ÿWPCx œÆí^±(D¼\N ¹ÞûA…“¢fä_¥‹ÕiÿH+HE0. QûV×KcH³aŽûu•òz ,rð‰JI²4 ÆHã2gþö‹X¬³|ÀËßüSôúK#Ã0]·,+î7YÆÏâ6¯JçJÃù šÂ i;ZvãçÑbÙËóvš -JP ¨`o>†[&Jn>‡·"Hm¬¤‡ÑCûHSÿ¨ǧŔˆ}ñ¯+¾ev`¸¤†¦Z£dlx‘ïÓ\F\ÍeÔÛ˜DÄÞqùï þu$!ö!ñ#¬ ºÕ}ô”=«Ö-µ¦V‰æÜœ6Ïø Ÿº-S‘¤h 0#¶Öï­j»î×鉊Ãá‹dÅý\©5Mâ.XttÞ—ÇäP™††U¸úa„Áï;nÖ©±ˆH*W4c•__PnHÑ acaÁÍYl_’Ž7×¼M]ñ4òØEö\"ü\Ó:že€8RGç‹ •»(jÄ,3ÏßngQ;€p­lø‰s{£µÌ%‰"¶òRûañ'j:À™k6©xw rœõ¨~SùFÏÜ'çÞ„3ßL„ýømKøŒV¡s,í´Ô8¶[î[h;1>b %\U@b 0ˆ¢UN*UNxâÆö¨ zžÒ^ êwö4úÆÆãÆ©Æo5N7 m9#ÁPE 0D))bmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 0ëuuuu B`` 0¤} D3! D-T 0K ASÌÆ 0¤å 0D‰ A«Í»(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ØÝ ƒRòÛ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨ò»»ÔÝ  ÝThe€statute€further€provides€that€knowing€possession€or€casual€exchange€of€a€controlled€substance€is€not€anÐ ° Ðoffense€if€ð ðthe€substance€was€obtained€directly€from,€or€pursuant€to,€a€valid€prescription€or€order€of€a€practitioner€whileÐ tÄ Ðacting€in€the€course€of€professional€practice.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„418(a).€ ìÝ ƒRòÛ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€find€the€harmless€error€analysis€set€forth€in€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101€(Tenn.€1998),€to€beÐ ° Ðinapplicable€to€this€case.€€In€òòWilliamsóó,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€first€degree€murder,€and€the€jury€was€instructedÐ tÄ Ðon€the€lesser€included€offense€of€second€degree€murder.€€òòId.óó€at€106.€€The€supreme€court€reasoned€that€because€the€juryÐ 8ˆ Ðrejected€the€immediately€lesser€offense€of€second€degree€murder,€it€ð ðnecessarily€rejected€all€other€lesser€offenses,Ð üL Ðincluding€voluntary€manslaughterðð;€therefore,€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughterÐ À Ðwas€harmless€error.€€òòSeeóó€òòidóó;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€V.€Ô_ÔBowlesÔ_Ôóó,€__€S.W.3d€__€(Tenn.€2001).€€In€this€case,€the€jury€was€instructedÐ „Ô Ðon€the€lesser€included€offense€of€simple€possession,€but€the€same€analysis€does€not€apply€because€casual€exchange€is€notÐ H ˜ Ða€lesser€offense€than€simple€possession.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„418(a). ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptì„9+ ÖJ~'4j£2\­¦3|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 Ñ e Ñ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(|G2òÛ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨ò»»Ô d(|3x$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3x$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Å»»»ÔÑ8€LXXdì»»d8ÑÑ€)ïO Ñà  àà@ttìàÔ‡î4ÅÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼Å»îî4)#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€August€15,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡XLX»¼ÅÔÌò òÔ#†¼Å»XXL=#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€GRADY€PAUL€Ô_ÔGATLINÔ_ÔÔ‡XLX»¼ÅÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Marshall€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€14186€€€€€€Charles€Lee,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„02356„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€25,€2001Ð ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€Defendant,€Grady€Paul€Gatlin,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€possession€with€intent€to€sell€aÐ xÈ  Ðschedule€IV€controlled€substance,€possession€with€intent€to€sell€a€schedule€II€controlled€substance,Ð d´ Ðpossession€of€drug€paraphernalia,€and€conspiracy€to€possess€with€intent€to€sell€a€schedule€IIÐ P  Ðcontrolled€substance.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€the€Defendant€argues€(1)€that€the€evidence€introducedÐ <Œ Ðat€trial€was€insufficient€to€prove€that€the€Defendant€intended€to€sell€controlled€substances€and€(2)€thatÐ (x Ðit€was€plain€error€for€the€trial€court€to€fail€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€included€offense€of€casualÐ d Ðexchange.€€We€reverse€the€Defendantððs€convictions€for€possession€with€intent€to€sell€a€controlledÐ P Ðsubstance€and€also€his€conviction€for€conspiracy€to€possess€with€intent€to€sell€a€controlled€substance.€Ð ì< ÐThe€Defendantððs€conviction€for€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia€remains€unaffected.€Ð Ø( ÐÓÇÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed€in€Part;Ð ° ÐReversed€in€Part;€and€Remandedó óÐ œì ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Å»àXLÊ#ÔÔ‡XLX.¼ÅÔDavid€H.€Welles,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court.€€€òòJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€J.,óó€filed€aÐ tÄ Ðconcurring€and€dissenting€opinion.€€òòJoe€G.€Riley,€J.óó,€filed€a€dissenting€opinion.Ð `° ÐÌMichael€J.€Collins,€Ô_ÔShelbyvilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Grady€Paul€Ô_ÔGatlinÔ_Ô.Ð 8!ˆ  ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€John€H.€Ô_ÔBledsoeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð #`" ÐMike€Ô_ÔMcCowenÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General,€and€Ô_ÔWeakleyÔ_Ô€E.€Barnard,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ü#L# ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð è$8 $ ÐÓÇ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Å»XXLö #ÔÔ‡XLX»¼ÅÔÐ À&"& ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Å»XXL¾ #ÔÔ‡XLX»¼ÅÔÓ  Óà  àThe€proof€at€trial€established€that€the€Defendant€and€his€€former€wife,€Judy€Doggett,€stayedÐ ˜(è#( Ðin€room€110€at€the€Celebration€Inn€in€Lewisburg€from€December€21€to€December€30,€1999.€€TheirÐ „)Ô$) Ðfriend,€Phil€Bowden,€was€in€the€room€daily€and€stayed€overnight€on€at€least€two€occasions.€€TheÐ p*À%* ÐDefendant€was€the€person€who€actually€rented€the€room.Ð \+¬&+ Ðâ âÐ H,˜',ýÿ Ðà  àOn€December€30,€1999,€Detective€Kevin€Clark€with€the€Lewisburg€Police€DepartmentÐ ° Ðâ âreceived€information€that€drugs€were€being€sold€in€room€110€at€the€Celebration€Inn.€€Det.€ClarkÐ œì Ðdiscovered€through€investigation€that€the€room€was€rented€to€the€Defendant.€€He€also€discovered€thatÐ ˆØ ÐJudy€Doggett€and€Phil€Bowden€were€staying€in€the€room.€€After€receiving€this€information,€Det.Ð tÄ ÐClark€contacted€the€17th€Judicial€District€Drug€Task€Force€for€assistance€in€investigating€room€110.€Ð `° ÐDirector€Tim€Lane,€Assistant€Director€Shane€Daugherty,€and€Agent€Jeff€Duncan€from€the€drug€taskÐ L œ Ðforce€arrived€to€assist€Det.€Clark.€€Deputy€Jeff€Poarch€from€the€Marshall€County€SheriffððsÐ 8 ˆ ÐDepartment€also€participated.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€police€officers€set€up€surveillance€of€room€110.€€Three€officers€were€inside€the€hotelÐ ü L  Ðroom€adjacent€to€room€110,€while€two€officers€watched€the€room€from€a€car€across€the€street.€€AnÐ è 8  Ðinformant€was€sent€into€the€room€to€see€who€was€there.€€Judy€Doggett€answered€the€door€and€toldÐ Ô$  Ðthe€informant,€who€asked€for€the€Defendant,€that€the€Defendant€was€not€there.€€The€informant€thenÐ À  Ðleft.€€According€to€Det.€Clark,€he€and€Director€Lane€were€observing€the€room€from€a€car€across€theÐ ¬ü  Ðstreet€and€saw€the€Defendantððs€vehicle€coming€down€the€street.€€The€vehicle€did€not€stop€at€the€hotel,Ð ˜è  Ðso€the€officers€followed€it.€€The€vehicle€drove€to€a€market€just€down€the€street,€and€the€passenger€gotÐ „Ô  Ðout€and€went€inside.€€The€passenger€returned,€and€the€vehicle€drove€back€to€the€Celebration€Inn,Ð pÀ Ðwhere€it€parked€directly€in€front€of€room€110.€€Both€occupants€exited€the€vehicle,€and€the€officersÐ \¬ Ðfrom€inside€the€adjacent€room€and€the€officers€who€had€been€following€the€vehicle€approached.€€TheÐ H˜ ÐDefendant€was€then€arrested€on€an€outstanding€arrest€warrant€for€misdemeanor€theft.€€Both€theÐ 4„ ÐDefendant€and€Phil€Bowden,€the€passenger,€were€ð ðpatted€down,ðð€and€a€bottle€of€water€was€found€onÐ  p Ðeach€of€them.€€A€search€of€the€car€produced€some€ð ðtie„offs,ðð€which€are€rubber€strips€that€are€used€toÐ  \ Ðtie€around€a€personððs€arm€to€reveal€the€veins€in€the€arm€prior€to€an€injection.€€As€explained€by€severalÐ øH Ðof€the€officers,€illegal€drug€users€will€use€these€ð ðtie„offsðð€prior€to€injecting€themselves;€often€theÐ ä4 Ðinjections€will€consist€of€crushed€pills€dissolved€in€water.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAfter€the€Defendant€was€arrested,€he€told€Director€Lane€he€was€renting€room€110.€€By€thisÐ ¨ø Ðtime,€Judy€Doggett€had€come€out€of€the€room€to€see€what€was€happening.€€Director€Lane€testifiedÐ ”ä Ðthat€he€asked€the€Defendant€if€they€could€go€inside€the€room€to€ð ðtalk€in€private,ðð€and€the€DefendantÐ €Ð Ðagreed.€€According€to€Director€Lane,€he€explained€to€the€Defendant€why€he€had€been€arrested€andÐ l¼ Ðthen€asked€for€consent€to€search€the€room.€€Director€Lane€asserted€that€he€told€the€Defendant€that€theÐ X ¨ ÐDefendant€had€the€absolute€right€to€refuse€any€search€of€the€room,€but€the€Defendant€consented.€€AÐ D!” Ðsearch€of€the€room€revealed€numerous€pills,€syringes,€and€ð ðtie„offs,ðð€which€were€located€in€theÐ 0"€  Ðdresser€drawers,€between€the€mattresses,€and€in€Judy€Doggettððs€purse.€€Assistant€Director€ShaneÐ #l! ÐDaugherty,€who€was€assigned€the€task€of€collecting€and€cataloging€the€evidence,€testified€thatÐ $X" Ðseventy„five€pills,€twenty„five€syringes,€and€a€€ð ðtie„offðð€were€discovered€in€the€search.€€Ms.€DoggettÐ ô$D # Ðalso€had€$210€in€her€purse.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àDonna€Flowers€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigationððs€crime€laboratory€was€certified€asÐ ¸'#& Ðan€expert€in€forensic€chemistry€and€drug€identification,€and€she€testified€that€she€tested€the€pillsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrecovered€in€this€case€for€controlled€substances.€€She€asserted€that€twenty„six€pills€were€identifiedÐ )à$( Ðâ âas€alprazolam,€commonly€known€as€Xanax,€which€is€a€schedule€IV€controlled€substance.€€Twenty„Ð |*Ì%) Ðseven€pills€were€identified€as€hydromorphone,€commonly€known€as€Dilaudid,€which€is€a€scheduleÐ ° ÐII€controlled€substance.€€The€remaining€pills€tested€contained€no€controlled€substances.€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àFollowing€the€search€of€room€110,€the€Defendant€was€transported€to€the€Marshall€CountyÐ tÄ ÐJail,€where€Director€Lane€informed€him€of€his€rights.€€The€Defendant€executed€a€waiver€of€rightsÐ `° Ðform€and€agreed€to€make€a€statement.€€According€to€Director€Lane,€the€Defendant€admitted€that€heÐ L œ Ðwas€a€Dilaudid€addict.€€The€Defendant€asserted€that€he€and€Judy€Dogget€had€been€staying€in€roomÐ 8 ˆ Ð110€for€about€a€week,€and€during€that€time,€the€Defendant€and€Phil€Bowden€made€a€number€of€tripsÐ $ t Ðto€Nashville€to€purchase€drugs.€€Ms.€Doggett€accompanied€them€on€a€couple€of€trips.€€On€each€trip,Ð  ` Ðthey€purchased€between€twenty€and€thirty€Dilaudid€tablets.€€The€Defendant€admitted€that€some€ofÐ ü L  Ðthe€pills€had€been€distributed€to€others€inside€the€hotel€room,€but€the€Defendant€denied€anyÐ è 8  Ðinvolvement€in€the€distribution€of€Dilaudid.€€à  à€€€Ô#†¼Å»XXL#ÔÔ€XLX»¼ÅÔÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àJudy€Doggett,€who€pled€guilty€to€similar€drug€charges€prior€to€the€Defendantððs€trial,€testifiedÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€she€was€staying€with€her€ex„husband,€the€Defendant,€in€room€110€at€the€Celebration€Inn€inÐ ˜è  ÐDecember€1999.€€During€their€stay,€Ms.€Dogget€twice€accompanied€the€Defendant€and€Phil€BowdenÐ „Ô  Ðto€Nashville€to€purchase€pills.€€On€the€first€trip,€they€purchased€forty€to€sixty€pills,€and€on€the€secondÐ pÀ Ðtrip,€they€purchased€twenty€to€thirty€pills.€€Mr.€Bowden€would€actually€purchase€the€pills,€and€heÐ \¬ Ðwould€hand€them€to€the€Defendant.€€Ms.€Doggett€furnished€the€money€to€purchase€the€pills€on€theÐ H˜ Ðfirst€trip,€and€all€three€contributed€money€for€the€purchases€on€the€second€trip.€€They€paidÐ 4„ Ðapproximately€$13€per€pill.€€The€three€then€returned€to€room€110.€€According€to€Ms.€Doggett,€bothÐ  p Ðshe€and€the€Defendant€sold€pills€out€of€room€110€to€four€individuals:€€Andy€Brown,€Shawn€Whaley,Ð  \ ÐPhil€Bowden,€and€another€individual€whose€name€she€could€not€remember.€€Ms.€Doggett€testifiedÐ øH Ðthat€these€individuals€frequently€came€to€room€110€to€purchase€pills.€€They€also€called€often.€€WhileÐ ä4 ÐMs.€Doggett€was€staying€in€room€110,€she,€the€Defendant,€and€Phil€Bowden€injected€drugs€daily.€Ð Ð  ÐMs.€Doggett€testified€that€she€alone€used€three€to€six€pills€a€day.€€She€did€not€know€how€much€theÐ ¼  ÐDefendant€or€Mr.€Bowden€used€per€day.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àShawn€Whaley€testified€that€he€knew€the€Defendant€and€that€he€had€gone€to€the€CelebrationÐ €Ð ÐInn€to€purchase€pills€from€the€Defendant.€€Mr.€Whaley€asserted€that€he€purchased€Dilaudid€from€theÐ l¼ ÐDefendant€at€the€Celebration€Inn€fifteen€to€twenty€times.€€He€paid€the€Defendant€$25€to€$30€per€pill.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àMillie€Miller,€the€owner€of€the€Celebration€Inn,€testified€that€the€Defendant€rented€a€roomÐ 0"€  Ðfrom€her€in€December€1999.€€Judy€Doggett€also€stayed€in€the€room.€€According€to€Ms.€Miller,€thereÐ #l! Ðwere€ð ð[a]€lot€of€different€people€coming€in€and€out€of€the€[Defendantððs]€roomðð€on€a€daily€basis,€andÐ $X" Ðthey€would€stay€short€periods€of€time.€€There€was€also€an€ð ð[e]xtremely€high€volume€of€calls€to€theÐ ô$D # Ðroom.ððÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà@ð ð ìàSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEˆÐ ¸'#& Ðà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€prove€that€he€possessed€illegalÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdrugs€with€the€intent€to€sell€them.€€While€he€does€not€directly€address€the€conspiracy€conviction,€hisÐ )à$( Ðargument€that€he€lacked€the€intent€to€sell€also€applies€to€that€conviction,€because€without€the€intentÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€sell€controlled€substances,€he€could€not€be€found€guilty€of€conspiracy€to€possess€a€controlledÐ h+¸&* Ðsubstance€with€the€intent€to€sell.€€Specifically,€the€Defendant€claims€(1)€that€the€evidence€failed€toÐ ° Ðestablish€that€he€had€the€requisite€intent€to€sell€and€(2)€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€toÐ œì Ðcorroborate€the€testimony€of€Judy€Doggett,€an€accomplice,€regarding€the€requisite€intent€of€theÐ ˆØ ÐDefendant.€Ð tÄ ÐÌÔ‡XLXXXLÔà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€that€ð ð[f]indings€of€guilt€in€criminalÐ L œ Ðactions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€supportÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€Evidence€is€sufficient€if,€afterÐ $ t Ðreviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÐ  ` Ðhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð ü L  Ð443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€278€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€addition,€becauseÐ è 8  Ðconviction€by€a€trier€of€fact€destroys€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€imposes€a€presumption€ofÐ Ô$  Ðguilt,€a€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient.€Ð À  ÐòòSeeóó€òòMcBee€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.€1963);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Buggsóó,€995€S.W.2d€102,Ð ¬ü  Ð105„06€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992);òòóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð ˜è  ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).òòóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€State€ð ðthe€strongest€legitimateÐ \¬ Ðview€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawnÐ H˜ Ðtherefrom.ðð€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914;òòóó€òòsee€alsoóó€òòSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€279.€€The€court€may€not€ð ðre„Ð 4„ Ðweigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidenceðð€in€the€record€below.€€òòEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€at€191;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòBuggsóó,Ð  p Ð995€S.W.2d€at€105.òòóó€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€court€find€particular€conflicts€in€the€trialÐ  \ Ðtestimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favor€of€the€jury€verdict€or€trial€court€judgment.€€òòTuggleóó,Ð øH Ð639€S.W.2d€at€914.€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€beÐ ä4 Ðgiven€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€the€appellate€courts.€Ð Ð  ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€795€(Tenn.€2000);€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.Ð ¼  ÐCrim.€App.€1987).Ð ¨ø ÐÔ#†XLXXXL]4#ÔÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„17„417(a)(4)€makes€it€an€offense€for€a€defendant€toÐ €Ð Ðknowingly€ð ð[p]ossess€a€controlled€substance€with€intent€to€manufacture,€deliver€or€sell€suchÐ l¼ Ðcontrolled€substance.ðð€€The€Defendant€was€specifically€charged€with€two€counts€of€possession€of€aÐ X ¨ Ðcontrolled€substance€with€intent€to€sell€and€also€conspiracy€to€possess€a€controlled€substance€withÐ D!” Ðintent€to€sell.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„103€(setting€forth€requirements€for€criminal€conspiracy).€Ð 0"€  ÐHe€asserts€on€appeal€that€the€evidence€established€simple€possession€and€casual€exchange,€but€failedÐ #l! Ðto€establish€that€he€had€the€requisite€intent€to€sell.€€The€statute€regarding€simple€possession€andÐ $X" Ðcasual€exchange€makes€it€an€offense€ð ðfor€a€person€to€knowingly€possess€or€casually€exchange€aÐ ô$D # Ðcontrolled€substance.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„17„418.€€A€ð ðððcasual€exchangeðð€contemplates€a€spontaneous€passingÐ à%0!$ Ðof€a€small€amount€of€drugs,€for€instance,€at€a€party.€€Money€may€or€may€not€be€involved.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð Ì&"% ÐCopelandóó,€983€S.W.2d€703,€708€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€The€Defendant€claims€that€the€evidenceÐ ¸'#& Ðpresented€at€trial€shows€only€that€three€individuals€were€engaged€in€using€drugs€at€a€hotel€room€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€those€individuals€shared€their€drugs€with€three€other€individuals€in€a€ð ðpartyðð€type€environment;Ð )à$( Ðthus,€the€Defendant€reasons€that€the€evidence€failed€to€show€his€intent€to€sell€the€drugs€to€others.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐWhile€acknowledging€that€the€evidence€shows€consistent€use€of€the€purchased€drugs€by€theÐ h+¸&* ÐDefendant,€Judy€Doggett,€and€Phil€Bowden,€we€disagree€with€the€Defendant€that€this€evidenceÐ ° Ðprecludes€the€conclusion€that€the€Defendant€also€intended€to€sell€the€drugs.Ð œì ÐÌà  àIn€his€statement€to€Director€Lane,€the€Defendant€admitted€being€a€Dilauded€addict€and€usingÐ tÄ ÐDilauded.€€He€also€admitted€that€he,€Phil€Bowden,€and€Judy€Doggett€made€multiple€trips€to€NashvilleÐ `° Ðto€purchase€pills.€€Although€the€Defendant€denied€involvement,€he€acknowledged€that€some€of€thoseÐ L œ Ðpills€were€distributed€to€others€from€room€110€at€the€Celebration€Inn.€€Furthermore,€Judy€DoggetÐ 8 ˆ Ðtestified€that€both€she€and€the€Defendant€used€and€sold€pills€acquired€in€Nashville€from€room€110.€Ð $ t ÐThe€pills€were€sold€to€Phil€Bowden,€who€accompanied€them€to€acquire€the€pills,€and€to€three€others.€Ð  ` ÐOne€of€the€other€individuals€was€Shawn€Whaley,€who€testified€that€he€purchased€pills€from€theÐ ü L  ÐDefendant€on€fifteen€to€twenty€occasions€at€the€Celebration€Inn,€and€he€paid€the€Defendant€$25€toÐ è 8  Ð$30€per€pill.€€According€to€Ms.€Doggett,€the€pills€were€purchased€for€$13€per€pill;€therefore,€theÐ Ô$  Ðevidence€established€that€the€Defendant€was€selling€the€pills€for€a€profit.€€From€this€evidence,€weÐ À  Ðbelieve€that€a€rational€jury€could€have€found€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€Defendant€had€theÐ ¬ü  Ðrequisite€intent€to€sell.€€Accordingly,€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€DefendantððsÐ ˜è  Ðconvictions€for€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€with€intent€to€sell€and€conspiracy€to€possess€aÐ „Ô  Ðcontrolled€substance€with€intent€to€sell.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€claims€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€corroborate€the€testimonyÐ H˜ Ðof€Judy€Doggett,€an€accomplice,€as€to€the€element€of€intent.€€It€is€well€settled€in€Tennessee€that€aÐ 4„ Ðconviction€cannot€be€based€upon€the€uncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accomplice.€€òòState€v.€Stoutóó,€46Ð  p ÐS.W.3d€689,€696„97€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.€1994).òòóó€€AnÐ  \ Ðaccomplice€is€ð ððða€person€who€knowingly,€voluntarily,€and€with€common€intent€with€the€principalÐ øH Ðoffender,€unites€in€the€commission€of€a€crime.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó,€977€S.W.2d€110,€115€(Tenn.Ð ä4 ÐCrim.€App.€1997)€(quoting€òòClapp€v.€Stateóó,€30€S.W.€214,€216€(Tenn.€1895)).€€To€corroborate€theÐ Ð  Ðtestimony€of€an€accomplice,Ð ¼  Ðà8  àthere€must€be€some€fact€testified€to,€entirely€independent€of€the€accompliceððsÐ ¨ø Ðtestimony,€which,€taken€by€itself,€leads€to€the€inference,€not€only€that€a€crime€hasÐ ”ä Ðbeen€committed,€but€also€that€the€defendant€is€implicated€in€it;€and€this€independentÐ €Ð Ðcorroborative€testimony€must€also€include€some€fact€establishing€the€defendantððsÐ l¼ Ðidentity.€€This€corroborative€evidence€may€be€direct€or€entirely€circumstantial,€andÐ X ¨ Ðit€need€not€be€adequate,€in€and€of€itself,€to€support€a€conviction;€it€is€sufficient€toÐ D!” Ðmeet€the€requirements€of€the€rule€if€it€fairly€and€legitimately€tends€to€connect€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€with€the€commission€of€the€crime€charged.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€theÐ #l! Ðcorroboration€extend€to€every€part€of€the€accompliceððs€evidence.€€The€corroborationÐ $X" Ðneed€not€be€conclusive,€but€it€is€sufficient€if€this€evidence,€of€itself,€tends€to€connectÐ ô$D # Ðthe€defendant€with€the€commission€of€the€offense,€although€the€evidence€is€slight€andÐ à%0!$ Ðentitled,€when€standing€alone,€to€but€little€consideration.ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐÌòòBigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€803€(quoting€òòState€v.€Gayloróó,€862€S.W.2d€546,€552€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)).Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€Ð )à$( Ðà  àClearly,€Ms.€Doggett€was€an€accomplice€to€the€two€offenses€of€possession€of€a€controlledÐ |*Ì%) Ðsubstance€with€intent€to€sell€and€also€to€the€offense€of€conspiracy€to€possess€a€controlled€substanceÐ h+¸&* Ðwith€intent€to€sell.€€She€testified€she€went€with€the€Defendant€to€Nashville€on€two€occasions€toÐ ° Ðpurchase€pills€and€that€both€she€and€the€Defendant€sold€pills€out€of€room€110.€€However,€weÐ œì Ðconclude€that€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€corroborate€her€testimony.€€Although€denyingÐ ˆØ Ðinvolvement,€the€Defendant€admitted€that€drugs€were€being€distributed€from€his€hotel€room.€€TheÐ tÄ ÐDefendant€also€admitted€going€to€Nashville€to€procure€the€drugs.€€Shawn€Whaley€testified€that€heÐ `° Ðpurchased€pills€from€the€Defendant€on€fifteen€to€twenty€occasions€at€the€Defendantððs€hotel€room.€Ð L œ ÐMs.€Miller,€the€owner€of€the€Celebration€Inn,€testified€that€there€was€a€high€volume€of€phone€callsÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€the€Defendantððs€room€and€that€there€were€many€people€visiting€the€Defendantððs€room€daily€forÐ $ t Ðshort€periods€of€time.€€Fifty„three€pills€containing€controlled€substances€were€recovered€from€theÐ  ` ÐDefendantððs€hotel€room.€€This€evidence€was€sufficient€to€corroborate€Judy€Doggettððs€testimony€thatÐ ü L  Ðthe€Defendant€sold€drugs€from€room€110€of€the€Celebration€Inn€and€to€support€the€conclusion€thatÐ è 8  Ðthe€Defendant€possessed€and€conspired€to€possess€drugs€with€intent€to€sell€them.€€Thus,€this€issueÐ Ô$  Ðis€without€merit.€€Ð À  ÐÌà@¨¨ìàLESSER€INCLUDED€OFFENSEˆÐ ˜è  Ðà  àThe€Defendant€also€asserts€that€it€was€error€for€the€trial€court€to€fail€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ „Ô  Ðoffense€of€casual€exchange.€€While€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€simpleÐ pÀ Ðpossession€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€possession€with€intent€to€sell,€the€court€did€not€instruct€theÐ \¬ Ðjury€on€the€offense€of€casual€exchange,€which€is€set€forth€in€the€same€statute€as€simple€possession.€Ð H˜ ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„418.€€Although€the€Defendant€did€not€request€such€an€instruction,€aÐ 4„ Ðtrial€court€is€under€the€mandatory€duty€to€instruct€the€jury€on€a€lesser€included€offense,€even€if€suchÐ  p Ðan€instruction€is€not€requested,€when€ð ðany€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€toÐ  \ Ðthe€lesser„included€offenseðð€and€when€that€evidence€is€ð ðlegally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€forÐ øH Ðthe€lesser„included€offense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€469€(Tenn.€1999);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ ä4 ÐAnn.€ðð€40„18„110(a).€€However,€the€Defendant€also€did€not€raise€the€issue€in€his€motion€for€a€newÐ Ð  Ðtrial.€€Pursuant€to€Rule€3(e)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure,€Ð ¼  Ðà8  àin€all€cases€tried€by€a€jury,€no€issue€presented€for€review€shall€be€predicated€uponÐ ¨ø Ðerror€in€the€admission€or€exclusion€of€evidence,€jury€instructions€granted€or€refused,Ð ”ä Ðmisconduct€of€jurors,€parties€or€counsel,€or€other€action€committed€or€occurringÐ €Ð Ðduring€the€trial€of€the€case,€or€other€ground€upon€which€a€new€trial€is€sought,€unlessÐ l¼ Ðthe€same€was€specifically€stated€in€a€motion€for€a€new€trial;€otherwise€such€issuesÐ X ¨ Ðwill€be€treated€as€waived.ÐD!”Ð Ð  ÐÌBecause€the€Defendant€failed€to€include€the€issue€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,€he€has€waived€theÐ #l! Ðissue€on€appeal.€òòóóÐ $X" ÐÌà  àNevertheless,€the€Defendant€urges€us€to€conclude€that€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ à%0!$ Ðlesser€offense€constitutes€plain€error.€€Ô‡XLXXXLÔTennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€52(b)€provides€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðð ð[a]n€error€which€has€affected€the€substantial€rights€of€an€accused€may€be€noticed€at€any€time,€evenÐ ¸'#& Ðthough€not€raised€in€the€motion€for€a€new€trial€or€assigned€as€error€on€appeal,€in€the€discretion€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðappellate€court€where€necessary€to€do€substantial€justice.ðð€€In€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626Ð )à$( Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994),€this€Court€set€forth€the€following€prerequisites€for€finding€ð ðplain€errorðð:Ð |*Ì%) Ðà8  à(a)€the€record€must€clearly€establish€what€occurred€in€the€trial€court;Ðh+¸&*Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(b)€a€clear€and€unequivocal€rule€of€law€must€have€been€breached;аРР Ðà8  à(c)€a€substantial€right€of€the€accused€must€have€been€adversely€affected;МìÐ Ð  Ѐ€€€à8  à(d)€the€accused€did€not€waive€the€issue€for€tactical€reasons;€and€ÐˆØÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(e)€consideration€of€the€error€is€ð ðnecessary€to€do€substantial€justice.ððÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€at€641„42€(footnotes€omitted).€€Our€supreme€court€formally€adopted€this€test€in€òòState€v.€Smithóó,Ð L œ Ð24€S.W.3d€274€(Tenn.€2000),€emphasizing€that€all€five€factors€must€be€established€before€plain€errorÐ 8 ˆ Ðwill€be€recognized.€€òòId.óó€at€282„83.€€After€reviewing€the€record€below€and€the€applicable€law,€weÐ $ t Ðconclude€that€the€failure€of€the€trial€court€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€casual€exchange€isÐ  ` Ðplain€error.€€The€record€below€clearly€establishes€what€occurred€in€the€trial€court,€and€it€does€notÐ ü L  Ðappear€that€the€Defendant€waived€consideration€of€the€issue€for€tactical€reasons.€€As€will€beÐ è 8  Ðexplained€further€below,€a€clear€and€unequivocal€rule€of€law€was€breached€because€a€trial€court€isÐ Ô$  Ðunder€the€mandatory€duty€to€instruct€on€all€lesser€offenses.€€The€failure€to€so€instruct€the€juryÐ À  Ðadversely€affected€the€Defendantððs€constitutional€right€to€trial€by€jury,€and€we€believe€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðconsideration€of€the€error€is€ð ðnecessary€to€do€substantial€justiceðð€in€this€case.€€Accordingly,€we€willÐ ˜è  Ðconsider€this€issue€under€the€plain€error€doctrine€as€set€forth€in€òòAdkissonóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòAdkissonóó,€899€S.W.2dÐ „Ô  Ðat€641„42.òòóó€€òòÔ#†XLXXXL¤e#ÔóóÔ‡XLXXXLÔÐ pÀ ÐÔ#†XLXXXLÍo#ÔòòóóÌ€òòà  àóóIn€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999),€our€supreme€court€adopted€a€new€three„partÐ H˜ Ðtest€for€determining€whether€an€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€466„67.€€Under€theÐ 4„ ÐòòBurnsóó€test,€an€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense€if:Ð  p Ðà8  à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ  \ Ðoffense€charged;€or€ÐøHÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€contains€aÐ ä4 Ðstatutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;€and/orм Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€or€public€interest;Ð ¨ø ÐorДäÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(c)€it€consists€of€Ð€ÐÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ l¼ Ðdefinition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€or€ÐX ¨Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ D!” Ðdefinition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€or€Ð0"€ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ #l! Ðdefinition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b).Ð$X"Ð Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€charged€in€this€case€with€two€counts€of€possession€of€a€controlledÐ ¸'#& Ðsubstance€with€intent€to€sell.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417(a)(4).€€The€elements€of€that€offenseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðare€(1)€a€knowing€mental€state;€(2)€possession€of€a€controlled€substance;€and€(3)€intent€to€sell€thatÐ )à$( Ðâ âcontrolled€substance.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€The€statute€regarding€simple€possession€and€casual€exchange€provides:€Ð |*Ì%) Ðð ðIt€is€an€offense€for€a€person€to€knowingly€possess€or€casually€exchange€a€controlled€substance.ðð׃×Ý ƒ,#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р° Ðâ âòòId.óó€ðð€39„17„418(a).€€Thus,€the€elements€of€a€casual€exchange€are€(1)€a€knowing€mental€state€and€(2)Ð œì Ða€casual€exchange€of€a€controlled€substance.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Applying€the€òòBurnsóó€test,€we€conclude€thatÐ ˆØ Ðcasual€exchange€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€of€possession€with€intent€to€sell€under€part€(a)€of€theÐ tÄ Ðtest€because€it€contains€an€additional€element€not€included€in€possession€with€intent€to€sell:€€anÐ `° Ðexchange.€€òòSeeóó€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.€€Nevertheless,€we€also€conclude€that€casual€exchange€isÐ L œ Ða€lesser€included€offense€under€part€(b)€of€the€test€because€the€additional€element€establishes€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðdifferent€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability€and€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harmÐ $ t Ðto€the€same€public€interest.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€467.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àð ðA€ððcasual€exchangeðð€contemplates€a€spontaneous€passing€of€a€small€amount€of€drugs,€forÐ è 8  Ðinstance,€at€a€party.€€Money€may€or€may€not€be€involved.ðð€€òòState€v.€Copelandóó,€983€S.W.2d€703,€708Ð Ô$  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€Although€the€offense€of€casual€exchange€requires€the€passing€of€drugs,Ð À  Ðwhile€possession€with€intent€to€sell€does€not,€the€mental€state€inherent€in€the€spontaneous€passingÐ ¬ü  Ðof€a€small€amount€of€drugs€embodies€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability€on€the€part€of€the€accused€than€doesÐ ˜è  Ðpossession€of€drugs€with€intent€to€sell.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€__€S.W.3d€__,€__€(Tenn.€2001)€(stressingÐ „Ô  Ðthat€the€requirement€for€a€òòdifferentóó€mental€state€does€not€necessarily€mean€a€òòless€culpableóó€mentalÐ pÀ Ðstate,€but€rather€a€òòlesser€kindóó€of€culpability€overall).€€Additionally,€as€evidenced€by€the€classificationÐ \¬ Ðof€casual€exchange€as€a€misdemeanor€while€possession€with€intent€to€sell€a€controlled€substance€isÐ H˜ Ða€felony,€a€spontaneous€passing€of€a€small€amount€of€drugs€is€a€less€serious€harm€to€the€publicÐ 4„ Ðinterest€of€prohibiting€the€use€of€illegal€drugs€than€possessing€drugs€with€intent€to€sell€them.€€òòSeeóóÐ  p ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„17„417,€„418.€€Therefore,€casual€exchange€is€a€lesser€included€offense€ofÐ  \ Ðpossession€with€intent€to€sell.Ð øH ÐÌà  àHaving€determined€that€casual€exchange€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€possession€with€intentÐ Ð  Ðto€sell,€we€must€now€determine€whether€it€was€error€not€to€charge€it.€€In€òòBurnsóó,€our€supreme€courtÐ ¼  Ðset€forth€the€following€test€for€determining€whether€a€lesser€included€offense€should€be€instructed:Ð ¨ø Ѐ€à8  àFirst,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€that€reasonableÐ ”ä Ðminds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense.€€In€making€this€determination,Ð €Ð Ðthe€trial€court€must€view€the€evidence€liberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ l¼ Ðexistence€of€the€lesser„included€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€theÐ X ¨ Ðcredibility€of€such€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€must€determine€if€the€evidence,Ð D!” Ðviewed€in€this€light,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser„Ð 0"€  Ðincluded€offense.Ð#l!Ð Ð  ÐÌòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.2d€at€469.€€Looking€at€the€evidence€liberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€lesserÐ ô$D # Ðincluded€offense,€we€conclude€that€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€theÐ à%0!$ Ðlesser€offense€and€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€on€the€lesser€offense.€€TheÐ Ì&"% Ðevidence€clearly€establishes€that€the€Defendant,€Ms.€Doggett,€and€Mr.€Bowden€were€using€controlledÐ ¸'#& Ðsubstances€daily€in€the€Defendantððs€hotel€room.€€The€Defendant€admitted€to€the€police€that€he€wasÐ ° Ðaddicted€to€Dilauded.€€During€the€nine€days€that€they€were€in€the€hotel€room,€the€Defendant€madeÐ œì Ðmultiple€trips€to€Nashville€to€purchase€more€pills.€€Ms.€Doggett€testified€that€both€she€and€theÐ ˆØ ÐDefendant€sold€some€of€the€pills€from€the€hotel€room,€but€those€sales€were€limited€to€four€people.€Ð tÄ ÐOne€of€the€four€people€was€Mr.€Bowden,€who€accompanied€the€Defendant€to€Nashville€to€purchaseÐ `° Ðthe€pills€and€who€used€them€daily€in€the€hotel€room.€€Thus,€Ms.€Doggett€and€the€Defendant€sold€onlyÐ L œ Ðto€three€other€people,€and€money€may€be€involved€in€a€casual€exchange.€€òòSeeóó€òòCopelandóó,€983€S.W.2dÐ 8 ˆ Ðat€708.€€Ms.€Doggett€herself€was€using€three€to€six€pills€per€day,€and€there€were€multiple€syringes€andÐ $ t Ðð ðtie„offsðð€found€by€the€police.€€Mr.€Whaley,€who€testified€that€he€went€to€the€hotel€fifteen€to€twentyÐ  ` Ðtimes€to€purchase€more€pills,€was€purchasing€those€pills€from€persons€who€were€engaged€in€continualÐ ü L  Ðuse€of€illegal€drugs.€€From€this€evidence,€it€is€entirely€possible€that€a€rational€jury€could€haveÐ è 8  Ðconcluded€that€the€delivery€of€drugs€to€other€individuals€from€the€hotel€room€occurred€in€a€ð ðpartyððÐ Ô$  Ðtype€situation,€where€the€individuals€were€spending€time€together€using€drugs.€€Thus,€it€was€error€forÐ À  Ðthe€trial€court€to€fail€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€casual€exchange.€€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÔ‡XLXXXLÔÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€proof€clearly€showed€that€the€Defendant€possessed€drugs.€€If€he€possessedÐ „Ô  Ðthose€drugs€with€the€additional€intent€to€òòsell€or€deliveróó€them€to€other€people,€he€was€guilty€of€felonyÐ pÀ Ðdrug€possession.€€If,€however,€he€possessed€those€drugs€with€the€additional€intent€only€to€òòcasuallyÐ \¬ Ðexchangeóó€them€to€others,€he€was€guilty€only€of€misdemeanor€drug€possession.€€It€was€for€the€jury€toÐ H˜ Ðdetermine€whether€the€Defendant€was€guilty€of€(1)€possession€with€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€òòoróó€(2)Ð 4„ Ðsimple€possession€(which€may€include€a€ð ðcasual€exchangeðð€and/or€the€intent€to€ð ðcasually€exchange.ðð)€Ð  p ÐThe€jury€should€have€been€instructed€concerning€the€definition€of€ð ðcasual€exchangeðð€and€thusÐ  \ Ðinformed€that€a€ð ðcasual€exchangeðð€is€not€a€ð ðsale€or€delivery.ððÐ øH ÐÔ#†XLXXXL #ÔÌà  àIn€the€recent€case€of€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€__€S.W.3d€__€(Tenn.€2001),€our€supreme€court€held€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€constitutional€right€to€trial€by€jury€ð ðis€violated€when€the€jury€is€not€permitted€to€consider€allÐ ¼  Ðoffenses€supported€by€the€evidence.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€__.€€The€court€thus€maintained€that€the€proper€inquiryÐ ¨ø Ðfor€appellate€courts€in€determining€whether€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€a€lesser€included€offenseÐ ”ä Ðis€reversible€error€is€ð ðwhether€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Here,€theÐ €Ð ÐDefendant€was€charged€with€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€with€the€intent€to€sell,€and€the€trialÐ l¼ Ðcourt€instructed€the€jury€on€the€lesser€included€offense€of€simple€possession.€€However,€the€jury€wasÐ X ¨ Ðnot€instructed€on€the€lesser€offense€of€casual€exchange.׃×Ý ƒ,#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Had€the€jury€been€instructed€on€the€offenseÐ D!” Ðof€casual€exchange€and€further€instructed€on€the€difference€between€a€sale€and€a€casual€exchange,Ð 0"€  Ðit€may€have€determined€that€although€the€Defendant€possessed€controlled€substances,€he€did€not€haveÐ #l! Ðthe€intent€to€sell€those€controlled€substances;€rather,€the€exchanges€that€were€occurring€in€the€hotelÐ $X" ÐÑ)ïO Ñâ )âÑe°Ñâ )âÑ  Ñroom€were€in€the€nature€of€a€casual€exchange.€€Thus,€we€cannot€say€that€the€failure€to€instruct€on€theÐ e Ðlesser€offense€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð Qì ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€while€not€directly€addressed€by€the€Defendant,€we€believe€that€the€failure€ofÐ )Ä Ðthe€trial€court€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€casual€exchange€may€have€also€affected€theÐ ° ÐDefendantððs€conviction€for€conspiracy€to€possess€a€controlled€substance€with€intent€to€sell.€€TheÐ  œ Ðinstruction€on€casual€exchange€would€have€gone€to€the€heart€of€the€issue€in€this€case:€€whether€theÐ í ˆ ÐDefendant€possessed€the€requisite€intent€to€sell.€€Moreover,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„Ð Ù t Ð17„419€explicitly€provides:Ð Å ` Ðà8  àIt€may€be€inferred€from€the€amount€of€a€controlled€substance€or€substances€possessedÐ ± L  Ðby€an€offender,€along€with€other€relevant€facts€surrounding€the€arrest,€that€theÐ  8  Ðcontrolled€substance€or€substances€were€possessed€with€the€purpose€of€selling€orÐ ‰$  Ðotherwise€dispensing.€€òòIt€may€be€inferred€from€circumstances€indicating€a€casualÐ u  Ðexchange€among€individuals€of€a€small€amount€of€a€controlled€substance€orÐ aü  Ðsubstances€that€the€controlled€substance€or€substances€so€exchanged€were€possessedÐ Mè  Ðnot€with€the€purpose€of€selling€or€otherwise€dispensing€in€violation€of€the€provisionsÐ 9Ô  Ðof€ðð€39„17„417(a)óó.€€Such€inferences€shall€be€transmitted€to€the€jury€by€the€trialÐ %À Ðjudgeððs€charge,€and€the€jury€will€consider€such€inferences€along€with€the€nature€of€theÐ ¬ Ðsubstance€possessed€when€affixing€the€penalty.Ðý˜Ð Ð  ÐÌ(emphasis€added).€€Although€the€statute€states€that€such€inferences€ð ðshallðð€be€given€to€the€jury,€theÐ Õp Ðjury€in€this€case€was€not€instructed€on€the€inferences.€€Had€the€jury€been€so€instructed,€it€may€haveÐ Á\ Ðinferred€that€the€exchanges€between€the€Defendant€and€the€three€other€persons,€like€Shawn€Whaley,Ð ­H Ðwere€more€like€a€casual€exchange.€€It€does€not€appear€from€the€record€that€Mr.€Whaley€purchasedÐ ™4 Ða€large€amount€of€Dilauded€from€the€Defendant€at€a€time;€rather,€Mr.€Whaley€testified€that€he€madeÐ …  Ðfifteen€to€twenty€trips€to€the€Defendantððs€hotel€room€to€acquire€more€pills.€€While€Mr.€Whaley€madeÐ q  Ðmany€trips€for€more€pills,€the€jury€could€have€determined€that€each€trip€involved€a€casual€exchangeÐ ]ø Ðof€a€small€amount€of€a€controlled€substance€between€friends€in€a€party€type€environment€and€that€theÐ Iä ÐDefendant€lacked€the€intent€to€sell€controlled€substances.€€Therefore,€if€the€jury€inferred€that€theÐ 5Ð Ðdeliveries€of€drugs€made€by€the€Defendant€were€casual€exchanges,€it€may€have€rejected€the€theoryÐ !¼ Ðthat€the€Defendant€conspired€to€possess€drugs€with€the€intent€to€sell.€€Based€on€the€record€before€us,Ð  ¨ Ðwe€cannot€say€that€the€failure€of€the€trial€court€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€casual€exchangeÐ ù ” Ðand€the€inferences€to€be€made€from€evidence€of€a€casual€exchange€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonableÐ å!€  Ðdoubt€as€to€the€offense€of€conspiracy€to€possess€a€controlled€substance€with€intent€to€sell.€€While€itÐ Ñ"l! Ðmay€not€be€highly€probable€that€the€jury€would€have€convicted€of€the€lesser€offense,€we€believe€thatÐ ½#X" Ðit€is€reasonably€possible€that€it€would€have€done€so.Ð ©$D # ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€Defendantððs€convictions€for€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€with€intentÐ &"% Ðto€sell€and€his€conviction€for€conspiracy€to€possess€a€controlled€substance€with€intent€to€sell€areÐ m'#& Ðhereby€reversed,€and€this€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€retrial€on€those€offenses.€€€€Ð Y(ô#' ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð +¸&* Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGE