ÿWPC²  ôè˜$HǨ ¢þT=ÎÝü uÅW1IÄ„ß1·–;Hx ü—Õx +ÑÓ–¤{þzjRDVT Çå½&b°»Àë-Å­ô¥NS¸´ùmÆáȹY‹[b^ƒ¤´ZnÈûšc¯®@\D$.CSД˜TFBû‹ý£=O×ÍÓäöˆúÁŒ%°=´Pj€ÍõO÷€Cc gŠXÝ‹Xml$Ђ͡g`@ÏP,<´ž…ñ8fœ~eŠŽ“¹‹=¢/;¯$ǨX‚#–ØþB ä:<—/ÃTøòÝÔé(o€n3Zí ±>È»s‹“îh¾ƒ³aïjÁ ¤r-Ù‰7yAãÖÂdQ”U5> ¡B´QÊtixôµ9#‰#3(EŠ¾ á¯ëûCm/ó¬É°Õð#°ÆéÔþ&´ÞŽ–ÁPŽš;i‹•ø°R©W in¸œ®ŠwÌæ]PIeqpÞx‰y¶Åi@|XO¾"“.¸´‚ôZÍg—Ü-láSc´} Ù;F¡6¤s½L>שœ’n9/§Q{jæ%_žfû)<ïÇÿvïFIéS…ÐþZ4Ô«ƒgíÏ2]QÛ’º©d°MäãÛHÅ\w}ÿk—^Ñ™JeÑ´:æ>Œrh|)ð)# >U>I %‡ 0íUBz4¼Ðn­ßU:ŒfÆ,"4w@V)–U:¿ U:ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù ù AQ3 Æ„ 0DJ 0DŽ 0DÒ Ò D/ BE Bb D3 ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpin~<$3|x=«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ Ñ Ü ÑÑ  Ñ )*D+D,E-./D0e1Ó€= Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X̼XXXÔÔ€XX̼ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X̼XÔÐ  ÐÌò òNovember€10,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô—•ôXX̼ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó, øð AZ"Arial Regular,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular !"#%Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxd düÿP Pd&&&&'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€«†XXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ñ›ñ0ñÑ°ÑÑÜ°ÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÑ€ †ÑÑ€ í:ÑÔ€ X̼XXXÔÑ7€ ̼ XXdæXXdÈ7Ññ=ñœßt€(>.*jxàýÿ` `€€@E` ttx$8?ð œ tß›ñ=ñ€à8 ¸ àà@Ñ Ñ D¸ x¸ xàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ  Ðñ=ñßr€(<,(j 8` `€€@E ×` ttx$XÔð ×rßñ1ñœñ1ññ=ñà@ÒÒ&DàAT€JACKSONà@@66-Rà€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€APRIL€1997€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ 80 Ѐà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ð   Ðà ¸ àAppellee,€à h àà À àà  à)à p àNo.€02C01„9610„CC„00367Ð ü  Ðà ¸ à€€€€€à  àà h à€€à À àà  à)Ð êâ  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àLauderdale€CountyÐ ÐÈ  Ðv.à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€€€€Ð ¶®  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àHonorable€Joe€H.€Walker,€JudgeÐ œ”  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)ÌROBERT€GOSS€and€CARL€HALE,à  à)à p à(First€degree€murder€and€aggravatedÐ h` Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€€€à p àassault)Ð NF Ðà ¸ àAppellants.à h àà À àà  à)Ð 4, Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÌòòFor€Appellant€Gossóó:à h àà À àà  àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð æÞ ÐÌRobert€Wilder€€€€€€à  àà h àà À àà  àCharles€W.€BursonÐ ²ª ÐBank€of€Ripley€Bldg.à h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÐ ˜ ÐRipley,€TN€38063à  àà h àà À àà  àà p àandà È àà  àà x àà Ð àÐ ~v Ð(AT€TRIAL)à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDeborah€A.€TullisÐ d\ Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€Tennessee€€€€€€ÏD.€Michael€Dunavantà h àà À àà  à450€James€Robertson€Parkwayà Ð àÐ 0 ( ÐBank€of€Ripley€Bldg.à h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493Ð ! ÐRipley,€TN€38063à  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ü!ô Ð(AT€TRIAL€&€ON€APPEAL)Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àElizabeth€T.€RiceÌòòFor€Appellant€Haleóó:à  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ ®$¦! Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à302€Market€StreetÌGary€F.€Antricanà  àà h àà À àà  àSomerville,€TN€38068Ð z&r# ÐDistrict€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àà p àandÐ `'X $ ÐP.O.€Box€700à  àà h àà À àà  àMark€DavidsonÐ F(>!% ÐSomerville,€TN€38068à h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ ,)$"& Ѐ€€€€andà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àLauderdale€County€Justice€CenterÐ * #' ÐJulie€K.€Pillowà  àà h àà À àà  à675€Highway€51Ð ø*ð#( ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àRipley,€TN€38063Ð Þ+Ö$) Ð151€Industrial€RoadÌCovington,€TN€38019ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÐ >:639˜ ЇÓÓà@õõ)Dàòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendants,€Robert€Goss€and€Carl€Hale,€appeal€as€of€right€from€theirÏjury€convictions€in€the€Lauderdale€County€Circuit€Court€for€first€degree€murder€andÏaggravated€assault,€a€Class€C€felony.€€The€defendants€were€sentenced€to€lifeÏimprisonment€for€their€convictions€for€first€degree€murder.€€The€trial€court€sentencedÏGoss€as€a€Range€II,€multiple€offender€to€ten€years€in€the€custody€of€the€Department€ofÏCorrection€for€the€aggravated€assault€conviction.€€It€sentenced€Hale€as€a€Range€III,Ïpersistent€offender€to€fifteen€years€in€the€custody€of€the€Department€of€Correction€forÏthe€aggravated€assault€conviction.€€The€trial€court€ordered€the€defendants€to€serve€theirÏrespective€sentences€consecutive€to€each€other€and€consecutive€to€prior€sentences.€ÏOn€appeal,€the€defendants€contend€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theirÏconvictions€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€ñ0ñœñ0ñadmitting€into€evidenceñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€a€photograph€of€theÏmurder€victim.€€In€addition,€Goss€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€hisÏmotion€to€suppress€a€statement€made€by€him.€€Hale€also€contends€that€the€trial€courtÏimproperly€denied€his€motion€for€a€preliminary€hearing€or,€in€the€alternative,€to€dismissÏthe€indictment.€€We€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction.ÌÔ‡XÖhXX X̼ÔÌà ¸ àñ0ñœñ0ñCorrectional€Corporalñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€Henry€Love€testified€that€when€the€offensesÏoccurred€on€August€25,€1995,€he€was€working€in€the€control€room€of€Unit€5€at€WestÏTennessee€High€Security€Facility.€€He€stated€that€Hale€and€Willis€McDonald,€the€murderÏvictim,€were€housed€in€cells€in€C€pod€located€next€to€each€other€but€that€Goss€was€notÏhoused€in€the€pod.€€He€said€that€on€the€day€of€the€offenses,€he€saw€McDonald€in€C€podÏwith€a€towel€wrapped€around€his€body.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€see€McDonald€holdingÏanything.€€He€said€that€McDonald€had€his€hands€to€his€side€holding€the€towel.€€He€saidÏthat€Hale€then€closed€McDonald's€cell€door€and€Goss€ran€up€the€stairs€ñ0ñœñ0ñtowardñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€Hale€andÏMcDonald€who€were€standing€near€their€cells€at€the€top€of€the€stairs.€€Corporal€LoveÏtestified€that€he€looked€away€to€answer€the€telephone€but€that€when€he€looked€back,€heÐ `8X16 Ðsaw€one€of€the€defendants€jab€McDonald€with€an€object,€causing€him€to€grab€his€side.€ÏHe€said€that€another€inmate€climbed€up€the€stairs€but€turned€around€when€theÏdefendants€faced€him.€€He€stated€that€Goss€then€hit€McDonald€in€the€chest,€andÏMcDonald€fell€down€the€stairs.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€Corporal€Love€conceded€that€he€could€not€see€allÏareas€of€the€pod.€€He€testified€that€approximately€two€weeks€before€the€offenses,€heÏsaw€inmates€throw€food€and€other€items€where€Goss€was€working,€causing€Goss€toÏbecome€upset.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àCorrectional€Corporal€Rudy€Cobb€testified€that€he€walked€McDonald€fromÏthe€shower€on€the€day€of€the€offenses.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€search€McDonald.€€HeÏstated€that€he€later€heard€McDonald€calling€for€help€and€saw€the€defendants€stabbingÏMcDonald€repeatedly€as€they€were€at€the€top€of€the€stairs.€€Corporal€Cobb€said€that€heÏcalled€for€help€and€that€other€officers€arrived€after€the€defendants€and€McDonald€wereÏat€the€bottom€of€the€stairs.€€He€said€that€he€tried€to€walk€toward€the€defendants€but€thatÏthey€came€toward€him€with€knives,€causing€him€to€step€back.€€He€said€that€Hale€thenÏstood€in€front€of€Corporal€Cobb€with€a€knifeÔ#† X³XXX6\7#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô€while€Goss€continued€to€stab€McDonald€inÐ è&à" Ðthe€chest.€€He€stated€that€the€defendants€finally€laid€the€knives€on€the€table.Ô#† X³XXX6\ï#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô€€CorporalÐ È(À!$ ÐCobb€testified€that€he€was€scared€of€the€defendants€and€feared€for€his€life.€€He€said€thatÏthe€defendants€appeared€calm€after€the€stabbing.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€Corporal€Cobb€admitted€that€his€logbook€statesÏthat€he€was€in€the€shower€area€when€the€offenses€took€place,€but€he€explained€that€heÏmust€have€mistakenly€entered€the€time.€€He€denied€telling€anyone€that€he€was€notÏâ âscared€of€Hale.€€He€testified€that€he€did€not€know€how€Goss€got€into€C€pod.€€OfficerÐ è5à.2 ÐÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  Ññ0ñÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  ÑÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  Ññ0ñCobb€said€that€Officer€Hutcherson€and€Correctional€Corporals€Williams€and€FreemanÏñ0ñÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  ÑÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  Ññ0ñwere€present€during€the€incident.€Ìâ âÌà ¸ àCorrectional€Corporal€Anthony€Freeman€testified€that€he€responded€to€aÏcall€on€the€radio€and€saw€Goss€stabbing€McDonald€in€the€chest.€€He€said€thatÏMcDonald€was€lying€naked€on€his€back€without€a€weapon.€€He€testified€that€he€did€notÏsee€the€incident€begin€and€that€he€did€not€see€Hale€stab€McDonald.€€He€stated€thatÏHale€pulled€a€knife€out€and€pointed€it€at€the€officers€and€said,€"Nobody€mess€withÏRobert€Goss€while€he's€taking€care€of€some€business."€€He€said€that€Goss€never€cameÏtoward€them€with€a€knife€and€instead€kneeled€in€front€of€McDonald€stabbing€him.€€HeÏconceded€that€gang€activity€existed€in€the€prison,€but€he€said€that€he€did€not€know€ifÏMcDonald€belonged€to€a€gang.€€Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àCorrectional€Corporal€Major€Williams€testified€that€he€responded€to€the€callÏfor€assistance.€€He€said€that€he€saw€Hale€standing€at€the€pod€door€with€a€knife€tellingÏthe€officers€to€stay€back.€€He€said€that€Hale€told€the€officers€that€he€had€nothing€againstÏthem€and€that€Goss€was€"taking€care€of€business."€€€He€stated€that€Goss€was€stabbingÏMcDonald.€€He€said€that€he€told€the€defendants€to€put€the€knives€on€the€table€and€HaleÏreplied€that€he€wanted€Goss€to€be€safe.€€He€said€that€he€told€the€defendants€a€secondÏtime€to€place€the€knives€on€the€table,€and€they€complied.€€Corporal€Williams€testifiedÏthat€McDonald€died€ñ0ñœñ0ñabout€oneñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€minute€later.€€Corporal€Williams€testified€that€Goss€neverÏsaid€anything€to€him.€€Corporal€Williams€said€that€he€did€not€see€the€beginning€of€theÏincident,€nor€did€he€see€McDonald€with€a€weapon.€€He€acknowledged€that€gang€activityÏexisted€in€the€prison,€but€he€stated€that€he€did€not€know€if€McDonald€was€a€member€of€aÏgang.€€Ìâ âà ¸ àà  àÐ è5à.2 Ðà ¸ àCorporal€Williams€testified€that€he€was€the€pod€officer€for€A€pod€and€thatÏâ âGoss€cleaned€the€pod.€€He€said€that€there€was€garbage€in€the€floor€sometimes€and€thatÏGoss€would€clean€it€up.€€He€stated€that€Goss€did€not€express€any€concerns€to€him,Ïother€than€a€request€for€a€job€change.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àCorrectional€Clerical€Officer€Everett€Hutcherson€testified€that€he€alsoÏworked€in€Unit€5€on€the€day€of€the€offenses€and€that€he€went€to€C€pod€in€response€toÏthe€code€call.€€Officer€Hutcherson€testified€that€he€saw€Goss€stabbing€McDonald.€€HeÏsaid€that€McDonald€was€lying€flat€on€his€back€and€had€no€weapon.€€He€said€that€he€alsoÏsaw€Hale€with€a€knife€and€that€Hale's€hand€was€bloody.€€He€stated€that€Hale€told€theÏofficers€not€to€bother€Goss.€€Officer€Hutcherson€testified€that€he€went€in€the€pod€alongÏwith€Officers€Freeman€and€Williams.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€remember€seeing€OfficerÏCobb.€€He€said€that€Hale€came€ñ0ñœñ0ñtowardñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€the€officers€with€a€knife.€€He€testified€that€afterÏGoss€put€his€knife€on€the€table,€Hale€picked€it€up€but€then€laid€the€knife€back€down.€€HeÏstated€that€he€never€saw€Hale€do€anything€to€McDonald.€€He€testified€that€he€did€notÏknow€whether€McDonald€had€a€knife.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€see€the€beginning€of€theÏincident.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àCorrectional€Corporal€Scott€Wilson€testified€that€he€was€ñ0ñœñ0ñabout€oneñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñÏhundred€yards€away€ñ0ñœñ0ñfromñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€Unit€5€in€the€property€room€when€he€heard€and€responded€toÏthe€call€for€assistance.€€He€said€that€when€he€arrived,€Goss€was€standing€by€the€doorÏwith€blood€on€his€hands€and€the€officers€were€going€inside€the€pod.€€Corporal€WilsonÏsaid€that€he€did€not€advise€Goss€of€his€rights€before€he€walked€up€to€Goss€and€askedÏhim€what€happened.€€He€stated€that€Goss€replied€that€he€had€killed€McDonald,€referringÏto€him€by€a€racial€epithet.€€Corporal€Wilson€testified€that€he€asked€Goss,€ð ðDo€what?ðð€andÏGoss€replied€a€second€time€that€he€had€killed€McDonald.€€He€stated€that€he€told€GossÏthat€he€may€not€have€killed€him.€€Corporal€Wilson€said€that€Goss€appeared€calm€andÐ È7À04 Ðthat€he€had€blood€on€his€hands.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\¾#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔHe€testified€that€Goss€told€him€that€he€did€not€want€toÐ  Ðbe€handcuffed€because€he€was€afraid€of€being€attacked€by€the€inmates.€€He€stated€thatÏGoss€was€then€taken€to€D€pod€and€handcuffed.€€Corporal€Wilson€testified€thatÏLieutenant€Timothy€Bratton€then€read€Goss€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings.€€He€stated€thatÐ ¨   Ðduring€the€interview,€Goss€confessed€and€explained€that€he€was€having€trouble€withÏsome€inmates€in€A€pod.€€He€testified€that€Goss€refused€to€answer€questions€about€HaleÏand€then€asked€for€a€lawyer.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€Corporal€Wilson€stated€that€he€did€not€see€whatÏhappened€or€how€it€began.€€He€conceded€that€he€had€a€prior€conviction€for€writing€badÏchecks.€€He€acknowledged€that€gang€activity€existed€in€the€prison,€but€he€said€that€heÏdid€not€know€if€McDonald€belonged€to€a€gang.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àOfficer€Carlos€Hardy€testified€that€he€was€the€captain€of€the€first€shift.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€was€in€the€officer's€dining€room€when€he€heard€and€responded€to€the€callÏfor€assistance.€€He€stated€that€he€saw€many€other€officers€in€the€pod€and€that€he€sawÏMcDonald€lying€on€the€floor.€€Officer€Hardy€testified€that€he€ordered€a€lockdown€of€theÏunit€and€the€investigation€of€the€incident€was€conducted€by€Lieutenant€Timothy€Bratton.€ÏOfficer€Hardy€said€that€Officer€Boyd€gave€him€two€homemade€knives€that€had€blood€onÏthem.€€He€identified€the€two€knives€for€the€jury.€€Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àLieutenant€Timothy€Bratton€testified€that€he€investigated€the€stabbing.€€HeÏsaid€that€although€he€did€not€see€the€stabbing€take€place,€he€saw€McDonald€lying€onÏthe€floor.€€He€described€the€area€as€being€blood€soaked.€€He€said€that€he€also€talked€toÏGoss€after€the€incident.€€He€stated€that€Goss€appeared€calm€and€had€blood€on€hisÏhands€and€shoes.€€He€said€that€he€read€Goss€his€rights€and€that€Goss€told€him€that€heÏhad€experienced€problems€with€inmates€in€another€pod.€€He€testified€that€Goss€said€thatÐ È7À04 ÐÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  Ññ0ñÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  ÑÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  ÑÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  Ññ0ñthese€other€inmates€were€gang€members€and€that€McDonald€was€"trying€to€take€upÏwhere€they€left€off."€€He€said€that€Goss€told€him€that€he€got€McDonald€before€McDonaldÏand€the€other€inmates€got€him.€€He€testified€that€Goss€told€him€that€he€would€do€it€againÏif€necessary,€and€that€he€did€not€know€why€Hale€was€involved.€€He€said€that€Goss€didÏnot€tell€him€that€threats€had€been€made€on€his€life.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€see€HaleÏuntil€a€couple€of€days€after€the€incident.€€He€said€that€Hale€had€scratches€on€his€chestÏand€hand.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\€3#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔÐ H@  ÐÌà ¸ àLieutenant€BrattonÔ#† X³XXX6\†C#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô€identified€photographs€he€took€of€McDonald,€theÐ  Ðscene,€and€the€defendants.€€A€photograph€of€the€scene€showed€a€sandal€worn€byÏinmates€during€showers.€€Lieutenant€Bratton€testified€that€a€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÏInvestigation€agent€reviewed€his€investigation€but€made€no€further€investigation.€€HeÏtestified€that€two€metal€homemade€knives€were€recovered€from€the€scene.€€HeÏconceded€that€gang€activity€existed€in€the€prison,€but€he€said€that€he€did€not€knowÏwhether€McDonald€was€a€gang€member.ÌÌà ¸ àDr.€Wendy€Gunther,€a€forensic€pathologist,€testified€that€she€performedÏthe€autopsy€of€McDonald.€€She€said€that€McDonald€suffered€injuries€to€the€heart,€a€lung,Ïand€other€organs,€causing€death€by€internal€bleeding.€€Dr.€Gunther€testified€thatÏMcDonald€received€a€total€of€twenty„five€stab€wounds,€ten€of€which€would€have€beenÏfatal€by€themselves.€€Dr.€Gunther€described€defensive€wounds€found€on€McDonald'sÏhands€and€arms.€€She€said€that€McDonald€was€five€feet€ten€inches€tall€and€weighed€oneÏhundred€seventy„four€pounds.€€She€stated€that€McDonald€had€a€tattoo,€"GD,"€on€hisÏchest.ÌÔ#† X³XXX6\üC#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ôà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àInmate€Jeffrey€Johnson€testified€that€he€was€not€in€C€pod€on€the€day€ofÏthe€crimes.€€He€testified€that€he€asked€Officer€Cobb€a€couple€of€months€after€the€crimesÐ È7À04 Ðif€he€had€been€afraid€of€Hale.€€He€said€that€Officer€Cobb€responded€that€he€had€notÏbeen€afraid.€€Johnson€conceded€that€he€had€been€convicted€of€armed€robbery,€assaultÏwith€intent€to€commit€murder,€fraud,€breach€of€trust,€and€writing€a€bad€check.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àInmate€Johnny€Catron€testified€that€he€was€not€in€C€pod€when€the€crimesÏtook€place€but€that€he€saw€officers€running€toward€C€pod€and€Officer€Cobb€standingÏoutside€the€pod€door.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€know€McDonald.€€He€said€that€Goss€hadÏtold€him€that€he€was€having€problems€with€gang€members.€€He€stated€that€Goss€saidÏthat€he€had€argued€with€them€about€throwing€trash€on€the€floor€while€he€was€cleaning€inÏA€pod.€€He€said€that€Goss€acted€scared€and€that€Goss€had€told€him€that€the€gangÏmembers€had€threatened€to€kill€him.€€He€testified€that€he€saw€Goss€going€into€HaleððsÏcell€the€day€of€the€offenses.€€Catron€admitted€that€he€had€three€or€four€convictions€forÏsecond€degree€burglary,€two€convictions€for€jail€escapes,€two€convictions€for€armedÏrobbery,€and€a€conviction€for€introduction€of€contraband€into€a€penal€institution.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àInmate€David€Mansfield€testified€that€he€lived€in€C€pod€for€five€days€butÏthat€he€had€been€moved€and€was€not€present€when€the€offenses€occurred.Ô#† X³XXX6\H#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô€€He€said€thatÐ %  Ðhe€knew€McDonald€and€had€worked€with€him€for€three€or€four€months.€€Mansfield€saidÏthat€McDonald€was€a€member€of€a€gang€called€the€Gangster€Disciples,€and€that€thisÏgang€had€a€reputation€for€being€bullies.€€He€said€that€he€saw€McDonald€interacting€withÏother€gang€members.€€He€said€that€McDonald€had€similar€tattoos€and€made€hand€signsÏsimilar€to€the€other€gangsters.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\¾N#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔÐ h.`'* ÐÌà ¸ àMansfield€testified€that€he€had€problems€with€McDonald.€€He€testified€thatÏMcDonald€told€him€that€ð ðyou€play€with€fire,€you€wind€up€getting€burned.ðð€€MansfieldÏbelieved€that€he€was€being€threatened€by€McDonaldððs€statement.€€He€said€thatÏMcDonald€had€also€threatened€him€in€the€past€regarding€money€he€owed€anotherÐ È7À04 Ðperson.€€Mansfield€said€that€a€few€days€before€the€crimes€took€place,€he€heardÏMcDonald€talking€about€an€unidentified€Caucasian€man€who€cleaned€A€pod€to€some€ofÏhis€friends.€€He€testified€that€McDonald€said€that€the€man€was€not€doing€what€he€shouldÏbe€doing.€€He€said€that€McDonald€stated€that€they€would€have€to€do€something€to€takeÏcare€of€him€and€to€let€him€know€who€was€running€the€place.€€He€testified€that€McDonaldÏdescribed€the€man€as€a€ð ðpunk,ðð€meaning€that€he€was€a€homosexual.€€Mansfield€saidÏthat€he€then€saw€McDonald€with€a€knife,€but€he€conceded€that€he€did€not€tell€anyoneÏabout€it.€€He€said€that€it€was€common€for€inmates€to€have€knives.€€On€cross„¼examination,€Mansfield€conceded€that€he€was€serving€concurrent€sentences€forÏattempted€first€degree€murder€and€theft€of€property€valued€over€one€thousand€dollars.Ô#† X³XXX6\”P#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔÐ èà Ðà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àInmate€Doug€England€testified€that€fifteen€days€before€the€crimes,€heÏmoved€into€A€pod€and€lived€there€on€the€day€of€the€crimes.€€He€said€that€Goss€was€theÏcleanup€person€in€A€pod.€€England€said€that€McDonald€had€a€reputation€for€being€aÏmember€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€He€stated€that€some€inmates€in€A€pod€asked€GossÏto€pass€things€between€cells€for€them€while€he€was€cleaning.€€He€testified€that€whenÏGoss€refused,€the€inmates€threw€milk,€urine,€feces,€and€other€items€at€Goss.€€He€statedÏthat€other€inmates€threatened€to€beat€or€kill€Goss.€€He€said€that€McDonald€was€biggerÏthan€the€defendant.€€He€testified€that€threats€happen€often€in€prison€and€that€he€takesÏthem€seriously.€€England€admitted€that€he€was€in€prison€serving€sentences€for€threeÏcounts€of€aggravated€burglary.ÌÌà ¸ àHale€testified€that€he€and€Goss€were€lovers.€€He€said€that€McDonald€wasÏa€gang€member,€and€he€believed€that€trouble€with€one€member€of€the€gang€would€beÏtrouble€with€ñ0ñœñ0ñallñ-ñ€membersñ-ñ.ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€€He€said€that€McDonald€told€him€that€he€knew€about€theÏdefendants'€relationship€and€told€him€that€he€was€having€problems€with€Goss€notÏpassing€notes€for€his€friends.€€Hale€testified€that€McDonald€told€him€that€the€problemÐ È7À04 Ðwould€be€dealt€with€if€it€were€not€resolved.€€Hale€believed€McDonald's€statements€to€beÏa€threat€to€his€own€safety€as€well€as€to€Goss'€safety€because€McDonald€stated€that€allÏwhites€and€homosexuals€needed€to€be€killed.€€Hale€testified€that€on€the€day€of€theÏoffenses,€he€told€Goss€what€McDonald€had€said.€€He€said€that€he€told€Goss€that€theyÏshould€keep€their€eyes€on€McDonald€and€the€other€inmates€but€that€they€should€not€toÏdo€anything€unless€McDonald€or€the€other€inmates€did€something€first.€€Hale€testifiedÏthat€he€and€Goss€did€not€plan€to€kill€McDonald.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àHale€testified€that€McDonald€jerked€open€Hale's€cell€door€while€Hale€wasÏin€the€hallway€and€Goss€was€in€Hale's€cell.€€He€said€that€McDonald€had€a€knife€in€hisÏhand.€€He€said€that€he€hit€McDonald€with€his€fist€and€took€the€knife€away€from€him.€€HeÏtestified€that€he,€Goss,€and€McDonald€wrestled€for€the€knife€and€that€his€hand€was€cutÏduring€the€struggle.€€Hale€stated€that€McDonald€then€fell€down€the€stairs.€€He€testifiedÏthat€he€ran€down€the€stairs€after€McDonald€but€that€he€did€not€touch€McDonald€again.€€Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àHale€testified€that€he€saw€Officer€Cobb,€but€he€denied€waving€a€knife€atÏhim€and€said€that€he€did€not€intend€to€hurt€Officer€Cobb.€€He€said€that€Officer€Cobb€leftÏthe€pod€before€the€other€officers€arrived.€€He€said€that€he€and€Goss€complied€when€theÏofficers€told€them€to€put€down€their€knives.€€He€said€that€because€he€believed€that€GossÏwould€be€harmed€by€inmates€belonging€to€a€gang€who€were€in€the€hall,€he€picked€upÏboth€knives€and€held€them€in€one€hand.€€He€stated€that€when€an€officer€told€him€thatÏGoss€would€not€be€harmed€by€a€gang€member,€he€laid€both€knives€down.€€Hale€testifiedÏthat€he€heard€Officer€Cobb€state€that€he€was€not€afraid€of€him€on€that€day.€€He€said€thatÏhe€became€involved€in€the€incident€because€he€did€not€want€Goss€to€be€hurt.€€HeÏconceded€that€Goss€was€not€supposed€to€be€in€C€pod€when€the€offenses€occurred.Ìâ âà ¸ àà  àÐ è5à.2 Ðà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€Hale€testified€that€McDonald€was€wearing€only€aÏâ âtowel.€€He€said€that€it€was€not€uncommon€to€take€a€knife€to€the€shower.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\U#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔHe€said€thatÐ èà Ðwhen€the€offenses€occurred,€there€were€three€other€gang€members€in€the€pod€andÏpossibly€more€in€the€showers.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\‘c#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔHe€testified€that€threats€and€intimidation€were€commonÐ ¨   Ðin€prison.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€say€anything€to€the€officers,€denying€that€he€told€theÏofficers€to€leave€Goss€alone.€€Hale€could€not€explain€how€McDonald€had€been€stabbedÏso€many€times,€and€he€stated€that€the€stabbing€could€have€occurred€as€he,€Goss,€andÏMcDonald€were€wrestling€for€the€knife.€€He€conceded€that€it€was€possible€that€heÏstabbed€McDonald€a€couple€of€times€as€they€were€wrestling€at€the€top€of€the€stairs.Ô#† X³XXX6\bd#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔÐ  Ðà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àGoss€testified€that€he€was€serving€a€twenty„five„year€sentence€and€that€heÏhad€spent€two€years€in€maximum€security€for€assault.€€He€testified€that€he€was€five€ñ0ñœñ0ñfeet„¼sevenñ0ñ›ñ0ñ€inches€tall€and€weighed€one€hundred€fifty€pounds.€€Goss€said€that€he€lived€in€DÏpod€of€Unit€5€on€the€day€of€the€crimes.€€He€stated€that€Hale€was€his€friend€and€lover.€ÏHe€testified€that€he€worked€as€a€cleanup€person€in€A€pod€of€Unit€5.€€He€stated€that€noÏone€wanted€to€work€in€that€pod€because€of€the€gang€members.€€He€testified€that€anyoneÏwho€offended€one€member€of€the€Gangster€Disciples€would€be€attacked€by€eight€toÏtwelve€gang€members.€€He€said€that€he€knew€McDonald€was€a€member€of€the€GangsterÏDisciples.€€He€stated€that€on€earlier€occasions€while€he€was€cleaning,€some€of€the€gangÏmembers€in€A€pod€asked€him€to€pass€things€between€cells€for€them.€€He€stated€thatÏwhen€he€refused,€they€cursed€him€and€threw€spoiled€milk,€urine,€and€feces€at€him.€€HeÏsaid€that€they€also€threatened€to€kill€him€and€told€him€their€fellow€gang€members€wouldÏdo€it€if€they€could€not.€€He€said€that€he€was€afraid€because€of€the€threats.€€He€testifiedÏthat€the€threats€to€kill€him€started€about€a€week€before€the€incident.€Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àGoss€testified€that€he€wrote€letters€to€the€wardens€of€two€other€prisonsÏasking€to€be€transferred€to€their€institutions€because€he€wanted€to€get€away€from€theÐ È7À04 Ðgang€members.€€He€conceded€that€he€did€not€mention€the€death€threats€in€the€letters.€ÏHe€identified€the€two€letters,€and€they€were€introduced€as€exhibits.€€In€the€letters,€GossÏstated€that€he€feared€gang€activity€at€the€prison€and€that€he€wanted€to€be€transferred€toÏget€away€from€the€gangs.€€Goss€testified€that€he€told€Hale,€Catron,€and€Unit€ManagerÏJimmy€Harrison€about€his€problems.€€He€told€Harrison€that€he€wanted€to€be€the€cleanupÏperson€for€D€pod.€€He€also€testified€that€he€tried€to€get€other€jobs€in€prison.€€He€statedÏthat€his€requests€for€a€job€transfer€were€denied.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àGoss€testified€that€he€went€to€Haleððs€cell€on€the€day€of€the€crimes.€€HeÏtestified€that€he€was€there€from€around€8:45€a.m.€until€the€crimes€occurred.€€He€saidÏthat€he€had€a€knife€with€him€for€protection.€€He€testified€that€he€was€scared€when€HaleÏtold€him€that€McDonald€had€said€that€if€Goss€did€not€start€passing€things,€the€problemÏwould€be€resolved.€€He€stated€that€Hale€told€him€not€to€do€anything€unless€absolutelyÏnecessary.€€He€testified€that€Hale€pointed€out€McDonald€as€the€person€making€theÏthreats.€€Goss€stated€that€he€later€saw€McDonald€stop€and€talk€to€three€other€gangÏmembers€before€going€to€the€shower.€€He€said€that€McDonald€and€the€other€inmatesÏwhispered€and€looked€at€Hale.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àGoss€testified€that€McDonald€returned€and€approached€the€cell€door.€€HeÏsaid€that€when€McDonald€saw€him€inside,€McDonald€jerked€open€the€cell€door€and€tookÏout€a€knife€that€had€been€wrapped€in€a€washcloth.€€He€said€that€he€was€afraid€of€beingÏkilled€or€seriously€injured€if€McDonald€came€into€the€cell.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\–f#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔGoss€stated€that€he€then€tookÐ h.`'* Ðthe€knife€that€he€had€with€him€and€hit€McDonald€in€the€chest€and€pushed€him€out€of€theÏcell.€€He€said€that€Hale€then€grabbed€McDonaldððs€arm€and€pulled€McDonald€around.€€HeÏstated€that€while€Hale€attempted€to€take€the€knife€away€from€McDonald,€GossÏrepeatedly€stabbed€McDonald.€€He€said€that€Hale€was€able€to€take€the€knife€away€fromÏMcDonald.€€He€stated€that€as€the€three€men€were€fighting,€McDonald€tried€to€grab€theÐ È7À04 Ðknife€and€the€defendants.€€He€said€that€McDonald€hit€a€telephone€and€fell€down.€€GossÏtestified€that€he€then€stabbed€McDonald€again,€and€McDonald€fell€down€the€stairs.€ÏGoss€said€that€ñ0ñœñ0ññ.ñbecause€he€was€afraidñ.ññ/ñfearing›€thatñ/ññ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€the€other€inmates€would€throw€him€over€theÏrailing,€he€ran€down€the€stairs€and€continued€to€stab€McDonald€until€the€officers€arrived.€ÏGoss€testified€that€when€the€officers€arrived,€he€asked€Hale€if€Hale€wanted€him€to€putÏthe€knife€down.€€He€said€that€he€put€his€knife€down€when€Hale€told€him€to€put€it€down.€ÏHe€stated€that€Hale€then€picked€up€both€knives.€€Goss€said€that€neither€he€nor€HaleÏpointed€the€knives€at€the€officers,€went€ñ0ñœñ0ñtowardñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€Officer€Cobb€with€a€knife,€or€saidÏanything€to€Officer€Cobb.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àGoss€testified€that€Hale€then€said€that€he€did€not€want€Goss€to€go€whereÏgang€members€could€harm€him.€€He€said€that€when€Corporal€Williams€told€Hale€thatÏGoss€would€not€be€placed€in€danger,€Hale€put€down€both€knives.€€Goss€said€that€heÏwas€afraid€the€gang€members€would€attack€him,€even€though€officers€were€present.€€HeÏstated€that€Hale€did€not€have€a€knife€before€the€offenses€took€place.€€Goss€said€that€heÏdid€not€plan€to€kill€McDonald€and€claimed€that€he€stabbed€in€self„defense€because€heÏbelieved€that€McDonald€was€coming€into€the€cell€to€kill€him.€€He€said€that€the€stabbingÏoccurred€because€no€one€would€help€him.Ìà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€Goss€conceded€that€he€was€not€supposed€to€be€inÏC€pod.€€He€said€that€when€he€saw€McDonald€pull€out€the€knife,€Haleððs€cell€door€wasÏopen€only€three€to€three„and„one„half€inches.€€He€testified€that€he€stabbed€McDonaldÏfirst.€€He€said€that€Hale€appeared€as€soon€as€he€pushed€McDonald€out€of€the€cell.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€kept€stabbing€McDonald€because€McDonald€continued€to€come€ñ0ñœñ0ñtowardñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñÏhim.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€realize€that€McDonald€was€nude€and€unarmed€when€heÏâ âran€down€the€stairs€and€continued€to€stab€him.€€He€denied€telling€Corporal€Wilson€thatÐ è5à.2 Ðhe€killed€McDonald.€€He€said€that€he€told€Lieutenant€Bratton€that€McDonald€had€tried€toÏkill€him€but€that€he€had€gotten€McDonald€first.Ìâ âà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àGoss€testified€that€he€had€been€stabbed€before€in€prison€and€that€he€tookÏthreats€seriously.€€He€said€that€if€McDonald€had€not€attempted€to€attack€him€in€his€cellÏwith€the€knife,€he€would€not€have€stabbed€him.€€He€conceded€that€his€lawyer€was€theÏonly€person€he€told€about€the€gang€members,€about€McDonald€attacking€him€first,€andÏabout€McDonald€coming€into€Haleððs€cell.ÌÌà@’’ Dàò òI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óÔ#† X³XXX6\s#ԈРèà Ðà ¸ àThe€defendants€argue€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theirÏconvictions€for€first€degree€murder€and€aggravated€assault.€€Our€standard€of€reviewÏwhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questioned€on€appeal€is€"whether,€after€viewingÏthe€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€factÐ ,$ Ðcould€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€ÏòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€thatÐ Ä"¼ Ðwe€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence,€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€inÏthe€testimony€and€drawn€all€reasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€theÏstate.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,Ð (( !$ Ð571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€ÌÌà@õõ$Dàò òA.€€FIRST€DEGREE€MURDERó óˆÐ Œ-„&* Ðà ¸ àThe€defendants€contend€that€there€is€insufficient€evidence€ofÏpremeditation€and€deliberation€to€support€a€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.€€TheyÏargue€that€the€only€proof€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€is€the€testimony€of€Dr.ÏGunther€concerning€the€multiple€stab€wounds,€and€multiple€stab€wounds€are€notÏsufficient€to€establish€premeditation€or€deliberation.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2dÐ ”6Œ/4 Ð530,€542„43€(Tenn.€1992)€(more€than€repeated€blows€must€be€shown€to€establish€firstÐ `8X16 Ðdegree€murder).€€Goss€also€argues€that€the€evidence€shows€that€he€acted€in€self„¼defense€or,€at€most,€second€degree€murder.€€We€hold€that€the€evidence€establishesÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€defendantsðð€guilt€for€first€degree€murder.€€ÌÌà ¸ àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€establishes€that€theÏñ0ñœñ0ñdefendantsñ0ñ›ñ0ñ€killed€McDonald€deliberately€and€with€premeditation.€€The€proof€shows€thatÏon€the€day€of€the€offenses,€Hale€told€Goss€that€McDonald€had€made€threats€againstÏhim€and€Goss.€€When€McDonald€returned€from€the€shower€wearing€only€a€towel,€HaleÏshut€McDonaldððs€cell€door.€€Goss,€who€did€not€have€permission€to€be€in€the€pod,€thenÏran€up€the€stairs.€€Although€McDonald€was€unarmed,€the€defendants€stabbed€himÏrepeatedly€as€they€struggled,€and€McDonald€fell€down€the€stairs.€€The€defendants€ranÏdown€the€steps€after€McDonald,€and€Goss€kneeled€over€McDonald€and€repeatedlyÏstabbed€him€in€the€chest€as€he€lay€naked€on€the€floor.€€As€Goss€was€stabbingÏMcDonald,€Hale€held€a€knife€in€his€hand€and€told€the€officers€to€leave€Goss€alone€whileÏhe€was€ð ðtaking€care€of€business.ðð€€Afterwards,€the€defendants€appeared€calm.€€Also,ÏGoss€told€Officer€Wilson€that€he€killed€McDonald,€calling€McDonald€a€racial€name.€ÏGoss€also€told€Lieutenant€Bratton€that€he€killed€McDonald€before€McDonald€got€to€him,Ïstating€that€he€would€do€it€again€if€necessary.€€Although€the€defendants€claimed€thatÏthey€acted€in€self„defense,€the€jury€was€entitled€to€reject€the€self„defense€claim.€€WeÏhold€that€there€is€ample€evidence€from€which€the€jury€could€conclude€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€the€defendants€killed€McDonald€intentionally,€deliberately€andÏwith€premeditation.€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà@üü$Dàò òB.€€AGGRAVATED€ASSAULTó óˆÐ \0T). Ðà ¸ àNext,€the€defendants€assert€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€supportÏtheir€convictions€for€aggravated€assault.€€They€argue€that€Officer€Cobbððs€testimony€isÏnot€adequate€proof€to€show€that€the€defendants€assaulted€Officer€Cobb,€given€the€factÏthat€his€testimony€was€contradicted€by€other€proof.€€However,€we€presume€on€appealÐ ˜706 Ðthat€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€all€reasonableÏinferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòSheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€at€547;Ð ÔÌ ÐòòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.Ð   ˜ ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendants€also€argue€that€the€evidence€does€not€show€that€OfficerÏCobb€suffered€bodily€injury€or€was€reasonably€in€fear€of€imminent€bodily€injury.€€In€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€shows€that€the€defendants€came€towardÏOfficer€Cobb€with€knives€in€their€hands€and€that€Hale€stood€in€front€of€Officer€Cobb€withÏthe€knife€while€Goss€stabbed€McDonald.€€Officer€Cobb€testified€that€he€was€scared€ofÏthe€defendants€and€that€he€feared€for€his€life.€€The€jury€was€entitled€to€accredit€OfficerÏCobbððs€testimony.€€We€hold€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€establish€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€the€defendants€were€guilty€of€aggravated€assault.€€€€ÌÌà@Ê Ê Dàò òII.€€ADMISSION€OF€A€PHOTOGRAPH€OF€THE€MURDER€VICTIMˆÐ d\ Ðó óÔ‡X6\XX X³Ôà ¸ àThe€defendants€contend€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€intoÐ < 4 Ðevidence€a€photograph€of€the€murder€victim.€€They€argue€that€the€photograph€shouldÏhave€been€excluded€because€it€had€no€probative€ñ0ñœñ0ñvalue,ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€and€any€probative€value€wasÏsubstantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€andÏmisleading€the€jury€or€the€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.Ð ¼'´ $ ÐEvid.€401€and€403.€€The€defendants€assert€that€the€photograph€should€not€have€beenÏadmitted€because€they€did€not€dispute€the€cause€of€death€and€because€the€autopsyÏreport€and€Dr.€Guntherððs€testimony€sufficiently€explained€the€type€of€wounds,€the€extentÏof€the€victimððs€injuries€and€the€cause€of€death.€€The€state€responds€that€the€photographÏof€the€victim€was€relevant€to€establish€premeditation€and€to€rebut€the€defendantsðð€claimÏof€self„defense.€€It€argues€that€the€photograph€was€not€overly€prejudicial€because€it€wasÏtaken€from€a€distance€and€was€ñ0ñœñ0ñnotñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€in€focus.€Ìâ âÐ ¼6´/4 Ðà ¸ àThe€leading€case€in€Tennessee€regarding€the€admissibility€of€photographsÏâ âof€murder€victims€is€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947€(Tenn.€1978),€in€which€theÐ èà Ðsupreme€court€held€that€the€determination€of€admissibility€is€within€the€discretion€of€theÏtrial€court€after€considering€the€relevance,€probative€value€and€potential€unfairÏprejudicial€effect€of€such€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€The€general€rule,€asÐ ˆ€ Ðstated€in€òòBanksóó,€is€that€ð ðphotographs€of€the€corpse€are€admissible€in€murderÐ h`  Ðprosecutions€if€they€are€relevant€to€the€issues€on€trial,€notwithstanding€their€gruesomeÏand€horrifying€character.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€950„51.€€On€the€other€hand,€ð ðif€they€are€not€relevant€toÐ (  Ðprove€some€part€of€the€prosecutionððs€case,€they€may€not€be€admitted€solely€to€inflameÏthe€jury€and€prejudice€them€against€the€defendant.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€951.€€Ð èà ÐÌà ¸ àThus,€even€relevant€evidence€should€be€excluded€if€its€probative€value€isÏsubstantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice€to€the€defendant.€€òòIdóó.;€òòseeóóÐ ˆ€ Ðòòalsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€In€òòBanksóó,€the€court€stated,€ð ðThe€more€gruesome€theÐ h` Ðphotographs,€the€more€difficult€it€is€to€ñ0ñœñ0ñestablish€thatñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€their€probative€value€and€relevanceÏoutweigh€their€prejudicial€effect.ðð€€564€S.W.2d€at€951.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€photograph€of€the€murder€victim€introduced€by€the€state€in€this€case€isÏfrom€a€Polaroid€instant€camera€and€is€approximately€three€inches€by€three€inches€inÏsize.€€It€shows€the€victim€from€the€knees€up€lying€naked€on€his€back€on€the€concreteÏfloor.€€The€victimððs€arms€are€lying€by€his€side.€€Blood€is€on€the€victimððs€upper€body,€andÏÔ#† X³XXX6\t’#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ôa€pool€of€blood€surrounds€the€victimððs€upper€body.€€It€is€not€a€ñ0ñœñ0ñcloseupñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€shot.€€TheÐ h.`'* Ðphotograph€has€a€dull€quality,€without€vivid€or€clear€colors.€€The€photograph€also€has€aÏyellow€piece€of€paper€taped€over€the€victimððs€groin€area.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€record€reflects€that€the€prosecutor€sought€to€introduce€twoÏphotographs€of€the€victim,€ñ0ñœñ0ñoneñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€taken€close€up€and€the€other€ñ0ñœñ0ñtakenñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€at€a€distance.€€TheÐ È7À04 Ðprosecutor€conceded€that€the€photographs€could€be€construed€to€be€gruesome€becauseÏthey€showed€the€victim€nude€lying€in€a€pool€of€blood.€€He€argued€that€they€were€notÏseeking€to€introduce€the€photographs€of€the€victim€to€inflame€the€jury€but€rather€to€showÏthe€crime€scene€and€the€manner€in€which€the€victim€was€killed.€€The€prosecutor€arguedÏthat€the€photographs€were€relevant€to€show€premeditation€in€that€they€show€theÏruthlessness€of€the€attack€on€the€defenseless€victim.€€The€trial€court€sustained€theÏdefendantsðð€objection€as€to€the€ñ0ñœñ0ñcloseupñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€photograph€but€overruled€the€objection€relativeÏto€the€photograph€taken€at€a€distance.€€The€court€placed€the€yellow€piece€of€paper€overÏthe€victimððs€genitalia,€stating€that€it€did€not€want€to€offend€any€of€the€jurors.€€ÌÌà ¸ àWe€note€that€our€supreme€court€has€held€that€the€fact€that€repeated€blowsÏor€shots€were€inflicted€on€the€victim€is€not€sufficient,€by€itself,€to€establish€premeditationÏand€deliberation€for€a€first€degree€murder€conviction.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542.€€TheÐ ˆ€ Ðcourt€reasoned€that€repeated€blows€can€also€be€delivered€in€the€heat€of€passion€withoutÏany€design€or€reflection,€and€thus,€only€when€the€multiple€ð ðblows€are€inflicted€as€a€resultÏof€premeditation€and€deliberation€can€they€be€said€to€prove€first„degree€murder.ðð€€òòIdóó.€Ð (#  ÐTherefore,€the€probative€value€of€the€picture€relative€to€premeditation€and€deliberation€isÏquestionable.ÌÌà ¸ àHowever,€our€supreme€court€also€stated€that€photographs€of€the€victimÏmay€be€admitted€ð ðas€evidence€of€the€brutality€of€the€attack€and€the€extent€of€force€usedÏagainst€the€victim,€from€which€the€jury€could€infer€malice,€either€express€or€implied.ðð€ÏòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€551;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€576€(Tenn.€1993)Ð H0@), Ð(Trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€admitting€a€photograph€of€the€victim€when€theÏtrial€court€stated€that€the€photograph€was€relevant€to€show€ð ðððpremeditation,€malice€andÏintent€because€of€the€multiplicity€of€these€wounds€and€an€obvious€intent€of€whoever€wasÏinflicting€these€wounds.ðððð).€€In€this€case,€the€state€was€required€to€prove€that€the€killingÐ È7À04 Ðwas€intentional.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€The€defendants€claimed€that€they€actedÐ  Ðin€self„defense€and€thus,€were€not€guilty€of€first€degree€murder.€€The€picture€of€theÏvictim€demonstrates€that€the€stabbing€was€a€brutal€one€and€thus€is€probative€to€theÏissue€of€the€defendantsðð€ñ0ñœñ0ñintent.ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñÌÌà ¸ àWe€note€that€the€pictureððs€probative€value€is€somewhat€diminished€givenÏthe€other€evidence€in€the€case.€€The€officers€testified€that€they€found€the€victim€nudeÏlying€on€his€back€in€a€pool€of€blood€and€without€a€weapon.€€Dr.€Gunther€provided€aÏdetailed€description€of€the€victimððs€injuries.€€The€autopsy€report€introduced€as€an€exhibitÏalso€detailed€the€nature€of€the€victimððs€injuries€and€the€cause€of€death.€€The€defendantsÏdid€not€contest€the€cause€of€the€victimððs€death.€€Goss€did€not€deny€that€he€stabbed€theÏvictim,€and€Hale€conceded€that€it€was€possible€that€he€stabbed€the€victim€a€couple€ofÏtimes€as€they€were€wrestling€at€the€top€of€the€stairs.€€Because€this€evidence€wasÏpresented,€the€admission€of€the€photograph€could€be€viewed€as€cumulative€evidence,Ïand€the€need€for€it€on€the€issue€of€the€defendantsðð€intent€was€minimized.ÌÌà ¸ àIn€weighing€the€probative€value€of€the€photograph€against€its€risk€of€unfairÏprejudice,€though,€we€do€not€believe€that€the€single€photograph€is€particularly€gruesomeÏor€graphic.€€In€our€review,€we€are€unable€to€conclude€that€the€photographððs€probativeÏvalue€was€substantially€outweighed€by€the€risk€of€unfair€prejudice.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð ¨* #& Ð403.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€photograph€of€the€victim€intoÏevidence.Ìà ¸ àÔ#† X³XXX6\Zž#ÔÌÔ‡X6\XX X³Ôà@DD/Dàò òˆÌÌà@DD/Dàñ0ñœñ0ñˆÌÐ ´7¬04 Ðà@[ [ DàIII.ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€€INTRODUCTION€OF€STATEMENT€BY€GOSS€€ˆÌó óà ¸ àGoss€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€into€evidence€hisÐ èà Ðstatement€to€Corporal€Wilson€to€the€effect€that€he€killed€McDonald.€€He€asserts€that€heÏwas€in€custody€for€òòMirandaóó€purposes€and€that€his€statement€should€have€beenÐ ¨   Ðsuppressed€because€it€was€made€before€òòMirandaóó€warnings€were€given.€€The€stateÐ ˆ€ Ðresponds€that€the€statement€was€properly€admitted€because€it€was€made€before€theÏdefendant€was€taken€into€custody€for€the€killing.€€ÌÌà ¸ àñ0ñœñ0ñInitially,€we€note€thatñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€the€trial€court€ñ0ñœñ0ñdid€notñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€conduct€a€hearing€out€of€theÏpresence€of€the€jury€as€to€the€admissibility€of€ñ0ñœñ0ñGossðð€confession.ñ0ñ›ñ0ñ€€ñ0ñœñ0ñGoss€asserts€that€thisÏfailure€did€not€comply€with€theñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€ð ðorthodox€ruleðð€relative€to€the€determination€of€theÏadmissibility€of€a€confession.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pursleyóó,€550€S.W.2d€949,€950€(Tenn.€ñ0ñœñ0ñ1977)ñ,ñ.€ñ,ññ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñÐ ¨  Ð(When€objection€made€to€admissibility€Ô#† X³XXX6\W°#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ôof€confession,€proper€procedure€is€to€conductÐ ˆ€ Ðhearing€outside€presence€of€jury€to€determine€ñ0ñœñ0ñadmissibility.)ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€€However,€ñ0ñœñ0ñGossñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€reliesÏupon€procedures€that€were€used€before€the€adoption€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€ofÏCriminal€Procedure.€€ÌÌà ¸ àPursuant€to€Rule€12(b)(3)€and€(e),€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€a€motion€to€suppressÏevidence€must€be€filed€and€determined€before€trial.€€The€rule€is€applicable€when€a€claimÏof€a€constitutional€right€is€involved€whose€violation€would€lead€to€suppression€ofÏevidence.€€òòState€v.€Footeóó,€ñ0ñœñ0ñ631€ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñS.W.€2d€470,€ñ0ñœñ0ñ472„73ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€Ð ˆ,€%( ÐMoreover,€the€failure€to€raise€the€suppression€issue€pretrial€constitutes€a€waiver€of€suchÏissue,€absent€good€cause€that€merits€relief€from€the€waiver.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12(f).€€ÌÌà ¸ àOn€the€other€hand,€we€note€that€the€state€did€not€object€to€Goss€raisingÏâ âthe€issue€during€the€trial€and€did€not€raise€the€issue€of€waiver€until€oral€argument€beforeÐ è5à.2 Ðthis€court.€€Needless€to€say,€Goss€was€not€provided€an€adequate€forum€to€establishÏgood€cause,€if€any€exists,€for€not€raising€the€issue€pretrial.Ìâ âÌà ¸ àIn€any€event,€we€note€that€a€brief€bench€conference€was€held€relative€toÏGossðð€objection,€but€Goss€did€not€request€that€a€separate€hearing€be€conducted.€ÏRather,€he€argued€ñ0ñœñ0ñatñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€the€ñ0ñœñ0ñconferenceñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€that€the€statement€was€inadmissible€because€itÏwas€given€before€òòMirandaóó€warnings€were€provided.€€The€trial€court€overruled€GossððÐ H@  Ðobjection.€€Given€all€of€the€circumstances,€we€do€not€fault€the€trial€court€for€the€summaryÏprocedure€it€invoked.€€ÌÌà ¸ àFinally,€we€believe€thatÔ#† X³XXX6\žµ#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô€the€circumstances€of€the€questioning€in€this€caseÐ ÈÀ Ðdid€not€require€the€warnings€to€be€given€pursuant€to€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,Ð ¨  Ð444,€86€S.€Ct.€1602,€1612€(1966),€before€Goss€made€his€admission€to€Corporal€Wilson.€ÏPursuant€to€òòMirandaóó,€custodial€interrogation€entails€ð ðquestioning€initiated€by€lawÐ h` Ðenforcement€officers€after€a€person€has€been€taken€into€custody€or€otherwise€deprivedÏof€his€freedom€of€action€in€any€significant€way.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€In€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€937€S.W.2dÐ (#  Ð851€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supreme€court€held€that:à8 È àÐ% È(#È(# ÐÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àthe€appropriate€inquiry€in€determining€whether€anÏindividual€is€ð ðin€custodyðð€and€entitled€to€òòMirandaóóÐ Ø'Ð # Ðwarnings€is€whether,€under€the€totality€of€theÏcircumstances,€a€reasonable€person€in€the€suspectððsÏposition€would€consider€himself€or€herself€deprived€ofÏmovement€to€a€degree€associated€with€a€formal€arrest.ðð€Ïñ0ñœñ0ñTheñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€test€is€objective€from€the€viewpoint€of€the€suspect,Ïand€the€unarticulated€subjective€view€of€lawÏenforcement€officials€that€the€individual€beingÏquestioned€is€or€is€not€a€suspect€does€not€bear€uponÏthe€question.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓÓ  ÓòòIdóó.€at€855.€Ð (2 +. ÐÌà ¸ àòòMirandaóó€must€be€strictly€enforced,€but€only€in€those€situations€in€which€theÐ è5à.2 Ðconcerns€that€motivated€the€decision€are€implicated.€€òòIllinois€v.€Perkinsóó,€496€U.S.€294,Ð È7À04 Ð296,€110€S.€Ct.€2394,€2397€(1990).€€On„the„scene€questioning€does€not€implicateÏòòMirandaóó€concerns,€and€thus,€òòMirandaóó€warnings€are€not€required.€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€atÐ èà Ð477,€86€S.€Ct.€at€1629.€€Ô#† X³XXX6\)½#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³ÔAlso,€òòMirandaóó€warnings€are€not€required€merely€based€on€aÐ È À Ðdefendantððs€prisoner€status.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Conleyóó,€779€F.2d€970,€972„73€(4thÐ ¨   ÐCir.€1985)Ô#† X³XXX6\»Ä#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô;€òòCervantes€v.€Walkeróó,€589€F.2d€424,€427€(9th€Cir.€1978)Ô#† X³XXX6\ÓÅ#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô.€€The€United€StatesÐ ˆ€ ÐSupreme€Court€stated€in€òòPerkinsóó,€496€U.S.€at€299,€110€S.€Ct.€at€2398,€that€the€ð ðbareÐ h`  Ðfact€of€custody€may€not€in€every€instance€require€a€warning€even€when€the€suspect€isÏaware€that€he€is€speaking€to€an€official€.€.€.€.ððÌÌà ¸ àGoss€argues€that€he€was€in€custody€and€thus€òòMirandaóó€warnings€wereÐ èà Ðnecessary€because€he€was€incarcerated€and€was€not€free€to€leave.€€The€state€respondsÏthat€an€inmate€is€not€in€custody€for€òòMirandaóó€purposes€unless€an€added€restriction€isÐ ¨  Ðplaced€on€the€inmateððs€freedom€of€movement.€€In€support€of€its€position,€the€state€reliesÏupon€òòUnited€States€v.€Cooperóó,€800€F.2d€Ô#† X³XXX6\SÆ#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô412,€414„15€(4th€Cir.€ñ0ñœñ0ñ1986);ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€òòConleyóó,€779€F.2dÐ h` Ðñ0ñœñ0ñatñ0ñ›ñ0ñ€ñ0ñœñ0ñ972„73ñ'ñ€(4th›€Cir.›€1985)ñ'ñÔ#† X³XXX6\qÉ#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô;ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€ñ0ñœñ0ñòòCervantesñ(ñ€v.›€Walkerñ(ñóó,ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€589€F.2d€ñ0ñœñ0ññ)ñatñ)ññ*ñ424,ñ*ññ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€ñ0ñœñ0ñ427ñ+ñ€(9th›€Cir.›€1978)ñ+ñÔ#† X³XXX6\aÊ#ÔÔ‡X6\XX X³Ô.ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€€Under€òòCooperóó,€òòConleyóó€and€òòCervantesóó,€anÐ H!@ Ðinmate€is€not€in€custody€for€òòMirandaóó€purposes€unless€there€is€an€added€imposition€onÐ (#  Ðthe€inmateððs€freedom€of€movement.€€Relevant€to€this€determination€is€(1)€the€languageÏused€to€summon€the€inmate,€(2)€the€physical€surroundings€of€the€interrogation,€(3)€theÏextent€to€which€he€is€confronted€with€evidence€of€his€guilt,€and€(4)€the€additionalÏpressure€exerted€to€detain€the€inmate.€€We€agree€that€this€standard€is€best€suited€toÏdetermine€whether€òòMirandaóó€warnings€must€precede€questioning€in€a€prison€setting,Ð ˆ,€%( Ðgiven€the€fact€that€a€prisoner€would€always€believe€that€he€was€not€free€to€leave€theÏprison.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àApplying€this€standard,€we€hold€that€Goss€was€not€in€custody,€and€thus,ÏòòMirandaóó€warnings€were€not€necessary.€€Corporal€Wilson€did€not€summon€the€defendantÐ è5à.2 Ðnor€did€he€restrict€Gossðð€manner€of€movement€by€the€nature€of€his€questioning.€€TheÐ È7À04 Ðquestioning€occurred€as€the€officers€entered€the€pod.€€The€officers€had€not€confrontedÏGoss€with€evidence€of€his€guilt.€€Also,€Goss€was€not€handcuffed€and€moved€from€theÏcrime€scene€until€after€the€questioning€by€Corporal€Wilson.€€We€do€not€believe€that€anÏadditional€restriction€was€placed€on€Gossðð€freedom€of€movement€at€the€time€that€heÏmade€the€statement€to€Corporal€Wilson.€€Therefore,€he€was€not€in€custody€for€òòMirandaóóÐ ˆ€ Ðpurposes.€€€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àMoreover,€the€questioning€in€this€case€amounted€ñ0ñœñ0ñtoñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€ñ0ñœñ0ñon„the„scene,Ïinvestigatory€questioning.ñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ññ0ñ€€When€Corporal€Wilson€arrived€at€Unit€5,€he€saw€GossÏstanding€by€the€door€with€blood€on€his€hands.€€He€then€asked€Goss€what€happened,Ïand€Goss€replied€that€he€had€killed€McDonald.€€Under€these€circumstances,€òòMirandaóóÐ ÈÀ Ðwarnings€were€not€required.€€ð ðResponses€to€general€on„the„scene€questioning€by€anÏofficer€during€the€fact€finding€process€as€to€facts€surrounding€the€crime€are€admissibleÏin€evidence.ðð€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€685€S.W.2d€301,€306€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€WeÐ h` Ðnote,€also,€that€after€Goss€was€taken€to€D€pod€and€handcuffed€and€after€receivingÏòòMirandaóó€warnings,€Goss€told€Lieutenant€Bratton€that€he€had€killed€McDonald€and€thatÐ (#  Ðhe€would€do€it€again€if€necessary.€€We€hold€that€the€statement€was€properly€admitted.€€€€Ì€€€ò òÐ è&à" Ðà@ÀÀDàIV.€€DENIAL€OF€PRELIMINARY€HEARINGó óˆÐ È(À!$ Ðà ¸ àHale€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€motion€for€aÏpreliminary€hearing€or,€in€the€alternative,€to€dismiss€the€indictments.€€He€acknowledgesÏthat€a€preliminary€hearing€is€not€constitutionally€required.€€òòSeeóó€òòMoore€v.€Stateóó,€578Ð h.`'* ÐS.W.2d€78,€80€(Tenn.€1979).€€He€also€acknowledges€that€it€was€within€the€prosecutorððsÏdiscretion€to€seek€an€indictment€through€the€grand€jury€process.€€òòSeeóó€òòVaughn€v.€Stateóó,Ð (2 +. Ð557€S.W.2d€64,€64„65€(Tenn.€1977).€€However,€Hale€asserts€that€Rule€5,€Tenn.€R.€Crim.ÏP.,€required€that€a€preliminary€hearing€be€conducted.€€He€argues€that€he€was€arrestedÏfor€Rule€5€purposes€when€he€was€removed€from€Unit€5€and€placed€in€a€lock„down€unitÐ È7À04 Ðpending€trial.€€The€state€responds€that€the€restricted€nature€of€Haleððs€confinement€afterÏthe€killing€was€part€of€an€internal€disciplinary€action€by€the€prison€authorities€and€did€notÏconstitute€an€arrest€for€Rule€5€purposes,€and€thus,€Hale€was€not€entitled€to€aÏpreliminary€hearing€to€reweigh€the€probable€cause€determination€made€by€the€grandÏjury.€€We€agree.ÌÌà ¸ àRule€5(e),€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€provides:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àà  àAny€defendant€arrested€prior€to€indictment€orÏpresentment€for€any€offense,€whether€misdemeanor€orÏfelony,€except€small€offenses,€shall€be€entitled€to€aÏpreliminary€hearing€upon€the€defendantððs€requestÏtherefor,€whether€the€grand€jury€of€the€county€be€inÏsession€or€not.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àà  àIf€the€defendant€is€indicted€during€the€period€ofÏtime€in€which€the€preliminary€hearing€is€being€continued,Ïor€at€any€time€before€accused€has€been€afforded€aÏpreliminary€hearing€on€a€warrant,€whether€at€theÏdefendantððs€own€request€or€that€of€the€prosecutor,€theÏdefendant€may€dismiss€the€indictment€upon€motion€toÏthe€court.€€Provided,€however,€that€no€such€Motion€toÏDismiss€shall€be€granted€after€the€expiration€of€thirtyÏdays€from€the€date€of€the€defendantððs€arrest.€€Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓÓ  ÓThe€primary€purpose€of€a€preliminary€hearing€is€to€determine€whether€there€is€probableÏcause€to€believe€that€the€accused€committed€the€crime€charged.€€òòState€v.€DððAnnaóó,€506Ð ø%ð! ÐS.W.2d€200,€203€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973).€€à p àÐ Ø'Ð # Ðà ¸ àÌà ¸ àThe€trial€court€denied€the€motion,€concluding€that€a€preliminary€hearingÏwas€not€constitutionally€required€under€the€circumstances.€€It€held€that€a€preliminaryÏhearing€is€mandated€only€when€the€defendant€is€arrested,€not€when€the€prosecutionÏbegins€with€an€indictment,€because€a€post„indictment€determination€of€probable€causeÏis€not€required.€€The€trial€courtððs€order€stated€that€the€defendants€were€not€entitled€to€aÏpreliminary€hearing€under€Rule€5,€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€because€the€defendants€were€inÏâ âprison,€already€in€custody€and€not€arrested€upon€these€charges.€€The€order€furtherÐ Ø6Ð/3 Ðstated€that€the€state€had€the€right€to€omit€the€arrest€procedure€and€take€the€case€directlyÏto€the€grand€jury.Ìâ âÌà ¸ àWe€agree€that€Hale€is€not€entitled€to€a€post„indictment€determination€ofÏprobable€cause,€a€determination€already€made€by€the€grand€jury.€€It€was€within€theÏprosecutorððs€discretion€to€begin€the€prosecution€by€seeking€and€obtaining€an€indictment.€ÏTherefore,€the€trial€court€properly€denied€Haleððs€request€for€a€preliminary€hearing€or,€inÏthe€alternative,€to€dismiss€the€indictment.€Ô#† X³XXX6\nË#ÔÐ (  ÐÌà ¸ àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€the€judgmentÏof€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ 80 Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ N%F! ÐDavid€G.€Hayes,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð Ì)Ä"& ÐóóWilliam€M.€Barker,€Special€Judge€Ð ²*ª#' ÐÓDäÓÌ