody.šš€€Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ Šą  ąThe€appellant€acknowledged€that€after€the€collisions€he€had€difficulty€finding€employment.€Š ° ŠMost€employers€were€wary€of€his€impending€charges.€€Accordingly,€he€was€unemployed€at€the€timeŠ ™é Šof€the€sentencing€hearing.€€However,€the€appellant€stated€that€he€had€two€potential€jobs€in€Idaho.€Š ‚Ņ ŠThe€appellant€testified€that€if€he€were€granted€probation,€he€had€a€job€as€a€short„order€cook,€or€heŠ k» Šcould€work€for€Ron€Sell€trucking.€€The€appellant€explained€that€the€job€with€the€trucking€companyŠ T¤ Šwould€not€be€as€a€driver.€€Š =  ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€stated€that€the€July€26,€2000,€collisions€occurred€on€a€Tuesday€or€Wednesday.€Š  _ ŠOn€the€preceding€Thursday€afternoon,€the€appellant€had€picked€up€a€load€in€Long€Beach,€California,Š ų H Šand€was€scheduled€to€deliver€it€to€La€Vergne,€Tennessee.€€In€the€week€prior€to€the€offenses,€theŠ į 1  Šappellant€never€exceeded€the€number€of€hours€he€was€supposed€to€drive,€and€he€always€took€hisŠ Ź   Šmandated€breaks.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€kept€his€log€books€in€accordance€with€regulations.€Š ³  ŠHe€felt€that€he€was€getting€an€adequate€amount€of€sleep,€noting€that€he€slept€well€the€night€beforeŠ œģ  Šthe€collisions.€€Š …Õ  ŠĢą  ąOn€July€25,€2000,€the€appellant€spent€the€night€at€a€truck€stop€in€West€Memphis,€Arkansas.€Š W§  ŠWhen€the€appellant€woke€at€6:30€or€6:45€a.m.€on€the€morning€of€July€26,€2000,€he€went€to€the€truckŠ @ Šstop€and€bought€a€chocolate€chip€muffin,€a€hot€dog,€a€twenty„ounce€cup€of€coffee,€and€a€bottle€ofŠ )y Šwater.€€The€appellant€left€the€truck€stop€and€ate€while€driving.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€feel€tired,Š b Šbut€he€was€still€hungry€after€finishing€the€muffin,€the€hot€dog,€and€the€coffee.€€Š ūK ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€testified€that€the€day€of€the€collisions€was€š šthe€same€old€thingšš€as€every€otherŠ Ķ Šday.€€He€stated:Š ¶ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąI€still€donššt€really€remember€much€of€the€trip€from€there€[the€truckŠ ˆŲ Šstop]€other€than€I€remember€š!š€I€didnššt€know€it€was€Exit€85,€but€IŠ qĮ Šremember€going€past€that€exit€and€how€the€road€turns€to€the€right€andŠ ZŖ Šgoes€up€a€little€hill€and€š!š€and€then€my€next€recollection€was€theŠ C“ ŠTrooper€was€right€in€front€of€me.Š,|` x` x ŠĢThe€appellant€maintained,€š šI€think€I€tried€to€swerve€.€.€.€itššs€just€really€basically€a€blur.šš€€However,Š žN Šthe€appellant€freely€admitted€that€he€struck€Trooper€Ross€and€Jordan.€€Š ē 7 ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€testified€that€he€cried€when€he€discovered€that€Trooper€Ross€did€not€surviveŠ ¹" ! Šthe€collision.€€He€explained€that€he€did€not€get€out€of€his€tractor„trailer€and€attempt€to€help€becauseŠ ¢#ņ" Šš šI€couldnššt€just€watch€that€car€burn.šš€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€saw€a€counselor€after€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šcollisions€because€he€š šused€to€wake€up€screaming.šš€€Regardless,€the€appellant€maintained,€š šitššs€theŠ t%Ä $ Šlast€thing€I€think€about€before€I€go€to€bed.€€Itššs€the€first€thing€that€enters€my€mind€when€I€wake€up.šš€Š ]&­!% ŠĢĢą  ąThe€appellant€recalled€that€he€was€taken€to€the€hospital€after€the€collisions,€accompanied€byŠ )h$( Ša€trooper.€€He€was€treated€for€š šbumps€and€bruisesšš€and€released.€€Upon€his€release,€he€went€with€theŠ *Q%) Štrooper€to€š ša€police€headquarters.šš€€The€trooper€read€the€appellant€his€rights€and€asked€the€appellantŠ ź*:&* Što€give€a€statement.€€The€appellant€did€not€request€an€attorney€and€voluntarily€gave€a€statement€toŠ Ó+#'+ Šthe€trooper.€€During€the€statement,€the€appellant€was€repeatedly€asked€if€he€had€fallen€asleep€priorŠ ° Što€the€accident.€€Initially,€the€appellant€replied,€š šI€donššt€know.šš€€However,€he€subsequentlyŠ ™é Šresponded,€š šI€canššt€discount€the€possibility€that€I€fell€asleep€because€I€donššt€know.šš€€The€appellantŠ ‚Ņ Šalso€did€not€remember€if€another€vehicle€was€driving€behind,€beside,€or€in€front€of€him.€€Š k» ŠĢą  ąOn€the€day€of€trial,€the€appellant€pled€guilty€to€vehicular€homicide€by€recklessness€andŠ =  Šaggravated€assault€with€deadly€weapon.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€pled€guilty€because€š šI€justŠ & v Šthought€it€was€time€for€it€to€be€over.šš€€He€waited€to€plead€because€he€was€warring€with€his€pride,Š  _ Šexplaining€that€he€did€not€want€to€be€a€š šconvicted€felon.šš€€However,€he€finally€concluded€that€bothŠ ų H Šhe€and€Trooper€Rossšš€family€had€been€through€enough.€€Š į 1  ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€stated€that,€including€the€instant€offenses,€he€had€been€involved€in€only€twoŠ ³  Šaccidents€š šin€a€truckšš€during€his€many€years€of€commercial€driving.€€The€appellant€acknowledgedŠ œģ  Šthat€he€had€received€approximately€five€speeding€tickets€since€he€was€seventeen€years€old.€€He€hadŠ …Õ  Šno€prior€criminal€infractions.€€The€appellant€admitted€that€he€was€driving€approximately€64€mph€atŠ n¾  Šthe€time€of€the€collision€with€Trooper€Ross,€but€he€maintained€that€he€was€not€aware€that€the€speedŠ W§  Šlimit€in€the€construction€zone€was€55€mph€until€he€was€so€informed€after€the€collisions.€€TheŠ @ Šappellant€conceded€that€the€cruise€control€on€his€tractor„trailer€was€set€at€65€mph,€and€he€did€notŠ )y Šreduce€his€speed€even€though€he€knew€he€was€in€a€construction€zone.€€Š b ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€admitted€that€the€other€wreck€in€which€he€was€involved€had€occurred€threeŠ ä4 Šyears€before€the€instant€collisions.€€In€the€earlier€collision,€the€appellant€š šhit€two€Utah€State€policeŠ Ķ Šofficers€that€were€parked€in€the€middle€of€the€road€on€a€freeway€in€one€of€the€suburbs€of€Salt€LakeŠ ¶ ŠCity.šš€€The€appellant€stated€that€because€he€did€not€know€the€cause€of€the€wreck,€he€went€to€see€aŠ Ÿļ Šdoctor.€€Ultimately,€the€appellant€was€diagnosed€with€severe€sleep€apnea€which€required€surgery.€Š ˆŲ ŠThe€appellant€stated€that€he€felt€better€immediately€after€surgery.€€The€appellant€testified€that€heŠ qĮ Šattended€a€follow„up€appointment€with€his€doctor€two€weeks€after€surgery.€€He€maintained€that€heŠ ZŖ Šwas€never€told€that€he€could€not€drive€a€tractor„trailer.€€Š C“ ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€stated€that€in€August€1999€he€had€š ša€physical€to€drive€a€truck.šš€€The€appellantŠ e Šsaw€Dr.€Shockley€in€Ownesboro,€Kentucky.€€The€appellant€did€not€tell€Dr.€Shockley€that€he€had€beenŠ žN Špreviously€diagnosed€with€sleep€apnea€because€he€believed€that€the€condition€had€been€correctedŠ ē 7 Šby€surgery.€€Š Š!   ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€admitted€that€in€the€Fall€of€1999,€he€told€his€dispatcher,€Brian€Haynes,€that€heŠ ¢#ņ" Šwas€feeling€š šfatigued€and€tired.šš€€The€appellant€stated€that€Haynes€asked€the€appellant€if€he€shouldŠ ‹$Ū# Šsee€a€doctor.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€saw€a€doctor€and€was€told€š šI€had€the€flu€or€something.šš€Š t%Ä $ ŠThe€appellant€maintained€that€he€was€not€fatigued€on€the€morning€of€the€collisions€because€he€hadŠ ]&­!% Šrested€well€the€previous€night.€Š F'–"& ŠĢą  ąThe€next€witness€to€testify€was€Brian€Haynes,€the€appellantššs€dispatcher€at€the€time€of€theŠ )h$( Šoffenses.€€Haynes€asserted€that€the€appellant€was€a€very€good€employee€and€never€made€lateŠ *Q%) Šā ādeliveries€or€committed€safety€violations.€€Haynes€stated€that€the€appellant€could€have€beenŠ ź*:&* Šconsidered€a€š šslow€driveršš€because€he€drove€his€allotted€hours€and€took€his€mandatory€breaks,€thenŠ ° Šhe€would€quit€for€the€day.€€Š ™é Šā āĢą  ąHaynes€spoke€with€the€appellant€shortly€after€the€collisions€and€described€the€appellant€asŠ k» Šš švery€distraught,€very€upset,€crying.šš€€The€appellant€told€Haynes€that€he€did€not€remember€how€theŠ T¤ Šcollisions€occurred.€€Š =  ŠĢą  ąHaynes€acknowledged€that€the€appellant€had€previously€complained€of€fatigue.€€HaynesŠ  _ Šsuggested€to€the€appellant€that€he€seek€medical€attention.€€The€appellant€never€mentioned€theŠ ų H Šproblem€again€and€Haynes€did€not€question€the€appellant€about€it.€€Haynes€stated€that€he€did€notŠ į 1  Šreport€the€appellantššs€complaints€of€fatigue€to€a€supervisor€because€š š[i]t€comes€with€the€job.šš€€Š Ź   ŠĢą  ąTom€Doherty,€pastor€of€Cloverdale€Church€of€God€in€Boise,€Idaho,€testified€that€he€hadŠ œģ  Šknown€the€appellant€for€thirty„eight€years.€€He€stated€that€the€collisions€were€š šdevastatingšš€to€theŠ …Õ  Šappellant€because€heššs€š ša€very€sensitive€fellow.šš€€The€appellant€became€depressed€after€theŠ n¾  Šcollisions€and€felt€particularly€remorseful€towards€Trooper€Rossšš€children.€€Doherty€opined€that€theŠ W§  Šappellant€had€good€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€Š @ ŠĢą  ąJames€A.€Vish,€another€long„time€friend€of€the€appellant,€also€testified€on€the€appellantššsŠ b Šbehalf.€€Vish€resided€in€Homedale,€Idaho,€and€is€the€Deputy€Sheriff€in€Owyhee€County,€Idaho.€€VishŠ ūK Šstated€that€he€had€previously€ridden€in€a€tractor„trailer€with€the€appellant€and€would€š šdrive€with€himŠ ä4 Šanywhere.šš€€Vish€opined€that€the€appellant€was€not€a€lawbreaker€or€a€risktaker.€€Vish€stated€thatŠ Ķ Šš šalcohol€and€drugs€were€never€a€factor€in€[the€appellantššs]€life.šš€€Vish€feared€that€the€appellantŠ ¶ Šwould€commit€suicide€after€the€collisions€because€he€was€unable€to€handle€the€guilt.Š Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąFinally,€the€defense€presented€the€appellantššs€younger€brother,€Scott€Engum.€€Engum€statedŠ qĮ Šthat€the€appellantššs€family€was€very€close.€€He€indicated€that€the€appellant€was€proud€of€his€serviceŠ ZŖ Šin€law€enforcement.€€Engum€related€that€the€appellant€was€devastated€by€the€collisions€and€wasŠ C“ Šdepressed€by€š šthe€loss€he€has€caused€for€the€Ross€family.šš€€Engum€opined€that€the€appellant€neverŠ ,| Šwished€to€hurt€anyone€and€had€always€desired€to€š šdo€right€by€the€law.šš€€Š e ŠĢą  ąIn€rebuttal,€the€State€called€Charles€Ruby.€€Ruby€stated€that€he€entered€I„40€east€at€exit€85Š ē 7 Šon€the€morning€of€the€collisions.€€Ruby€stated€that€he€had€difficulty€merging€with€traffic€because€twoŠ Š!   Šapproaching€tractor„trailers€were€driving€in€the€right€lane.€€The€lead€tractor„trailer,€which€was€drivenŠ ¹" ! Šby€the€appellant,€did€not€change€lanes€to€allow€Ruby€to€enter€the€highway.€€However,€the€secondŠ ¢#ņ" Štractor„trailer€allowed€Ruby€to€enter€the€flow€of€traffic.€€After€Ruby€merged€onto€the€interstate,€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šsecond€tractor„trailer€swerved€back€into€the€right€lane€in€front€of€Ruby.€€Once€on€the€interstate,€RubyŠ t%Ä $ Šset€his€cruise€control€for€57€mph€because€he€knew€police€frequently€ticketed€speeders€in€theŠ ]&­!% Šconstruction€zone.€€The€tractor„trailer€following€the€appellant€appeared€to€be€proceeding€at€the€sameŠ F'–"& Šspeed€as€Ruby,€but€the€appellant€š špull[ed]€away€from€us.ššŠ /(#' ŠĢą  ąRuby,€who€was€traveling€behind€the€second€tractor„trailer,€saw€the€appellant€swerving€intoŠ *Q%) Šthe€emergency€lane.€€Ruby€saw€two€separate€š šcloud[s]€of€dustšš€near€the€emergency€lane€where€theŠ ź*:&* Šappellant€was€driving.€€Ruby€opined€that€the€dust€clouds€were€caused€by€the€appellant€repeatedlyŠ Ó+#'+ Šveering€into€the€emergency€lane.€€Ruby€thought€that€the€appellant€must€have€dropped€a€cigarette€orŠ ° Šfallen€asleep.€€Immediately€after€the€appellant€swerved€a€second€time,€Ruby€and€the€second€tractor„Š ™é Štrailer€reduced€their€speed.€€Ruby€recalled,€š šThen€there€was€a€fireball,€and€Trooper€Ross€was€killed.šš€Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąRuby€stated€that€he€would€have€seen€another€vehicle€traveling€in€front€of€the€appellant€andŠ T¤ Šthere€was€no€such€vehicle.€€Additionally,€Ruby€maintained€that€he€never€saw€any€other€vehicle€takeŠ =  Šš ševasive€actionšš€around€the€area€where€Trooper€Ross€was€stationed.€€Š & v ŠĢą  ąNext,€the€State€called€Allan€Wainscott.€€Wainscott€testified€that€he€had€been€involved€in€theŠ ų H Štrucking€industry€for€over€twenty€years.€€He€entered€I„40€westbound€at€exit€87€on€the€morning€ofŠ į 1  ŠJuly€26,€2000.€€Wainscott€stated€that€traffic€was€moving€š šfairly€slowšš€and€that€he€was€driving€55Š Ź   Šmph€because€his€wife€had€been€recently€ticketed€for€driving€60€mph€in€the€construction€zone.€€Š ³  ŠĢą  ąWainscottššs€attention€was€drawn€to€the€eastbound€lanes€of€I„40€by€a€flash€of€light.€€He€sawŠ …Õ  ŠTrooper€Rossšš€vehicle€parked€in€the€right€lane€with€its€blue€lights€activated.€€Recalling€the€collisions,Š n¾  ŠWainscott€testified:Š W§  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąUpon€impact€at€that€time,€the€truck€hit€the€car.€€I€saw€a€ball€of€fire€goŠ )y Šunderneath€the€truck.€€I€noticed€that€the€front€wheel€š!š€the€left€frontŠ b Šsteer€tire€of€the€truck€stopped€turning.€€It€was€up€on€top€of€the€car.€Š ūK ŠAnd€as€it€moved€forward,€I€noticed€the€tire€started€turning€again€andŠ ä4 Šthe€vehicle€came€towards€the€median€strip€towards€where€I€wasŠ Ķ Špassing€by.€€Š¶` x` x ŠĢWainscott€stated€that€he€did€not€see€any€other€tractor„trailer€come€by€Trooper€Ross€and€have€to€takeŠ ˆŲ Ševasive€action.€Š qĮ ŠĢą  ąAfter€the€conclusion€of€the€testimony,€the€trial€court€noted€that€the€length€of€the€sentencesŠ C“ Šhad€been€agreed€upon.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€noted€that€š š[i]tššs€really€a€question€of€whether€or€notŠ ,| Šany€jail€time€should€be€imposed€in€this€case.šš€€The€trial€court€observed€that€the€State€had€onlyŠ e Šrequested€one€year€of€confinement.€€The€trial€court€ultimately€determined€that€the€appellant€shouldŠ žN Šreceive€a€period€of€incarceration€due€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offenses€and€the€effect€of€deterrenceŠ ē 7 Šon€the€appellant€and€the€community.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€ordered€the€appellant€to€serve€eightŠ Š!   Šmonths€of€his€six„year€sentence€for€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction€in€confinement€and€fourŠ ¹" ! Šmonths€of€his€two„year€sentence€for€the€aggravated€assault€conviction€in€confinement.€In€accordanceŠ ¢#ņ" Šwith€the€plea€agreement,€the€sentences€were€to€be€served€consecutively.€€Thus,€the€court€imposedŠ ‹$Ū# Ša€total€effective€sentence€of€eight€years,€with€one€year€to€be€served€in€confinement.€€Additionally,Š t%Ä $ Šthe€trial€court€determined€that€the€appellantššs€driving€privileges€should€be€suspended€for€eight€years.€Š ]&­!% ŠThe€appellant€timely€appealed€the€trial€courtššs€rulings€and€raised€the€following€issues€for€our€review:Š F'–"& Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąą p ąą Č ąą  ąą x ąą Š ąĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(1)€š š[w]hether€the€Trial€Court€failed€to€apply€the€SentencingŠ )h$( ŠGuidelines€properly€when€it€did€not€begin€its€sentencingŠ *Q%) Šā āconsideration€with€the€presumption€that€a€sentence€other€thanŠ ź*:&* Šincarceration€would€result€in€the€[appellantššs]€successfulŠ ° Šrehabilitationšš;Š™é` x` x Šā āą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(2)€whether€the€trial€court€improperly€denied€the€appellant€fullŠ k» Šprobation;€ŠT¤` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(3)€whether€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€and€weighed€variousŠ & v Šenhancement€and€mitigating€factors;€andŠ _` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(4)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€suspending€the€appellantššs€drivingŠ į 1  Šprivileges€in€all€states€for€eight€years.ŠŹ  ` x` x ŠĢą@źź$ģąņņņ ņII.€€Analysisóóó óˆŠ œģ  ŠĢą@‰‰ģąA.€€Denial€of€Full€ProbationˆŠ oæ  ŠĢą  ąŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌAppellate€review€of€the€length,€range€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence€is€de€novo.€Š A‘ ŠņņSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d)€(1997).€€In€conducting€its€de€novo€review,€this€court€considersŠ *z Šthe€following€factors:€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing;€(2)Š c Šthe€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;Š üL Š(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;€(5)€evidence€and€informationŠ å5 Šoffered€by€the€parties€on€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors;€(6)€any€statement€by€the€appellant€inŠ Ī Šhis€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š · Š102,€„103,€„210€(1997€and€2003);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€168€(Tenn.€1991).€€TheŠ  š Šburden€is€on€the€appellant€to€demonstrate€the€impropriety€of€his€sentence(s).€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š ‰Ł Ššš€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€Moreover,€if€the€record€reveals€that€the€trial€courtŠ rĀ Šadequately€considered€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances,€this€court€willŠ [« Šaccord€the€trial€courtššs€determinations€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€ņņId.óó€at€(d);€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2dŠ D” Šat€169.Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³ń¤#Ō€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€courtššs€determinations€are€eligible€for€the€presumption€ofŠ -} Šcorrectness.Š f ŠĢÓ  Ó1.€€Presumption€in€Favor€of€Alternative€SentencingŠ č 8 ŠÓ”«ÓĢą  ąŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌInitially,€we€recognize€that€an€appellant€is€eligible€for€alternative€sentencing€if€the€sentenceŠ ŗ" ! Šactually€imposed€is€eight€years€or€less.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„303(a)€(1997).€€Moreover,€anŠ £#ó" Šappellant€who€is€an€especially€mitigated€or€standard€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€C,€D,€or€E€felonyŠ Œ$Ü# Šis€presumed€to€be€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing.€€ņņSeeóóŌ#†X‚[X XX¤³¬#ŌŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š u%Å $ Š102(6).€€In€the€instant€case,€the€appellant€is€a€standard€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€CŠ ^&®!% Šfelony€(vehicular€homicide€by€recklessness)€and€a€Class€D€felony€(aggravated€assault€with€a€deadlyŠ G'—"& Šweapon);€therefore,€he€is€presumed€to€be€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing.€€ņņŌ#†X‚[X XX¤³®#ŌŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌSeeóó€Tenn.Š 0(€#' ŠCode€Ann.€šššš€39„13„102(a)(2)€and€(d)(1),€„213(a)(1)€and€(b)€(1997€and€2003).€€However,€Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³ĮÆ#ŌŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌthisŠ )i$( Špresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€š ševidence€to€the€contrary.šš€€ņņState€v.€Zeoliaóó,€928€S.W.2d€457,€461Š *R%) Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³°#ŌŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌThe€following€sentencing€considerations,€set€forth€in€Tennessee€CodeŠ ė*;&* ŠAnnotated€section€40„35„103(1),€may€constitute€š ševidence€to€the€contraryšš:Š Ō+$'+ Їą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(A)€Confinement€is€necessary€to€protect€society€by€restraining€aŠ ° Šdefendant€who€has€a€long€history€of€criminal€conduct;Š™é` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(B)€Confinement€is€necessary€to€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousnessŠ k» Šof€the€offense€or€confinement€is€particularly€suited€to€provide€anŠ T¤ Šeffective€deterrence€to€others€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses;€orŠ= ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(C)€Measures€less€restrictive€than€confinement€have€frequently€orŠ  _ Šrecently€been€Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³w±#ŌŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[Ōapplied€unsuccessfully€to€the€defendant.€Šų H` x` x ŠĢņņŌ#†X‚[X XX¤³ų“#ŌŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌZeoliaóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€461Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³†µ#ŌņņóóŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[Ō.Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³źµ#ŌŠ Ź   ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€began€its€sentencing€of€the€appellant€by€noting€that€as€part€of€the€pleaŠ œģ  Šagreement€that€the€State€recommended€that€the€appellant€receive€only€one€year€of€his€eight€yearŠ …Õ  Šsentence€in€confinement.€€The€trial€court€approved€this€sentencing€recommendation€and€stated€thatŠ n¾  Šš šthe€only€issue€really€left€for€discussion€.€.€.€is€whether€any€period€of€confinement€up€to€one€yearŠ W§  Šshould€or€should€not€be€imposed.šš€€In€other€words,€the€trial€court€was€to€determine€whether€theŠ @ Šappellant€should€receive€the€alternative€sentence€of€split€confinement,€namely€one€year€ofŠ )y Šconfinement€followed€by€seven€years€of€probation,€or€full€probation.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„Š b Š35„104(c)(5)€and€40„35„306(a)€(1997€and€2003).€€Therefore,€while€the€trial€court€never€specificallyŠ ūK Šstated€that€the€appellant€was€presumed€to€be€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing,€theŠ ä4 Šappellant€nevertheless€implicitly€received€the€benefit€of€the€presumption€by€the€trial€courtŠ Ķ Šdetermining€at€the€outset€that€the€appellant€would€receive€either€partial€or€full€probation.€€Š ¶ ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€noted€that€š šthe€burden€is€really€upon€the€[appellant]€to€show€that€[he]€is,€inŠ ˆŲ Šfact,€a€proper€candidate€.€.€.€for€full€probation.šš€€The€appellant€vehemently€argues€that€š šthe€TrialŠ qĮ ŠCourt€was€required€to€begin€its€sentence€consideration€with€the€presumption€that€[the€appellant]€wasŠ ZŖ Ša€favorable€candidate€for€full€probation.šš€€We€disagree.Š C“ ŠĢą  ąŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[ŌThe€law€is€clear€that€a€qualified€offender€is€entitled€to€a€presumption€in€favor€of€ņņalternativeŠ e Šsentencingóó.€€However,€it€is€well„settled€that€an€appellant€seeking€Ō% ‡ ŌŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³4½#ŌŌ%† ¾ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōņņfull€probation€óóbears€the€burden€ofŠ žN Šestablishing€his€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³Q¾#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōsuitability€for€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³į¾#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōfull€probation,€regardless€of€whether€he€is€entitled€to€the€statutoryŠ ē 7 Špresumption€favoring€alternative€sentencing.€€ņņSeeóó€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³3æ#ŌņņŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[ŌóóņņState€v.€Boggsņņóó,Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ Ą#ŌóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€932€S.W.2d€467,€477€(Tenn.€Crim.Š Š!   ŠApp.€1996)Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³jĄ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōņņ;ņņóósee€alsoņņóóŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³ģĄ#ŌóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³IĮ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōšš€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³œĮ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō40„35„303(b)€(1997).€€To€prove€his€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ćĮ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōsuitability,€the€appellantŠ ¹" ! Šmust€establish€that€granting€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³HĀ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōfull€probation€will€š šššsubserve€the€ends€of€justice€and€the€best€interestŠ ¢#ņ" Šof€both€the€public€and€the€[appellant].šššš€€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ÖĀ#ŌņņŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[ŌņņóóState€v.€Dykesņņóó,Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ÆĆ#ŌóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€803€S.W.2d€250,€259€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š ‹$Ū# Š1990),€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³Ä#ŌņņŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōņņóóoverruled€on€other€grounds€byņņóó€ņņóóState€v.€Hooperņņóó,Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³–Ä#ŌóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€29€S.W.3d€1,€8€(Tenn.€2000).€€Moreover,€Š t%Ä $ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą[i]n€determining€oneššs€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³!Å#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōsuitability€for€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ÜÅ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōfull€probation,€the€court€mayŠ F'–"& Šconsider€the€circumstances€of€the€offense,€the€defendantššs€potentialŠ /(#' Šor€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitation,€whether€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³.Ę#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōfull€probation€willŠ )h$( Šunduly€depreciate€the€seriousness€of€the€offense,€and€whether€aŠ *Q%) Šsentence€other€than€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³/Ē#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōfull€probation€would€provide€an€effectiveŠ ź*:&* Šdeterrent€to€others€likely€to€commit€similar€crimes.€€ŠÓ+#'+` x` x ЇŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³Č#ŌņņŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[ŌņņóóBoggsņņóó,Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ŚČ#ŌóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€932€S.W.2d€at€477.€€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³1É#ŌThus,€the€trial€court€correctly€determined€that€although€the€appellantŠ ° Šwould€receive€the€alternative€sentence€of€split€confinement,€he€would€nonetheless€bear€the€burdenŠ ™é Šof€establishing€his€suitability€for€the€largess€of€full€probation.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąFinding€that€the€appellant€should€serve€one€year€of€his€sentence€in€confinement,€the€trialŠ T¤ Šcourt€stated€that€to€grant€the€appellant€full€probation€would€depreciate€the€seriousness€of€the€offensesŠ =  Šand€that€a€period€of€incarceration€would€have€a€deterrent€effect€upon€the€appellant€and€others€likelyŠ & v Što€commit€similar€offenses.€€We€will€first€address€the€trial€courtššs€findings€regarding€the€seriousnessŠ  _ Šof€the€offenses.€€Š ų H ŠĢą@i i ģą2.€€Depreciating€the€Seriousness€of€the€OffensesˆŠ Ź   ŠĢą  ąŌ‡X¤³ XXX‚[ŌIn€denying€full€probation€to€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousness€of€an€offense,€this€courtŠ œģ  Šshould€determine€if€the€criminal€act€is€especially€violent,€horrifying,€shocking,€reprehensible,Š …Õ  Šoffensive,€or€otherwise€of€an€excessive€or€exaggerated€degree.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņZeoliaóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€462.Ō#†X‚[X XX¤³/Ķ#Ō€€TheŠ n¾  Šappellant€argues€that€he€š šcould€not€have€fallen€asleep€or€been€inattentive€to€the€road€for€more€thanŠ W§  Ša€matter€of€seconds.šš€€Thus,€he€contends€that€such€inattention€could€not€have€merited€a€denial€of€fullŠ @ Šprobation€based€upon€the€seriousness€of€the€offenses.€€Š )y ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court,€as€the€finder€of€fact,€stated:Š ūK ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąI€do€want€to€point€out€based€upon€the€testimony€thatššs€been€presentedŠ Ķ Šthat€this€incident€was€a€very€violent,€very€horrible€incident€thatŠ ¶ Šoccurred.€.€.€.€€I€say€that€because€of€the€fact€that€it€was€testified€thatŠ Ÿļ Šit€was€almost€two€seconds€after€the€impact€before€[the€appellant]€everŠ ˆŲ Šapplied€his€brakes.€.€.€.ŠqĮ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąNow,€what€that€tells€me€is€this.€€Youššve€got€a€State€Trooper.€€YouššveŠ C“ Šgot€an€individual€seated€there€in€a€parked€car.€€Youššve€got€a€tractor„Š ,| Štrailer€rig€thatššs€coming€down€the€interstate€at€65€miles€per€hour€thatŠ e Šruns€right€smack€into€the€back€of€this€stationary€vehicle.€€Now,Š žN Šyouššve€got€to€think€about€that€for€a€minute.€€The€ramifications€are€justŠ ē 7 Šš!š€are€terrific.€€Theyššre€horrible.€€The€testimony€was€that€after€thisŠ Š!   Švehicle€was€struck€that€it€was€drug€several€hundred€feet,€that€thisŠ ¹" ! Štractor„trailer€rig€that€[the€appellant]€was€driving€ran€or€turned€offŠ ¢#ņ" Šinto€the€median€strip,€that€the€vehicle€š!š€that€the€patrol€car€wasŠ ‹$Ū# Šunderneath€the€vehicle.€€At€some€point,€the€vehicle€flipped€over€andŠ t%Ä $ Šthe€tractor„trailer€rig€š!š€the€trailer€part€itself€went€directly€over€the€topŠ ]&­!% Šof€this€vehicle,€that€this€vehicle€lay€upside€down€in€the€median€areaŠ F'–"& Šwith€this€Officer€trapped,€not€able€to€get€out,€and€it€burst€into€flames.€Š /(#' ŠThe€Officer€died€a€very€violent€death€out€there€that€day€š!š€all€as€aŠ )h$( Šresult€of€[the€appellantššs]€carelessness€and€his€recklessness,€speeding,Š *Q%) Šā āfailing€to€maintain€control,€failing€to€maintain€a€proper€lookout.€€ThisŠ ź*:&* Šincident€could€have€very€easily€been€avoided€had€[the€appellant]€beenŠ ° Šfollowing€the€rules€of€the€road,€but€he€chose€not€to.Š™é` x` x Šā āĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAlso,€you€look€at€the€danger€that€Ms.€Jordan€š!š€the€damage€that€sheŠ k» Šreceived.€€Sheššs€on€the€complete€opposite€side€of€the€interstate€goingŠ T¤ Ša€totally€opposite€direction.€€And€all€of€a€sudden,€here€sheššs€facedŠ =  Šwith€this€eighteen„wheeler€barreling€down€upon€her.€€She€tried€to€takeŠ & v Šsome€evasive€action,€and€it€may€have,€in€fact,€saved€her€life.€€I€donšštŠ  _ Šknow.€€But€her€vehicle€was€certainly€struck.€€She€was€severelyŠ ų H Šinjured.€€She€had€a€tooth€knocked€out€and€broken.€€She€had€an€armŠ į 1  Špermanently€injured.€€A€wrist€that€was€damaged€š!š€a€right€wrist€andŠ Ź   Šright€arm.€€She€also€testified€about€a€screwdriver€being€lodged€in€herŠ ³  Šleg.€€These€are€all€very€serious€injuries€that€could€have€very€easilyŠ œģ  Šbeen€avoided€under€the€circumstances.€€This€is€not€as€some€haveŠ …Õ  Šreferred€to€it€as€an€accident.€€This€was,€in€fact,€an€avoidable€accident.Šn¾ ` x` x ŠĢą  ąBased€upon€the€trial€courtššs€factual€findings€we€conclude€that€the€instant€offenses€wereŠ @ Šespecially€violent,€shocking,€and€horrifying€and€merited€a€denial€of€full€probation€based€upon€theŠ )y Šseriousness€of€the€offenses.€€Regardless€of€the€application€of€this€consideration,€the€trial€court€alsoŠ b Šdenied€the€appellant€full€probation€based€upon€the€deterrent€effect€of€incarceration.€€Š ūK ŠĢą@øø#ģą3.€€DeterrenceˆŠ Ķ ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņState€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1,€10„12€(Tenn.€2000),€our€supreme€court€specifically€notedŠ Ÿļ Šfive€factors€for€consideration€when€denying€probation€solely€upon€the€basis€of€deterrence:Š ˆŲ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(1)€Whether€other€incidents€of€the€charged€offense€are€increasinglyŠ ZŖ Špresent€in€the€community,€jurisdiction,€or€in€the€state€as€a€whole.ŠC“` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.Š,|` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(2)€Whether€the€defendantššs€crime€was€the€result€of€intentional,Š e Šknowing,€or€reckless€conduct€or€was€otherwise€motivated€by€a€desireŠ žN Što€profit€or€gain€from€the€criminal€behavior.Šē 7` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.ŠŠ!  ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(3)€Whether€the€defendantššs€crime€and€conviction€have€receivedŠ ¹" ! Šsubstantial€publicity€beyond€that€normally€expected€in€the€typicalŠ ¢#ņ" Šcase.Š‹$Ū#` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.Št%Ä $` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(4)€Whether€the€defendant€was€a€member€of€a€criminal€enterprise,€orŠ ]&­!% Šsubstantially€encouraged€or€assisted€others€in€achieving€the€criminalŠ F'–"& Šobjective.Š/(#'` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.Š)h$(` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(5)€Whether€the€defendant€has€previously€engaged€in€criminalŠ *Q%) Šconduct€of€the€same€type€as€the€offense€in€question,€irrespective€ofŠ ź*:&* Šwhether€such€conduct€resulted€in€previous€arrests€or€convictions.ŠÓ+#'+` x` x ЇOf€course,€this€list€of€factors€is€not€exhaustive;€š š[a]dditional€factors€may€be€considered€by€theŠ ° Šsentencing€court,€provided€that€(1)€the€sentencing€court€states€these€additional€factors€on€the€recordŠ ™é Šwith€some€specificity,€and€(2)€the€presence€of€these€additional€factors€is€supported€by€at€least€someŠ ‚Ņ Šproof.šš€€ņņHooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€at€12.€€Š k» ŠĢą  ąAccording€to€the€facts€upon€which€the€appellantššs€pleas€were€based,€the€instant€offenses€wereŠ =  Šthe€result€of€reckless€behavior.€€Our€supreme€court€has€explained€that€š š[a]ctions€that€are€the€resultŠ & v Šof€.€.€.€reckless€behavior€.€.€.€are€probably€more€deterrable€than€those€which€are€not€the€result€of€aŠ  _ Šconscious€effort€to€break€the€law.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€11.€€In€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€was€particularlyŠ ų H Šconcerned€about€deterring€the€reckless€conduct€of€those€persons€who€speed€through€constructionŠ į 1  Šzones,€thereby€endangering€the€lives€of€others.€€Š Ź   ŠĢą  ąAdditionally,€the€trial€court€noted€that€the€appellantššs€case€š šhas€received€a€lot€of€newsŠ œģ  Šcoverage.šš€€The€record€reflects€that€the€appellantššs€case€was€highly€publicized.€€Notably,€prior€toŠ …Õ  Štrial€the€defense€moved€for€a€change€of€venue€because€of€the€publicity€involving€the€case€andŠ n¾  Šsubmitted€numerous€newspaper€articles€as€evidence€of€the€publicity.€€Moreover,€at€least€twoŠ W§  Šwitnesses€at€the€sentencing€hearing€mentioned€hearing€news€reports€of€the€collisions.€€Š @ ŠĢą  ąFinally,€we€note€that€the€appellant€š šhas€previously€engaged€in€criminal€conduct€of€the€sameŠ b Štype€as€the€offense€in€question,€irrespective€of€whether€such€conduct€resulted€in€previous€arrests€orŠ ūK Šconvictions.šš€€The€ņņHooperóó€court€observed:Š ä4 ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąRepeated€occurrences€of€the€same€type€of€criminal€conduct€by€aŠ ¶ Šdefendant€generally€warrant€a€more€emphatic€reminder€that€criminalŠ Ÿļ Šactions€carry€consequences.€€Although€the€statute€speaks€in€terms€ofŠ ˆŲ Šgeneral€deterrence,€it€has€been€recognized€that€general€deterrence€isŠ qĮ Špossible€only€after€specific€deterrence€has€first€been€achieved.ŠZŖ` x` x ŠĢņņId.óó€at€12.€€Š ,| ŠĢą  ąAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€appellant€admitted€that€three€years€prior€to€the€instant€offenses,Š žN Šhe€was€involved€in€a€similar€collision€with€two€Utah€officers€who€were€stationed€on€a€roadway.€€LikeŠ ē 7 Šthe€instant€offenses,€the€appellant€could€not€explain€how€the€collision€happened€or€recall€the€events€Š Š!   Šleading€up€to€the€collision.€€In€his€statement€to€THP€troopers€following€the€instant€offenses,€theŠ ¹" ! Šappellant€acknowledged€that€he€was€š šcharged€with€careless€drivingšš€after€the€prior€incident.€Š ¢#ņ" ŠAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€record€demonstrates€a€need€for€specific€deterrence.€€Furthermore,Š ‹$Ū# Šthe€existence€of€the€three€foregoing€factors€support€the€trial€courtššs€denial€of€full€probation€basedŠ t%Ä $ Šupon€deterrence.€€Š ]&­!% ŠĢą@„ „ ģą4.€€Enhancement€and€Mitigating€FactorsˆŠ /(#' Šā āŠ )h$( Šą  ąThe€appellant€also€complains€about€the€trial€courtššs€determination€regarding€the€applicationŠ ° Šof€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„210(b)(5)€(1997Š ™é Šā āand€2003)€provides€that€the€trial€court€should€consider€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,€amongŠ ‚Ņ Šother€factors,€in€determining€š šthe€specific€sentence€and€the€appropriate€combination€of€sentencingŠ k» Šalternatives€that€shall€be€imposed€on€the€[appellant].šš€€Moreover,€in€connection€with€alternativeŠ T¤ Šsentencing,€š š[a]€court€may€also€apply€the€mitigating€and€enhancing€factors€set€forth€in€TennesseeŠ =  ŠCode€Annotated€sections€40„35„113€and€„114€as€they€are€relevant€to€the€section€40„35„103Š & v Šconsiderations.šš€€ņņState€v.€Housewrightóó,€982€S.W.2d€354,€357€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Š  _ ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€found€the€existence€of€the€following€enhancement€factors:׃Óׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ į 1  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(1)€The€appellant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orŠ ³  Šcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theŠ œģ  Šappropriate€range;Š…Õ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(6)€The€amount€of€damage€to€property€sustained€by€or€taken€from€theŠ W§  Švictim€was€particularly€great;€andŠ@` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(10)€The€appellant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€whenŠ b Šthe€risk€to€human€life€was€high.ŠūK` x` x ŠĢņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1),€(6),€and€(10)€(1997).€€The€appellant€disputes€the€applicationŠ Ķ Šof€each€of€these€enhancement€factors.€€We€will€address€each€of€these€in€turn.€€Š ¶ ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(1)€because€of€the€appellantššs€history€of€š šfiveŠ ˆŲ Šseparate€speeding€tickets€which€he€admitted€to€that€he€had€received€since€the€time€he€was€seventeenŠ qĮ Šyears€of€age.šš€€The€court€noted€that€š š[a]lthough€theyššre€not€necessarily€the€normal€type€of€criminalŠ ZŖ Šconvictions€that€we€normally€see,€they€are€criminal€in€nature.€€They€are€certainly€criminal€behavior.€Š C“ ŠExceeding€the€speed€limit€is€a€criminal€act€in€this€state€as€in€all€states.€€So€thatššs€something€TheŠ ,| ŠCourt€can€consider.šš€€The€trial€court€further€noted€that€enhancement€factor€(1)€should€be€affordedŠ e Šmoderate€weight€because€the€instant€offenses€š šinvolve€speeding.šš€€Š žN ŠĢą  ąThis€court€has€recently€observed:Š Š!   ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą[W]e€are€reluctant€to€find€that€a€single€speeding€ticket€constitutesŠ ¢#ņ" Šcriminal€behavior€so€as€to€permit€enhancement€of€[a]€sentence.€€TheŠ ‹$Ū# Šgoal€of€individualized€sentencing€and€fashioning€a€sentence€to€fit€theŠ ° Šoffender€would€be€lost€if€the€speeding€defendant,€which€would€beŠ ™é Švirtually€every€defendant,€would€be€placed€on€equal€status€with€theŠ ‚Ņ Šconvicted€felon€upon€application€of€enhancement€factor€[(1)].Šk»` x` x ŠĢņņState€v.€Brenda€F.€Jonesóó,€No.€W2002„00751„CCA„R3„CD,€2003€WL€21756681,€at€*4€(Tenn.€Crim.Š =  ŠApp.€at€Jackson,€July€29,€2003).€€In€the€instant€case,€the€fifty„two„year€old€appellant€had€receivedŠ & v Šfive€speeding€tickets€since€the€age€of€seventeen,€three€of€which€he€had€received€since€1980€when€heŠ  _ Šbegan€his€career€as€a€commercial€truck€driver.€€Even€if€enhancement€factor€(1)€were€applicable€toŠ ų H Šthe€appellant,€we€conclude€that€the€factor€was€entitled€to€little,€if€any,€weight.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€MarshaŠ į 1  ŠL.€McClellanóó,€No.€E2000„02373„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€WL€394849,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atŠ Ź   ŠKnoxville,€Apr.€19,€2001).Š ³  ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€next€found€the€existence€of€enhancement€factor€(6),€š š[t]he€personal€injuriesŠ …Õ  Šinflicted€upon€or€the€amount€of€damage€to€property€sustained€by€or€taken€from€the€victim€wasŠ n¾  Šparticularly€great.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(6)€(1997).€€The€trial€court€correctly€observed€thatŠ W§  Šit€could€not€apply€the€factor€based€upon€Trooper€Rossšš€death€or€Jordanššs€injuries€as€such€injuriesŠ @ Šwere€elements€of€the€offenses€for€which€the€appellant€was€convicted.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š )y Š114€(1997)€(stating€that€enhancement€factors€may€be€applied€š šif€not€themselves€essential€elementsŠ b Šof€the€offense€as€charged€in€the€indictmentšš).€€However,€the€trial€court€applied€this€factor€to€bothŠ ūK Šoffenses€because€both€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€and€Jordanššs€vehicle€were€totally€destroyed.€€TheŠ ä4 Šappellant€claims€that€Trooper€Ross€suffered€no€property€damage€because€he€did€not€personally€ownŠ Ķ Šthe€patrol€car€he€was€driving;€instead,€the€patrol€car€was€owned€by€the€THP.€€Additionally,€theŠ ¶ Šappellant€complains€that€the€record€contains€no€evidence€as€to€the€amount€of€damage€suffered€byŠ Ÿļ ŠJordan.€€Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąUpon€our€review€of€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€applied€thisŠ ZŖ Šenhancement€factor€to€both€offenses.€€First,€we€observe€that€while€the€appellant€is€correct€thatŠ C“ ŠTrooper€Ross€did€not€personally€own€the€patrol€car€in€which€he€was€killed,€we€believe€that€the€spiritŠ ,| Šof€this€enhancement€factor€is€satisfied€because€Trooper€Ross€was€acting€in€his€professional€capacityŠ e Šas€an€agent€of€the€State,€the€owner€of€the€patrol€car,€at€the€time€of€the€collision.€€Moreover,€whileŠ žN Šthe€appellant€is€correct€in€stating€that€Jordan€never€testified€regarding€the€specific€monetary€damageŠ ē 7 Što€her€vehicle,€the€presentence€report€reflects€that€her€vehicle€was€š štotally€destroyed.šš€Additionally,Š Š!   Šwe€conclude€that€the€photographs€of€her€demolished€vehicle€and€of€the€decimated€patrol€car€provideŠ ¹" ! Šsufficient€proof€that€the€damage€sustained€by€the€victims€was€particularly€great.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢą  ąAdditionally,€the€appellant€complains€that€š š[v]ehicles€are€totaled€in€accidents€all€of€the€time.€Š t%Ä $ ŠThere€is€nothing€particularly€great€about€this€type€of€property€damage.šš€€However,€this€court€hasŠ ]&­!% Špreviously€noted€that€š švehicular€homicide€does€not€require€that€the€victim€be€driving€a€vehicle€orŠ F'–"& Šthat€a€victim€be€a€passenger€in€a€vehicle.šš€€ņņState€v.€Russell€E.€Millsóó,€No.€M1999„02505„CCA„R3„Š /(#' ŠCD,€2000€WL€1336685,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Sept.€15,€2000).€€Likewise,Š )h$( Šaggravated€assault€does€not€necessarily€entail€damage€to€a€vehicle.€€Moreover,€this€court€hasŠ *Q%) Šrepeatedly€approved€€the€application€of€this€enhancement€factor€in€cases€where€there€was€proof€thatŠ ź*:&* Šthe€vehicle€involved€in€a€collision€was€destroyed.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.óó;€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Robbie€R.€Baileyóó,€No.Š Ó+#'+ ŠE2001„00210„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€WL€1516956,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€Nov.€29,Š ° Š2001);€ņņState€v.€George€Blake€Kellyóó,€No.€01C01„9610„CC„0048,€1998€WL€712268,€at€*12€(Tenn.Š ™é ŠCrim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Oct.€13,€1998).€€Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąFinally,€the€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(10),€finding€that€the€appellant€š šhad€noŠ T¤ Šhesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„Š =  Š35„114(10)€(1997).€€ņņóóAs€charged€in€the€indictments,€this€enhancement€factor€would€be€considered€anŠ & v Šelement€of€both€vehicular€homicide€and€aggravated€assault.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Nixóó,€922€S.W.2d€894,€903Š  _ Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(observing€that€š šŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōthere€is€necessarily€a€high€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ģ#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōrisk€to€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³J#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōhuman€life€and€the€greatŠ ų H Špotential€for€bodily€injury€whenever€a€deadly€weapon€is€usedšš€as€it€is€in€aggravated€assault€with€aŠ į 1  Šdeadly€weapon)Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³”#Ō;€ņņŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[ŌState€v.€Binghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€448,€453€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(explaining€thatŠ Ź   Šš šif€there€is€no€risk€to€the€life€of€a€person€other€than€the€victim,€clearly€the€proof€necessary€toŠ ³  Šestablish€enhancement€factor€(10)€will€be€encompassed€by€the€proof€necessary€to€establish€anŠ œģ  Šessential€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³‘#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōelement€of€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³.#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōvehicular€homicideššŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³{#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō),€Ō% ‡& ŌŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³Ó#ŌŌ%†&õŌņņŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōņņóóoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€ņņņņóóState€v.€Hooperņņóó,Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³9#ŌóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō€29Š …Õ  ŠS.W.3d€1€(Tenn.€2000)Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³Ä#ŌņņóóŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ō.€€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³9#ŌŠ n¾  ŠĢą  ąHowever,€our€law€is€clear€that€enhancement€factor€(10)€may€be€applicable€to€vehicularŠ @ Šhomicide€or€aggravated€assault€if€š šthere€is€a€risk€of€harm€to€a€person€other€than€the€victim.šš€€ņņStateŠ )y Šv.€Zongeóó,€973€S.W.2d€250,€259€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€In€the€instant€case,€the€trial€courtŠ b Šspecifically€found€that€Trooper€McCoy,€the€construction€crew,€and€westbound€motorists€wereŠ ūK Šendangered€by€the€appellantššs€actions.€€The€appellant€argues€that€š šTrooper€McCoyššs€life€was€neverŠ ä4 Šin€danger€as€a€result€of€[his]€conduct.šš€€Additionally,€the€appellant€disputes€that€the€constructionŠ Ķ Šcrew€was€endangered€and€contends€that€š š[t]here€is€no€evidence€in€the€Record€that€any€car€other€thanŠ ¶ Š[Jordan]€was€actually€in€harmššs€way€in€the€westbound€lanes.šš€€Š Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąTrooper€McCoy€testified€that€at€the€time€of€the€appellantššs€collision€with€Trooper€Ross,€heŠ qĮ Šwas€stationed€a€scant€100€yards€away€from€Trooper€Ross.€€The€construction€crew€was€workingŠ ZŖ Šnearby,€although€the€exact€distance€is€not€reflected€in€the€record.€€Additionally,€Ruby€testified€thatŠ C“ Šhe€was€driving€only€a€short€distance€behind€the€appellant€and€saw€Trooper€Rossšš€patrol€car€burst€intoŠ ,| Šflames.€€Also,€Jordan€testified€that€she€had€to€swerve€left€to€attempt€to€evade€the€appellant€becauseŠ e Šš štraffic€was€really€congested.šš€€Finally,€Wainscott,€who€was€traveling€in€the€westbound€lanes€of€I„Š žN Š40,€testified€that€before€the€appellantššs€collision€with€Jordan,€he€observed€that€the€appellantššsŠ ē 7 Šš švehicle€came€towards€the€median€strip€towards€where€I€was€passing€by.šš€€We€conclude€that€the€trialŠ Š!   Šcourt€did€not€err€in€applying€the€enhancement€factor€(10)€to€both€of€the€appellantššs€convictions.€€ņņSeeóóŠ ¹" ! ŠņņBinghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€at€453;€ņņState€v.€Robert€S.€Nealóó,€No.€M2001„00441„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€WLŠ ¢#ņ" Š31852854,€at€*24€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Dec.€19,€2002),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Š ‹$Ū# Š2003).€€Š t%Ä $ ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€next€complains€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€consider€the€followingŠ F'–"& Šmitigating€factors€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„113(13)€(1997€and€2003),€theŠ /(#' Šš šcatch„allšš€provision€of€the€statute:Š )h$( ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(1)€the€appellantššs€lack€of€criminal€history;Šź*:&*` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠÓ+#'+` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(2)€the€appellant€was€not€under€the€influence€of€drugs€or€alcohol;а` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(3)€the€appellant€š šdid€not€believe€he€suffered€an€illness€that€wouldŠ ‚Ņ Šimpair€his€ability€to€drivešš;Šk»` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(4)€the€appellantššs€š šlog€books€for€the€five€day€trip€were€in€completeŠ =  Šcompliance€with€federal€regulationsšš;Š& v` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(5)€the€appellant€š šnever€drove€beyond€the€number€of€hours€allowedŠ ų H Šby€lawšš;Šį 1 ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(6)€the€appellant€š šhad€seven€hours€sleep€the€night€before€theŠ ³  Šaccidentšš;€andŠœģ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(7)€š šthe€construction€zone€was€improperly€marked€and€actuallyŠ n¾  Šcreated€a€hazard€for€motorists.ššŠW§ ` x` x ŠĢą  ąAs€for€the€appellantššs€lack€of€criminal€history,€this€court€has€previously€explained€thatŠ )y ŠŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōš š[a]lthough€absence€of€a€prior€criminal€record€may€be€considered€under€the€catch„all€provision€ofŠ b ŠTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„113(13)€.€.€.€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³,#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōthis€court€is€not€required€to€consider€this€asŠ ūK Ša€mitigating€factor.šš€€ņņState€v.€Williams,óó€920€S.W.2d€247,€261€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ -#Ō€€This€isŠ ä4 Šbecause€Ō‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōš šŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³.#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōevery€Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³\.#ŌŌ‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōcitizen€is€expected€to€refrain€from€committing€any€type€of€crimeŌ#†X‚[X X X¤³¤.#Ō.šš€€ņņState€v.€ClaytonŠ Ķ ŠEugene€Turner,€IIóó,€No.€03C01„9805„CR„00176,€1999€WL€817690,€at€*16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atŠ ¶ ŠKnoxville,€Oct.€6,€1999).€€Correspondingly,€we€conclude€that€each€citizen€has€a€duty€to€follow€theŠ Ÿļ Šlaw;€therefore,€the€trial€court€was€under€no€obligation€to€consider€the€appellantššs€proposed€mitigatingŠ ˆŲ Šfactors€2,€4,€and€5.€€Therefore,€we€decline€to€hold€that€the€trial€courtššs€failure€to€apply€theseŠ qĮ Šmitigating€factors€was€error.Š ZŖ ŠĢą  ąFurthermore,€as€to€the€appellantššs€proposed€mitigating€factor€6,€that€he€slept€seven€hours€theŠ ,| Šnight€before€the€collision,€the€trial€court€stated€that€š šIššm€still€not€sure€how€it€really€is€mitigatingŠ e Šunder€the€circumstances.šš€€While€much€of€the€sentencing€hearing€was€devoted€to€the€appellantššsŠ žN Šsleeping€habits,€the€trial€court€focused€primarily€on€the€appellantššs€speed€and€his€inattention€to€hisŠ ē 7 Šdriving,€especially€while€driving€in€a€construction€zone.€€There€is€no€indication€in€the€record€that€theŠ Š!   Šamount€of€sleep€the€appellant€received€the€night€before€the€collisions€positively€or€negativelyŠ ¹" ! Šaffected€events.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€correctly€found€that€the€appellantššsŠ ¢#ņ" Šsleeping€habits€should€not€be€considered€as€a€mitigating€factor.€€Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢą  ąMoreover,€the€trial€court€refused€to€consider€as€a€mitigating€factor€€that€the€appellant€š šdidŠ ]&­!% Šnot€believe€he€suffered€an€illness€that€would€impair€his€ability€to€drivešš,€observing€thatŠ F'–"& ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąalthough€he€did€have€surgery€[to€correct€his€sleep€apnea],€.€.€.€heŠ )h$( Šnever€followed€through€with€it€after€that.€€He€never€went€back€for€anyŠ *Q%) Šadditional€treatment€or€surgeries€although€it€was€being€recommendedŠ ź*:&* Šby€his€physician€that€he€should.ŠÓ+#'+` x` x ЇBased€upon€this€reasoning,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€mitigate€theŠ ° Šappellantššs€sentence€on€this€basis.€€Š ™é ŠĢą  ąAs€to€the€appellantššs€complaints€regarding€the€construction€zone,€the€trial€court€stated,€š šNorŠ k» Šdo€I€find€that€this€construction€zone€was€not€properly€marked.€€As€a€matter€of€fact,€I€find€to€theŠ T¤ Šcontrary€concerning€this€construction€zone.€€The€Court€is€convinced€by€at€least€a€preponderance€ofŠ =  Šthe€evidence€that€this€construction€zone€was€clearly€marked€as€a€construction€zone.šš€€Generally,€thisŠ & v Šcourt€does€not€set€aside€the€factual€findings€made€by€the€trial€court€after€a€sentencing€hearing€unlessŠ  _ Šthe€evidence€preponderates€against€such€findings.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņZeoliaóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€462;€ņņState€v.€Rainesóó,Š ų H Š882€S.W.2d€376,€383€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€does€notŠ į 1  Špreponderate€against€the€trial€courtššs€findings€in€relation€to€this€issue.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€courtŠ Ź   Šdid€not€err€in€refusing€to€apply€this€mitigating€factor.€€Š ³  ŠĢą  ąThe€appellant€also€complains€regarding€the€weight€afforded€certain€enhancement€andŠ …Õ  Šmitigating€factors.€€However,€Ō‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōš š[t]he€weight€given€to€each€factor€is€within€the€trial€courtššs€discretionŠ n¾  Šprovided€that€the€record€supports€its€findings€and€it€complies€with€the€Sentencing€Act.šš€€ņņState€v.Š W§  ŠCarteróó,€908€S.W.2d€410,€412€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Boggsóó,€932€S.W.2d€467,Š @ Š475„76€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³ś<#Ō€€As€we€noted,€the€trial€court€erred€in€attributing€moderate€weightŠ )y Što€enhancement€factor€(1).€€However,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€inŠ b Šthe€weight€attributed€to€the€remaining€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Winfieldóó,€23Š ūK ŠS.W.3d€279,€284€(Tenn.€2000)€(finding€that€the€misapplication€of€an€enhancement€factor€does€notŠ ä4 Šnecessarily€result€in€the€reduction€of€a€defendantššs€sentence).€€Š Ķ ŠĢą@00ģąB.€€Suspension€of€Driving€PrivilegesˆŠ Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąFinally,€the€appellant€complains€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€suspended€his€drivingŠ qĮ Šprivileges€in€all€states€for€eight€years.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€argues€that€š šaccording€to€theŠ ZŖ Š[applicable]€statute€the€Trial€Court€must€prohibit€[the€appellant]€from€driving€a€vehicle€in€the€stateŠ C“ Šof€Tennessee€for€a€minimum€of€three€years,€not€the€state€of€Idaho.€€The€Trial€Courtššs€orderŠ ,| Šprohibiting€[the€appellant]€from€driving€in€any€state€for€the€next€eight€years€is€not€supported€by€law.ššŠ e ŠĢą  ąTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„213(c)€(1997€and€2003)€provides€that€the€trialŠ ē 7 Šcourt€š šshall€prohibit€a€defendant€convicted€of€vehicular€homicide€from€driving€a€vehicle€in€this€stateŠ Š!   Šfor€a€period€of€time€not€less€than€three€(3)€years€nor€more€than€ten€(10)€years.šš€The€trial€court€notedŠ ¹" ! Šthat€š šthe€law€does€require€a€mandatory€period€of€revocation€of€three€years,€and€he€could€receive€aŠ ¢#ņ" Šmaximum€period€of€revocation€of€ten€years.šš€€While€the€trial€court€did€not€specifically€cite€thisŠ ‹$Ū# Šstatute€in€revoking€the€appellantššs€driverššs€license,€the€trial€courtššs€language€clearly€reveals€that€theŠ t%Ä $ Šcourt€was€referencing€this€statute€and€was€not€revoking€the€appellantššs€license€as€part€of€hisŠ ]&­!% Šprobation.€€Š F'–"& ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€stated:Š )h$( ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąMr.€Engum,€I€do€want€to€advise€you,€you€are€prohibited€from€drivingŠ ź*:&* Šany€motor€vehicle€for€at€least€the€next€eight€years€or€until€youššveŠ Ó+#'+ Šreceived€š!š€your€driving€privileges€are€reinstated€by€this€Court.€€ButŠ ° Šthatššs€going€to€be€at€least€eight€years€from€today.€€Okay?Š™é` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąYou€cannot€be€driving€a€motor€vehicle.€€All€right.€€Your€license€willŠ k» Šbe€sent€to€the€Department€of€Safety.€€And,€of€course,€that€revocationŠ T¤ Šapplies€to€all€states.€€You€cannot€be€driving€or€receiving€any€driverššsŠ =  Šlicense€in€any€state.€€Okay?Š& v` x` x ŠĢą  ąGenerally,€our€courts€glean€š ša€statuteššs€purpose€from€the€plain€and€ordinary€meaning€of€itsŠ ų H Šlanguage€ššwithout€forced€or€subtle€construction€that€would€limit€or€extend€the€meaning€of€theŠ į 1  Šlanguage.šššš€ņņState€v.€Owensóó,€20€S.W.3d€634,€640€(Tenn.€2000)€(quoting€ņņCarson€Creek€VacationŠ Ź   ŠResorts,€Inc.€v.€State€Depššt€of€Revenueóó,€865€S.W.2d€1,€2€(Tenn.€1993))€(footnote€omitted).€€In€otherŠ ³  Šwords,Ō‡ X¤³ XXX‚[Ōš š[w]hen€statutory€language€is€plain€and€unambiguous,€[courts]€must€not€apply€a€constructionŠ œģ  Šapart€from€the€words€of€the€statute.šš€€ņņState€v.€Nelsonóó,€23€S.W.3d€270,€271€(Tenn.€2000).Ō#†X‚[X X X¤³HL#Ō€€The€clearŠ …Õ  Šlanguage€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„213(c)€provides€that€the€trial€court€has€theŠ n¾  Šauthority€to€revoke€the€appellantššs€driving€privileges€ņņin€this€stateóó.€€Ergo,€the€trial€court€exceeded€theŠ W§  Šboundaries€of€the€statute€by€revoking€the€appellantššs€driving€privileges€ņņin€all€statesóó.׃3ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€However,€weŠ @ Šconclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€revoking€the€appellantššs€driving€privilegesŠ )y Šin€Tennessee€for€a€period€of€eight€years.€€Therefore,€we€remand€to€the€trial€court€for€correction€ofŠ b Šthe€€judgment€on€vehicular€homicide€conviction.€The€corrected€judgment€shall€reflect€that€theŠ ūK Šappellantššs€driving€privileges€are€revoked€in€this€state€for€a€period€of€eight€years.Š ä4 ŠĢą@NN"ģąņņņ ņIII.€€Conclusionóóó óˆŠ ¶ ŠĢą  ąAccordingly,€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€trial€court€are€affirmed€except€as€set€forthŠ ‰Ł Šherein.€Š rĀ ŠĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š f Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE