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ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyŠ é 9 Šą@@ųųģąNo.€99„05329„30€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€Judge€Š Ó # ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` Aߊ ‘į  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2002„02744„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€29,€Ō_Ō2004Ō_ŌŠ ŠŚ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<]` Aߊ ^®  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Robert€L.€Evans,€Jr.,€was€indicted€for€aggravated€robbery,€first€degree€premeditatedŌ#†¼×)»XXØ#ŌŌ‡XX»¼×)ŌŠ V¦  Šmurder,€and€first€degree€felony€murder.€€A€jury€convicted€the€defendant€on€all€counts.€€The€twoŠ ? Šmurder€convictions€were€merged,€and€the€jury€imposed€life€without€parole.€€The€trial€judgeŠ (x Šsentenced€the€defendant€to€life€without€parole€plus€twelve€years€for€aggravated€robbery.€€The€twelve„Š a Šyear€sentence€was€ordered€served€consecutively€to€the€murder€sentence€and€a€previous€sentence€ofŠ śJ Šdeath€in€Illinois.€€The€defendant€now€appeals€his€convictions€and€the€consecutive€sentencing.€€WeŠ ć3 Šaffirm€both€the€convictions€and€sentencing.Š Ģ ŠÓÕÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3.€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óŠ žī ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼×)»ąXg#ŌŌ‡XX.¼×)ŌJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņNorma€McGee€Ogleóó€andŠ qĮ ŠņņAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ZŖ ŠĢColeman€W.€Garrett€and€James€Turner,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Robert€L.€Evans,Š ,| ŠJr.Š e ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Bledsoe,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Š ē 7  ŠWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Jerry€Kitchen€and€Michelle€Ō_ŌKimbrilŌ_Ō„Parks,Š Š! ! ŠAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š ¹" " ŠÓ£ÓĢĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼×)»XXŅ#ŌŌ‡XX»¼×)ŌŠ t%Ä % ŠĢÓ XÓÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Robert€L.€Evans,€Jr.,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€all€charges€contained€in€twoŠ G'—"' Šseparate€indictments.€€The€first€indictment€charged€aggravated€robbery.€€The€second€indictmentŠ 0(€#( Šcontained€two€counts:€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€first€degree€felony€murder.€€All€chargesŠ )i$) Šarose€from€a€robbery€of€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs€restaurant€in€the€early€morning€hours€ofŠ *R%* ŠNovember€5,€1997.€€During€the€robbery,€Delma€Ramsey,€an€assistant€manager,€was€brutally€beatenŠ ė*;&+ Šand€eventually€died€from€her€injuries.€€The€two€murder€convictions€were€merged.€€In€the€penaltyŠ Ō+$', Šphase,€the€jury€sentenced€the€defendant€to€life€without€possibility€of€parole.€€Subsequently,€after€aŠ ½, (- Šsentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€twelve€years€for€aggravated€robbery€to€beŠ ¦-ö(.ż ŠŌ_Ōserved€consecutive€to€the€defendantššs€life€sentence€and€a€death€sentence€previously€imposed€inŠ ° ŠIllinois.Š ™é ŠŠ ‚Ņ ŠThe€defendant€now€appeals€the€conviction€and€sentencing€and€presents€three€issues€for€ourŠ k» Šreview:Š T¤ Š(1)€€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€convictions€for€first€degree€murder;Š =  Š(2)€whether€certain€photographsšš€prejudicial€effect€outweighed€their€probative€value;€and,Š & v Š(3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences.Š  _ ŠŠ ų H Šņ ņÓ XÓÓ  ÓFactual€BackgroundŠ į 1  ŠÓ†ÓÓ XxÓŠ Ė   Šó óDelma€Ramsey€was€an€associate€manager€at€McDonaldššs€in€Germantown.€€According€to€herŠ µ  Šhusband,€Dennis€Ramsey,€she€was€forty„nine€years€old€and€had€been€employed€at€this€sameŠ žī  Šrestaurant€for€approximately€twenty€years.€€She€was€responsible€for€opening€the€restaurant€and€leftŠ ‡×  Šhome€on€those€mornings€between€2:00€to€2:30€a.m.,€arriving€at€the€restaurant€from€2:30€to€3:00€a.m.Š pĄ  ŠŠ Y©  ŠLarry€Graves€was€a€market€security€manager€for€McDonaldššs.€€His€duties€included€reviewingŠ B’ Šsales€figures€on€the€stores€in€his€jurisdiction€and€serving€as€a€liaison€to€law€enforcement.€€His€recordsŠ +{ Šindicated€that€the€victim€had€deactivated€the€security€alarm€at€the€restaurant€at€approximately€2:20Š d Ša.m.€on€November€5,€1997.€€There€were€no€security€cameras€installed€at€this€restaurantņ ņ€ó óat€that€time.€Š żM ŠMr.€Graves€received€notice€of€an€incident€at€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs€and€went€to€the€scene€atŠ é9 Š5:00€a.m.€on€November€5th.€€He€did€an€audit€of€the€cash€and€determined€that€$1200.00€was€missing.€Š Ņ" ŠThe€safe€in€the€restaurant€office€was€open€and€four€cash€tills€were€lying€on€the€floor.€€He€describedŠ »  Šthe€office€as€very€small,€approximately€six€feet€wide.Š ¤ō ŠŠ Ż ŠWinford€Howe,€an€area€supervisor€for€McDonaldššs€security,€testified€that€he€had€once€beenŠ vĘ Šthe€manager€at€Germantown€McDonaldššs.€€He€had€known€Delma€Ramsey€as€an€employee.€€He€statedŠ _Æ Šthat€only€management€knew€the€restaurantššs€safe€combination,€and€it€was€Ramseyššs€responsibilityŠ H˜ Što€open€the€safe€each€morning.€€Mr.€Howe€had€known€the€defendant€when€he€was€employed€atŠ 1 ŠMcDonaldššs.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€was€originally€hired€in€June€of€1996,€and€his€lastŠ j Špaycheck€was€October€14,€1997.€€Mr.€Howe€also€knew€another€employee€at€the€restaurant,€Ms.Š  S ŠEmma€Owens,€the€defendantššs€grandmother.€€Š ģ < ŠŠ Õ!%  ŠMr.€Kareem€Colliar,€in€November€of€1997,€was€the€second€assistant€manager€at€GermantownŠ ¾"! ŠMcDonaldššs.€€He€had€closed€the€business€on€the€night€of€November€4th€and€explained€closingŠ §#÷" Šprocedures.€€The€procedures€included€the€counting€of€all€money€in€the€cash€tills€and€placing€theŠ $ą# Šmoney€and€tills€in€the€office€safe.€€When€closing,€employees€exited€the€building€via€the€south€doorŠ y%É $ Šfacing€First€Tennessee€Bank.€€Employees€entering€the€closed€business€always€entered€by€the€southŠ b&²!% Šdoor.Š K'›"& ŠŠ 4(„#' ŠMrs.€Emma€Owens€was€a€server€at€the€business€and€had€been€employed€there€since€1992.€Š )m$( ŠShe€was€also€the€grandmother€of€the€defendant€and€Maurice€Lane,€the€co„defendant.€€Mrs.€OwensŠ *V%) Šhad€developed€a€close€relationship€with€Delma€Ramsey€and€worked€the€same€shift.€€It€was€theirŠ ļ*?&* Šcustom€for€Mrs.€Ramsey€to€call€Mrs.€Owens€at€3:00€a.m.€each€work€day€and€Mrs.€Owens€reportedŠ Ų+('+ Šat€4:00€a.m.€€She€received€her€wake€up€call€on€November€5,€1997.€€Later€she€received€another€callŠ ° Šat€home€but€only€heard€choking€sounds€and€hung€up€the€phone€without€checking€her€callerŠ ™é Šidentification.€€When€she€arrived€at€work,€she€and€another€employee€knocked€on€the€door€forŠ ‚Ņ Šentrance€but€it€was€unacknowledged.€€After€five€or€ten€minutes,€she€went€to€a€phone€and€called€theŠ k» Špolice.Š T¤ ŠŠ =  ŠMrs.€Owens€stated€that€the€defendant€and€Maurice€Lane€had€been€employed€at€the€restaurantŠ & v Šon€two€different€periods.€€She€said€the€victim€had€a€good€relationship€with€the€defendant€and€LaneŠ  _ Šand€called€them€her€brothers.€€After€the€defendantššs€arrest,€Mrs.€Owens€talked€to€him€by€telephone.€Š ų H ŠShe€asked€him€if€she€had€been€present€would€he€have€š šhad€to€kill€her€too.šš€€The€defendant€said,€š šnoŠ į 1  Šgrandmamma.ššŠ Ź   ŠŠ ³  ŠDouglas€Powell€was€also€an€employee€on€the€4:00€a.m.€shift€on€November€5,€1997.€€HeŠ œģ  Štestified€that€upon€his€arrival,€Mrs.€Ramseyššs€car€was€parked€on€the€south€side€of€the€building.€€BothŠ …Õ  Šhe€and€Mrs.€Owens€knocked€repeatedly€on€the€door€but€received€no€response.€€He€said€Mrs.€OwensŠ n¾  Šleft€to€call€the€police.Š W§  ŠŠ @ ŠBen€Zachary€Rogers€was€a€police€officer€with€the€Germantown€Police€Department€inŠ )y ŠNovember€of€1997.€€He€and€his€partner,€Kevin€Santonio,€responded€to€the€call€Mrs.€Owens€hadŠ b Šmade.€€By€peering€through€a€drive„in€window€on€the€north€side€of€McDonaldššs,€Rogers€could€seeŠ ūK ŠMrs.€Ramseyššs€prone€and€apparently€unconscious€body€on€the€floor.€€He€then€requested€anŠ ä4 Šambulance€through€dispatch.€€Two€other€Germantown€officers,€Cannon€and€Fisher,€arrived.€€CannonŠ Ķ Šdiscovered€that€the€north€door€was€unlocked,€and€the€officers€went€inside.€€Rogers€stated€that€Mrs.Š ¶ ŠRamsey€was€unconscious€but€her€small€gurgling€sounds€of€breathing€were€audible.Š Ÿļ ŠŠ ˆŲ ŠLt.€Bruce€Connor€of€the€Germantown€Police€Department€also€responded€to€the€scene€alongŠ qĮ Šwith€his€partner,€Matt€Fisher.€€Lt.€Cannon€stated€he€had€known€the€victim€but,€due€to€the€extent€ofŠ ZŖ Šher€injuries,€he€did€not€recognize€her.€€When€the€paramedics€arrived,€one€pointed€out€that€an€apronŠ C“ Šwas€tied€as€a€ligature€around€the€victimššs€neck.€€Lt.€Cannon€photographed€the€crime€scene,€includingŠ ,| Šthe€open€safe€in€the€office.€€He€also€stated€that€he€found€a€set€of€keys€in€a€grassy€area€betweenŠ e ŠMcDonaldššs€and€Captain€Dššs€Restaurant.Š žN ŠŠ ē 7 ŠAt€the€time€of€the€offenses,€Ted€Friend€was€an€EMS€lieutenant€for€the€Germantown€FireŠ Š!   ŠDepartment.€€He€arrived€at€the€scene€and€found€the€victim€in€critical€condition.€€There€was€noŠ ¹" ! Šdiscernible€blood€pressure,€he€could€not€detect€oxygen€in€her€blood.€€He€described€the€apron€on€theŠ ¢#ņ" Švictimššs€neck€and€its€restriction€of€blood€flow.€€Her€face€was€discolored€to€the€degree€that€Lt.€FriendŠ ‹$Ū# Šmistook€her€to€be€a€black€person.€€The€victim€was€sent€to€Methodist€Hospital€in€Germantown,€whereŠ t%Ä $ Šshe€eventually€died.Š ]&­!% ŠŠ F'–"& ŠJulia€Haden€served€as€bank€manger€of€First€Tennessee€Bank€in€Germantown€at€the€time€ofŠ /(#' Šthis€offense.€€She€said€the€bank€maintained€a€video€camera€on€the€ATM€machine€and€that€the€cameraŠ )h$( Špoints€toward€the€adjacent€McDonaldššs.€€Ms.€Haden€had€turned€over€the€video€tapes€of€NovemberŠ *Q%) Š4€and€5,€1997,€to€the€Germantown€Police€upon€their€request.Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ ŠTom€Edwards€was€accepted€as€an€expert€witness€in€the€field€of€forensic€video€enhancement.€Š ° ŠHe€described€his€expertise€as€taking€bad€pictures€and€making€them€š šbigger,€better€and€brighter.šš€Š ™é ŠDr.€Edwardsšš€business€had€taken€the€video€furnished€by€First€Tennessee€Bank€and€focused€onŠ ‚Ņ Šapproximately€3000€images€of€scenes€portraying€the€McDonaldššs€area.€€At€2:22€a.m.,€the€cameraŠ k» Šcaught€what€appeared€to€be€car€lights€that€circled€McDonaldššs€and€then€parked€in€the€restaurant€lot.€Š T¤ ŠThere€were€several€indications€of€motion€from€within€the€restaurant€from€2:24€to€2:28€a.m.€€No€moreŠ =  Šmotion€was€detected€until€approximately€4:01€a.m.€and€after€that,€an€abundance€of€motion€wasŠ & v Ševident.€€He€explained€that€this€type€of€camera€was€the€worst€kind€for€clear€resolution.€€The€cameraŠ  _ Šwas€intended€for€close€range€observation,€was€seldom€cleaned,€and€the€tapes€suffered€from€overuse.Š ų H ŠŠ į 1  ŠFerlandis€Scott€is€a€cousin€of€the€defendantššs€who€was,€at€the€time€of€trial,€in€penal€custodyŠ Ź   Šin€Decatur,€Illinois.€€Mr.€Scott€had€lived€in€Memphis€with€the€defendantššs€family€for€three€monthsŠ ³  Šin€1997.€€Along€with€the€defendant,€he€worked€at€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs€during€that€time.€Š œģ  ŠOn€one€occasion€Scott€told€the€defendant€that€it€would€be€easy€for€them€to€rob€the€restaurant€due€toŠ …Õ  Štheir€knowledge€of€the€business.€€Upon€further€reflection,€Scott€said€he€abandoned€the€idea€due€toŠ n¾  Šthe€unlikelihood€of€succeeding€without€being€recognized.€€He€then€moved€back€to€Decatur.€€In€MayŠ W§  Šof€1999,€both€Mr.€Scott€and€the€defendant€were€inmates€at€the€Macon€County,€Illinois,€jail€inŠ @ Šadjoining€cells.€€Scott€asked€the€defendant€about€the€events€at€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs,€andŠ )y Šthe€two€had€several€conversations.€€Scott€stated€that€the€defendant€said€Maurice€Lane€had€gone€withŠ b Šhim€to€the€restaurant€and€waited€in€the€car€two€blocks€away.€€The€defendant€knocked€on€the€doorŠ ūK Šand€was€admitted€by€Delma€Ramsey.€€The€defendant€was€wearing€gloves.€€Mrs.€Ramsey€called€Mrs.Š ä4 ŠEmma€Owens,€the€defendantššs€grandmother,€and€the€defendant€motioned€to€Mrs.€Ramsey€not€toŠ Ķ Šmention€his€presence.€€The€defendant€told€him€that€he€beat€and€choked€the€victim.€€When€Mrs.Š ¶ ŠRamsey€regained€consciousness,€the€defendant€elbowed€her€and€knocked€her€out€again.€€TheŠ Ÿļ Šdefendant€said€he€took€$1000.00.€€Scott€then€told€his€mother,€Marilyn€Evans,€what€the€defendant€hadŠ ˆŲ Šrevealed.€€Scott€was€questioned€by€police€officers,€and€he€gave€them€the€same€information.€€AfterŠ qĮ Šthe€police€had€talked€to€the€defendant€in€May€of€1999,€the€defendant€requested€for€Scott€to€tell€theŠ ZŖ Špolice€that€Maurice€Lane€had€beaten€Mrs.€Ramsey.€€The€defendant€then€sent€requests€for€a€DecaturŠ C“ Šofficer€to€question€Scott.Š ,| ŠŠ e ŠFrank€Campbell€served€as€an€investigator€for€the€Macon€County€State€Attorney€Office€inŠ žN ŠDecatur,€Illinois.€€Mr.€Campbell€testified€that€Ferlandis€Scott€received€no€concessions€on€his€IllinoisŠ ē 7 Šsentence€for€his€testimony€in€this€case.Š Š!   ŠŠ ¹" ! ŠMaurice€Lane,€the€co„defendant€and€a€cousin€to€the€defendant,€testified€to€the€events€onŠ ¢#ņ" ŠNovember€5,€1997.€€Lane€said€that€the€defendant€came€to€Laneššs€home€about€12:30€a.m.€onŠ ‹$Ū# ŠNovember€5,€1997,€and€proposed€they€rob€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs.€€The€defendant€said€he€hadŠ t%Ä $ Šalready€been€there€and€š šscoped€the€scene€out.šš€€The€two€men€drove€to€the€McDonaldššs€and€parkedŠ ]&­!% Šin€the€rear.€€The€defendant€put€on€a€McDonaldššs€shirt€and€a€black€š šhoodie.šš€€The€defendant€thenŠ F'–"& Šwent€to€the€door€of€the€restaurant€that€faced€First€Tennessee€Bank€while€Lane€remained€in€theŠ /(#' Švehicle.€€Mrs.€Ramsey€admitted€the€defendant€when€he€knocked€on€the€window.€€The€defendantŠ )h$( Šexited€by€the€north€door€on€the€opposite€side€of€the€building.€€Lane€said€that€the€defendant€wasŠ *Q%) Šrunning€and€made€a€throwing€motion€on€his€way€to€the€vehicle.€€The€defendantššs€shirt€was€š šfull€ofŠ ź*:&* Šblood,šš€and€Lane€noticed€blood€and€skin€under€the€defendantššs€fingernails.€€The€defendant€saidŠ Ó+#'+ Šš š[w]e€just€scuffled€a€little€bit.šš€€Later€that€evening,€the€defendant€counted€the€money€taken,€and€itŠ ° Štotaled€$1200.00,€according€to€Lane.€€Later€that€morning,€the€defendant€and€Lane€drove€to€Decatur,Š ™é ŠIllinois.€€The€defendant€gave€Lane€$35.00€or€$40.00€of€the€stolen€money.€€After€arriving€in€Decatur,Š ‚Ņ Šthe€defendant€admitted€to€Lane€that€he€had€beaten€and€choked€Delma€Ramsey€and€thought€he€hadŠ k» Škilled€her.€€Lane€learned€of€Mrs.€Ramseyššs€death€a€few€days€later.Š T¤ ŠŠ =  ŠWhen€Lane€was€first€questioned€by€police€concerning€the€instant€offense,€he€denied€hisŠ & v Šinvolvement€and€told€them€the€defendantššs€father€was€involved.€€Lane€later€gave€yet€a€differentŠ  _ Šversion€of€the€events.€€On€cross„examination,€Lane€freely€admitted€to€his€earlier€false€statements€butŠ ų H Šmaintained€that€he€was€now€testifying€truthfully.Š į 1  ŠŠ Ź   ŠDianne€Thackery,€Maurice€Laneššs€attorney,€testified€that€the€only€promise€made€by€the€StateŠ ³  Što€Lane€in€this€case€was€that€consideration€would€be€given€if€Lane€testified€truthfully.Š œģ  ŠŠ …Õ  ŠSamuel€Jason€Walker€was€a€detective€investigator€with€the€Decatur,€Illinois,€PoliceŠ n¾  ŠDepartment.€€Detective€Walker€stated€that€he€received€three€written€requests€by€the€defendant€toŠ W§  Šspeak€with€him.€€Detective€Walker€met€with€the€defendant€on€May€27,€1999,€in€the€Macon€CountyŠ @ ŠJail,€and€the€defendant€asked€Walker€to€speak€to€Ferlandis€Scott.Š )y ŠŠ b ŠDetective€James€Bruce€with€the€Germantown€Police,€was€assigned€to€the€investigation€of€the€Š ūK Šinstant€offenses.€€On€November€6th,€he€examined€the€caller€identification€device€on€Emma€OwensššŠ ä4 Šhome€telephone.€€It€showed€a€call€received€at€3:12€a.m.,€November€5th,€from€the€GermantownŠ Ķ ŠMcDonaldššs.€€He€explained€that€if€two€calls€were€received€from€the€same€number,€only€the€last€oneŠ ¶ Šreceived€would€be€shown.€€Š Ÿļ ŠŠ ˆŲ ŠDetective€Bruce€first€interviewed€the€defendant€on€May€25,€1999,€while€the€defendant€wasŠ qĮ Šconfined€in€Decatur.€€The€interview€was€recorded€on€video€tape.€€In€this€interview,€the€defendantŠ ZŖ Šsaid€that€he€and€Lane€went€by€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs€on€November€5th.€€Mrs.€Ramsey€wouldŠ C“ Šnot€admit€the€defendant€to€enter€but€did€allow€Lane€entry.€€The€defendant€waited€in€the€car,€and€LaneŠ ,| Šcame€out€twenty€to€thirty€minutes€later€with€a€bag€in€his€hand.€€Lane€did€not€mention€beating€theŠ e Švictim€until€later.€€They€returned€to€the€defendantššs€home€where€Lane€counted€the€money€he€hadŠ žN Štaken.€€Lane€gave€the€defendant€$500.00.€€Later€that€morning,€Emma€Owens€called€the€defendantššsŠ ē 7 Šmother€and€related€the€events€at€McDonaldššs.€€The€defendant€paid€his€father€$100.00€to€take€him€toŠ Š!   ŠDecatur.€€Lane€accompanied€them.€€They€returned€to€Memphis€after€a€few€days.€€Lane€reluctantlyŠ ¹" ! Šadmitted€to€the€defendant€that€he€had€beaten€Mrs.€Ramsey.€€The€defendant€said€he€was€giving€thisŠ ¢#ņ" Šstatement€because€Lane€had€blamed€him€in€Laneššs€statement€to€the€officers.Š ‹$Ū# ŠŠ t%Ä $ ŠOn€June€3,€1999,€Detective€Bruce€conducted€another€videotaped€interview€with€theŠ ]&­!% Šdefendant.€€After€being€informed€of€the€statements€made€by€Maurice€Lane€and€Ferlandis€Scott,€theŠ F'–"& Šdefendant€gave€a€different€version€of€the€event€under€investigation.€€In€this€version,€the€defendantŠ /(#' Šstated€that€the€idea€to€rob€McDonaldššs€was€Laneššs.€€In€this€version,€the€defendant€said€heŠ )h$( Šaccompanied€Lane€into€the€restaurant.€€Lane€called€to€the€defendant€from€the€office,€and€theŠ *Q%) Šdefendant€responded.€€The€defendant€said€Lane€had€Mrs.€Ramsey€in€the€floor€of€the€office.€€TheŠ ź*:&* Šdefendant€emptied€the€cash€drawers€in€the€safe€while€Lane€dealt€with€Mrs.€Ramsey.€€The€defendantŠ Ó+#'+ Šsaid€he€saw€blood€and€heard€gurgling€noises€but€did€not€see€what€Lane€was€doing€to€the€victim.€€TheŠ ° Štwo€men€drove€to€the€defendantššs€home€and€counted€the€money€taken.€€The€defendant€estimated€itŠ ™é Šas€$1200.00€or€$1300.00€and€said€they€split€it.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€after€the€men€went€toŠ ‚Ņ ŠDecatur,€he€spent€some€of€the€money€buying€things€for€his€daughter.Š k» ŠŠ T¤ ŠDr.€O.€C.€Smith€was€qualified€as€an€expert€in€the€field€of€forensic€pathology.€€He€testifiedŠ =  Šthat€he€was€present€at€the€crime€scene€investigation€on€November€5th€and€performed€an€autopsy€onŠ & v ŠMrs.€Ramsey€on€November€6th.€€Dr.€Smith€concluded€that€the€victim€died€of€multiple€injuries.€€HeŠ  _ Šobserved€abrasions€and€skin€scrapes€to€the€face€and€both€sides€of€the€head.€€Her€lips€were€bruised.€Š ų H ŠMarks€on€her€neck€were€consistent€with€ligature€strangulation.€€The€victim€had€a€depressed€skullŠ į 1  Šfracture€above€the€right€ear.€€In€addition€to€the€ligature€marks€on€the€neck,€strangulation€was€alsoŠ Ź   Šindicated€by€petechial€hemorrhages€in€the€skin€and€eye€of€the€victim.€€An€almost€two„inch€diameterŠ ³  Šcircular€injury€was€present€on€the€back€of€the€head.€€The€left€ear€had€skin€torn€away€from€theŠ œģ  Šunderlying€cartilage.€€Multiple€bruises€appeared€on€the€victimššs€chest,€top€left€shoulder,€backŠ …Õ  Šshoulder€blades,€and€deep€bruising€of€the€left€hip.Š n¾  ŠŠ W§  ŠDuring€the€autopsy€phase,€Dr.€Smith€found€š šfairly€extensive€injuries€internally€in€the€areaŠ @ Šof€the€head/neck€region.šš€€In€addition€to€the€skull€fracture€on€the€right€side€of€the€victimššs€head,€aŠ )y Šhinge€fracture€(complete€separation€of€the€skull)€was€noticed€at€the€base€of€the€skull.€€There€wasŠ b Šbleeding€about€the€brain€resulting€from€the€blunt€forces,€as€well€as€bruising€of€the€brain.€€The€hyoidŠ ūK Šbone,€a€wing„like€bone€between€the€jawbone€and€Adamššs€apple,€was€fractured.€€Dr.€Smith€explainedŠ ä4 Šthat€severe€force€was€necessary€to€cause€a€hinge€fracture€of€the€skull€but€lesser€force€if€the€head€wasŠ Ķ Šon€a€firm€surface€such€as€a€floor,€when€the€force€was€administered.Š ¶ ŠŠ Ÿļ ŠSteven€H.€Symes,€a€forensic€anthropologist€at€Shelby€County€Medical€Examinerššs€Office,Š ˆŲ Šwas€qualified€as€an€expert€in€his€field.€€He€testified€that€the€victim€had€two€major€areas€of€the€skullŠ qĮ Šthat€suffered€fractures€due€to€blunt€trauma.€€Both€nasal€bones€were€fractured,€and€bilateral€fractures€Š ZŖ Šran€up€the€side€of€the€face.€€These€resulted€from€a€broad€blunt€forced€impact,€he€said.€€An€area€highŠ C“ Šon€the€skull€suffered€fractures.€€A€hinge€fracture€was€present€at€the€base€of€the€skull.€€He€stated€thatŠ ,| Šhinge€fractures€often€result€from€entrapment,€the€head€being€hit€with€force€while€against€a€solidŠ e Šobject.Š žN ŠŠ ē 7 ŠAfter€the€State€rested€its€case,€the€defendant€testified.€€The€defendant€related€that€he€had€lastŠ Š!   Šworked€at€the€Germantown€McDonaldššs€in€September€of€1997.€€He€described€Delma€Ramsey€asŠ ¹" ! Šbeing€helpful€to€him€at€work€and€said€š š[s]he€treated€me€like€a€son.šš€€The€defendant€said€FerlandisŠ ¢#ņ" ŠScott€first€suggested€robbing€McDonaldššs€in€the€spring€of€1997.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€did€notŠ ‹$Ū# Šhave€any€other€conversations€concerning€such€a€plan.€€He€denied€being€at€the€McDonaldššs€onŠ t%Ä $ ŠNovember€5,€1997,€and€denied€any€complicity€in€the€offenses.€€The€defendant€said€he€had€beenŠ ]&­!% Šplanning€the€trip€to€Decatur€for€a€week€due€to€his€two„year„old€daughterššs€request.€€Maurice€LaneŠ F'–"& Šwent€with€them€to€Decatur€on€the€morning€of€these€offenses.€€The€defendant€explained€that€his€firstŠ /(#' Šstatement€made€to€Detective€Bruce€was€due€to€Maurice€Lane€having€placed€blame€on€the€defendant.€Š )h$( ŠThe€second€revised€statement€was€due€to€being€told€by€Germantown€officers€that€if€he€did€notŠ *Q%) Šā āimprove€his€story,€he€would€be€sentenced€to€death.€€The€defendant€stated€that€Ferlandis€ScottššsŠ ź*:&* Štestimony€was€a€fabrication.€€The€defendant€insisted€that€he€had€no€involvement€in€these€offensesŠ ° Šand€received€no€money€from€the€robbery€proceeds.Š ™é Šā āŠ ‚Ņ Šņ ņÓ XÓÓ  ÓFirst€Degree€MurderŠ k» ŠÓ‡eÓÓ XyeÓŠ U„ Šó óThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€first€degree€premeditatedŌ#†¼×)»XXē #ŌŌ‡XX»¼×)ŌŠ ?  Šmurder.€€As€we€have€previously€observed,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€both€first€degreeŠ ( x Špremeditated€murder€and€first€degree€felony€murder.€€Both€crimes€constitute€first€degree€murder,€ņņseeóóŠ  a ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(a)(1),€(2);€ņņState€v.€Hurleyóó,€876€S.W.2d€57,€58€(Tenn.€1993).€€It€hasŠ ś J Šbeen€recognized€repeatedly€by€our€appellate€courts€that€š šthe€perpetration€of€a€felony,€during€whichŠ ć 3  Ša€homicide€occurs,€is€the€legal€equivalent€of€premeditation,€deliberation€and€malice.šš€€ņņStrouth€v.Š Ģ   ŠStateóó,€999€S.W.2d€759,€768€(Tenn.€1999)€(Holder,€J.€concurring)€(citing€ņņState€v.€Beasleyóó,€699Š µ  ŠS.W.2d€565€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985));€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€201€Tenn.€107,€296€S.W.2d€879,Š žī  Š883€(Tenn.€1956).€€When€there€is€one€victim€and€the€jury€returns€guilty€verdicts€under€both€theoriesŠ ‡×  Šof€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€first€degree€felony€murder,€the€trial€court€should€accept€bothŠ pĄ  Šverdicts€but€enter€only€one€judgment€by€merging€the€two€verdicts.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņCarter€v.€Stateóó,€958€S.W.2dŠ Y©  Š620,€624„25€(Tenn.€1997);€ņņState€v.€Addisonóó,€973€S.W.2d€260,€267€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€TheŠ B’ Šdefendant€has€not€challenged€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€the€first€degree€felonyŠ +{ Šmurder€conviction.€€Therefore,€it€is€questionable€that€the€defendant€could€avail€himself€of€relief€byŠ d Šachieving€success€on€this€appellate€issue.€€Nevertheless,€our€review€of€the€record€indicates€that€thereŠ żM Šwas€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€juryššs€conviction€of€first€degree€premeditatedŌ#†¼×)»XXtf#ŌŌ‡XX»¼×)Ō€murder.Š ę6 ŠŠ Ļ ŠWhen€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged€on€appeal€by€the€accused,€our€standard€ofŠ ø Šreview€is€š šwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€anyŠ ”ń Šrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableŠ ŠŚ Šdoubt.šš€€ņņJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweighŠ sĆ Šthe€evidence€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allŠ \¬ Šreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€State.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2dŠ E• Š542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€ņņState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€We€accept€the€juryššsŠ .~ Šresolution€of€questions€concerning€witness€credibility.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659Š g Š(Tenn.€1997).€€Š  P ŠŠ é 9 ŠThe€defendant€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€prove€that€the€killing€of€Delma€Ramsey€wasŠ Ņ!"  Špremeditated.€€The€relevant€definition€of€first€degree€murder€is€š š[a]€premeditated€and€intentionalŠ »" ! Škilling€of€another.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(a)(1).€€ššPremeditationšš€means€that€the€intent€toŠ ¤#ō" Škill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(d)€(2002).€€TheŠ $Ż# Šelement€of€premeditation€is€a€question€of€fact€to€be€determined€by€the€jury€that€may€be€establishedŠ v%Ę $ Šby€proof€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€ņņState€v.€Suttlesóó,€30€S.W.3d€252,€261€(Tenn.Š _&Æ!% Š2000).€€There€have€been€delineated€several€non„exclusive€factors€that€tend€to€support€premeditationŠ H'˜"& Šand€deliberation,€including:€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill€the€victim,€evidenceŠ 1(#' Šof€procurement€of€a€weapon,€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim,€the€particularŠ )j$( Šcruelty€of€the€killing,€infliction€of€multiple€wounds,€preparation€before€the€killing€for€concealmentŠ *S%) Šof€the€crime,€destruction€or€secretion€of€evidence€of€murder,€and€calmness€immediately€after€theŠ ģ*<&* Škilling.€€ņņState€v.€Nicholsóó,€24€S.W.3d€297,€302€(Tenn.€2000).Š Õ+%'+ ЇApplying€these€factors€to€the€instant€facts,€three€appear€as€most€compelling:€the€brutality€andŠ ° Šcruelty€of€the€killing,€infliction€of€multiple€injuries,€and€apparent€calmness€afterwards.€€In€addition,Š ™é Šthe€defendant€had€abundant€motive€in€that€he€was€known€by€Delma€Ramsey€and€could€only€escapeŠ ‚Ņ Šarrest€by€silencing€her€permanently.€€Viewing€the€evidence€and€inferences€therefrom€in€a€light€mostŠ k» Šfavorable€to€the€State,€we€find€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€juryššs€finding€of€premeditation.€Š T¤ ŠThe€testimony€of€Drs.€Smith€and€Symes€provided€graphic€evidence€of€the€extent€of€the€beating€andŠ =  Šchoking€inflicted€upon€the€victim.€€The€victim€suffered€injuries€to€her€chest,€shoulder,€head,€andŠ & v Šneck,€with€the€most€damaging€being€the€multiple€skull€fractures€and€strangulation.€€ImmediatelyŠ  _ Šafterwards,€the€defendant€returned€home,€calmly€counted€his€proceeds,€and€soon€thereafter€arrangedŠ ų H Šfor€his€trip€to€Illinois.Š į 1  ŠŠ Ź   Šņ ņÓ XÓÓ  ÓAutopsy€PhotographsŠ ³  ŠÓ7|ÓÓ X)|ÓŠ ķ  Šó óThe€defendant,€in€his€second€issue,€alleges€error€in€the€admission€of€autopsy€photographs€asŠ ‡×  Ševidence.€€The€State€has€not€raised€the€issue,€but€our€review€of€the€record€indicates€that€this€issueŠ pĄ  Šwas€not€presented€in€the€defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial.ņ ņ€€ó óThe€original€motion€for€new€trial€wasŠ Y©  Šfiled€July€25,€2002,€without€reference€to€any€photographic€evidence€admitted€in€trial.€€Although€theŠ E• Šmotion€reserved€the€right€to€amend€or€add€grounds,€there€is€no€indication€in€the€appellate€record€ofŠ .~ Šsuch€amendment€or€addition.€€Neither€is€the€transcript€of€the€new€trial€motion€argument€a€part€of€theŠ g Šappellate€record.€€Failure€to€include€this€issue€in€the€motion€for€new€trial€constitutes€waiver.€€Tenn.Š P ŠR.€App.€P.€3€(e);€ņņseeóó€ņņState€v.€Walkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€381,€386€(Tenn.€1995).€€Nevertheless,€we€willŠ é9 Šconsider€the€issue€on€its€merits.Š Ņ" ŠŠ »  ŠŌ‡ X©Õ XXXŌThe€admissibility€of€photographs€lies€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court€whoseŠ ¤ō Šruling€will€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€except€upon€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€ņņStateŠ Ż Šv.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949€(Tenn.€1978);€ņņState€v.€Lacyóó,€983€S.W.2d€686,€694€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š vĘ Š1997).€€Nevertheless,€the€photograph€must€be€relevant€to€an€issue€at€trial€with€its€probative€valueŠ _Æ Šoutweighing€any€prejudicial€effect€that€it€may€have€upon€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņState€v.€Bradenóó,€867Š H˜ ŠS.W.2d€750,€758€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Š 1 ŠŠ j ŠWe,€therefore,€must€first€determine€whether€the€photographs€were€relevant.€€RelevantŠ  S Ševidence€is€evidence€š šhaving€any€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequenceŠ ģ < Što€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€theŠ Õ!%  Ševidence.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.Ō#†XX X X©ÕĀ#ŌŌ#†¼×)»XXŲm#ŌŌ‡XX»¼×)Ōņ ņŠ ¾"! ŠŠ §#÷" Šó óThe€trial€court€conducted€a€jury„out€hearing€to€examine€the€photographs€proposed€as€exhibitsŠ ‘$į# Što€Dr.€Smithššs€testimony.€€As€a€result,€a€number€of€photographs€were€excluded€by€the€trial€judge.€Š z%Ź $ ŠPertaining€to€those€admitted,€the€trial€judge€observed:€€Š c&³!% ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓI€think€the€probative€value€far€outweighs€the€prejudicial€effect.€€While€of€course,€asŠ L'œ"& Šwe€discussed€earlier,€theyššre€in€color€and€theyššre€not€pleasant,€they€do€accurately€andŠ 5(…#' Šin€great€detail€set€out,€for€the€jury,€which€injuries€were€inflicted€and€the€nature€andŠ )n$( Šthe€types€of€injuries;€so€Iššll€allow€these€in.€€Š *W%) Šā āÓ Xé†ÓÓ XŪ†ÓÓ X÷†ÓŠ š*@&* ŠWe€have€inspected€the€subject€photographs€and€agree€with€the€trial€judge€that€their€probativeŠ ° Šā āvalue€outweighed€any€undue€prejudicial€effect.€€With€one€exception,€all€photographs€of€the€victimŠ ™é Šwere€without€any€autopsy€incisions€and€portrayed€the€external€evidence€of€the€victimššs€injuries.€Š ‚Ņ ŠAccordingly,€we€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€the€trial€judgeššs€admission€of€the€autopsyŠ k» Šphotographs.Š T¤ ŠŠ =  Šņ ņÓ XÓÓ  ÓConsecutive€Sentencingó óŠ & v ŠÓ‹ÓÓ X‹ÓŠ  ` ŠIn€his€last€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutiveŠ ł I Šsentences€for€first€degree€murder€and€aggravated€robbery.€€Ō‡X©Õ XXXŌA€defendant€who€challenges€his€or€herŠ ā 2  Šsentence€has€the€burden€of€proving€the€sentence€€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€improper.€€Tenn.€CodeŠ Ė   ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments;€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Š “  Š1991).€€It€is€this€Courtššs€duty€to€conduct€a€€ņņde€novoóó€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumption€the€trialŠ ķ  Šcourtššs€determinations€are€correct€when€€a€defendant€appeals€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€serviceŠ †Ö  Šof€his€or€her€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d)€(1989).€€The€presumption€of€correctnessŠ oæ  Šis€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€theŠ XØ  Šsentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€ņņState€v.€Pettusóó,€986€S.W.2d€540,€543„Š A‘ Š44€(Tenn.€1999).Ō#†XX XX©Õ+Œ#ŌŌ#†¼×)»XXS…#ŌŌ‡XX»¼×)ŌŠ *z ŠŠ c ŠThe€trial€court€found€the€defendant€to€be€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€littleŠ üL Šor€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€humanŠ å5 Šlife€is€high,€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115(b)(4).€€This€statute€may€beŠ Ī Šapplied€when€a€defendant€has€been€convicted€of€more€than€one€offense,€whether€the€multipleŠ · Šoffenses€arise€out€of€the€same€proceeding€or€multiple€proceedings.€€ņņState€v.€Mooreóó,€942€S.W.2d€570,Š  š Š572€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).Š ‰Ł ŠŠ rĀ ŠHowever,€application€of€the€š šdangerous€offenderšš€status,€in€and€by€itself,€is€insufficient€toŠ [« Šjustify€consecutive€sentencing.€€ņņState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.€1999);€ņņState€v.€Wilkersonóó,Š D” Š905€S.W.2d€933,€938€(Tenn.€1995).€€There€must€be€particular€facts€which€show€that€consecutiveŠ -} Šsentencing€is€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€and€serves€to€protect€society€fromŠ f Šfurther€aggravated€criminal€conduct.€€ņņWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€939.Š ’O ŠŠ č 8 ŠDuring€sentencing€in€this€cause,€the€trial€court€stated:Š Ń!!  ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓBut€clearly€the€overriding€consideration€in€this€sentencing€hearing€today,€both€as€toŠ ŗ" ! Šthe€number€of€years€he€receives€and€as€to€whether€it€should€be€served€concurrentlyŠ £#ó" Šor€consecutively€has€to€be€the€„„€just€the€unbelievable€„„€unbelievably€savage€andŠ Œ$Ü# Šbrutal€nature€of€this€crime€that€was€committed€by€this€man€and€his€total€and€completeŠ u%Å $ Šlack€of€remorse€that€has€been€exhibited€throughout€these€entire€proceedings€„„€justŠ ^&®!% Šan€unimaginable€crime€„„€beating€inflicted€on€the€victim€of€this€case€during€theŠ G'—"& Šcourse€of€the€robbery€and€the€subsequent€murder.Š 0(€#' ŠĢAnd€all€one€has€to€do€is€read€the€record€in€this€case€to€understand€that€this€man€isŠ *R%) Šobviously,€and€by€any€definition€known€to€man,€a€dangerous€offender€whoseŠ ė*;&* Šbehavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€aboutŠ Ō+$'+ Šcommitting€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.€€He€fits€that€definitionŠ ° Šmore€certainly€than€anyone€I€have€ever€seen€in€my€entire€life.€€So,€he€will€receive€aŠ ™é Štwelve„year€sentence€to€be€served€consecutive€to€his€life„without„parole€sentence€andŠ ‚Ņ Šconsecutive€to€any€sentence€he€has€in€any€other€jurisdiction.Š k» ŠÓ XʕÓÓ Xø•ÓÓ XŌ•ÓŠ T¤ ŠWe€conclude€that€the€trial€judge,€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences,€was€in€conformanceŠ =  Šwith€the€requirements€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115(b)(4)€and€the€dictates€ofŠ & v ŠņņWilkersonóó.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€sentences€as€imposed.ņ ņó óņņóóŌ#†¼×)»XX8#ŌŌ€XX»¼×)Ōą Č ąŠ  _ ŠŠ ų H Šņ ņÓ XÓÓ  ÓConclusionŠ į 1  ŠÓOÓÓ XAÓŠ Ė   Šó óHaving€reviewed€the€entire€record€in€this€cause,€for€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€affirm€theŠ µ  Šjudgments€of€conviction€and€the€sentences€imposed.ņ ņŠ žī  Šó óą ` ąą ø ąą  ąĢŠ pĄ  ŠŠ Y©  ŠŠ B’ ŠŠ +{ ŠŠ d ŠŠ żM Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š ę6 Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą€€€JOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE