ÿWPC {­Ë£Fø´IžÙB¿¾Ëé¾xãH‚U’&`­²¨½šBo—r¦öèð.ôÖ Ñ+[cw$ß½uòoO¿{›ÆÖ¤4e<²^Rz­ÖÙ<÷c•ןÿJ½[me¨Œ­.›]V~ÃfÓí†ô!ûÌ¢yÜ@zxÚŒçCª:oØËÒǯÑ̹†ª~6î|•2— cÏÞQ: /5.lx1ót^héEÚ†µíäRNêÚË–øü4{gä{WýÙ×Çw“‡ŠJ·jD¸ º“©1Â’$Æ/Þ_Z:S’¬f›&Ÿ(ƒþ•þjZž èͺ52ÍSŸ„¼€ƒ…V_ô¸jYÍE,‘/¥Ú«I“ŸXåµM·7,uàºgx¾Ížãˆ¿Öð~±4[€KÌúB ‡cà ºä”²aÏtk}ÑÅÜ_KNšÍ%ßhÑ7‘T·4›ëÈ0Ùf³Oç‹¥ñGÑ É(ß2ƒM)ž$‚»¥Ýi{¸xíXSëôͱö¦^q™Oô” øuH:i$çAßU‡‰š·0›jú÷Žu_ʹLÂDÿ`ˆèä‘•‚²ä¥%ž:»áfçýãcKÿÃÙœþ/iaÙ2«)Ûb¸½)O‘áN†—b %\UNb 0ˆ°U N8U@†€Æ^ F zR ÒÌ wž 4¢ ¶ Å ÆÇ Æ ÆS Æ mßNö#ÁøøE¹»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 0DÃÃÃÃb 0ë Búú 0¤ D3» D-î 0K ASfƹ 0¤ 0D# A«g»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(ƒð Z‹(Times New Roman  vÝ ƒRñ÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨mò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€trial€judge€included€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„11„402€(2)€in€his€charge€to€the€jury,€thereÐ ° Ðis€no€indication€in€the€record€that€the€jury€actually€convicted€the€Defendant€under€a€criminal€responsibility€theory.u¦.+  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÖJ~'  3|x Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 (#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(|G2ñ÷$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨mò»»Ô d(|3?w$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3?w$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Å»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Å»»»ÔÑ8€Y XXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îÅÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼Å»îî #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€August€15,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡XY X»¼ÅÔÌò òÔ#†¼Å»XXY #ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€JON€ROBERT€Ô_ÔGOODALEÔ_ÔÔ‡XY X»¼ÅÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„C„2298€€€€€€Cheryl€Blackburn,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„02140„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€14,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡XY XXXY ÔThe€Defendant,€Jon€Goodale,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€felony€murder,€andÐ xÈ  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€in€the€Criminal€Court€of€Davidson€County.€€The€first€€conviction€wasÐ d´ Ðmerged€into€the€felony€murder€conviction€and€the€Defendant€was€sentenced€to€life.€€The€trial€courtÐ P  Ðthen€conducted€a€sentencing€hearing€and€imposed€a€twenty„five€year€sentence€for€the€especiallyÐ <Œ Ðaggravated€robbery€to€be€served€consecutive€to€the€life€sentence.€€In€his€appeal€as€of€right€pursuantÐ (x Ðto€Rule€3(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure,€the€Defendant€argues€that€(1)€theÐ d Ðevidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions,€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ P Ðfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€concerning€accessory€after€the€fact€as€a€lesser„included€offense€to€allÐ ì< Ðcharges,€and€(3)€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€excessive.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€theÐ Ø( Ðtrial€court.Ð Ä ÐÔ#†XY XXXY á#ÔÔ#†¼Å»XXY ®#ÔÔ‡XY X»¼ÅÔÌÓÕÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Å»àXY — #ÔÔ‡XY X.¼ÅÔDavid€H.€Welles,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoe€G.€Rileyóó€and€òòJamesÐ `° ÐÔ_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð L œ ÐÌJeffrey€A.€Ô_ÔDeVasherÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Jon€R.Ð $"t! ÐÔ_ÔGoodaleÔ_Ô.Ð #`" ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Thomas€E.€Williams,€III,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ è$8 $ ÐGeneral;€Victor€S.€Johnson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Roger€Moore,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ Ô%$!% ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð À&"& ÐÓ5 ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Å»XXY d #ÔòòóóÔ‡XY X»¼ÅÔÐ ˜(è#( ÐÓ  ÓÓÓÔ#†¼Å»XXY Ê #ÔÔ€XY X»¼ÅÔòòÔ‡XY XXXY ÔóóÌÔ#†XY XXXY a#ÔÔ‡XY XXXY ÔÓÓà  àOn€May€6,€1998,€Wendy€Cook€returned€from€work€around€three€oððclock€p.m.€to€the€homeÐ \+¬&+ Ðshe€shared€with€her€Ô_ÔfiancÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRickyÔ_Ô€Hughes,€the€Defendant,€and€Chris€Goodale,€the€DefendantððsÐ H,˜', Ðbrother.€€Ms.€Cook€showered€and€changed€and€was€then€hurried€from€the€house€by€Hughes€whoÐ 4-„(-ý÷ Ðinformed€her€that€ð ðsomething€bad€was€going€to€happenðð€and€she€needed€to€leave.€€When€Ms.€CookÐ ° Ðreturned€later€that€evening,€she€observed€a€dark€blue€car€in€the€driveway€and€saw€Hughes,€theÐ œì ÐDefendant,€and€the€Defendantððs€brother€cleaning€the€living€room,€the€kitchen,€and€the€couch€withÐ ˆØ Ðbleach.€€She€also€observed€a€clean,€disassembled€box„cutter€in€the€sink€and€blood€stains€on€theÐ tÄ Ðcarpet,€the€couch,€and€the€rug.€€Ms.€Cook€then€left€the€house€to€pick€up€her€brother.€€When€sheÐ `° Ðreturned,€the€blue€car€was€gone,€and€she€observed€Hughes€sell€a€bag€of€marijuana€to€her€brother,Ð L œ Ðthough€she€had€never€known€her€fianc€to€use€or€sell€marijuana€in€the€past.€€Ms.€Cook€subsequentlyÐ 8 ˆ Ðfound€the€title€to€the€blue€car€in€the€house.€€Ms.€Cook€then€realized€the€blue€car€belonged€to€theÐ $ t Ðvictim,€Frederick€Joseph€Hempel.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€victim€was€reported€missing€to€the€Metropolitan€Nashville€Police€Department€by€hisÐ è 8  Ðfather€on€May€8,€1998€after€disappearing€on€the€afternoon€of€May€6.€€The€last€entry€on€the€victimððsÐ Ô$  Ðcaller€ID€before€his€afternoon€disappearance€was€the€phone€number€of€the€Defendant.€€The€victimÐ À  Ðwas€known€to€sell€and€use€marijuana.€€Also€on€May€8,€the€victimððs€blue€car€was€found€abandonedÐ ¬ü  Ðin€a€parking€lot€near€the€Defendantððs€home.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àBased€on€the€information€provided€them€by€Ms.€Cook,€investigators€obtained€and€executedÐ pÀ Ða€search€warrant€for€the€Defendantððs€residence€on€May€11,€1998.€€Officers€observed€red€stains€on€theÐ \¬ Ðbottom€of€the€refrigerator,€beneath€the€dining€room€table,€on€a€wicker€rocking€chair,€and€on€theÐ H˜ Ðblinds€in€the€dining€area.€€After€spraying€Luminal€in€the€residence,€blood€stains€were€observed€in€theÐ 4„ Ðkitchen,€the€living€room,€on€the€washing€machine,€and€on€the€living€room€sofa.Ð  p ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€and€Hughes€voluntarily€accompanied€the€police€to€police€headquarters€forÐ øH Ðquestioning.€€During€the€first€interviews,€both€men€denied€any€knowledge€of€the€victimððsÐ ä4 Ðdisappearance.€€The€Defendant€and€Hughes€were€then€left€together€as€officers€discussed€the€initialÐ Ð  Ðinterviews.€€During€subsequent€interviews,€both€the€Defendant€and€Hughes€stated€that€three€blackÐ ¼  Ðmales€arrived€at€their€residence€on€May€6,€accompanied€by€the€victim,€and€killed€the€victim€in€theÐ ¨ø ÐDefendantððs€home.€€The€Defendant€remained€true€to€this€statement€until€Hughes€confessed€to€theÐ ”ä Ðmurder€of€the€victim€during€a€third€interview€with€police.€€Hughes€then€told€police€where€to€find€theÐ €Ð Ðvictimððs€body.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àAfter€Hughesððs€confession,€the€Defendant€claimed€that€Hughes€killed€the€victim€while€theÐ D!” ÐDefendant€watched.€€The€Defendant€also€claimed€that€his€only€involvement€was€assisting€HughesÐ 0"€  Ðin€cleaning€the€residence€and€disposing€of€the€body.€€Hughes€later€recanted€his€confession€andÐ #l! Ðtestified€at€his€own€trial€that€the€Defendant€killed€the€victim.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€introduced€at€trial€demonstrated€that€on€May€6,€the€day€of€the€murder,€theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendant€called€the€victim€and€asked€him€to€deliver€some€marijuana€to€the€Defendantððs€residence.€Ð Ì&"% ÐSometime€after€the€victim€arrived,€one€of€the€men,€either€the€Defendant€or€Hughes,€began€to€strikeÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€victim€in€the€head€with€a€metal€baseball€bat.€€The€victim€tried€to€protect€himself€and€eventuallyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbegan€emptying€his€pockets€onto€the€floor€in€an€attempt€to€dissuade€his€attackers.€€The€victim€fledÐ )à$( Ðfrom€room€to€room€until€he€ultimately€lay€defenseless€on€the€kitchen€floor.€€Then,€one€of€the€menÐ |*Ì%) Ðretrieved€a€box€cutter€and€cut€a€two„inch€ring€around€and€into€the€victimððs€neck.€€The€Defendant€andÐ h+¸&* ÐHughes€then€wrapped€the€body€of€the€victim€in€trash€bags€and€a€blanket€and€concealed€it€under€trashÐ ° Ðin€a€nearby€wooded€area.€€The€two€men€returned€to€their€apartment€and€began€cleaning.€€TheÐ œì ÐDefendant€testified€that€he€received€$90€of€the€money€taken€from€the€victim.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àPolice€found€the€body€at€the€foot€of€an€embankment€on€Trail€Hollow€Lane,€partially€wrappedÐ `° Ðin€two€trash€bags.€€An€autopsy€revealed€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€multiple€sharp€and€bluntÐ L œ Ðforce€injuries€to€the€head,€neck,€torso,€and€upper€extremities.€€The€blunt€force€injuries€wereÐ 8 ˆ Ðconsistent€with€the€kind€of€injuries€that€could€be€inflicted€by€a€baseball€bat.Ð $ t ÐÌÓ  ÓI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÐ ü L  ÐÓ8$Óà  àThe€Defendant€argues€on€appeal€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€toÐ è 8  Ðconvict€him€of€first€degree€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð Ô$  ÐThe€Defendant€contends€that€he€was€convicted€under€a€criminal€responsibility€theory€pursuant€toÐ À  ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„402€(2),€which€provides€that€a€person€is€responsible€forÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€criminal€act€of€another€if:Ð ˜è  Ðà8  à(2)€Acting€with€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€toÐ „Ô  Ðbenefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€orÐ pÀ Ðattempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.€.€.€.Ð\¬Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402€(2).׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Under€this€theory,€the€Defendant€asserts€that€there€is€notÐ 4„ Ðsufficient€evidence€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€he€shared€the€necessary€intent€to€murderÐ  p Ðor€rob€the€victim€with€his€co„defendant€Hughes,€and,€at€most,€he€is€guilty€only€of€facilitation€ofÐ  \ Ðfelony€murder€and€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€pursuant€to€Tennessee€CodeÐ øH ÐAnnotated€section€39„11„403.€€We€disagree€and€find€sufficient€evidence€within€the€record€to€supportÐ ä4 Ðthe€Defendantððs€convictions€as€a€principal,€as€well€as€under€a€theory€of€criminal€responsibility.Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†XY XXXY §#ÔÌÔ‡XY XXXY Ôà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôf]indingsÔ_Ô€of€guilt€in€criminalÐ ¨ø Ðactions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€supportÐ ”ä Ðthe€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€Evidence€is€sufficient€if,€afterÐ €Ð Ðreviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÐ l¼ Ðhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð X ¨ Ð443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€278€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€addition,€becauseÐ D!” Ðconviction€by€a€trier€of€fact€destroys€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€imposes€a€presumption€ofÐ 0"€  Ðguilt,€a€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient.€Ð #l! ÐòòSeeóó€òòÔ_ÔMcBeeÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.€1963);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBuggsÔ_Ôóó,€995€S.W.2d€102,Ð $X" Ð105„06€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992);òòóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,€639Ð ô$D # ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).òòóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€State€ð ðthe€strongest€legitimateÐ ¸'#& Ðview€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawnÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtherefrom.ðð€€òòÔ_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914;òòóó€òòsee€alsoóó€òòSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€279.€€The€court€may€not€ð ðre„Ð ° Ðweigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidenceðð€in€the€record€below.€€òòEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€at€191;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòÔ_ÔBuggsÔ_Ôóó,Ð œì Ð995€S.W.2d€at€105.òòóó€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€court€find€particular€conflicts€in€the€trialÐ ˆØ Ðtestimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favor€of€the€jury€verdict€or€trial€court€judgment.€€òòÔ_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,Ð tÄ Ð639€S.W.2d€at€914.€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€beÐ `° Ðgiven€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€the€appellate€courts.€Ð L œ ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€795€(Tenn.€2000);€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔPappasÔ_Ôóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.Ð 8 ˆ ÐCrim.€App.€1987).Ð $ t ÐÔ#†XY XXXY +#ÔÌà  àTennesseeððs€first€degree€murder€statute€defines€first€degree€murder,€in€pertinent€part,€asÐ ü L  Ðfollows:Ð è 8  Ðà8  à(1)€A€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another;ÐÔ$ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€A€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€anyÐ À  Ðfirst€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping€,€aggravatedÐ ¬ü  Ðchild€abuse€or€aircraft€piracy[.]Иè Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a).€€The€statute€further€provides€that€ð ðno€culpable€mental€state€isÐ pÀ Ðrequired€for€conviction€[of€felony€murder]€except€the€intent€to€commit€the€enumerated€offenses€orÐ \¬ Ðacts.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„13„202(b).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àEspecially€aggravated€robbery€is€defined€as€the€ð ðintentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€fromÐ  p Ðthe€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fearðð€where€a€deadly€weapon€is€used€andÐ  \ Ðthe€ð ðvictim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.ðð€€Tenn€.Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„401,€„403.Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€one€count€of€premeditated€murder€and€one€count€of€felonyÐ Ð  Ðmurder.€€The€premeditated€murder€conviction€was€merged€into€the€felony€murder€conviction;Ð ¼  Ðtherefore,€we€will€address€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€the€conviction€of€felony€murder.€Ð ¨ø ÐHowever,€because€no€culpable€mental€state€is€necessary€for€a€felony€murder€conviction€except€theÐ ”ä Ðintent€to€commit€the€underlying€felony,€an€examination€of€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€to€supportÐ €Ð Ðthe€Defendantððs€conviction€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€necessary.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€admitted€calling€the€victim€and€asking€him€to€bring€marijuana€to€theÐ D!” ÐDefendantððs€residence.€€The€Defendant€also€admitted€receiving€$90€of€the€victimððs€money,€whichÐ 0"€  Ðhe€later€spent€at€a€club.òòò ò€€óóó óColleen€Butler€Hudson€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€her€that€he€hit€theÐ #l! Ðvictim€with€the€baseball€bat€and€took€his€money€because€the€Defendant€was€ð ðbroke€and€he€neededÐ $X" Ðmoney.ðð€Additionally,€Hughes€told€police€that€he€and€the€Defendant€had€previously€discussedÐ ô$D # Ðrobbing€the€victim.€€The€Defendant€also€admitted€having€ð ðtalked€about€robbing€somebody€before.€Ð à%0!$ Ð.€.€.ððÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àWhile€the€evidence€may€not€be€overwhelming,€the€testimony€of€the€Defendant,€Hughes,€andÐ ¤(ô#' ÐMs.€Hudson€provide€sufficient€evidence€for€a€jury€to€find€that€the€Defendant€committed€especiallyÐ )à$( Ðâ âaggravated€robbery.€€This€Court€will€not€re„weigh€the€evidence€or€re„evaluate€the€credibility€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðwitnesses.ò òòò€€ó óóóòòSeeóó€òòMorrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€795;€òòPappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€at€623.€€Accordingly,€we€find€thatÐ ° Ðthe€evidence€supports€the€Defendantððs€conviction€for€especially€aggravated€robbery.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àHaving€found€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€Defendantððs€conviction€for€theÐ tÄ Ðunderlying€felony€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€we€also€find€that€the€evidence€sufficientlyÐ `° Ðsupports€his€conviction€for€felony€murder.€€It€is€undisputed€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€a€killingÐ L œ Ðthat€was€committed€during€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€€At€trial,€the€Defendant€simply€maintainedÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€he€did€not€kill€the€victim.€€The€jury€found€the€Defendantððs€version€of€the€crime€suspect€andÐ $ t Ðcredited€the€testimony€of€Ms.€Hudson€and€the€proof€presented€by€the€State.€€We€will€not€disturb€thatÐ  ` Ðjudgment.€€Accordingly€we€find€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€Defendantððs€conviction€for€firstÐ ü L  Ðdegree€murder.Ð è 8  Ѐ¹Ó  ÓII.€€LESSER€INCLUDED€OFFENSESÐ À  ÐÓqFÓà  àThe€Defendant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ ¬ü  Ðoffense€of€accessory€after€the€fact€as€a€lesser„included€offense€to€all€counts€charged€in€the€indictment.€Ð ˜è  ÐThe€Defendant€argued€at€trial€that,€in€light€of€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999),€the€offenseÐ „Ô  Ðof€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€all€crimes€charged€in€the€indictment.€€WeÐ pÀ Ðrespectfully€disagree.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àA€trial€court€is€under€the€mandatory€duty€to€instruct€the€jury€on€a€lesser„included€offense,Ð 4„ Ðeven€if€such€an€instruction€is€not€requested,€when€ð ðany€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€couldÐ  p Ðaccept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offenseðð€and€when€that€evidence€is€ð ðlegally€sufficient€to€support€aÐ  \ Ðconviction€for€the€lesser„included€offense.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€469.€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110€(a).€Ð øH ÐIn€òòBurnsóó,€our€supreme€court€adopted€a€three„part€test€for€determining€whether€an€offense€is€a€lesserÐ ä4 Ðincluded€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòBurns,óó€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.€€Under€the€òòBurnsóó€test,€an€offense€is€a€lesserÐ Ð  Ðincluded€offense€if:Ð ¼  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€offense€charged;€orДä` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€containsÐ €Ð Ða€statutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐl¼` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;€and/orÐX ¨` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€or€publicÐ D!” Ðinterest;Ð0"€ ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð àorÐ#l!` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(c)€it€consists€ofÐ$X"` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwise€meetsÐ ô$D # Ðthe€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐà%0!$` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwiseÐ Ì&"% Ðmeets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orи'#&` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwiseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmeets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b).Ð)à$(` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌòòId.óóÐ h+¸&* Їà  àOur€criminal€code€provides€that:Ð ° Ðà8  à[a]€person€is€an€accessory€after€the€fact€who,€after€the€commission€of€a€felony,€withÐ œì Ðknowledge€or€reasonable€ground€to€believe€that€the€offender€has€committed€theÐ ˆØ Ðfelony,€and€with€intent€to€hinder€the€arrest,€trial,€conviction,€or€punishment€of€theÐ tÄ Ðoffender€.€.€.€provides€or€aids€in€providing€the€offender€with€any€means€of€avoidingÐ `° Ðarrest,€trial,€conviction€or€punishment.ÐL œÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„411(a)(2).Ð $ t ÐÌà  àClearly,€accessory€after€the€fact€is€not€a€lesser„included€offense€to€the€three€charges€in€thisÐ ü L  Ðcase€under€the€(a)€portion€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€because€the€statutory€elements€of€accessory€after€the€factÐ è 8  Ðare€not€included€in€the€statutory€elements€of€first€degree€murder€or€especially€aggravated€robbery.€Ð Ô$  ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„411€(a)(2)€requires€that€a€defendant€intend€to€hinder€someÐ À  Ðform€of€prosecution€of€the€offender€and€provide€aid€to€the€offender€in€furtherance€of€that€intent.€€ItÐ ¬ü  Ðis€also€clear€that€accessory€after€the€fact€does€not€comply€with€the€(c)€portion€of€the€òòBurnsóó€analysisÐ ˜è  Ðbecause€it€is€not€solicitation,€facilitation,€or€attempt.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àA€logical€reading€of€the€(b)€portion€of€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis€also€requires€a€finding€thatÐ \¬ Ðaccessory€after€the€fact€is€not€a€lesser„included€offense€to€first€degree€murder€or€especiallyÐ H˜ Ðaggravated€robbery.€€ò òó óIn€Tennessee,€the€offense€of€accessory€after€the€fact€has€traditionally€beenÐ 4„ Ðviewed€as€a€separate€and€distinct€crime€from€the€substantive€offense€and€not€a€lesser„includedÐ  p Ðoffense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hoosieróó,€631€S.W.2d€474€(Tenn.Crim.App.€1982).€€That€view€does€not€changeÐ  \ Ðafter€òòBurnsóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€James€E.€(Junebug)€Ligonóó,€No.€M1999„02461„CCA„R3„CDÐ øH Ð(Tenn.Crim.App.€at€Nashville,€January€12,€2001)€(holding€that€accessory€after€the€fact€is€not€a€lesserÐ ä4 Ðincluded€offense€of€aggravated€burglary€or€theft).Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àA€òòBurnsóó€analysis€under€part€(b)€(1)€and€(2)€is€inapplicable€to€the€offenses€of€accessory€afterÐ ¨ø Ðthe€fact.€€Part€(b)(1)€of€the€analysis€requires€a€ð ðdifferent€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€ofÐ ”ä Ðculpability.ðð€€òòBurns,óó€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.€€While€an€accessory€after€the€fact€is€less€culpable€than€theÐ €Ð Ðprincipal€offender,€it€is€the€offense€and€not€the€mental€state€that€distinguishes€the€two.€€For€example,Ð l¼ Ðlesser„included€offenses€for€first€degree€murder€include€second€degree€murder,€manslaughter,€andÐ X ¨ Ðcriminally€negligent€homicide€because,€while€the€mental€state€may€change,€the€offending€act€is€theÐ D!” Ðsame:€someone€was€killed.€€Accessory€after€the€fact€is€distinguishable€because€the€offense€is€aidingÐ 0"€  Ða€felonious€offender€in€avoiding€prosecution.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àSimilarly,€part€(b)(2)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis€is€inapplicable€due€to€the€distinct€harmsÐ ô$D # Ðcontemplated€by€the€statutes.€€The€first€degree€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€statutes€areÐ à%0!$ Ðdesigned€to€protect€the€individual€safety€of€people€and€property€by€providing€severe€punishment€forÐ Ì&"% Ðoffenders€who€violate€the€provisions€of€the€statutes.€€However,€the€accessory€after€the€fact€provisionÐ ¸'#& Ðdoes€not€protect€individual€citizens€so€much€as€the€Stateððs€interest€in€prosecuting€offenders.€€TheÐ ¤(ô#' Ðð ðless€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harmðð€element€in€(b)(2)€of€òòBurnsóó,€is€therefore,€inapplicable,€because€theÐ )à$( Ðaccessory€after€the€fact€statute€protects€a€different€victim€from€a€different€harm€than€the€first€degreeÐ |*Ì%) Ðmurder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€statutes.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.Ð h+¸&* Ðò òÔ‡XY XXXY Ôó óà  àHowever,€even€if€the€offense€of€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€lesser„included€offense€to€eitherÐ ° Ðfirst€degree€murder€or€especially€aggravated€robbery,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€charge€the€jury€as€toÐ œì Ðaccessory€after€the€fact€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€In€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101Ð ˆØ Ð(Tenn.€1998),€the€defendant€was€charged€with€first€degree€murder,€and€the€jury€was€instructed€on€theÐ tÄ Ðlesser€included„offense€of€second€degree€murder.€€òòId.óó€at€106.€€The€supreme€court€reasoned€thatÐ `° Ðbecause€the€jury€rejected€the€immediately€lesser€offense€of€second€degree€murder,€it€ð ðnecessarilyÐ L œ Ðrejected€all€other€lesser€offenses,€including€voluntary€manslaughter,ðð€which€was€not€charged€by€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðtrial€court.€€òòIdóó.€€Therefore,€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughterÐ $ t Ðwas€harmless€error.€€òòIdóó.ò ò€€ó óIn€the€present€case,€the€Defendant€was€charged€in€count€one€with€first€degreeÐ  ` Ðpremeditated€murder,€and€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€facilitation€ofÐ  P  Ðfirst€degree€murder,€second€degree€murder€and€facilitation€of€second€degree€murder.€€In€count€two,Ð ì <  Ðthe€Defendant€was€charged€with€first€degree€felony€murder,€and€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€lesser„Ð Ø(  Ðincluded€offenses€of€facilitation€of€first€degree€felony€murder,€second€degree€murder,€and€facilitationÐ Ä  Ðof€second€degree€murder.€€In€count€three,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€especially€aggravatedÐ °  Ðrobbery,€and€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€facilitation€of€especiallyÐ œì  Ðaggravated€robbery,€aggravated€robbery,€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery,€robbery,€and€facilitationÐ ˆØ  Ðof€robbery.€€As€in€òòWilliamsóó,€the€jury€in€this€case€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€the€highest€offensesÐ tÄ Ðon€each€count,€thereby€rejecting€any€lesser„included€offenses.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that,€even€if€Ð `° Ðaccessory€after€the€fact€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€first€degree€murder€or€especially€aggravatedÐ Lœ Ðrobbery,€the€failure€to€charge€accessory€after€the€fact€in€this€case€would€be€harmless€error€beyond€aÐ 8ˆ Ðreasonable€doubt.ò òÐ $t ÐÌÓ  Óó óIII.€€SENTENCINGò ò€ó óÐ üL ÐÓélÓà  àFinally,€the€Defendant€challenges€the€imposition€of€his€twenty„five€year€sentence€as€a€RangeÐ ì< ÐI€offender€on€the€conviction€for€especially€aggravated€robbery,€as€well€as€the€trial€courtððs€order€thatÐ Ø( Ðthe€sentence€be€served€consecutive€to€the€life€sentence€imposed€on€the€first€degree€murderÐ Ä Ðconviction.€€Specifically,€the€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€twoÐ ° Ðenhancements€factors€and€erroneously€failed€to€apply€one€statutory€mitigating€factor.Ð œì ÐÔ#†XY XXXY öb#ÔÔ‡XY XXXY ÔÌà  àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€this€CourtÐ tÄ Ðhas€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinationsÐ ` ° Ðmade€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€isÐ L!œ Ðð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÐ 8"ˆ  Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð $#t! Ð1991).Ð $`" ÐÌà  àWhen€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider:€(a)€the€evidence,Ð è%8!$ Ðif€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(b)€the€presentence€report;€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ Ô&$"% Ðsentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(d)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€theÐ À'#& Ðcriminal€conduct€involved;€(e)€any€statutory€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors;€(f)€any€statementÐ ¬(ü#' Ðmade€by€the€defendant€regarding€sentencing;€and€(g)€the€potential€or€lack€of€potential€forÐ ˜)è$( Ðâ ârehabilitation€or€treatment.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€„210Ô#†XY XXXY žo#ÔÔ‡XY XXXY Ô;€òòState€v.€Breweróó,€875Ð „*Ô%) ÐS.W.2d€298,€302€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993);€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,€755€S.W.2d€838,€844€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ° ÐApp.€1988).Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€that€theÐ tÄ Ðcourt€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€theÐ `° Ðfactors€and€principles€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€and€that€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€areÐ L œ Ðadequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€we€may€not€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€haveÐ 8 ˆ Ðpreferred€a€different€result.€€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€926„27€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,Ð $ t Ð805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð  ` ÐÔ#†XY XXXY +u#ÔÔ‡XY XXXY ÔÌà  àFirst,€the€trial€court€used€the€Defendantððs€ð ðprevious€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÐ è 8  Ðcriminal€behaviorðð€as€an€enhancement€factor€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„Ð Ô$  Ð114€(1).€€The€trial€court€based€its€finding€of€criminal€behavior€on€the€Defendantððs€admitted€marijuanaÐ À  Ðuse€for€three€years€prior€to€his€arrest.€€While€we€share€the€Defendantððs€concern€that€such€anÐ ¬ü  Ðadmission€in€a€pre„sentence€report,€without€further€proof,€can€serve€as€an€enhancing€factor,€it€is€clearÐ ˜è  Ðthat€the€Defendantððs€marijuana€use€does€constitute€ð ðcriminal€behavior.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððððÐ „Ô  Ð39„17„415,€„418.€€The€admission€in€the€pre„sentence€report€is€also€supported€by€the€DefendantððsÐ pÀ Ðadmission€at€trial€that€he€telephoned€the€victim€requesting€marijuana.€€Accordingly,€we€cannotÐ \¬ Ðconclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€considering€the€defendantððs€history€of€ð ðcriminal€behaviorðð€asÐ H˜ Ðan€enhancing€factor.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àNext,€the€trial€judge€found€that€the€Defendant€was€a€ð ðleader€in€the€commission€of€an€offenseÐ  \ Ðinvolving€two€(2)€or€more€criminal€actors.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2).€€The€DefendantÐ øH Ðchallenges€the€trial€courtððs€enhancement€factor.€€However,€our€cases€have€established€thatÐ ä4 Ðenhancement€for€being€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€does€not€require€that€the€defendantÐ Ð  Ðbe€the€sole€leader€but€only€that€he€be€ð ðaðð€leader.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hicksóó,€868€S.W.2d€729,€731,€Ð ¼  Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Crim.AppÔ_Ô.1993).€€Both€of€two€criminal€actors€may€be€ð ða€leader€in€the€commission€of€anÐ ¨ø Ðoffense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Brenda€Harrisóó,€No.€01C01-9101-CR-00247,€1991€WL€186850,€(Ô_ÔTenn.Crim.AppÔ_Ô.,Ð ”ä ÐNashville,€Sept.€24,€1991),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.1992).€€While€these€propositions€may€notÐ €Ð Ðalways€be€true,€the€evidence€here€supports€such€a€conclusion.€€It€is€clear€from€the€Defendantððs€ownÐ l¼ Ðadmissions€that€he€took€the€initiative€to€call€the€victim€and€lure€him€to€the€Defendantððs€residence.€Ð X ¨ ÐThe€Defendant€also€admitted€disposing€of€the€victimððs€body.€€Furthermore,€witnesses€testified€thatÐ D!” Ðthe€Defendant€told€them€that€he€struck€the€blows€that€killed€the€victim.€€Accordingly,€we€find€noÐ 0"€  Ðerror€in€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€this€enhancement€factor.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€the€record€of€the€sentencing€hearing€indicates€that€the€trial€judge€gave€littleÐ ô$D # Ðweight€to€either€of€these€two€enhancement€factors€and€relied€most€heavily€on€finding€that€theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendant€treated€the€victim€with€ð ðexceptional€cruelty.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).€€TheÐ Ì&"% Ðtrial€courtððs€extensive€findings€regarding€this€factor€are€supported€by€the€record,€and€we€find€no€errorÐ ¸'#& Ðin€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€this€factor.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€find€that€he€ð ðassisted€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðauthorities€in€locating€or€recovering€any€property€or€person€involved€in€the€crimeðð€as€a€mitigatingÐ h+¸&* Ðfactor.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113€(10).€€It€is€apparent€from€the€record€that€the€trial€court€didÐ ° Ðnot€err€in€refusing€to€apply€this€mitigating€factor.€€From€the€beginning€of€the€DefendantððsÐ œì Ðinvolvement€with€police,€he€lied€and€mislead€authorities€as€well€as€the€victimððs€family.€€The€storyÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Defendant€gave€the€police€changed€at€least€three€times.€€Only€after€Hughes€confessed€and€toldÐ tÄ Ðpolice€where€to€locate€the€victimððs€body€did€the€Defendant€offer€to€help€the€police€locate€the€murderÐ `° Ðweapons.€€The€trial€court€specifically€found€that€the€Defendant€ð ðdid€everything€he€could€to€prevent€Ð L œ Ð[the€authorities]€from€finding€the€body€at€a€time€when€the€police€were€seriously€looking.ðð€€The€recordÐ 8 ˆ Ðsupports€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€and€the€trial€court€therefore€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€apply€thisÐ $ t Ðmitigating€factor.€Ð  ` ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ/‹Óà  àFinally,€the€defendant€alleges€that€his€especially€aggravated€robbery€sentence€should€not€runÐ è 8  Ðconsecutively€to€his€life€sentence€for€first€degree€murder.€€We€disagree.€€Consecutive€sentencing€isÐ Ô$  Ðgoverned€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40-35-115.€€A€trial€court€may€order€sentences€to€runÐ À  Ðconsecutively€if€it€finds€that€one€or€more€of€the€statutory€criteria€enumerated€therein€exists€by€aÐ ¬ü  Ðpreponderance€of€the€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€924€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.Crim.App.1995).€Ð ˜è  ÐAt€the€close€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€stated€that€its€basis€for€the€imposition€ofÐ „Ô  Ðconsecutive€sentences€was€that€the€Defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicatedÐ pÀ Ðlittle€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€toÐ \¬ Ðhuman€life€is€high.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115€(b)(4).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case€we€agree€that€the€Defendantððs€conduct€supported€consecutive€sentencing€underòòóóÐ  p Ðsection€40-35-115(b)(4).€€Specifically€the€trial€court€stated€that€ð ðthe€circumstances€surrounding€Mr.Ð  \ ÐHempelððs€death,€the€manner€in€which€he€was€killed,€and€the€cover„up,€the€fact€of€the€attempt€toÐ øH Ðmislead€the€policeðð€evidenced€the€Defendantððs€disregard€for€human€life.€€In€addition,€the€trial€courtÐ ä4 Ðproperly€determined€that€the€aggregate€term€of€the€Defendantððs€sentences€reasonably€related€to€theÐ Ð  Ðseverity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€seriousÐ ¼  Ðcriminal€conduct€by€the€Defendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔWilkersonÔ_Ôóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938€(Tenn.€1995);Ð ¨ø ÐòòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.€1999).€€We€find€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€orderingÐ ”ä Ðthe€Defendantððs€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively.Ð €Ð ЀÌÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ X ¨ ÐÓ¾“Óà  àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€above,€we€find€that€(1)€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€support€theÐ D!” ÐDefendantððs€convictions,€(2)€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€concerningÐ 0"€  Ðaccessory€after€the€fact€as€a€lesser„included€offense€to€all€charges,€and€(3)€the€trial€court€imposed€aÐ #l! Ðproper€sentence.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ô#†XY XXXY ëx#ÔÔ‡XY XXXY ÔÐ $X" ÐÔ#†XY XXXY Ú•#ÔÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð )à$( Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGE