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Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓÓÓÓÓ Ôþ Ó- ù-<W+f ÿÿ:Outline001_5Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÓÓÓÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓÓÓÓÓ Ôþ Ó<T+f ÿÿ:Outline001_6Ó jÿ ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÓÓÓÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓÓÓÓÓ jÿ Ó<Q+f ÿÿ:Outline001_7Ó Ôþ ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÓÓÓÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓÓÓÓÓ Ôþ Ó<N+f ÿÿ:Outline001_8Ó Ôþ ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÓÓÓÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓÓÓÓÓ Ôþ Ó<?+Z ÿÿ:Outline001_9Ó jÿ ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÓÓÓÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓÓÓÓÓ jÿ Ó*+,-/012 ÿÿ35;AGMSY_1a.a.i.1.a.i.1.a.43i.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)6i)ô\  `&Times New Roman(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à-Š/Ï óbï.˜Cê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ43i.6i)(ÖÃ9 Z(Times New Roman  dÝ ƒR†¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôæò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡DôæòòôæÔSome€of€the€previous€quantity€of€marijuana€and€cash€had€been€seized€by€the€task€force€in€the€searches€ofÐ ° ÐHamblinððs€and€Mayoððs€residences.€Ô#†ôæòòDôæ~#Ô(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ‘Ý ƒR†¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôæò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€that€Ô‡9ôæòòôæÔÔ‡9XÙXò9ôæÔ€Ô#†9ôæòX9XÙª#Ôthe€trial€court€properly€merged€the€respective€sales€and€possession€charges€into€single€convictionsÐ ° Ðfor€each€form€of€drug€so€as€not€to€offend€double€jeopardyòò.€€See€State€v.€Williamsóó,€623€S.W.2d€121,€125€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð œì ÐApp.€1981)€(holding€double€jeopardy€bars€convictions€of€both€possession€with€intent€to€distribute€and€of€sale€of€aÐ `° e Ðcontrolled€substance).€€The€merger€avoids€a€claim€that€the€respective€possession€and€sale€convictions€offend€principlesÐ ° Ðof€double€jeopardy.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€State€v.€Conwayóó,€77€S.W.3d€€213,€€217€(Tenn.€€Crim.€App.€2001);€òòState€v.€Priceóó,€46Ð tÄ ÐS.W.3d€785,€824„25€(Tenn.€€Crim.€App.€€2000).€Ð 8ˆ Ðà  àÔ#†ôæòò9ôæ‹#ÔWe€also€note€that€in€his€recitation€of€issues,€the€defendant€claimed€double€jeopardy€principles€were€violatedÐ üL Ðupon€the€entry€of€convictions€of€conspiracy€to€sell€drugs€and€convictions€of€the€underlying€drug€possession€offenses.€Ð À ÐThis€issue€was€not€briefed€and€is,€therefore,€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€Ô_Ô10(b).Ô_Ô  P.J.WilkersonAngeleWalmartFarratruckstop CrimHatchettAnglinTuggleziplockHenningShropshireDriniXhaferiTrevaHalquistStaetGodseyKillebrewcomm'nincarcerativeBigbeePerkinsonPenningtonHambinperjuriousAshbyDesirey T]heDuckercaselawA]llegedMayfieldDykas BlyeThe[reCurwood WittHamblin(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (|G2†¾$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Im»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôæò»»Ô ËÝ ƒR†¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôæò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOnly€counts€ten€through€fifteen€of€the€indictment€pertained€to€the€defendant. CÝ ƒR†¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôæò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBecause€the€issue€at€hand€is€resolved€on€the€basis€of€waiver,€we€express€no€opinion€as€to€whether€facilitationÐ ° Ðòòcan€be€óóa€lesser„included€offense€of€a€two„person€conspiracy. d DÝ ƒR†¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôæò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡9ôæòòôæÔAlthough€the€trial€judge€relied€upon€the€evidence€that€the€defendant€laundered€drug€money€through€buying€theÐ ° Ðscooter€business,€cars,€and€collections€of€guns€and€coins,€and€although€the€court€acquitted€the€defendant€of€a€moneyÐ tÄ Ðlaundering€charge€in€the€instant€case,€this€determination€for€purposes€of€consecutive€sentencing€is€meaningless€exceptÐ 8ˆ Ðinsofar€as€it€indicates€that€the€defendant€derived€a€major€source€of€livelihood€from€drug€sales.€€For€this€purpose,€we€thinkÐ üL Ðit€matters€little€whether€the€defendantððs€financial€activities€equated€to€money€laundering€òòper€seóó;€the€significance€of€thoseÐ À Ðactivities€lies€in€their€relevance€to€show€that€the€ill„gotten€funds€were€a€major€source€of€livelihood.€€We€think€that€theÐ „Ô Ðproof€at€trial€of€these€activities€speaks€for€itselfÔ#†ôæòò9ôæ~#Ô.(|3€$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Im»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3€$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Im»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Im»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼Im»»»ÔÑ8€ÙXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îZŒî»¼ImÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼Im»îîZŒ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓDecember€10,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XÙX»¼ImÔÌò òÔ#†¼Im»XXÙÿ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€CLIFFORD€LEON€FARRAòòóóÔ‡XÙX»¼ImÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Sullivan€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€S43,491€€€€€€R.€Jerry€Beck,€Judge€Ð æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2001„02235„CCA„R3„CD€Ð ¥õ  ÐDecember€10,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡DXÙXXXÙÔThe€defendant,€Clifford€L.€Farra,€appeals€from€his€Sullivan€County€Circuit€Court€convictions€ofÐ xÈ  Ðpossession€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€for€resale,€a€Class€A€felony;€sale€of€more€than€300Ð d´ Ðgrams€of€cocaine,€a€Class€A€felony,€Ô#†XÙXXDXÙº#ÔÔ‡DXÙXXXÙÔÔ#†D¼Im»XDXÙz#ÔÔ‡DXÙX»D¼ImÔ€merged€with€the€possession€conviction;€conspiracy€to€sell€orÐ P  Ðdeliver€300€grams€or€more€of€cocaine,€a€Class€A€felony;€possession€of€more€than€ten€pounds€ofÐ <Œ Ðmarijuana€for€resale,€a€Class€D€felony;€sale€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana,€a€Class€D€felony,Ð (x Ðmerged€with€the€possession€conviction;€and€conspiracy€to€sell€ten€pounds€or€more€of€marijuana,€aÐ d ÐClass€E€felony.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39-17-417€(Supp.€2002)€(possession€and€sales€of€marijuanaÐ P Ðand€cocaine);€39-12-103€(1997)€(conspiracy).€After€being€convicted€by€a€jury,€the€defendant€wasÐ ì< Ðsentenced€by€the€trial€court€as€a€Range€I€standard€offender€to€22€years€for€possession€of€more€thanÐ Ø( Ð300€grams€of€cocaine,€22€years€for€conspiracy€to€possess€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine,€three€yearsÐ Ä Ðfor€possession€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana,€and€eighteen€months€for€conspiracy€to€possessÐ ° Ðmore€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana.€€The€two€22„year€incarcerative€sentences€run€consecutively,€andÐ œì Ðthe€other€sentences€run€concurrently€for€an€effective€sentence€of€44€years.€€In€this€appeal,€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant€makes€the€following€allegations:Ð tÄ ÐÌÓ®ÓÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒÓ  ÓI.€€à0 ¸ àThe€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€the€convictions.ÐL œ¸ x¸ x ÐII.€à0 ¸ àThe€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€properly€instruct€the€jury.Ô#†D¼Im»XDXÙK#ÔÔ‡DXÙX»D¼ImÔÔ#†XÙXXDXÙ #ÔÔ‡DXÙXXXÙÔÐ8!ˆ ¸ x¸ x ÐIII.à0 ¸ àThe€trial€court€erred€in€entering€convictions€on€bothÐ $"t! Ðconspiracies.Ð#`"¸ x¸ x ÐIV.à0 ¸ àThe€trial€court€erred€in€various€evidentiary€rulings.Ô#†XÙXXDXÙú #ÔÔ‡DXÙXXXÙÔÔ#†D¼Im»XDXÙ¸ #ÔÔ‡DXÙX»D¼ImÔÐü#L#¸ x¸ x Ðà0 ¸ àà ` àV.à ¸ àThe€trial€court€erred€in€proceeding€with€a€juror€who€testifiedÐ è$8 $ Ðthat€the€defendant€had€taken€the€juror's€photo€during€a€trialÐ Ô%$!% Ðrecess.ÐÀ&"&¸ x¸ x ÐVI.à0 ¸ àThe€stateððs€proof€fatally€varied€from€the€allegations€of€theÐ ¬'ü"' Ðindictment.И(è#(¸ x¸ x ÐVII.à0 ¸ àThe€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing.Є)Ô$)¸ x¸ x Ðà ¸ àÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒWe€reverse€and€vacate€the€conviction€for€conspiracy€to€sell€marijuana€Ô#†XÙXXDXÙ%#ÔÔ‡DXÙXXXÙÔÔ#†D¼Im»XDXÙg#ÔÔ‡DXÙX»D¼ImÔbut€otherwise€affirm€the€lowerÐ \+¬&+ Ðcourtððs€judgment.Ô#†XÙXXDXÙ#ÔÔ#†¼Im»XXÙJ#ÔÔ‡XÙX»¼ImÔÐ H,˜', ÐÐ 4-„(-ý  Ðò òÓ  ÓTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€are€Reversed€in€Part€and€Ð ° ÐAffirmed€in€Part.ó óÐ œì ÐÓFÓÌòòÔ#†¼Im»àXÙö#ÔÔ‡XÙX.¼ImÔJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,€óóJ.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.,óóÐ tÄ Ðand€òòJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€joined.Ð `° ÐÌJohn€D.€Parker,€Jr.,€Kingsport,€Tennessee€(at€trial),€and€Timothy€R.€Wilkerson,€Kingsport,€TennesseeÐ 8 ˆ Ð(on€appeal),€for€the€Appellant,€Clifford€Leon€Farra.€Ð $ t ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Angele€M.€Gregory,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ü L  ÐH.€Greeley€Wells,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Joseph€Eugene€Perrin,€Assistant€DistrictÐ è 8  ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Ô$  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Im»XXÙ#ÔÐ ¬ü  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àÔ€XÙX»¼ImÔÔ€DXÙXXXÙÔThrough€undercover€and€surveillance€operations,€officers€with€the€Secondòòóó€JudicialÐ ªú  ÐDistrict€Drug€Task€Force€learned€that€Jonathan€Hamblin€and€Walter€Eugene€Mayo€were€involved€Ð –æ Ðin€the€distribution€of€large€amounts€of€cocaine€and€marijuana€in€Sullivan€County.€€A€search€ofÐ ‚Ò ÐMayoððs€residence€revealed€a€bag€containing€cocaine€packets,€a€Texas€receipt€for€an€antifreezeÐ n¾ Ðpurchase,€and€a€paper€bearing€truck€tire€information€and€the€defendantððs€name.€€With€chargesÐ Zª Ðlooming€over€him,€Hamblin€agreed€to€assist€the€task€force€in€an€undercover€operation€to€garnerÐ F– Ðevidence€against€the€defendant.Ð 2‚ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€December€1999,€the€officers€recorded€telephone€conversations€between€HamblinÐ  Z Ðand€the€defendant,€who€was€an€over„the„road€truck€driver,€in€which€the€two€discussed€a€ð ðdeal.ðð€€AtÐ öF Ðtrial,€the€recordings€were€played€for€the€jury.€€€Ð â2 ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€December€29,€1999,€the€task€force€provided€Hamblin€with€$20,000€in€markedÐ º  Ðcash€and€observed€as€he€entered€the€defendantððs€home€through€the€back€door.€€After€an€hour€to€anÐ ¦ö Ðhour€and€a€half,€the€defendant€and€Hamblin€emerged€from€the€house€carrying€packages€wrapped€inÐ ’â ÐChristmas€paper,€which€they€placed€in€Hamblinððs€vehicle.€€€Hamblin€left,€and€the€surveillanceÐ ~ Î Ðofficers€followed€him€to€a€motel.€€Ð j!º ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€officers€opened€one€of€the€packages€and€found€marijuana€inside.€€AnotherÐ B#’! Ðpackage€contained€cocaine.€€One€of€the€boxes€from€the€packages€had€originally€contained€a€newÐ .$~" Ðelectric€keyboard,€a€second€had€contained€a€pink€mechanical€pig,€and€a€third€had€held€an€electricÐ %j # Ðheater.€€Ð &V!$ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€officers€executed€a€search€warrant€at€the€defendantððs€home.€€Upon€entering,€theyÐ Þ'.#& Ðencountered€a€strong€marijuana€odor.€€€In€the€master€bathroom,€they€found€large€plastic€tubs€with€lidsÐ Ê($' Ðand€marijuana€residue,€a€large€set€of€scales€on€the€counter,€and€marijuana€in€the€scales.€€The€bathtubÐ ¶)%( Ðcontained€approximately€20€plastic€bags€filled€with€marijuana.€€They€also€found€cigarette€rollingÐ ¢*ò%) Ðpapers,€a€rolling€machine,€old€magazines€on€marijuana€horticulture,€and€92€guns,€including€an€M16Ð Ž+Þ&* Ðrifle.€€In€a€ceramic€chicken€on€top€of€the€refrigerator€in€the€kitchen,€they€found€the€$20,000€deliveredÐ ° Ðby€Hamblin.€€The€officers€discovered€a€pink€mechanical€pig€and€an€electric€keyboard€that,Ð œì Ðrespectively,€were€consistent€with€two€of€the€wrapped€boxes€containing€drugs€that€Hamblin€hadÐ ˆØ Ðbrought€to€the€motel.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€officers€found€financial€records,€phone€records,€and€truck€business€records€butÐ L œ Ðfound€nothing€suspicious€or€irregular€about€any€of€them.€€They€found€no€supplier€or€buyer€lists,€noÐ 8 ˆ Ðð ðtote€ledgers,ðð€and€no€records€of€hidden€assets.€€They€seized€a€computer€but€found€no€suspiciousÐ $ t Ðdocuments€or€records€on€it.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€the€defendantððs€road€tractor,€the€officersðð€drug€dog€ð ðalertedðð€in€the€area€of€theÐ è 8  Ðsleeper€bunk.€€Underneath€the€bunk,€the€officers€found€a€storage€space€large€enough€to€hold€theÐ Ô$  Ðplastic€containers€that€were€found€in€the€bathroom€of€the€house.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€the€house,€the€officers€found€a€key€and€a€rental€contract€for€a€storage€unit.€TheÐ ˜è  Ðofficers€took€the€drug€dog€to€the€storage€unit,€and€when€the€dog€ð ðalertedðð€on€the€unit,€they€obtainedÐ „Ô  Ða€search€warrant.€€Executing€the€warrant,€the€officers€used€the€key€from€the€house,€entered€theÐ pÀ Ðstorage€unit,€and€found€assembled€and€unassembled€motor€scooters€and€a€box€containing€$60,000Ð \¬ Ðin€cash.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` à€Hamblin€testified€that€after€his€and€Mayoððs€homes€had€been€searched,€he€agreed€toÐ  p Ðhelp€the€task€force€develop€a€case€against€the€defendant.€€Hamblin€testified€that€the€defendant€hadÐ  \ Ð50€pounds€of€marijuana€and€a€ð ðkiloðð€of€cocaine€for€Hamblin€to€distribute;€however,€Hamblin€wouldÐ øH Ðhave€to€pay€the€defendant€$20,000€for€the€previous€release€of€marijuana€to€Hamblin€before€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant€would€release€the€new€shipment€to€him.ò ò׃E×Ý ƒF#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ó óOn€December€29,€1999,€Hamblin€went€to€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendantððs€house€with€a€cooler€containing€$20,000€provided€by€the€task€force.€€The€defendant€metÐ À Ðhim,€and€Hamblin€left€the€cooler€inside€the€back€door.€The€defendant€retrieved€the€money€from€theÐ ¬ü Ðcooler€and€gave€it€to€his€wife.€€The€Christmas„wrapped€drug€boxes€were€on€the€bed€in€the€masterÐ ˜è Ðbedroom.€€Hamblin€took€them€to€the€motel,€where€he€met€the€officers.€€Ð „Ô ÐÌà  àà ` àHamblin€testified€that,€during€the€conspiracy€time€frame,€June€1€through€DecemberÐ \ ¬ Ð29,€1999,€he€received€marijuana€and€cocaine€from€the€defendant€on€numerous€occasions.€€He€sawÐ H!˜ Ðas€much€as€200€pounds€of€marijuana€in€the€defendantððs€home€on€one€occasion.€€He€had€helped€theÐ 4"„  Ðdefendant€break€up€bricks€of€marijuana€and€repackage€it€for€distribution,€and€on€one€occasion€heÐ  #p! Ðhelped€the€defendant€carry€drugs€from€the€defendantððs€truck€into€his€home.€€To€a€smaller€extent,€heÐ  $\" Ðhelped€the€defendant€repackage€cocaine.€€€During€the€conspiracy€period,€Hamblin€sold€approximatelyÐ ø$H # Ð50€to€70€pounds€of€marijuana€that€he€obtained€from€the€defendant,€and€during€this€time€frame,Ð ä%4!$ ÐHamblin€paid€the€defendant€between€$50,000€and€$60,000€for€sales€of€cocaine€and€marijuana.€€TheÐ Ð& "% Ðdefendant€had€mentioned€a€ð ðscooterðð€business€as€a€means€of€laundering€money,€and€the€defendantÐ ¼' #& Ðused€drug€money€to€buy€cars,€guns,€and€coins,€and€to€pay€his€house€mortgage.€€Hamblin€stored€theÐ ¨(ø#' Ðdrugs€at€Mayoððs€residence.€€Hamblin€identified€the€black€bag€found€in€Mayoððs€residence€ð!ð€Ð ° Ðcontaining€cocaine,€the€receipt,€and€the€truck€tire€information€ð!ð€as€belonging€to€the€defendant.€€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€cross„examination,€Hamblin€admitted€that€he€had€struck€a€plea€bargain€with€theÐ tÄ Ðstate€in€which€his€pending€drug€cases€would€be€disposed€of€via€a€Range€I€effective€sentence€of€20Ð `° Ðyears€to€be€served€at€30€percent.€€He€also€admitted€that,€when€first€approached€by€the€officers€aboutÐ L œ Ðhis€role€in€the€drug€trade,€he€told€the€officers€several€untruthful€stories,€including€one€elaborate€lieÐ 8 ˆ Ðabout€ð ðMafiaðð€involvement.€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€closing€its€case„in„chief,€the€state€presented€a€chemical€analyst€who€testified€thatÐ ü L  Ðthe€packages€and€18€plastic€bags€submitted€by€the€task€force€collectively€contained€51.9€pounds€ofÐ è 8  Ðmarijuana.€€Also,€some€of€the€packages€submitted€collectively€contained€862.6€grams€of€cocaine.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€case„in„chief€included€testimony€of€some€of€the€defendantððsÐ ¬ü  Ðneighbors,€who€testified€that€there€were€no€suspicious€ð ðgoings„onðð€at€the€defendantððs€house,€suchÐ ˜è  Ðas€streams€of€callers€or€late„night€visitors.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€adult€daughter€testified€that€on€December€21,€1999,€Hamblin€leftÐ \¬ ÐChristmas€packages€at€the€Farra€house.€€She€testified€they€were€for€Hamblinððs€girlfriend€and€wereÐ H˜ Ðbeing€hidden€from€Hamblinððs€wife.€€She€testified€that€her€father€had€long€been€a€gun€collector€andÐ 4„ Ðthat€she€had€not€smelled€marijuana€in€the€home.€Ð  p ÐÌà  àà ` àMichael€Stevenson,€a€former€truck€driver€who€had€dispatched€the€defendant€onÐ øH Ðhauling€trips,€testified€that€the€defendant€was€an€owner„operator€who€hauled€for€K„Mart€and€Wal„Ð ä4 ÐMart€and€often€drove€between€Georgia€and€California.€€Stevenson€testified€that€truckers€carried€largeÐ Ð  Ðsums€ð!ð€as€much€as€$8,000€ð!ð€for€repairs.€€He€said€that€trips€for€K„Mart,€for€instance,€were€ð ðtimedððÐ ¼  Ð95€percent€of€the€time€and€had€preset€times€for€delivery.€€The€defendant€received€no€complaintsÐ ¨ø Ðabout€being€late€on€his€runs.€€Drug„sniffing€dogs€were€routinely€stationed€along€Interstate€10,€whichÐ ”ä Ðthe€defendant€traveled€on€his€trips.€€On€cross„examination,€Stevenson€admitted€that€he€was€familiarÐ €Ð Ðwith€the€defendantððs€routes€and€methods€during€1997€and€the€early€part€of€1998€but€did€not€knowÐ l¼ Ðabout€the€defendantððs€practices€in€1999.€€€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àA€Knoxville„based€handler€of€trucking€equipment€testified€that€the€defendant€boughtÐ 0"€  Ðor€leased€equipment€from€him€from€1994€through€1998€and€that€the€defendant€paid€his€invoices€byÐ #l! Ðcheck.€€The€defendant€satisfied€the€notes€on€his€truck€and€other€equipment,€and€in€August€1999,€heÐ $X" Ðleased€a€motor€home€at€an€expense€of€$1,372€per€month.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€brother,€Jody€Farra,€testified€that€he€had€known€Hamblin€for€aÐ Ì&"% Ðnumber€of€years€and€that€after€Hamblin€had€experienced€financial€trouble,€he€lived€in€Jody€FarraððsÐ ¸'#& Ðhome€for€a€while.€€Ultimately,€Jody€Farra€terminated€the€arrangement€because€of€HamblinððsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðinvolvement€in€the€drug€trade.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€had€been€a€truck€driver€for€32€years€and€had€lived€inÐ ° Ðâ âhis€current€home€for€seventeen€years.€€Although€he€had€known€Hamblin€for€a€number€of€years,€heÐ œì Ðhad€not€seen€him€for€some€time€until€Hamblin€began€residing€at€Jody€Farraððs€house.€€Hamblin€askedÐ ˆØ Ðthe€defendant€to€take€some€drugs€to€California,€but€the€defendant€refused.€€The€defendant€testifiedÐ tÄ Ðthat€the€extent€of€Hamblinððs€business€with€him€was€Hamblinððs€purchase€of€a€boat€from€theÐ `° Ðdefendant,€which€the€two€worked€on€several€times€and€for€which€Hamblin€never€finished€paying.€Ð L œ ÐAlso,€Hamblin€helped€set€up€the€defendantððs€computer€in€1998,€fixed€problems€with€the€computer,Ð 8 ˆ Ðand€installed€software€on€it.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€testified€that€his€truck€routes€ran€between€the€South€and€the€WestÐ ü L  ÐCoast,€and€he€would€typically€haul€merchandise€for€K„Mart.€€He€testified€that,€en€route,€he€wouldÐ è 8  Ðencounter€30€or€40€checkpoints€where€drug„sniffing€dogs€were€employed.€€The€defendant€testifiedÐ Ô$  Ðthat€he€had€not€been€to€Mexico€since€he€was€sixteen€years€old.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€December€21,€1999,€after€Hamblinððs€house€had€been€searched,€the€defendant€metÐ ˜è  Ðwith€him€and€agreed€to€loan€him€$4,500.€€The€defendant€testified€that€Hamblin€asked€if€he€couldÐ „Ô  Ðleave€some€Christmas€packages€at€the€defendantððs€house.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€testified€that€the€tape„recorded€phone€calls€had€been€the€result€ofÐ H˜ ÐHamblinððs€request€that€the€defendant€speak€with€Hamblin€on€the€phone€and€ð ðact€like€his€boss.ðð€€Ð 4„ ÐApparently,€according€to€the€defendant,€the€ruse€was€intended€in€some€way€to€mislead€HamblinððsÐ  p ÐMafia€associates.€€The€defendant€testified€that€after€the€second€call,€he€became€suspicious€about€theÐ  \ ÐChristmas€presents,€opened€the€end€of€one,€and€when€he€felt€bricks€inside€and€smelled€marijuana,Ð øH Ðhe€re„sealed€it.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€testified€that€the€$20,000€Hamblin€brought€to€the€defendantððs€houseÐ ¼  Ðon€December€29,€1999€included€the€$4,500€Hamblin€owed€the€defendant,€and€the€rest€was€moneyÐ ¨ø ÐHamblin€wanted€the€defendant€to€hold€for€him.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€found€the€plasticÐ ”ä Ðboxes€in€a€field€behind€a€Pilot€truckstop€and€that€he€used€the€scales€in€the€house€to€weigh€silver€andÐ €Ð Ðreloads€for€shotgun€cartridges.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€had€been€collecting€guns€since€he€wasÐ l¼ Ða€teenager€and€that€he€had€purchased€the€cigarette€roller€eighteen€years€earlier€for€his€personal€use.€Ð X ¨ ÐThe€defendant€testified€that€the€officers€found€no€Christmas€wrapping€paper€in€his€home€thatÐ D!” Ðmatched€the€paper€on€Hamblinððs€packages,€that€he€had€probably€thrown€away€the€keyboard€box,€€thatÐ 0"€  Ðanyone€could€have€retrieved€the€box,€that€Hamblin€had€spent€time€alone€in€the€defendantððs€house,Ð #l! Ðand€that€the€defendant€did€not€own€a€heater€matching€one€of€the€boxes€in€the€packages.€€TheÐ $X" Ðdefendant€denied€owning€the€black€bag€found€in€Mayoððs€residence€and€denied€that€the€note€in€theÐ ô$D # Ðbag€contained€his€handwriting.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àà ` àFollowing€the€defendantððs€testimony€on€June€30,€2001,€the€court€adjourned€the€trialÐ ¸'#& Ðuntil€the€morning€of€July€2,€2001.€€The€court€officer€stated€on€the€record€that,€during€the€weekendÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrecess,€four€jurors€were€allowed€to€play€tennis€at€the€hotel,€under€supervision.€€One€of€the€supervisingÐ )à$( Ðofficers€informed€the€court€officer€that€one€of€the€jurors€reported€that€the€defendant,€riding€in€a€silverÐ |*Ì%) ÐHonda,€had€taken€his€picture€while€the€juror€was€on€the€tennis€court.€€The€supervising€officer,€whoÐ h+¸&* Ðwas€present€at€the€tennis€court,€testified€that€the€car€was€driven€by€a€light„haired€female.€€The€officerÐ ° Ðdid€not€see€the€passenger.€€She€indicated€that€a€juror€reported€seeing€the€flash€of€a€camera€comingÐ œì Ðfrom€the€carððs€interior.€€The€defendant€denied€approaching€the€hotel€where€the€jury€was€billeted.€Ð ˆØ ÐProsecuting€counsel€informed€the€trial€court€that€the€defendantððs€parents€had€been€driving€aÐ tÄ Ðchampagne„colored€Honda€to€court.€€The€defendantððs€mother€and€step„father€then€testified€that€theyÐ `° Ðowned€a€champagne„colored€Honda€but€that€the€car€stayed€parked€all€weekend€and€was€not€near€theÐ L œ Ðjuryððs€hotel.€€After€the€jury€returned€its€verdicts,€the€court€examined€two€jurors€who€were€at€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðtennis€court.€€Although€they€believed€that€the€defendant€had€taken€the€picture,€they€affirmed€that€theirÐ $ t Ðrespective€votes€were€based€on€the€evidence€presented€at€trial.€€They€denied€that€the€picture„takingÐ  ` Ðincident€affected€their€verdict.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€possession€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaineÐ Ô$  Ðwith€intent€to€sell€(count€10),€possession€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana€with€intent€to€sellÐ À  Ð(count€11),€the€sale€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€(count€12),€the€sale€of€more€than€ten€poundsÐ ¬ü  Ðof€marijuana€(count€13),€conspiracy€to€sell€or€deliver€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€(count€14),€andÐ ˜è  Ðconspiracy€to€sell€or€deliver€more€that€ten€pounds€of€marijuana€(count€15).׃T×Ý ƒF#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€After€conducting€aÐ „Ô  Ðsentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€imposed€the€following€judgments:Ð pÀ Ѐ€Ð \¬ ÐÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒCount€10€ð!ð€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell€ð!ð€22€years;€Ð H˜ ÐCount€11€ð!ð€possession€of€marijuana€with€intent€to€sell€ð!ð€3€years,Ð 4„ Ðà ¸ à€€€€€€€concurrent€with€count€10;Ð  p Ðà0 ¸ àà ` àCount€12€ð!ð€sale€of€cocaine,€not€sentenced;€conviction€merged€into€€€Ð  \ Ѐ€€€€count€10;ÐøH¸ x¸ x Ðà0 ¸ àà ` àCount€13€ð!ð€€sale€of€marijuana,€not€sentenced;€conviction€merged€into€Ð ä4 Ѐ€€€€€€count€11;ÐÐ ¸ x¸ x Ðà0 ¸ àà ` àCount€14€ð!ð€conspiracy€to€sell€cocaine€ð!ð€22€years,€consecutive€to€€€€€€Ð ¼  Ѐ€€count€10;€Ð¨ø¸ x¸ x Ðà0 ¸ àà ` àCount€15€ð!ð€conspiracy€to€sell€marijuana€ð!ð€one€year,€six€months,€€€€€€€Ð ”ä Ѐ€concurrent€with€count€10.Ѐи x¸ x ÐÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒAll€sentences€were€imposed€within€Range€I,€and€the€defendantððs€effective€sentence€is€44€years€in€theÐ X ¨ ÐDepartment€of€Correction.€€Ð D!” ÐÌÓ  Óò òI.€€òòSufficiency€of€the€Evidence.óóÐ #l! Ðó óÓ  Óà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌà  àà ` àÓ<(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤°œX<ÓÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔDefendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€€A€criminalÐ ô$D # Ðconviction€may€be€set€aside€for€insufficiency€of€the€evidence€only€when€the€appellate€court€finds€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€evidence€is€insufficient€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙB]#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔ€to€support€the€finding€of€guilt€by€the€trier€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðfact.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€ð ðA€jury€verdict,€approved€by€the€trial€court,€accredits€the€testimonyÐ ¸'#& Ðof€the€witnesses€for€the€state€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€stateððs€theory.ðð€€òòState€v.€Priceóó,Ð ¤(ô#' Ð46€S.W.3d€785,€818€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000),€òòperm€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2001);€òòsee€State€v.€Hatchettóó,Ð )à$( Ð560€S.W.2d€627,€630€(Tenn.€1978).€€Following€the€conviction,€the€appellate€court€reviews€theÐ ° Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state€and€affords€the€state€the€benefit€of€all€inferences€thatÐ œì Ðmay€be€reasonably€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òò€State€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€836€(Tenn.€1978).€Ð ˆØ ÐThis€means€that€issues€of€the€credibility€of€witnesses€and€the€weight€to€be€ascribed€to€their€testimonyÐ tÄ Ðare€matters€entrusted€to€the€trier€of€fact€and€are€not€issues€for€appellate€analysis.€€òòPriceóó,€46€S.W.3dÐ `° Ðat€785.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àMoreover,€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€itÐ $ t Ðwith€a€presumption€of€guilt.€€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973);€òòAnglin€v.€Stateóó,€553Ð  ` ÐS.W.2d€616,€620€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977).€€Thus,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€court€ofÐ ü L  Ðillustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact€beyondÐ è 8  Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€Ð Ô$  Ðà  àà ` à¹Ñ  ÑÔB  ÔÌŽÑ  ÑÓÓÌŽÑ  ÑÌÌŽÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔC  ÔÓÓà  àà ` àIn€the€instant€case,€the€defendant€challenges€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€all€countsÐ ¬ü  Ðfor€which€he€received€convictions.€€However,€with€respect€to€the€conspiracy€counts,€the€defendantÐ ˜è  Ðlimits€argument€to€challenging€the€ð ðuncorroboratedðð€testimony€of€Jonathan€Hamblin€and€does€notÐ „Ô  Ðassail€any€specific€evidentiary€component€of€the€stateððs€proof€on€the€conspiracy€counts.Ð pÀ Ðà  àÌÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙ–^#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔò òa.€òŒòÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙh#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔPossession€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€for€resale€and€possession€of€more€than€tenÐ H˜ Ðpounds€of€marijuana€for€resale.Ð 4„ ÐÓ XÓóŒóó óÓ<(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ÜÜ‹X<ÓÐ  p Ðà ` àThe€defendant€challenges€possession€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€for€resaleÐ X Ðand€possession€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana€for€resale.€€The€essential€elements€for€theseÐ ôD Ðoffenses€are€that€(1)€the€defendant€knowingly€possessed€cocaine/marijuana€and€(2)€the€defendantÐ à0 Ðintended€to€sell€the€cocaine/marijuana.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417(a)€(Supp.€2002).€€PossessionÐ Ì Ðof€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€for€resale€pursuant€to€Code€section€39„17„417(j)(5)€is€a€Class€AÐ ¸ Ðfelony.€€In€addition,€possession€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana€for€resale€pursuant€to€CodeÐ ¤ô Ðsection€39„17„417(g)(2)€is€a€Class€D€felony.€€Ð à ÐÐ |Ì ÐÓ XÓà  àà ` àThe€term€ð ðpossessionðð€embraces€both€actual€and€constructive€possession.€€òòState€v.Ð h¸ ÐCooperóó,€736€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€€€In€order€for€a€person€to€ð ðconstructivelyÐ T ¤ Ðpossessðð€a€drug,€that€person€must€have€ð ðððthe€power€and€intention€at€a€given€time€to€exerciseÐ @! Ðdominion€and€control€over€.€.€.€[the€drugs]€either€directly€or€though€others.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòState€v.Ð ,"|  ÐWilliamsóó,€623€S.W.2d€121,€125€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981)).€€Additionally,€ð ðit€may€be€inferred€fromÐ #h! Ðthe€amount€of€a€controlled€substance€or€substances€possessed€by€an€offender,€along€with€otherÐ $T" Ðrelevant€facts€surrounding€the€arrest,€that€the€controlled€substance€or€substances€were€possessed€withÐ ð$@ # Ðthe€purpose€of€selling€or€otherwise€dispensing.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„419€(1997).Ð Ü%,!$ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€reveals€that€immediately€priorÐ ´'#& Ðto€arrest,€the€defendant€was€in€possession€of€and€had€control€of€862.6€grams€of€cocaine€and€over€50Ð  (ð#' Ðpounds€of€marijuana.€€Moreover,€in€the€days€preceding€the€defendantððs€arrest,€law€enforcementÐ Œ)Ü$( Ðofficers€€monitored€two€telephone€calls€particularizing€details€of€the€impending€sale.€€Furthermore,Ð x*È%) Ðduring€the€execution€of€a€search€warrant€at€the€defendantððs€home,€law€enforcement€officials€foundÐ d+´&* Ðseveral€plastic€tubs€with€lids,€some€of€which€contained€marijuana€residue.€€They€also€found€20Ð ° Ðziplock€bags€containing€marijuana,€sets€of€scales,€and€drug€paraphernalia.€€The€juryððs€choice€toÐ œì Ðaccept€this€evidence€is€warranted€by€the€record.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficientÐ ˆØ Ðto€sustain€convictions€of€the€offenses€of€possession€with€intent€to€sell€cocaine€and€possession€withÐ tÄ Ðintent€to€sell€marijuana.Ð `° ÐÌÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙYh#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔò òb.€€Ô#†DXÙXX8XÙu#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔSale€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€and€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana.€Ð 8 ˆ ЀÌÓ XÓó óÓ<(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ÜÜ‹X<Ó€€€€€The€defendant€also€challenges€his€convictions€for€a€sale€of€more€than€300€grams€ofÐ  ` Ðcocaine€and€a€sale€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana.€€To€convict€the€defendant€of€the€sale€ofÐ ü L  Ðcocaine/marijuana,€the€state€must€prove€that€the€defendant€knowingly€sold€the€controlled€substance.€Ð è 8  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417€(Supp.€2002).€€A€sale€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€is€a€ClassÐ Ô$  ÐA€felony.€€òòId.óó€39„17„417(j)(5)Ô#†DXÙXX8XÙ^u#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔ.€€In€addition,€a€sale€of€more€than€ten€pounds€of€marijuana€òòóóis€a€ClassÐ À  ÐD€felony.€€òòId.óó€39„17„417(g)(2)Ô#†DXÙXX8XÙGx#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔ.€€Ð ¬ü  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌÓ XÓà  àà ` àThe€facts€of€this€case€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€participatedÐ „Ô  Ðin€the€sale€of€cocaine€and€marijuana.€€In€òòState€v.€William€(Slim)€Alexanderóó,€No.€01C01„9302„CR„Ð pÀ Ð00063,€slip€op.€at€4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Mar.€24,€1994),€this€court€adopted€the€generalÐ \¬ Ðdefinition€of€ð ðsaleðð€found€in€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€1200€(5òòthóó€ed.€1979)€as€ð ða€contract€between€twoÐ H˜ Ðparties€by€which€the€seller,€in€consideration€of€the€payment€or€promise€of€payment€of€a€certain€priceÐ 4„ Ðin€money,€transfers€to€the€buyer€the€title€and€possession€of€the€property.ðð€€òòWilliam€(Slim)€Alexanderóó,Ð  p Ðslip€op.€at€4.€€According€to€this€definition,€a€sale€consists€of€two€broad€components:€a€bargained„forÐ  \ Ðoffer€and€acceptance,€and€an€actual€or€constructive€transfer€or€delivery€of€the€items.€€òòId.óó€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€this€case,€on€at€least€two€occasions€the€defendant€and€a€police€informant€discussedÐ Ð  Ðterms€and€conditions€of€a€sale€including€quantity€and€cost.€€The€police€informant€went€to€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendantððs€home€on€December€29,€1999,€with€$€20,000€to€consummate€the€transaction.€€One€andÐ ¨ø Ðone„half€hours€later€the€police€informant€exited€the€defendantððs€home€with€the€defendant€and€threeÐ ”ä Ðpackages.€€The€packages€were€placed€in€the€informantððs€car,€and€he€left€the€residence.€€It€was€laterÐ €Ð Ðdetermined€these€packages€contained€large€amounts€of€drugs.€€The€defendant€retained€the€money.€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€knowingly€accepted€payment€or€a€promise€for€payment€in€exchangeÐ D!” Ðfor€drugs.€€òòSee€State€v.€David€Henningóó,€No.€02C01„9404„CC„00079,€slip€op.€at€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Ð 0"€  ÐJackson,€Oct.€26,€1994)€(one€who€exchanges€payment€in€exchange€for€property€is€involved€in€a€sale).€Ð #l! ÐFurthermore,€the€defendant€helped€deliver€the€drugs€to€the€informantððs€car.€€The€defendantððs€actionsÐ $X" Ðsatisfy€the€two€broad€requirements€of€a€ð ðsale.ðð€€òò€See€William€(Slim)€Alexanderóó,€slip€op.€at€4.€€Thus,Ð ô$D # Ðwe€find€that€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendantÐ à%0!$ Ðknowingly€sold€cocaine€and€marijuana€on€December€29,€1999.Ð Ì&"% ÐÑ  ÑÌÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙy#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔÑ  Ñò òc.€€Ô#†DXÙXX8XÙÛƒ#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔConspiracy€to€sell€or€deliver€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€and€conspiracy€to€sell€ten€€€€Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€€pounds€or€more€of€marijuana.Ð )à$( ÐÌó óÓ<(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ÜÜ‹X<Óà0  àà0` (#(#àFinally,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€regarding€theÐh+¸&*` (#` (# Ðconvictions€of€conspiracy€to€sell€or€deliver€300€grams€or€more€of€cocaine€and€conspiracy€to€sell€tenÐ ° Ðpounds€or€more€of€marijuana.€€Conspiracy€requires€that€two€(2)€or€more€people,€each€having€theÐ œì Ðculpable€mental€state€required€for€the€offense€which€is€the€object€of€the€conspiracy€and€each€actingÐ ˆØ Ðfor€the€purpose€of€promoting€or€facilitating€commission€of€an€offense,€agree€that€one€(1)€or€more€ofÐ tÄ Ðthem€will€engage€in€conduct€which€constitutes€the€offense.€€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„103(a)€(1997).€Ð `° ÐHowever,€a€person€who€conspires€to€commit€a€number€of€offenses€is€only€guilty€of€(1)€oneÐ L œ Ðconspiracy€so€long€as€such€multiple€offenses€are€the€object€of€the€same€agreement€or€continuousÐ 8 ˆ Ðconspiratorial€relationship.€€òòIdóó.€ðð€39„12„103(c)€(1997).Ð $ t Ѐ€Ð  ` Ðà  àà ` àTo€prove€the€existence€of€a€conspiratorial€relationship,€the€state€may€show€that€aÐ ü L  Ðð ðmutual€implied€understandingðð€existed€between€the€parties.€€òòState€v.€Shropshireóó,€874€S.W.2d€634,Ð è 8  Ð641€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€The€conspiracy€need€not€be€proved€by€production€of€an€official€orÐ Ô$  Ðformal€agreement,€in€writing€or€otherwise.€òòId.€€óóThe€conspiracy€may€be€demonstrated€byÐ À  Ðcircumstantial€evidence€and€the€deportment€of€the€participants€while€undertaking€illegal€activity.€Ð ¬ü  ÐòòId.óó€€Conspiracy€connotes€harmonization€of€design,€not€coequal€participation€in€the€minutia€of€everyÐ ˜è  Ðcriminal€offense.€€òòId.óó€€Ð „Ô  Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€complains€that€his€conspiracy€convictions€cannot€stand€because€theyÐ \¬ Ðare€premised€entirely€upon€the€uncorroborated€testimony€of€Hamblin,€an€accomplice.€Ô#†DXÙXX8XÙ0„#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔ€€In€Tennessee,Ð H˜ Ða€conviction€may€not€be€based€upon€the€uncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accomplice.€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,Ð 4„ Ð885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.€1994).€€An€accomplice€is€an€individual€who€knowingly,€voluntarily€andÐ  p Ðwith€common€intent€participates€with€the€principal€offender€in€the€commission€of€an€offense.€€òòStateÐ  \ Ðv.€Lawsonóó,€794€S.W.2d€363,€369€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€When€the€facts€are€undisputed€regardingÐ øH Ða€witness's€participation€in€the€crime,€whether€he€is€an€accomplice€is€a€question€of€law€for€the€trialÐ ä4 Ðcourt.€€òòState€v.€Perkinsonóó,€867€S.W.2d€1,€7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€However,€when€the€facts€areÐ Ð  Ðdisputed€or€susceptible€to€different€inferences,€the€determination€of€whether€the€witness€is€anÐ ¼  Ðaccomplice€is€a€question€for€the€jury.€€òòConner€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€119,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¨ø Ð1975).€€Also,€the€jury€determines€whether€an€accomplice's€testimony€has€been€sufficientlyÐ ”ä Ðcorroborated.€€€òòPennington€v.€Stateóó,€478€S.W.2d€892,€898€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1971).€€€The€generalÐ €Ð Ðrule€is€thatÐ l¼ ÐÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °Òthere€must€be€some€fact€testified€to,€entirely€independent€of€theÐ D!” Ðaccomplice's€testimony,€which,€taken€by€itself,€leads€to€the€inference,Ð 0"€  Ðnot€only€that€a€crime€has€been€committed,€but€also€that€the€defendantÐ #l! Ðis€implicated€in€it;€€and€this€independent€corroborative€testimony€mustÐ $X" Ðalso€include€some€fact€establishing€the€defendant's€identity.€€ThisÐ ô$D # Ðcorroborative€evidence€may€be€direct€or€entirely€circumstantial,€andÐ à%0!$ Ðit€need€not€be€adequate,€in€and€of€itself,€to€support€a€conviction;€€it€isÐ Ì&"% Ðsufficient€to€meet€the€requirements€of€the€rule€if€it€fairly€andÐ ¸'#& Ðlegitimately€tends€to€connect€the€defendant€with€the€commission€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€crime€charged.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€corroboration€extendÐ )à$( Ðto€every€part€of€the€accomplice's€evidence.€€The€corroboration€needÐ |*Ì%) Ðnot€be€conclusive,€but€it€is€sufficient€if€this€evidence,€of€itself,€tendsÐ h+¸&* Ðto€connect€the€defendant€with€the€commission€of€the€offense,Ð ° Ðalthough€the€evidence€be€slight€and€entitled,€when€standing€alone,€toÐ œì Ðbut€little€consideration.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒòòHawkins€v.€Stateóó,€4€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€121,€133,€€469€S.W.2d€515,€520€(1971)€(citations€omitted).Ð `° ÐÌà  àà ` àUnquestionably,€Hamblin€was€an€accomplice€in€drug€trafficking€during€most€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðconspiracy€period€identified€in€the€indictment,€June€1€through€December€29,€1999.€€Although€theÐ $ t Ðtrial€court€did€not€instruct€the€jury€that€Hamblin€was€an€accomplice,€the€court€instructed€the€jury€fullyÐ  ` Ðon€the€law€of€accomplice€corroboration€and€charged€it€to€make€the€requisite€fact€determinations.€€TheÐ ü L  Ðevidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€determination,€that€Hamblinððs€testimony€wasÐ è 8  Ðcorroborated.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àA€task€force€officer€testified€that,€during€the€conspiracy€period,€undercover€operationsÐ ¬ü  Ðhad€ensnared€Hamblin€and€Mayo€in€the€distribution€of€drugs€and€found€a€cache€of€drugs,€includingÐ ˜è  Ða€large€quantity€of€marijuana,€in€Mayoððs€residence€and€cash€in€Hamblinððs€residence.€€The€defendantððsÐ „Ô  Ðactions€before€and€through€December€29,€1999,€corroborate€Hamblinððs€claim€of€a€drug„traffickingÐ pÀ Ðrelationship€with€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€engaged€in€two€tape„recorded,€drug„deal„makingÐ \¬ Ðtelephone€conversations€with€Hamblin.€€The€conversations€suggest€the€participantsðð€familiarity€withÐ H˜ Ðthe€subject€matter.€€Hamblin€told€an€officer€that€Hamblin€needed€to€pay€the€defendant€$20,000€forÐ 4„ Ðthe€drug€lot€that€Hamblin€had€earlier€received€from€the€defendant,€and€the€defendant€accepted€theÐ  p Ðcash.€€Hamblin€testified€that€the€defendant€hauled€drugs€in€his€truck,€and€other€evidence€showed€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€defendant€possessed€plastic€bins€that€contained€residue€of€marijuana€and€that€the€defendantððsÐ øH Ðtruck€had€a€storage€compartment€that€was€large€enough€to€accommodate€the€bins.€€In€short,€theÐ ä4 Ðevidence€as€a€whole€corroborates€Hamblinððs€claim€that€he€and€the€defendant€conspired€to€sell€andÐ Ð  Ðdeliver€cocaine€and€marijuana.€€Ð ¼  ÐÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙx#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔÌà  àà ` àThe€evidence€established€that€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€conspiring€to€sell€cocaine€andÐ ”ä Ðmarijuana.€€The€testimony€of€Hamblin€and€other€stateððs€witnesses,€apparently€accredited€by€the€jury,Ð €Ð Ðoverwhelmingly€established€the€defendantððs€guilt.€€We€will€not€revisit€the€issues€of€witnessÐ l¼ Ðcredibility,€and€because€the€evidence€undergirds€the€juryððs€findings,€we€may€not€disturb€thoseÐ X ¨ Ðfindings€on€appeal.€€òòPriceóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€785.Ð D!” ÐÌÓ  Óò òII.€€òòJury€Instruction.óóó óÐ #l! ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àThe€defendant€challenges€the€jury€instructions€in€three€respects.€€First,€he€complainsÐ ô$D # Ðthat€the€trial€court€erroneously€failed€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€the€time€frames€of€the€conspiracies€asÐ à%0!$ Ðalleged€in€the€indictment.€€Second,€he€complains€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€omitted€a€ð ðbuyer„Ð Ì&"% Ðsellerðð€charge.€€Last,€he€insists€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitationÐ ¸'#& Ðas€a€lesser„included€offense€of€each€of€the€charged€offenses.€€We€address€these€issues€separately.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌÌÐ h+¸&* Ðò òÓ  ÓÓ  Óa.€€Conspiracy€time€frame€instruction.ó óÐ ° ÐÓ¦ÓÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àThe€claim€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€the€time€frameÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€conspiracies€as€alleged€in€the€indictment€is€waived.€€The€defendant€did€not€object€to€theÐ tÄ Ðomission€of€the€conspiracy€time€frame€from€the€jury€instructions.€€ð ð[A]lleged€omissions€in€the€chargeÐ `° Ðmust€be€called€to€the€trial€judge's€attention€at€trial€or€be€regarded€as€waived.ðð€òòState€v.€Haynesóó,€720Ð L œ ÐS.W.2d€76,€85€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€30(b).€€Furthermore,€the€defendantÐ 8 ˆ Ðdid€not€raise€the€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€€This€omission€precludes€consideration€of€the€issueÐ $ t Ðon€appeal.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e).€€Additionally,€the€defendant€in€his€brief€failed€to€cite€to€legal€Ð  ` Ðauthority€for€his€claim€that€the€trial€court€had€a€duty€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€the€alleged€conspiracyÐ ü L  Ðtime€frames.€€Not€only€does€this€failure€implicate€another€basis€for€waiver,€òòseeóó€R.€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.Ð è 8  ÐApp.€10(b)€(mandating€waiver€of€appellate€issues€not€supported€by€citation€to€authorities),€but€it€alsoÐ Ô$  Ðsuggests€the€absence€of€a€legal€basis€for€noticing€the€claim€as€plain€error,€òòsee€óóTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð À  Ð52(a);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(b).€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌò òb.€€Buyer„seller€instruction.ó óÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€complaint€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€omitted€a€ð ðbuyer„sellerðð€instruction€isÐ \¬ Ðalso€waived.€€By€ð ðbuyer„sellerðð€instruction,€the€defendant€presumably€means€the€jury€should€haveÐ H˜ Ðbeen€instructed€that€a€mere€buyer„seller€relationship€does€not€equate€to€a€conspiracy.€€However,€theÐ 4„ Ðdefendant€made€no€objection€to€the€omission€of€the€charge.€€€òòSee€Haynesóó,€720€S.W.2d€at€85.€€Also,Ð  p Ðthe€issue€was€not€raised€in€the€motion€for€new€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e).€€The€issue€is€waived.Ð  \ ÐÌò òc.€€Lesser„included€offense.ó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àà ` àNext,€we€review€the€claim€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€in€decliningÐ ¼  Ðto€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€each€of€the€charged€offenses.€€ToÐ ¨ø Ðbe€sure,€the€trial€court,€presumably€based€upon€Mr.€Hamblinððs€involvement€in€the€conspiracyÐ ”ä Ðcharges,€instructed€the€jury€on€the€statutory€law€of€complicity€òòóóas€a€mode€of€committing€the€chargedÐ €Ð Ðcrimes.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402€(1997).€€Facilitation€of€a€felony€offense,€however,€isÐ l¼ Ðknowingly€furnishing€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€a€felony€while€knowing€thatÐ X ¨ Ðanother€intends€to€commit€the€specific€felony.€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„11„403(a)€(1997).€€It€is€punishable€in€anÐ D!” Ðoffense€class€next€below€the€facilitated€felony.€€òòIdóó.€ðð€39„11„403(b).€€As€such,€facilitation€is€a€lesser„Ð 0"€  Ðincluded€offense€when€the€accused€is€not€the€active€malefactor€involved€in€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,Ð #l! Ð6€S.W.3d€453,€467€(Tenn.€1999).Ð $X" ÐÌà  àà ` àThis€claim€of€failing€to€charge€a€lesser„included€offense€also€is€waived.€€TheÐ à%0!$ Ðdefendant€failed€to€raise€the€claim€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e);€òòState€v.Ð Ì&"% ÐDrini€D.€Xhaferióó,€No.€M2000„01758„CCA„R3„CD,€slip€op.€at€4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Mar.Ð ¸'#& Ð7,€2002),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2002);€òòState€v.€Treva€Dianne€Greenóó,€No.€E1999„02204„CCA„R3„Ð ¤(ô#' ÐCD,€slip€op.€at€13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Dec.€14,€2000).Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àMoreover,€we€see€no€basis€for€noticing€the€absence€of€a€facilitation€charge€as€plainÐ ° Ðâ âerror.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€The€possession€and€sale€offenses€are€based€upon€the€defendantððsÐ œì Ðpossession€and€transfer€of€controlled€substances€on€December€29,€1999,€when€Mr.€Hamblin€wasÐ ˆØ Ðacting€as€an€undercover€informer.€€€As€such,€we€believe€that€Mr.€Hamblin€was€not€an€accomplice€atÐ tÄ Ðthat€time.€ð ðWhere€informers€or€agents,€under€the€direction€of€public€authorities,€continue€to€act€withÐ `° Ðtheir€guilty€confederates€until€the€matter€can€be€so€far€advanced€and€matured€as€to€insure€theÐ L œ Ðconviction€and€punishment€of€such€confederates,€the€informers€are€not€accomplices.ðð€òòHalquist€v.Ð 8 ˆ ÐStateóó,€489€S.W.2d€88,€94€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1972).€€In€the€absence€of€an€accomplice€in€the€crimesÐ $ t Ðof€December€29,€1999,€we€fail€to€see€how€the€defendant€could€have€been€guilty€of€facilitation.€€EvenÐ  ` Ðif€facilitation€should€have€been€charged€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€these€possession€and€saleÐ ü L  Ðoffensesòòóó,€error€in€failing€to€give€the€instruction€would€have€been€harmless€beyond€a€reasonableÐ è 8  Ðdoubt.€€In€short,€the€failure€to€give€the€instruction€merits€no€Ó  ÓÓB.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹XBÓplain„error€treatment.€€òòSee€State€v.Ð Ô$  ÐAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€187„89,€91€(Tenn.€2002).Ð À  ÐÓ  ÓÓE+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙÖ #ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àWe€also€see€no€basis€for€treating€as€plain€error€the€failure€to€instruct€on€facilitationÐ ˜è  Ðas€a€lesser„included€offense€in€each€of€the€conspiracy€charges.€€In€addition€to€HamblinððsÐ „Ô  Ðtestimony,€the€defendantððs€active,€leading€role€in€the€conspiracy€was€shown€by€circumstantialÐ pÀ Ðevidence.€€The€evidence€included€tape„recorded€telephone€conversations€in€December€1999Ð \¬ Ðwherein€Hamblin€asked€the€defendant€about€pricing€a€drug€shipment,€and€the€defendant€made€theÐ H˜ Ðfinal€decision.€€Circumstantial€evidence€showed€that€the€defendant€brought€controlled€substancesÐ 4„ Ðinto€Sullivan€County€in€large€quantities.€€A€large€sum€of€cash€flowed€from€Hamblin€to€theÐ  p Ðdefendant.€€In€his€home,€the€defendant€repackaged€large€bricks€of€marijuana€and€large€quantitiesÐ  \ Ðof€cocaine€into€smaller€quantities€for€resale;€he€was€apparently€in€the€process€of€repackagingÐ øH Ðmarijuana€when€the€search€warrant€was€executed.€€Based€upon€overwhelming€direct€andÐ ä4 Ðcircumstantial€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€supplying€large€quantities€of€marijuana€andÐ Ð  Ðcocaine€to€Hamblin,€we€believe€that€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€conspiracyÐ ¼  Ðwould€have€been€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€hence€the€failure€to€give€theÐ ¨ø Ðinstruction€merits€no€plain„error€treatment.€€òòSee€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€191.€€ò òó ó(ð ðWhen€aÐ ”ä Ðlesser-included€offense€instruction€is€improperly€omitted,€we€conclude€that€the€harmless€errorÐ €Ð Ðinquiry€is€the€same€as€for€other€constitutional€errors:€€whether€it€appears€beyond€a€reasonableÐ l¼ Ðdoubt€that€the€error€did€not€affect€the€outcome€of€the€trial.ðð).׃U×Ý ƒF#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Ô#†DXÙXX8XÙ½¼#ÔÔ‡8XÙXXDXÙÔÐ X ¨ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓIII.€€òòDouble€Jeopardy.óóó óÔ#†DXÙXX8XÙÐÄ#ÔÔ‡9XÙXXDXÙÔÐ 0"€  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€convicting€him€€and€imposingÐ $X" Ðsentences€on€both€conspiracies.Ô_Ô׃M×Ý ƒF#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€€€He€claims€that€double€jeopardy€principles€preclude€treating€theÐ ô$D # Ðplan€to€sell€two€types€of€controlled€substances€ð!ð€cocaine€and€marijuana€ð!ð€as€more€than€oneÐ ° Ðconspiracy.Ð œì ÐÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒThe€Double€Jeopardy€Ô_ÔClause[sÔ_Ô]€of€both€the€United€States€andÐ tÄ ÐTennessee€Constitutions€state[]€that€no€person€shall€be€put€inÐ `° Ðjeopardy€of€life€or€limb€for€the€same€offense.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.Ð L œ Ð5;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€10.€€The€clause€has€been€interpreted€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðinclude€the€following€protections:€ð ðIt€protects€against€a€secondÐ $ t Ðprosecution€for€the€same€offense€after€acquittal.€€It€protects€againstÐ  ` Ða€second€prosecution€for€the€same€offense€after€conviction.€€And€itÐ ü L  Ðprotects€against€multiple€punishments€for€the€same€offense.ðð€òòÐ è 8  ÐóóÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒòòState€v.€Price,óó€46€S.W.3d€785,€824€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)€(citation€omitted).€€The€present€caseÐ À  Ðinvolves€a€double€jeopardy€claim€based€on€multiple€punishments€for€the€same€offense.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àA€key€issue€in€determining€double€jeopardy€questions€is€ð ðððwhether€the€legislatureÐ „Ô  Ðintended€cumulative€punishment.ðððð€€òò€State€v.€Godseyóó,òò€óó60€S.W.3d€759,€777€(Tenn.€2001)€(quotingÐ pÀ ÐòòState€v.€Blackburnóó,€€694€S.W.2d€934,€936€(Tenn.€1985)).€€In€the€present€case,€the€legislature€hasÐ \¬ Ðspoken€clearly€in€the€statute€proscribing€conspiracy:€Ð H˜ ЀÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °Òà ¸ àIf€a€person€conspires€to€commit€a€number€of€offenses,€theÐ  p Ðperson€is€guilty€of€only€one€(1)€conspiracy€so€long€as€such€multipleÐ  \ Ðoffenses€are€the€object€of€the€same€agreement€or€continuous€Ð øH Ðconspiratorial€relationship.Ð ä4 ÐÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„103(c)€(1997).€€Given€this€clear€legislative€mandate,€multipleÐ ¼  Ðconvictions€of€conspiracy€may€not€stand€in€the€present€case,€as€the€state€on€appeal€concedes.€€TheÐ ¨ø Ðevidence€of€the€conspiracy€established€that€the€defendant€and€Hamblin€conspired€to€sell€bothÐ ”ä Ðcocaine€and€marijuana,€and€these€multiple€offenses€were€the€object€of€the€same€agreement.€€Ô#†DXÙXX9XÙVÅ#ÔÔ‡9XÙXXDXÙÔÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àAccordingly,€we€merge€the€two€conspiracy€convictions,€leaving€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðwith€a€single€€conviction€of€conspiracy€to€sell€or€deliver€300€grams€or€more€of€cocaine.€€TheÐ D!” Ðconviction€of€and€sentence€for€conspiracy€to€sell€marijuana€is€vacated.€€òòSee€State€v.€Duckeróó,€27Ð 0"€  ÐS.W.3d€889,€893€(Tenn.€2000)€(€ð ðTennessee€merger€law,€however,€mandates€that€dualÐ #l! Ðconvictions€of€both€a€greater€offense€and€its€lesser„included€offense€merge,€thereby€vacating€theÐ $X" Ðconviction€for€the€lesser„included€offense.ðð)Ð ô$D # ЇÓ  Óà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h à€€€€€€€€€€€€ò òIV.€€à @ àòòEvidentiary€Issuesóó.ó óÐ ° ÐÓ^ÓÓÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€brief€obliquely€raises€three€evidentiary€issues:€(1)€The€trial€courtÐ ŒÜ Ðerred€in€declining€to€suppress€the€fruits€of€the€searches€of€the€defendantððs€house€and€of€hisÐ xÈ Ðstorage€unit,€(2)€the€court€erroneously€admitted€the€perjurious€testimony€of€Hamblin,€and€(3)€theÐ d´ Ðtrial€court€erred€in€admitting€the€controlled„substance€evidence€given€a€break€in€the€chain€ofÐ P   Ðcustody€of€such€evidence.€€Ð < Œ ÐÌà  àà ` àAlthough€the€defendant€assigns€as€error€these€evidentiary€rulings,€his€briefÐ  d Ðcontains€no€argument€except€for€brief€mention€of€the€issues€in€his€argument€on€the€sufficiency€ofÐ  P  Ðthe€evidence.€€The€argument€of€these€issues€is€deficient€in€citing€to€legal€authority€and€to€theÐ ì <  Ðappellate€record.€€òòSeeóó€R.€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€10(b).€€For€these€reasons,€these€issues€are€waived.€Ð Ø(  ÐòòSee€id.óóÔ#†DXÙXX9XÙŸÐ#ÔÔ‡9XÙXXDXÙÔÐ Ä  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓV.€€òòJury€Influence€and€Removal€of€a€Juror.óóó óÐ œì  ÐÓeØÓÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€judge€should€have€declared€a€mistrial€uponÐ tÄ Ðdiscovering€that€two€jurors€believed€that€the€defendant€took€their€photograph€during€pendency€ofÐ `° Ðthe€trial.€€In€Tennessee,€when€extraneous€prejudicial€information€is€introduced€to€the€jury,€theÐ Lœ Ðvalidity€of€its€verdict€is€called€into€question.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔParchmanÔ_Ôóó,€973€S.W.2d€607,€612€(Tenn.Ð 8ˆ ÐCrim.€App.€1997).€€Ð $t ÐÌà  àà ` àA€juror€is€prohibited€from€testifying€about€anything€occurring€in€deliberations,Ð üL Ðincluding€thought€processes€and€emotions€involved€in€his€or€her€vote.€€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€606(b);€òòseeÐ è8 ÐState€v.€Blackwellóó,€664€S.W.2d€686,€689€(Tenn.€1984).€€Nevertheless,€jurors€are€permitted€toÐ Ô$ Ðð ðtestify€on€the€question€of€.€.€.€whether€any€outside€influence€was€improperly€brought€to€bearÐ À Ðupon€any€juror.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€606(b).€€Ð ¬ü ÐÌà  àà ` àIf€it€can€be€shown€that€one€or€more€jurors€were€subjected€to€outside€or€improperÐ „Ô Ðinfluence,€a€Ô_ÔrebuttableÔ_Ô€presumption€of€prejudice€arises,€the€burden€of€proof€shifts,€and€the€stateÐ pÀ Ðmust€substantiate€the€conduct€or€establish€its€harmless€nature.€€òòÔ_ÔParchmanÔ_Ôóó,€973€S.W.2d€at€612.€€Ð \ ¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€record€in€this€matter€reveals€that€during€trial€two€jurors€believed€they€saw€theÐ 4"„  Ðdefendant€take€their€picture€at€the€hotel€where€the€jury€was€sequestered.€€There€were€also€twoÐ  #p! Ðofficers€present€during€the€incident€in€question.€€Officer€Ô_ÔDelpÔ_Ô€testified€to€seeing€a€car€beingÐ  $\" Ðdriven€by€a€female€approach€her€location.€€She€did€not€see€a€camera,€but€a€juror€immediately€toldÐ ø$H # Ðher€that€he€noticed€a€flash.€€Upon€hearing€this€information,€Officer€Ô_ÔDelpÔ_Ô€contacted€her€superiorÐ ä%4!$ Ðand€unhesitatingly€secured€the€jurors€in€their€rooms.Ð Ð& "% ÐÌà  àà ` àOfficers€immediately€divulged€this€information€to€the€court,€and€the€court€held€anÐ ¨(ø#' Ðevidentiary€hearing.€€During€the€evidentiary€hearing,€it€came€to€light€that€the€defendant's€motherÐ ”)ä$( Ðand€stepfather€owned€a€car€similar€to€the€car€seen€at€the€jurorsðð€hotel.€€Both€jurors€confirmed€toÐ €*Ð%) Ðthe€judge€that€although€they€wholeheartedly€believed€the€defendant€took€their€photograph,Ð l+¼&* Ðevidence€presented€at€trial€was€the€sole€basis€for€their€decision€to€convict.€€Upon€conclusion€ofÐ ° Ðthe€hearing,€the€judge€was€convinced€that€the€defendant€had€not€been€prejudiced.€Ð œì ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€trial€judge,€as€opposed€to€this€court,€is€in€the€optimum€position€to€makeÐ tÄ Ðdeterminations€regarding€any€perceived€prejudice€to€the€defendant.€€€òòState€v.€Youngóó,€866€S.W.2dÐ `° Ð194,€196€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€Moreover,€the€trial€judge€is€the€person€most€fitting€to€discern€Ð L œ Ðrepercussions€throughout€the€jury.€€òòId.€óó€The€findings€of€the€trial€judge€following€an€evidentiaryÐ 8 ˆ Ðhearing€are€accorded€€weight€of€a€jury€verdict€Ô#†DXÙXX9XÙ-Ø#ÔÔ‡9XÙXXDXÙÔ€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€theÐ $ t Ðfindings.€€òòId.€óóat€197;€òòState€v.€Killebrewóó,€760€S.W.2d€228€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€The€evidenceÐ  ` Ðdoes€not€preponderate€against€the€findings€in€this€case.€€€Furthermore,€we€are€disinclined€toÐ ü L  Ðinvade€trial€judgesðð€traditionally€broad€purview€of€jury€management.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ€à  àà ` àFurthermore,€if€the€defendant€invited,€waived,€or€failed€to€take€affirmative€steps€toÐ À  Ðrectify€an€error,€we€shall€not€grant€relief€on€appeal.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a)€Advisory€Comm'nÐ ¬ü  ÐComments.€€After€extensive€review€of€the€record,€we€discern€a€notable€absence€of€any€objectionÐ ˜è  Ðor€motion€for€a€mistrial€made€by€defense€counsel.€€Up€and€until€the€motion€for€a€new€trialÐ „Ô  Ðhearing,€the€only€meaningful€discourse€regarding€juror€influence€was€the€confluence€of€counselÐ pÀ Ðacknowledging€satisfaction€with€the€jurorsðð€elucidation€of€their€verdicts.€€During€the€motion€for€aÐ \¬ Ðnew€trial,€defense€counsel€first€asked€the€court€to€entertain€his€objection.€€Counsel€articulated€thatÐ H˜ Ðhis€true€desire€was€to€object€during€the€trial;€however,€the€defendant€staunchly€impeded€hisÐ 4„ Ðobjections€and€motions€for€a€mistrial€because€the€ð ðpressure€would€give€[the€defendant]€a€heartÐ  p Ðattack.ðð€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àUltimately,€we€must€reject€this€issue€on€appeal€as€waived.€€WaiverÐ ä4 Ðnotwithstanding,€the€record€supports€the€trial€judgeððs€conclusion.Ð Ð  ÐÌÓ  Óà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @À à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ò òVI.€€òòVarianceóó.ó óÐ ¨ø ÐÓ™íÓÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€claims€in€his€brief€that€the€proof€of€the€dates€of€the€conspiraciesÐ „Ô Ðvaried€from€the€conspiracy€time€frame€alleged€in€the€indictment:€June€1,€1999,€through€DecemberÐ pÀ Ð9,€1999.€€We€are€at€a€loss€to€comprehend€the€claim€of€variance€in€this€case.€€Hamblin€testifiedÐ \ ¬ Ðthat€he€and€the€defendant€engaged€in€handling€drugs€during€the€six„month€period€of€the€allegedÐ H!˜ Ðconspiracy.€€Thus,€we€discern€no€basis€for€this€assignment€of€error.Ð 4"„  ÐÌÓ  Óà @ àà @ à€€€€€€€€€ò òVII.€€òòSentencingóó.ó óÐ  $\" ÐÌÓoðÓà  àà ` àThe€defendant€challenges€the€lengths€of€his€sentences€and€the€imposition€ofÐ è%8!$ Ðpartially€€consecutive€sentencing.€€Ð Ô&$"% ÐÌÔ#†DXÙXX9XÙÑæ#ÔÔ‡PXÙXXDXÙÔà  àà ` àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,Ð ¬(ü#' Ðit€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòde€novoóó€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€theÐ ˜)è$( Ðdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)€(1997).€Ð „*Ô%) ÐThis€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ p+À&* Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,Ð ° Ð823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€ð ðThe€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper€isÐ œì Ðupon€the€appellant.ðð€€òòId.€óó€In€the€event€the€record€fails€to€demonstrate€the€required€considerationÐ ˆØ Ðby€the€trial€court,€review€of€the€sentence€is€purely€òòde€novoóó.€€òòId.óó€€If€appellate€review€reflects€theÐ tÄ Ðtrial€court€properly€considered€all€relevant€factors€and€its€findings€of€fact€are€adequatelyÐ `° Ðsupported€by€the€record,€this€court€must€affirm€the€sentence,€ð ðeven€if€we€would€have€preferred€aÐ L œ Ðdifferent€result.ðð€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€making€its€sentencing€determination,€the€trial€court,€at€the€conclusion€of€theÐ  ` Ðsentencing€hearing,€determines€the€range€of€sentence€and€then€determines€the€specific€sentenceÐ ü L  Ðand€the€propriety€of€sentencing€alternatives€by€considering€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÐ è 8  Ðthe€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€Ô_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencingÐ Ô$  Ðand€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminalÐ À  Ðconduct€involved;€(5)€evidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€the€enhancement€andÐ ¬ü  Ðmitigating€factors;€(6)€any€statements€the€defendant€wishes€to€make€in€the€defendantððs€behalfÐ ˜è  Ðabout€sentencing;€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„Ð „Ô  Ð35„210(a),€(b)€(1997);€40„35„103(5)€(1997);€òòState€v.€Hollandóó,€860€S.W.2d€53,€60€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð pÀ ÐApp.€1993).Ô#†DXÙXXPXÙ´ñ#ÔÔ‡9XÙXXDXÙÔÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àò òó óAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€state€introduced€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€1987Ð 4„ ÐTexas€felony€conviction€of€furnishing€funds€to€promote€the€possession€of€more€than€50€pounds€ofÐ  p Ðmarijuana.€Based€upon€this€prior€conviction€and€the€defendantððs€admitted€use€of€marijuana,€aÐ  \ ÐSchedule€VI€controlled€substance,€the€trial€court€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð øH ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2)€(Supp.€2002)€(sentences€may€be€enhanced€when€the€accused€ð ðhas€aÐ ä4 Ðprevious€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessaryÐ Ð  Ðestablish€the€appropriate€rangeðð).€€The€court€also€applied€the€factor€that€the€defendant€was€aÐ ¼  Ðleader€in€the€commission€of€the€offenses€to€enhance€the€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€ðð€40„35„114(3)€(Supp.Ð ¨ø Ð2002)€(allowing€sentence€enhancement€based€upon€accused€being€a€ð ðleader€in€the€commission€ofÐ ”ä Ðan€offense€involving€two€(2)€or€more€criminal€actorsðð).€€In€mitigation,€the€court€took€intoÐ €Ð Ðconsideration€the€54„year„old€defendantððs€history€of€military€service,€good€work€record,€andÐ l¼ Ðeducation.€€òòSee€id.óó€ðð€40„35„113(13)€(1997)€(authorizing€mitigation€of€sentence€based€upon€anyÐ X ¨ Ðunnamed€factor€consistent€with€the€purposes€of€the€sentencing€law).€€The€trial€court€announcedÐ D!” Ðthat€the€enhancement€factors€weighed€more€heavily€than€the€mitigation€factors.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€€22€years,€the€defendantððs€Range€I€sentences€for€the€Class€A€felonies€ofÐ $X" Ðpossession€of€more€than€300€grams€of€cocaine€for€resale€and€conspiracy€to€sell€cocaine€are€twoÐ ô$D # Ðyears€above€the€presumptive€sentence€of€20€years€but€less€than€the€maximum€of€25€years.€€òòSee€óóÐ à%0!$ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(1)€(1997)€(establishing€Range€I,€Class€A€range€at€15€to€20Ð Ì&"% Ðyears).€€The€three„year€Class€D€sentence€for€possession€of€marijuana€in€excess€of€50€pounds€forÐ ¸'#& Ðresale€is€midway€between€the€minimum€of€two€and€maximum€of€four€years.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„Ð ¤(ô#' Ð112(a)(4).€€The€Class€E€sentence€of€one€year,€six€months,€is€midway€between€the€minimum€ofÐ )à$( Ðone€year€and€the€maximum€of€two€years.€€òòId.€óóðð€40„35„112(a)(5).€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðò òÓ  Óà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h à€€€€€€€€€€(a)Ð ° Ðó óÓÕÓÌà  àà ` àWe€find€no€fault€with€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€enhancement€factor€(2)€forÐ ˆØ Ðcriminal€history€or€behavior.€€òòSee€idóó.€ðð€40„35„114(2)€(Supp.€2003).€€€The€defendantððs€criminalÐ tÄ Ðhistory€bespeaks€prior€involvement€with€illicit€drugs,€and€thus€it€weighs€heavily€as€anÐ `° Ðenhancement€factor.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€also€discern€no€fault€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(3)€for€being€a€leader€inÐ $ t Ðthe€conspiracy€conviction.€€òòSee€idóó.€ðð€40„35„114(3)€(Supp.€2003).€€The€record€supports€thatÐ  ` Ðdetermination.€€On€the€other€hand,€this€factor€should€not€have€been€applied€to€the€possession€andÐ ü L  Ðsale€convictions.€€With€respect€to€those€convictions,€the€record€does€not€support€a€finding€thatÐ è 8  Ðtwo€or€more€criminal€actors€were€involved.€€As€we€have€explained€above,€Hamblin€was€a€policeÐ Ô$  Ðagent,€and€not€an€accomplice,€in€the€offenses€of€December€29,€1999.€€Factor€(3),€therefore,Ð À  Ðshould€not€have€been€applied€in€the€possession€and€sale€convictions.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àThat€determination€notwithstanding,€we€believe€the€significant€weight€ofÐ „Ô  Ðenhancement€factor€(2)€justifies€the€modest€enhancement€of€the€possession€sentences€and€bothÐ pÀ Ðfactors€justify€the€enhancement€of€the€conspiracy€sentence.Ð \¬ ÐÌÓ  Óò òà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ à(b)ó óÐ 4„ ÐÓ0 ÓÌà  àà ` àThe€trial€judge€based€his€order€of€consecutive€service€of€the€two€22„year€sentencesÐ  \ Ðupon€his€finding€that€the€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal.€€òòSee€id.óó€ðð€40„35„115(b)(1)€(1997)Ð øH Ð(consecutive€sentences€may€be€ordered€when€it€is€established€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidenceÐ ä4 Ðthat€the€accused€is€ð ða€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€[his]€life€to€criminal€actsÐ Ð  Ðas€a€major€source€of€livelihoodðð).€€The€defendant€complains€that€the€trial€court€erroneouslyÐ ¼  Ðconsidered€the€defendantððs€alleged€money„laundering€activities€as€indicative€of€his€professionalÐ ¨ø Ðcriminal€status€and€that€the€court€failed€to€evaluate€the€aggregate€length€of€the€sentence€in€light€ofÐ ”ä Ðthe€significance€of€the€conviction€crimes.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€making€its€decision€to€run€the€22„year€sentences€consecutively,€the€trial€courtÐ X ¨ Ðextensively€analyzed€the€controlling€statutory€and€caselaw€considerations,€and€we€afford€itsÐ D!” Ðjudgment€the€presumption€of€correctness.€€The€court€determined€that,€despite€the€54„year„oldÐ 0"€  Ðdefendantððs€long€history€as€a€commercial€truck€driver,€the€evidence€at€trial€demonstrated€ð ðaÐ #l! Ðmajor€source€of€livelihoodðð€from€drug€trafficking.€€The€court€relied€upon€Hamblinððs€testimonyÐ $X" Ðabout€the€significant€amount€of€cocaine€and€marijuana€that€the€defendant€brought€into€TennesseeÐ ô$D # Ðand€distributed.€€Hamblin€testified€that,€during€the€conspiracy€period,€he€paid€the€defendantÐ à%0!$ Ðbetween€$50,000€and€$60,000€for€cocaine€and€marijuana€and€that€the€defendant€used€the€drugÐ Ì&"% Ðmoney€to€buy,€among€other€things,€a€scooter€business€and€cars€and€to€pay€his€home€mortgage.€Ð ¸'#& Ðâ âApart€from€Hamblinððs€testimony,€the€evidence€showed€that€Hamblin€paid€the€defendant€$20,000Ð ¤(ô#' Ðon€December€29,€1999.€€The€officers€found€$60,000€in€cash€in€the€defendantððs€storage€unit.׃W×Ý ƒF#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€OurÐ ° Ðâ âanalysis€of€cases€in€which€the€professional€criminal€factor€was€used€as€a€basis€for€consecutiveÐ œì Ðsentencing€reveals€that€the€appellate€courts€have€typically€considered€the€offenderððs€age,€criminalÐ ˆØ Ðhistory,€and€constancy€of€regular€employment.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€State€v.€Andre€L.€Mayfieldóó,€No.€M1999„Ð tÄ Ð02415„CCA„R3„CD,€slip€op.€at€17€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€June€22,€2001)€(affirmingÐ `° Ðprofessional€criminal€consecutive€sentencing€of€22„year„old€defendant€who€had€four€prior€felonyÐ L œ Ðconvictions€and€had€no€employment€record€for€several€years€between€1992€and€his€arrest€inÐ 8 ˆ Ðpresent€case);€€òòState€v.€Harold€Wayne€Shawóó,€No.€M1999„01119„CCA„R3„CD,€slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.Ð $ t ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€27,€2000)€(reversing€professional„criminal€consecutive€sentencing€ofÐ  ` Ðdefendant€who€had€not€been€convicted€of€crime€since€1991€and€who€had€remained€gainfullyÐ ü L  Ðemployed€after€leaving€prison€in€1993,€despite€prosecutionððs€unproven€claims€that€he€was€aÐ è 8  Ðð ðmajor€drug€dealerðð);€òòState€v.€Michael€Wilsonóó,€No.€01C01„9602„CC„00073,€slip€op.€at€26€(Tenn.Ð Ô$  ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€July€31,€1997)€(finding€no€proof€of€professional€criminal€status€ofÐ À  Ðoffenders€who€were€too€youthful€to€have€established€ð ðmuch€in€the€way€of€an€employmentÐ ¬ü  Ðhistoryðð€and€had€no,€or€only€scant,€prior€criminal€records).€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€glean€from€the€cases€that€a€defendantððs€record€of€steady,€gainful€employmentÐ pÀ Ðoften€militates€against€a€finding€of€a€professional€criminal€status.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€State€v.€Linda€Culveróó,Ð \¬ ÐNo.€01C01„9503„CC„00057,€slip€op.€at€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Nov.€30,€1995)Ð H˜ Ð(evidence€unsupportive€of€professional€criminal€status€when€defendant€was€steadily€employedÐ 4„ Ðfrom€1976€to€the€date€of€sentencing,€the€conviction€offenses€resulted€from€eight€drug€sales€duringÐ  p Ða€four„month€period,€and€the€record€failed€to€support€the€trial€judgeððs€characterization€of€theÐ  \ Ðdefendantððs€business€as€a€ð ðden€of€iniquityðð).€€òòBut€see,€e.g.,€State€v.€Kenneth€Paul€Dykasóó,€No.Ð øH ÐM2000-01665-CCA-R3-CD,€slip€op.€at€15„16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Mar.€5,€2002)Ð ä4 Ð(professional€criminal€status€supported€by€finding€"that€the€defendant€is€a€transient€moving€fromÐ Ð  Ðplace€to€place€and€is€never€employed€for€any€period€of€time"),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2002);Ð ¼  ÐòòState€v.€Terry€L.€Bowenóó,€No.€01C01„9303„CC„00076,€slip€op.€at€17„18€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð ¨ø ÐNashville,€Mar.€30,€1994)€(evidence€supported€professional€criminal€status€for€defendant€whoÐ ”ä Ðhad€only€worked€22€months€during€preceding€eight€years).€€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€the€one€hand,€the€defendantððs€position€in€the€present€case€is€supported€by€theÐ X ¨ Ðevidence€that€shows€he€had€been€a€commercial€truck€driver€for€most€of€his€adult€life.€Ð D!” ÐFurthermore,€his€record€evinced€only€one€prior€felony€conviction.€€òòCf.€State€v.€Allen€PrenticeÐ 0"€  ÐBlyeóó,€No.€E2001-01375-CCA-R3-CD,€slip€op.€at€13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€€Nov.€1,Ð #l! Ðâ â2002)€(ð ð[T]he€defendant's€sparse€employment€history€coupled€with€the€sheer€number€of€his€priorÐ $X" Ðconvictions€supports€a€determination€that€he€is€indeed€a€professional€criminal.ðð),€òòperm.€app.Ð ° Ðdeniedóó€(Tenn.€2003).€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àà ` àOn€the€other€hand,€we€glean€no€òòper€se€óórule€that€the€professional€criminal€factorÐ tÄ Ðcan€only€apply€when€the€defendant€has€essentially€no€means€of€support€other€than€his€criminalÐ `° Ðindustry.€€Rather,€the€appellate€court€is€often€constrained€to€jettison€the€factor€merely€because€theÐ L œ Ðstate€failed€to€òòproveóó€that€criminal€activities€accounted€for€a€major€source€of€the€defendantððsÐ 8 ˆ Ðlivelihood.òò€See€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)€(Supp.€2002)€(preponderance„of„the„evidenceÐ $ t Ðstandard€applies€to€establishing€statutory€grounds€for€consecutive€sentencing).€òò€óóFor€instance,€inòòÐ  ` ÐState€v.€Darrell€M.€Scalesóó,€No.€M2000-03150-CCA-R3-CD,€slip€op.€at€10€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð ü L  ÐNashville,€€Jan.€11,€2002),€€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2002),€this€court€reversed€a€finding€that€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendant,€who€had€been€convicted€of€four€gambling€violations,€was€a€professional€criminal.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòóóThis€court€said,€Ð À  ÐÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °Òð ðThe[re]€is€no€proof€in€the€record€as€to€the€amounts€of€money€theÐ ˜è  ÐDefendant€wagered,€and€no€proof€that€he€actually€won€any€moneyÐ „Ô  Ðat€his€gambling€attempts.€.€.€.€€€There€is€simply€no€proof€in€theÐ pÀ Ðrecord€that€the€Defendant€obtained€a€major€source€of€his€livelihoodÐ \¬ Ðfrom€[the]€series€[of€criminal€acts€demonstrated€by€his€variousÐ H˜ Ðconvictions].òòóóÐ 4„ ÐÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒòòId.€€óóIn€òòHarold€Wayne€Shawóó,€the€stateððs€claim€that€the€defendant€was€a€ð ðmajor€drug€dealerðð€wasÐ  \ Ðnot€supported€by€the€mere€proof€that€he€ð ðhad€made€two€(2)€or€three€(3)€drug€deals€about€six€(6)Ð øH Ðmonths€before€the€[crime].ðð€€òòHarold€Wayne€Shawóó,€slip€op.€at€8.€€€In€òòLinda€Culveróó,€the€trialÐ ä4 Ðjudgeððs€opinion€that€Culver€earned€her€livelihood€by€operating€a€ð ðden€of€iniquityðð€wasÐ Ð  Ðunsupported€by€any€actual€evidence.€€òòLinda€Culveróó,€slip€op.€at€3.€€Conversely,€in€òòState€v.€WarnerÐ ¼  ÐBoltonóó,€No.€01C01„9008„CC„00187€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Apr.€4,€1991),€the€recordÐ ¨ø Ðcontained€evidence€that€Bolton€had€sold€drugs€on€a€number€of€occasions€to€government€agents,Ð ”ä Ðas€well€as€Boltonððs€admission€ð ðthat€his€weekly€income€from€drug€sales€had€been€as€much€asÐ €Ð Ð$264,000.00.ðð€€This€court€held€that€Bolton€was€ð ðclearly€a€ððprofessional€criminal.ðððð€òòId.óó,€slip€op.€atÐ l¼ Ð10.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àThus,€in€the€present€case,€we€have€not€focused€solely€upon€the€fact€that€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€has€maintained€steady€work€as€a€truck€driver.€€Code€section€40„35„115(b)ððsÐ #l! Ðprofessional€criminal€factor€is€couched€in€terms€of€the€defendantððs€criminal€acts€providing€òòaóóÐ $X" Ðòòmajoróó€source€of€livelihood€and€not€in€terms€of€òòthe€onlyóó,€or€even€òòthe€majoróó,€source€of€livelihood.€Ð ô$D # ÐIn€the€present€case,€we€note€that€the€state€established€through€the€defendantððs€federal€tax€returnsÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€his€yearly€taxable€income€through€truck€driving€was€$4,234.00€in€1998,€$4,338.00€in€1996,Ð Ì&"% Ðand€zero€in1997,€1995,€1994,€and€1993.€€Yet,€the€defendant€paid€his€home€mortgage€and€boughtÐ ¸'#& Ðcars€(including€an€antique€Corvette),€coins,€motor€scooters,€and€an€extensive€gun€collection.€€HeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwas€making€substantial€monthly€lease€payments€for€a€motor€home€at€the€time€of€his€arrest.€HeÐ )à$( Ðalso€received€$20,000€on€December€29,€1999,€in€exchange€for€controlled€substances,€and€hisÐ |*Ì%) Ðrented€storage€unit€contained€$60,000€in€cash.€€We€believe€the€state€established€through€thisÐ h+¸&* Ðevidence€that€drug€trafficking€accounted€for€a€major€source€of€the€defendantððs€livelihood.€€TheÐ ° Ðtrial€court,€therefore,€properly€applied€the€factor.Ð œì Ѐ€Ð ˆØ ÐÔ#†DXÙXX9XÙ„û#ÔÔ‡9XÙXXDXÙÔà  àà ` àThis€determination€does€not€end€our€inquiry,€however.€€Our€legislature€hasÐ tÄ Ðdeclared€that€a€sentence€shall€be€ð ðjustly€deserved€in€relation€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offense,ððÐ `° ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102(1)€(1997),€and€ð ðshould€be€no€greater€than€that€deserved€for€theÐ L œ Ðoffense€committed,ðð€òòid.óó€ðð€40„35„103(2)€(1997).€€In€òòState€v.€Desireyóó,€909€S.W.2d€20€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð 8 ˆ ÐApp.€1995),€this€court€held€that€an€eighteen„year€aggregate€sentence€that€resulted€fromÐ $ t Ðconsecutive€sentencing€exceeded€that€which€was€deserved€for€the€offense€committed,€despite€thatÐ  ` Ðconsecutive€sentencing€was€justified€by€the€terms€of€Code€section€40„35„115(b)(1).€€òòSee€id.óó€at€33Ð ü L  Ð(ð ð[T]he€1989€Act€requires€the€trial€court€to€insure€that€the€aggregate€sentence€imposed€should€beÐ è 8  Ðthe€least€severe€measure€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€a€defendant's€future€criminalÐ Ô$  Ðconduct€and€should€bear€some€relationship€to€a€defendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation.ðð).€€In€theÐ À  Ðpresent€case,€however,€we€hold€that€the€aggregate€sentence€yielded€by€consecutive€sentencing€isÐ ¬ü  Ðdeserved,€based€upon€the€defendantððs€distribution€of€a€large€amount€of€drugs.€€The€possessionÐ ˜è  Ðwith€intent€to€sell€a€large€amount€of€cocaine€is€alone€a€serious€offense,€and€the€aggregate€sentenceÐ „Ô  Ðshould€be€extended€in€view€of€the€defendantððs€involvement€in€a€pre„existing,€though€related,Ð pÀ Ðconspiracy.€€We€hold€that€the€44„year€sentence€is€not€excessive€and€meets€the€standards€of€CodeÐ \¬ Ðsections€40„35„102€and€„103€and€òòDesireyóó.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àThus,€the€trial€courtððs€consecutive€sentencing€order€is€affirmed.Ð  p ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€reverse€and€vacate€the€conviction€in€count€15,€conspiracy€to€sell€marijuana.€€InÐ øH Ðall€other€respects,€the€sentences€and€convictions€are€affirmed.Ð ä4 ÐÌÔ#†DXÙXX9XÙ5#ÔÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à____________________________________Ð €Ð Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGE