ÿWPC y¤uœ ÌtÕ,ÌÛÊ­BÐÎ ôö× ºwiW²ìOˆv¬íÎØWLŠW`šm¤À2$ц¶´¸AÕhÙÂ$¯ „EŸO‹CƒhÓ£‰ÃûË0§šÝŠšÓCŒY…TXÐ FíK-¯ö5Ô1  ”¢±š{sœ–ÊØÙùÍ·®q‘€B4Ý[gIñÔ¸£%ÄèRðfÝI h—l?“w­S¿ ÉÐNy[8<΢­óË <Ä«¬+FÌ!&âW/‹jy¨n˜‘8ó¯aq]tæ<ÈWäŠÚ²'ƒ€Nzt‹jäVYý½Ì¼Ìµ Ãs9Xã”Êz&îOó/·w+‡ÕVù7ͬYôY”pk­_åd 8ä^ž@1ß?Þ@a’IáRÜ_Ø­ÉbnÔewŽg‹ki¸RŠXÐ>F•ÇÒB»½îSzö'ãû”bÃeÖˆæT½n‰–ä?Þ¼)-HšxRÖ£?ÉÒb_©ã2Ÿât Éu@Ò4)ýˆ>i·‰¸Ô~⼜GФT¶Ý‰yïiýð­Ï±g6ñ„C˜Õ Ã/vŠn¥_Û¤W]ºÎ’ImÇD÷ <µŽSJ“DÛ³ñ熞ÄûÌh«d3êI2øÀ9¡¸45”/b %\Nb 0ˆd zìUNfÒ´U@† zÆ Ò@ ^  w 4" 6 ÆE Æ ÆÑ Æ— ]N_ ma#ÁxE9<; 0Dw»U$NÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃb 0ë B 0¤! D5Å D-ú 0K'' ASrÆÅ 0¤‹ 0D/ A«s»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPT(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÍn!)â ¡B )  k2,;ª3|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0 2Ý ƒRÏå$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaB ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔUpon€cross„examination€by€the€appellantððs€counsel€at€the€suppression€hearing,€Officer€Ô_ÔGoodowensÔ_Ô€testifiedÐ ° Ðas€follows:Ð tÄ ÐQ:€You€pulled€in€behind€his€vehicle,€didnððt€you?Ð 8ˆ ÐA:€Yes,€maððam.Ð üL ÐQ:€You€blocked€it?Ð À ÐA:€I€was€kind€of€catty„cornered.€I€donððt€know€if€I€was€totally€blocking€the€vehicle€or€not.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó (ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular- ù-(|G2Ïå$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€P»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô%¨ò»»Ô d(|3ò$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€P»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ò$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€P»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€_$»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ8€9äXXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îÅóî»»ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†»Ôb»îîÅóí#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMay€2000€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔÌò òÔ#†»Ôb»XXšFï#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€Ô_ÔTYWANÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFAULKÔ_ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€as€of€Right€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Montgomery€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€39811€€€€€€Robert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„01124„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€August€31,€2000Ð ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔThe€appellant,€Ô_ÔTywanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFaulkÔ_Ô,€appeals€his€conviction€by€a€jury€in€the€Montgomery€County€CircuitÐ xÈ  ÐCourt€of€one€count€of€possession€of€more€than€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver€and€withinÐ d´ Ð1,000€feet€of€a€school,€a€class€A€felony.€€Prior€to€trial,€the€appellant€pled€guilty€to€driving€on€aÐ P  Ðrevoked€license,€a€class€B€misdemeanor.€€Pursuant€to€the€appellantððs€conviction€for€possession€ofÐ <Œ Ðcocaine€with€intent€to€deliver,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€fifteen€years€incarceration€in€theÐ (x ÐTennessee€Department€of€Correction.€Additionally,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€thirty€daysÐ d Ðincarceration€in€the€county€jail€for€the€driving€on€a€revoked€license€conviction.€€The€trial€court€furtherÐ P Ðordered€that€the€appellantððs€sentences€be€served€concurrently.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€presents€theÐ ì< Ðfollowing€issues€for€review:€(1)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€appellantððs€motion€toÐ Ø( Ðsuppress€evidence€seized€as€a€result€of€an€unlawful€detention;€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ Ä Ðdenying€the€appellantððs€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€with€regard€to€possession€with€intent€to€sellÐ ° Ðor€deliver€at€the€close€of€the€Stateððs€case€in€chief€as€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€theÐ œì Ðconviction;€(3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€the€arresting€officer€to€testify€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðpassenger€in€the€appellantððs€car€had€a€certain€amount€of€cash€in€his€possession;€(4)€whether€the€trialÐ tÄ Ðcourt€erred€by€giving€supplemental€instructions€to€the€jury€without€first€putting€the€instructions€inÐ `° Ðwriting;€(5)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€repeatedly€referring€to€the€prosecutor€as€ð ðGeneralðð€in€theÐ L œ Ðpresence€of€the€jury€throughout€the€proceeding;€and,€(6)€whether€the€prejudicial€effect€of€these€errorsÐ 8!ˆ  Ðcumulatively€requires€reversal€of€the€appellantððs€conviction.€Upon€review€of€the€record€and€theÐ $"t! Ðpartiesðð€briefs,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ô#†XšFXXXšF×#ÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšFœ#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔÐ #`" ÐÓËÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ è$8 $ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†»Ôb»àXšFZ#ÔÔ‡XšFX.»ÔbÔNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€Ô_ÔR.WadeÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ôóó€and€òòJoeÐ À&"& ÐG.€Rileyóó,€J.€joined.Ð ¬'ü"' ÐÌCarrie€W.€Ô_ÔKershÔ_Ô,€Clarksville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ô_ÔTywanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFaulkÔ_Ô.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Todd€R.€Kelley,€Assistant€Attorney€General,Ð \+¬&+ ÐDaniel€Ô_ÔBrollierÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€and€Lisa€Ô_ÔDoneganÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ H,˜', ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð 4-„(-ý ÐÓÓÌÔ_Ôà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF>#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔÐ œì Ðò òòòÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔI.€Factual€Background.ó óóóÐ ˆØ ÐÓ  Óà  àà ` àOn€November€25,€1997,€at€approximately€2:20€p.m.,€school€resource€officer€(SRO)Ð tÄ ÐFowler€Goodowens€observed€the€appellant€and€a€passenger€drive€onto€the€grounds€of€Kenwood€HighÐ `° ÐSchool€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee,€and€park€in€the€student€parking€lot.€€Officer€Goodowens€did€notÐ L œ Ðrecognize€the€vehicle€as€belonging€to€a€student€nor€did€see€the€parking€decal€used€by€students€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðidentify€their€vehicles.€€Pursuant€to€his€duties€as€an€SRO,€Officer€Goodowens€decided€to€investigateÐ $ t Ðto€determine€if€the€unknown€vehicle€belonged€to€a€truant€or€someone€who€needed€assistance.€€OfficerÐ  ` ÐGoodowens€parked€partially€behind€the€appellantððs€vehicle,€and€approached€the€appellant.€€OfficerÐ ü L  ÐGoodowens€looked€inside€the€vehicle,€and€noticed€an€open,€partially€consumed€container€of€beerÐ è 8  Ðunderneath€the€passengerððs€legs.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` à€Officer€Goodowens€asked€the€appellant€to€state€his€reason€for€being€on€campus.€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðappellant€replied€that€he€was€there€to€pick€up€Junior€Kelly,€whom€the€officer€knew€was€not€a€studentÐ ˜è  Ðat€Kenwood€High€School.€€Officer€Goodowens€asked€the€appellant€and€his€passenger€to€produceÐ „Ô  Ðidentification€and€each€produced€a€driverððs€license.€€The€officer€proceeded€to€his€car€with€the€licensesÐ pÀ Ðto€obtain€further€information,€and€discovered€that€the€appellantððs€license€had€been€revoked.€€OfficerÐ \¬ ÐGoodowens€returned€to€the€appellantððs€vehicle,€asked€the€appellant€to€step€out€of€the€car,€and€placedÐ H˜ Ðthe€appellant€under€arrest€for€driving€on€a€revoked€license.€After€being€placed€in€the€police€car,€theÐ 4„ Ðappellant€asked€the€officer€to€get€the€appellantððs€jacket€from€the€back€of€his€car€and€remove€theÐ  p Ðappellantððs€€money€from€his€jacket€pocket.€€Pursuant€to€the€appellantððs€request,€Officer€GoodowensÐ  \ Ðsearched€the€appellantððs€jacket€for€the€money.€€In€the€pockets€of€the€jacket,€Officer€GoodowensÐ øH Ðdiscovered€twenty€dollars€in€cash€and€2.9€grams€of€crack€cocaine.€€Officer€Goodowens€placed€theÐ ä4 Ðappellant€under€arrest€for€the€possession€of€more€than€.5€grams€of€cocaine.€€There€was€no€drugÐ Ð  Ðparaphernalia€in€or€around€the€appellantððs€car€or€on€the€appellantððs€person.€€A€search€of€the€passengerÐ ¼  Ðrevealed€that€he€possessed€one€hundred€and€eighty€dollars€in€small€bills.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€the€evidence€obtained€as€the€result€of€anÐ €Ð Ðunlawful€detention€because€the€officer€did€not€have€reasonable€suspicion€to€stop€and€detain€him.€€TheÐ l¼ Ðtrial€court€held€a€hearing€on€July€10,€1998,€and€denied€the€motion€to€suppress.€€A€MontgomeryÐ X ¨ ÐCounty€jury€heard€the€appellantððs€case€in€November€of€1998.€€The€jury€could€not€reach€a€unanimousÐ D!” Ðverdict.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€declared€a€mistrial.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€January€20,€1999,€pursuant€to€a€new€trial,€a€jury€convicted€the€appellant€ofÐ $X" Ðpossession€of€cocaine€in€excess€of€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver,€a€class€B€felony.€€Tenn.Ð ô$D # ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417€(a)(2),€(c)(1)(1997).€€The€jury€further€found€the€appellant€guilty€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðpossession€within€1,000€feet€of€a€school€in€violation€of€the€Drug„free€School€Zones€Act,€andÐ Ì&"% Ðaccordingly€the€conviction€was€enhanced€to€a€class€A€felony.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„Ð ¸'#& Ð432(b)(1997).€€The€appellant€pled€guilty€to€driving€on€a€revoked€license,€a€class€B€misdemeanor.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„50„504(a)(1)(1998).€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€thirty€daysÐ )à$( Ðâ âincarceration€in€the€county€jail€for€driving€on€a€revoked€license€and€to€fifteen€years€incarceration€inÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction€for€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver,€with€theÐ ° Ðsentences€to€be€served€concurrently.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà@ÐÐ#ìàòòò òII.€€Analysis.ó óóóˆà p àà È à€Ð tÄ Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€appeals€his€conviction€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver.€Ð d´ ÐThe€appellant€argues€that:€(1)€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€appellantððs€motion€to€suppressÐ P   Ðevidence€seized€as€a€result€of€an€unlawful€detention;€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€theÐ < Œ Ðappellantððs€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€with€regard€to€possession€with€intent€to€sell€or€deliverÐ ( x Ðat€the€close€of€the€Stateððs€case€in€chief€as€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€the€conviction;€(3)Ð  d Ðthe€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€the€arresting€officer€to€testify€that€the€passenger€in€the€appellantððsÐ  P  Ðcar€had€a€certain€amount€of€cash€in€his€possession;€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€by€giving€supplementalÐ ì <  Ðinstructions€to€the€jury€without€first€putting€the€instructions€in€writing;€(5)€the€trial€court€erred€byÐ Ø(  Ðrepeatedly€referring€to€the€prosecutor€as€ð ðGeneralðð€in€the€presence€of€the€jury€throughout€theÐ Ä  Ðproceeding;€and,€(6)€the€prejudicial€effect€of€these€errorsÔ#†XšFXXXšF#ÔÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF×#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔ€cumulatively€requires€reversal€of€theÐ °  Ðappellantððs€convictionÔ#†»Ôb»XXšFû)#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔÔ#†XšFXXXšF¹)#ÔÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ.€€€Ð œì  Ðà@ååìàA.€€Unlawfully€Seized€EvidenceˆÐ ˆØ  Ðà  àà ` àThe€State,€as€the€prevailing€party€at€the€suppression€hearing,€is€entitled€to€theÐ tÄ Ðstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€presented€at€the€suppression€hearing,€as€well€as€allÐ `° Ðreasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,Ð Lœ Ð23€(Tenn.€1996).€€Questions€concerning€witness€credibility,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€theÐ 8ˆ Ðevidence,€and€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€theÐ $t Ðappellate€courts.€òòState€v.€Pruettóó,788€S.W.2d€559,€561€(Tenn.€1990).€Accordingly,€as€long€as€theÐ ` Ðevidence€preponderates€in€favor€of€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact,€those€findings€will€be€upheld.€Ð üL ÐòòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.òòóó€€€However,€the€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€found€by€the€trial€courtÐ è8 Ðis€a€question€of€law€subject€to€de€novo€review€by€this€court.€€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629Ð Ô$ Ð(Tenn.€1997).€Ô#†XšFXXXšFÓ*#ÔÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF‘*#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔÐ À ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€suppressÐ ˜è Ðevidence€seized€as€a€result€of€an€unlawful€detention.€€He€argues€that€Officer€Goodowens€neededÐ „Ô Ðreasonable€suspicion€to€approach€and€detain€him€and€that€the€officer€had€no€such€reasonableÐ pÀ Ðsuspicion.€€Therefore,€the€appellant€claims€any€evidence€obtained€after€the€illegal€detention€is€taintedÐ \ ¬ Ðand€rendered€inadmissible.€òòSeeóó€òòOregon€v.€Elstadóó,€470€U.S.€298,€105€S.€Ct.€1285,€1287€(1984).Ð H!˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€states€that€people€have€theÐ  #p! Ðright€ð ðto€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers,€and€effects,€against€unreasonable€searches€andÐ  $\" Ðseizures.ðð€€Furthermore,€the€Fourth€Amendment€applies€to€the€states€through€the€FourteenthÐ ø$H # ÐAmendment.€€òòMapp€v.€Ohioóó,€367,€U.S.€643,€655,€81€S.€Ct.€1684,€1691€(1961).€€Likewise,€Article€I,Ð ä%4!$ ÐSection€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€declares€that€ð ðpeople€shall€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,Ð Ð& "% Ðpapers€and€possessions,€from€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures.ðð€€€Moreover,€Article€I,€Section€7Ð ¼' #& Ðhas€been€construed€to€be€ð ðidentical€in€intent€and€purpose€with€the€Fourth€Amendment.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð ¨(ø#' ÐDowneyóó,€945€S.W.2d€102,€106€(Tenn.€1997).€Ð ”)ä$( Ðâ âÐ €*Ð%) Ðà  àà ` àHowever,€this€does€not€mean€that€all€police€contact€with€citizens€rises€to€the€level€ofÐ ° Ðâ âa€seizure.€€In€òòTerry€v.€Ohioóó,€392€U.S.€1,€19,€n.16,€88€S.€Ct.€1868,€1878,€n.16€(1968),€the€SupremeÐ œì ÐCourt€stated€that€ð ðonly€when€the€officer,€by€means€of€physical€force€or€show€of€authority,€has€inÐ ˆØ Ðsome€way€restrained€the€liberty€of€a€citizen€may€we€conclude€that€a€ððseizureðð€has€occurred.ðð€Ð tÄ ÐMoreover,€ð ða€police€officer€may€in€appropriate€circumstances€and€in€an€appropriate€manner€approachÐ `° Ða€person€for€purposes€of€investigating€possibly€criminal€behavior€even€though€there€is€no€probableÐ L œ Ðcause€to€make€an€arrest.ðð€€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšFÕ/#ÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF0#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔId.óóÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF¾9#ÔÔ‡»Ôb»»»ÔbÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔ€€The€Supreme€Court€further€explained€that€a€seizure€occurs€ð ðif,€in€viewÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€all€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€incident,€a€reasonable€person€would€have€believed€thatÐ $ t Ðhe€was€not€free€to€leave.ðð€€òòUnited€States€v.€Mendenhallóó,€446€U.S.€544,€554,€100€S.€Ct.€1870,€1877Ð  ` Ð(1980).€€Therefore,€we€must€first€determine€at€what€point€a€seizure€took€place,€because€only€whenÐ ü L  Ðan€officerððs€contact€with€a€person€impermissibly€intrudes€upon€his€or€her€privacy€or€personal€securityÐ è 8  Ðwill€constitutional€protections€be€implicated.€€òòState€v.€Danielóó,€12€S.W.3d€Ú  Ú4Ú  Ú420,€424€(Tenn.€2000).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€applying€the€reasonable€person€standard€of€òòMendenhallóó€to€the€instant€case,€it€isÐ ¬ü  Ðclear€that€Officer€Goodowens€needed€no€reasonable€suspicion€to€first€approach€the€appellantððsÐ ˜è  Ðvehicle.€€It€has€been€well€established€that€police€ð ðmay€approach€a€car€in€a€public€place€and€ask€forÐ „Ô  Ðdriver€identification€.€.€.€without€any€reasonable€suspicion€of€illegal€activity.ðð€€òòState€v.€Wilhoitóó,€962Ð pÀ ÐS.W.2d€482,€486€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)(citing€òòState€v.€Pulleyóó,€863€S.W.2d€29,€30€(Tenn.€1993));Ð \¬ Ðòòsee€alsoóó€òòFlorida€v.€Bostickóó,€501€U.S.€429,€434,€111€S.€Ct.€2382,€2386€(1991).€€An€officer€merelyÐ H˜ Ðapproaching€a€parked€vehicle€would€not€make€a€reasonable€person€feel€that€he€or€she€was€not€freeÐ 4„ Ðto€leave.€€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšF:#ÔId.óóÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ€€Ð  p Ðà  àà ` àHowever,€police€contact€with€a€citizen€would€become€a€seizure€if,€for€example,€theÐ  \ Ðofficer€ð ðretain[ed]€a€citizenððs€identification€or€other€propertyðð€or€ð ðphysically€restrain[ed]€a€citizenÐ øH Ðor€block[ed]€the€citizenððs€path.ðð€€òòDanielóó,€12€S.W.3d€at€426.€€There€is€evidence€in€the€record€toÐ ä4 Ðsuggest€that€Officer€Goodowens€parked€his€police€car€behind€the€appellant,€partially€blocking€theÐ Ð  Ðappellantððs€path.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€It€is€unclear€from€the€record€whether€or€not€the€appellant€was€seized€when€OfficerÐ ¼  ÐGoodowens€parked€behind€him.€€While€the€trial€court€did€not€specifically€address€the€issue€ofÐ ¨ø Ðwhether€there€was€a€seizure€when€the€officer€pulled€his€car€behind€the€appellantððs€car,€the€trial€courtÐ ”ä Ðdid€find,€based€upon€specific€facts,€that€the€officer€had€ð ðreasonable€suspicion€to€justify€the€stop.ððÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€an€SRO,€Officer€Goodowens€was€especially€familiar€with€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€49„Ð X ¨ Ð6„2008(1997)€which€states:€Ð D!” Ðà8  à(a)€In€order€to€maintain€the€conditions€and€atmosphere€suitable€for€learning,€noÐ 0"€  Ðperson€shall€enter€onto€school€buses,€or€during€school€hours,€enter€upon€the€groundsÐ #l! Ðor€into€the€buildings€of€any€school,€except€students€assigned€to€that€bus€or€school,€theÐ $X" Ðstaff€of€the€school,€parents€of€students,€and€other€persons€with€lawful€and€validÐ ô$D # Ðbusiness€on€the€bus€or€school€premises.Ðà%0!$Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(c)€A€violation€of€subsection€(a)€is€a€class€A€misdemeanor.аРР ÐOfficer€Goodowens€had€reasonable€suspicion€to€believe€that€the€appellant€was€violating€Tenn.€CodeÐ œì ÐAnn.€ðð€49„6„2008Ô#†XšFXXXšFÉ@#ÔÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF%:#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔ(a),€and€acted€lawfully€in€approaching€the€appellant€to€investigate.€€The€appellantÐ ˆØ Ðwas€on€school€grounds,€and€was€not€a€parent€of€a€student,€nor€was€he€a€student€himself.€TheÐ tÄ Ðappellant€did€not€have€a€school€parking€decal€on€his€vehicle.€€Officer€Goodowens€also€knew€that€theÐ `° Ðappellant€could€not€be€on€school€property€to€pick€up€Junior€Kelly€because€Mr.€Kelly€was€not€aÐ L œ Ðstudent€at€Kenwood€High€School.€€Officer€Goodowens€was€justified€in€approaching€the€appellantÐ 8 ˆ Ðfor€the€purpose€of€investigating€the€appellantððs€possible€criminal€behavior,€even€if€the€officerððs€beliefÐ $ t Ðdid€not€rise€to€the€level€of€probable€cause.€€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€22,€88€S.Ct.€at€1880.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àà ` àFurthermore,€even€if€Officer€Goodowens€did€not€seize€the€appellant€when€the€officerÐ è 8  Ðparked€behind€the€appellant,€a€seizure€definitely€took€place€when€Officer€Goodowens€took€theÐ Ô$  Ðappellantððs€driverððs€license€in€order€to€check€for€additional€information.€€òòSeeóó€òòDanielóó,€12€S.W.3d€atÐ À  Ð425„427;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòFlorida€v.€Royeróó,€460€U.€S.€491,€502,€103€S.€Ct.€1319,€1326„27€(1983)(pluralityÐ ¬ü  Ðopinion).òòóó€€A€reasonable€person€would€not€feel€free€to€leave€after€a€police€officer€confiscated€theirÐ ˜è  Ðdriverððs€license.€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšFòH#ÔId.óóÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ€€Generally,€an€officer€would€need€at€least€reasonable€suspicion€to€detain€a€personÐ „Ô  Ðfor€further€investigation.€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšF;O#ÔId.óóÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ€at€428.€€Here,€Officer€Goodowens€more€than€met€that€burden.€€WhenÐ pÀ ÐOfficer€Goodowens€took€the€appellantððs€license,€he€had€probable€cause€to€believe€that€the€appellantÐ \¬ Ðand€his€passenger€were€violating€at€least€two€laws,€trespassing€on€school€property€and€possessingÐ H˜ Ðalcoholic€beverages€on€school€property.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€49„6„2008(a),€39„17„715(a)(1997).€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€a€result€of€further€checking€the€appellantððs€license,€Officer€Goodowens€discoveredÐ  \ Ðthat€the€appellant€was€driving€on€a€revoked€license,€a€class€B€misdemeanor.€€An€officer€witnessingÐ øH Ða€misdemeanor€generally€issues€a€citation€requiring€the€offender€to€appear€in€court.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð ä4 Ððð€40„7„118(b)(1)(1997).€€Moreover,€there€is€no€accompanying€search€incident€to€arrest€when€aÐ Ð  Ðcitation€is€issued.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Chearisóó,€995€S.W.2d€641,€644€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€However,Ð ¼  Ðif€the€officer€reasonably€believes€that€the€offender€will€continue€to€violate€the€law€he€is€being€chargedÐ ¨ø Ðwith€after€the€citation€is€issued,€then€a€citation€is€inappropriate€and€an€arrest€should€be€made€instead.Ð ”ä ÐòòÔ#†XšFXXXšF P#ÔId.óóÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšFU#ÔóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô‡XšFXXXšFÔ40„7„118(c)(2).Ô#†XšFXXXšFíU#Ô€€Ô‡XšFXXXšFÔIn€this€case,€because€the€offense€was€driving€on€aÐ €Ð Ðrevoked€license,€if€Officer€Goodowens€merely€cited€the€appellant,€the€appellant€would€have€littleÐ l¼ Ðchoice€but€to€drive€away€in€continuing€violation€of€the€law.€€Furthermore,€Officer€Goodowens€alsoÐ X ¨ Ðhad€at€least€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€passenger€had€been€consuming€alcoholic€beverages€andÐ D!” Ðmight€not€be€able€to€legally€drive€the€car.€€Therefore,€Officer€Goodowens€properly€arrested€theÐ 0"€  Ðappellant€and€took€him€into€custody.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àà ` àOfficer€Goodowens€testified€that,€after€being€placed€in€the€police€car,€the€appellantÐ ô$D # Ðrequested€that€the€officer€retrieve€the€appellantððs€jacket€from€the€backseat€of€the€car€and€remove€theÐ à%0!$ Ðappellantððs€money€from€the€pockets.€€The€appellant€effectively€gave€Officer€Goodowens€consent€toÐ Ì&"% Ðsearch€the€jacket€because€the€officer€was€acting€upon€the€direction€of€the€appellant.€€OfficerÐ ¸'#& ÐGoodowens€discovered€the€crack€cocaine€while€searching€the€jacket€for€the€appellantððs€money.€€InÐ ¤(ô#' Ðany€event,€even€if€the€appellant€had€not€consented€to€the€search€of€the€jacket,€the€officer€neverthelessÐ )à$( Ðhad€the€authority€to€search€the€appellantððs€jacket,€as€well€as€the€rest€of€the€contents€of€the€vehicleððsÐ |*Ì%) Ðpassenger€compartments,€as€a€search€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€òòNew€York€v.€Beltonóó,€453€U.S.Ð h+¸&* Ð454,€457,€101€S.Ct.€2860,€2862€(1981),€òòState€v.€Watkinsóó,€827€S.W.2d€293,€295€(Tenn.€1992).€€BasedÐ ° Ðon€the€foregoing,€we€conclude€that€the€officer€was€acting€legally€at€all€times€during€this€incident€andÐ œì Ðtherefore€the€drugs€were€properly€admitted€into€evidence.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà@··ìàB.€Sufficiency€of€EvidenceˆÐ `° Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€contends€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€for€judgment€ofÐ L œ Ðacquittal€with€regard€to€possession€with€intent€to€sell€or€deliver€at€the€close€of€the€Stateððs€case€inÐ 8 ˆ Ðchief€as€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€the€conviction.€Tennessee€appellate€courts€grantÐ $ t Ðconsiderable€weight€to€the€verdict€of€a€jury€in€a€criminal€trial.€€A€jury€conviction€essentially€replacesÐ  ` Ðthe€presumption€of€the€defendantððs€innocence€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€shifting€to€the€appellantÐ ü L  Ðthe€burden€of€proving€to€this€court€why€the€evidence€will€not€support€the€juryððs€findings.€€òòState€v.Ð è 8  ÐTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€The€appellant€must€demonstrate€that€no€ð ðreasonable€trierÐ Ô$  Ðof€factðð€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJacksonÐ À  Ðv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€The€appellantÐ ¬ü  Ðhas€failed€to€meet€this€burden.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€order€to€convict€the€appellant€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€deliver,Ð pÀ Ðthe€State€was€required€to€prove€that€the€appellant€knowingly€possessed€more€than€.5€grams€of€cocaineÐ \¬ Ðwith€the€intent€to€deliver€the€cocaine€within€1,000€feet€of€a€school.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„17„417Ð H˜ Ð(a)(2)€&€(c)(1),„432(b).€There€is€no€dispute€that€the€appellant€possessed€the€drugs€and€that€theÐ 4„ Ðappellant€was€on€school€property€at€the€time€of€possession.€€However,€the€appellant€contends€€thatÐ  p Ðthe€evidence€was€insufficient€to€prove€his€intent€to€deliver€the€drugs.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àIntention€to€possess€a€controlled€substance€for€the€purpose€of€sale€or€delivery€may€beÐ ä4 Ðinferred€from€the€amount€of€a€controlled€substance€possessed€by€an€offender,€along€with€otherÐ Ð  Ðrelevant€facts€surrounding€the€arrest.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„419€(1997).€€In€this€case,€theÐ ¼  Ðappellant€possessed€2.9€grams€of€crack€cocaine€in€large€chunk€form.€€Officer€Goodowens€testifiedÐ ¨ø Ðat€trial€that,€in€his€experience€as€a€narcotics€officer,€that€amount€is€greater€than€the€.1€gram€rocks€aÐ ”ä Ðperson€would€normally€possess€for€personal€use.€€òòSeeóó€òòChearisóó,€995€S.W.2d€at€645.€€OfficerÐ €Ð ÐGoodowens€further€testified€that€the€appellant€did€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence€of€drugs.€€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšF@V#ÔId.óóÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ€òòóóÐ l¼ ÐThe€appellant€also€had€no€paraphernalia€in€his€possession€to€indicate€that€he€possessed€the€drugs€forÐ X ¨ Ðhis€personal€use.€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšFèh#ÔId.óóÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔ€€Officer€Goodowens€testified€that€the€person€the€appellant€had€allegedly€comeÐ D!” Ðto€the€school€to€see€was€not€a€student€at€that€school€and€therefore€the€appellant€had€no€otherÐ 0"€  Ðlegitimate€reason€to€be€at€the€school€at€that€time€of€day.€€As€the€ultimate€trier€of€fact,€it€is€the€juryððsÐ #l! Ðrole€to€weigh€the€evidence€and€draw€inferences€from€the€testimony€accordingly.€€òòPruettóó,€788€S.W.2dÐ $X" Ðat€561.€€Based€upon€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial,€the€jury€could€have€found€the€existence€of€all€theÐ ô$D # Ðelements€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€This€issue€isÐ à%0!$ Ðwithout€merit.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà@§§ ìàC.€€Passengerððs€CashˆÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€the€arresting€officer€toÐ )à$( Ðtestify€that€the€passenger€in€the€appellantððs€car€had€a€certain€amount€of€cash€in€his€possession.€€TheÐ |*Ì%) Ðappellant€argues€that€the€$180€in€small€bills€in€the€passengerððs€possession€lacked€relevance€to€theÐ h+¸&* Ðappellantððs€guilt.€€Relevant€evidence€is€defined€as€ð ðevidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€theÐ ° Ðexistence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€lessÐ œì Ðprobable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€The€evidence€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðpassenger€possessed€a€significant€amount€of€cash€in€small€bills€indicates€the€appellantððs€access€toÐ tÄ Ðready€change€if€needed€to€complete€a€drug€sale.€€However,€even€if€the€admission€of€the€passengerððsÐ `° Ðcash€was€error,€we€conclude€that€it€was€harmless.€€There€is€no€evidence€to€suggest€that€the€admissionÐ L œ Ðof€this€fact€into€evidence€prejudiced€the€appellant€and€affected€the€juryððs€verdict,€as€there€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðsufficient€evidence€without€this€fact€to€convict€the€appellant.€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).€€This€issue€isÐ $ t Ðwithout€merit.Ð  ` ÐÌà@DDìàD.€€Supplemental€InstructionsˆÐ è 8  Ðà  àà ` àIn€the€midst€of€deliberation,€after€receiving€the€original,€written€jury€instructions,€theÐ Ô$  Ðjury€asked€the€judge€to€clarify€the€difference€between€the€sale€of€and€the€delivery€of€a€controlledÐ À  Ðsubstance.€€The€trial€court€gave€a€supplemental€instruction€orally€to€the€jury.€€The€appellant€arguesÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€giving€supplemental€instructions€to€the€jury€without€first€putting€theÐ ˜è  Ðinstructions€in€writing.Ô#†XšFXXXšFÛi#ÔÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF4I#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbԀР„Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` à€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€30(c)€mandates€that,€in€felony€cases,€ð ðevery€word€of€the€judgeððsÐ \¬ Ðinstructions€shall€be€reduced€to€writing€before€being€given€to€the€jury.ðð€€Our€supreme€court€has€statedÐ H˜ Ðthat€Rule€30(c)€is€ð ðvalid€and€imperative€and€not€merely€directory,€but€must€be€observed.ðð€€òòTaylor€v.Ð 4„ ÐStateóó,€369€S.W.2d€385,€388€(Tenn.€1963).€Nevertheless,€a€trial€judge€has€the€authority€to€giveÐ  p Ðsupplemental€instructions€in€response€to€jury€questions.€€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€918€S.W.2d€431,€451€(Tenn.Ð  \ ÐCrim.€App.€1995).Ô#†XšFXXXšFüt#ÔÔ‡XšFXXXšFÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšF>u#ÔÔ‡XšFX»»ÔbÔ€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àà ` àNevertheless,€it€has€also€been€previously€established€that,€while€the€original€juryÐ Ð  Ðinstructions€are€to€be€given€great€consideration,€supplemental€jury€instructions€are€purely€forÐ ¼  Ðpurposes€of€clarification€and€should€not€be€afforded€the€same€weight€as€the€original€instructions.€Ð ¨ø ÐòòState€v.€Bondurantóó,€No.€01C01„9501„CC„00023,€1996€WL€275021,€at€*14€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÐ ”ä ÐNashville,€May€24,€1996).€€If€the€supplemental€instructions€were€written€down€and€given€to€the€jury,Ð €Ð Ðthere€is€the€risk€that€the€jury€would€afford€those€instructions€inappropriate€or€undue€weight.€òòÔ#†XšFXXXšF%x#ÔId.óó€Ð l¼ ÐAccordingly,€ð ðsupplemental€charges€or€instructions€merely€purporting€to€elucidate€a€previousÐ X ¨ Ðinstruction€.€.€.€are€not€within€Rule€30(c)ððs€written€requirement.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Ô‡XšFXXXšFԀРD!” ÐÌà  àà ` àMoreover,€there€is€further€case€law€to€suggest€that€if€a€trial€judge€merely€rereads€theÐ #l! Ðprevious€written€instruction€without€commenting€on€specific€evidence€or€testimony,€there€is€noÐ $X" Ðreversible€error€in€the€trial€courtððs€oral€instruction.€òòóó€òòSeeóó€òòTayloróó,€369€S.W.2d€at€388;€òòState€vÐ ô$D # ÐMcKheenóó,€No.€03C01„9706„CR„00209,€1998€WL€40229,€at*7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,Ð à%0!$ ÐFebruary€3,€1998)(òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€Tenn.€1998).€€However,€the€appellant€has€failed€to€include€theÐ Ì&"% Ðoriginal€jury€instructions€in€the€record€for€our€review.€€A€decision€as€to€whether€the€judge€was€merelyÐ ¸'#& Ðrereading€an€instruction,€as€the€record€indicates,€or€was€giving€entirely€new€instructions€wouldÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrequire€examination€of€those€original€instructions.€€The€burden€to€provide€a€complete€record€for€ourÐ )à$( Ðâ âreview€is€on€the€appellant.€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€24.€€This€incomplete€record€therefore€precludes€ourÐ |*Ì%) Ðreview€of€this€issue.€€òòState€v.€Draperóó,€800€S.W.2d€489,€593€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€Accordingly,Ð ° Ðwe€consider€this€issue€waived.€€òòState€v.€Lockeóó,€771€S.W.2d€132,€138€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).Ð œì Ðâ âÌà@ˆˆìàE.€€Prosecutor€as€ð ðGeneral.ððˆÐ tÄ Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€repeatedly€referring€to€theÐ `° Ðprosecutor€as€ð ðGeneralðð€in€the€presence€of€the€jury€throughout€the€proceeding.€€The€appellant€claimsÐ L œ Ðthat€this€title€gave€the€prosecution€an€elevated€status€in€the€eyes€of€the€jury,€denying€the€appellant€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðfair€trial.€€The€official€titles€of€Tennessee€prosecutors€are€Attorney€General,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ $ t ÐGeneral,€District€Attorney€General,€or€Assistant€District€Attorney€General.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€8„7„Ð  ` Ð101€òòet.€seq.óó€€The€shortened€honorific€ð ðGeneralðð€stems€from€those€titles.€€It€is€long€standing€traditionÐ ü L  Ðin€the€state€of€Tennessee€for€trial€judges€to€refer€to€the€prosecutors€as€ð ðGeneral,ðð€in€much€the€sameÐ è 8  Ðfashion€as€attorneys€acknowledge€judges€as€ð ðJudgeðð€or€ð ðYour€Honor.ðð€€There€is€no€unfair€prejudiceÐ Ô$  Ðto€the€appellant€in€a€trial€where€the€judge€refers€to€the€prosecutor€by€his€or€her€official€title.€€Tenn.Ð À  ÐR.€App.€P.€36(b).€€Furthermore,€the€appellant€has€made€no€specific€allegation€of€how€referring€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðprosecution€as€ð ðGeneralðð€has€prejudiced€his€case.€€A€mere€conclusory€statement€of€error€is€notÐ ˜è  Ðenough€to€establish€prejudice.€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà0  àà ° àà@ÅÅ!ì(#(#àF.€Cumulative€ErrorˆÐ \¬ Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€argues€that€even€if,€standing€alone,€the€errors€he€alleges€are€insufficientÐ H˜ Ðto€warrant€a€reversal€of€his€conviction,€the€errors€cumulatively€amount€to€reversible€error.€€BecauseÐ 4„ Ðwe€found€no€merit€to€any€of€the€appellantððs€allegations€of€error,€we€need€not€address€any€possibleÐ  p Ðcumulative€effect.€Ð  \ Ðà  àà ` àÌÌà@MM"ìàò òòòIII.€Conclusion.óóó óˆÐ Ð  Ðà  àà ` àBecause€the€appellant€has€failed€to€carry€his€burden€on€appeal,€we€affirm€the€judgmentÐ ¼  Ðof€the€trial€court.Ô#†XšFXXXšFa|#ÔÔ#†»Ôb»XXšFgx#ÔòòóóÔ€XšFX»»ÔbÔÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð €Ð Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE