ÿWPCÈ Z›©¸.UöHhÈQ^sȳÙO£tØê#eWQO²ýH h]ƒ ð¢!¢ó.®Iû®éôb°Å—o~à2,HB |.©¯×B„éïj@é´¾ÁU^¶}÷­/Ø¢yÔ/‡Ýqìÿ Z$ õ¼Ãý¢ÿ¼V§ íD{É5>˜{æ¶­}Œ8Þ$¡gÁàæ°'ß@?gèÊ·×8˜¢2Ú9¿káÂF6k¶ÀªÔÂ’æÒ@š–”EœgÖqgð©¼ã„±èPdæ7`‚'i=þkÈ‘ ú@^›oðµ?½z6Œ ¨ ~ÁEøAD~'œ%X M¬‹T²<ýƒŽ¦-Ä= _B1²uZM¦.ãăÖô3;êZC¹SûCÀ„ÉEƨóàбH¤*Ýþe°1ÙÔcu´bÅu´¶ÛN¾7Ž+ºðå>£X¨ð8k‰Ÿ'´XÍBL¤kž§¬P/lÞxòO(œÁ'Ò³énÛSª%>–¾:7G€_v¡‡KÚòýe¯>XdÇ¡™pÄÙ@lwŒ"ü¦îKÿ!™j_DU<:•ÿ™Œ‰hÒΉín.Ï’ÎÙ§—Wâ¼__ºt¡MoH…޹³äíªü¹órJˆvÜÀ›b %\^ b 0ˆnUNöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÉÐ Þ™ Æw Æ=ÆÆÉ(N···E¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹b»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 0ëÃÃÃà B®® 0¤Ë D5o D-¤ 0KÑÑ ASÆo 0¤5 0DÙ A«»T}g/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularyö.ê:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 BlackettHaileyAslingerKimkeaReedellPontotocLatoyakindaMcDivittPeetiet]hatLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5- ù-(|G2X$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ðá»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÀXò»»Ô d(|3xÃ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ðá»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3xÃ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ðá»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ðá»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Ðá»»»ÔÑ8€ˆýXXdê»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡îÆžî»¼ÐáÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼Ðá»îîÆž #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€May€6,€2003Ð öF ÐÔ‡XˆýX»¼ÐáÔÌò òÔ#†¼Ðá»XXˆý#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€CARLOS€GREENòòóóÔ‡XˆýX»¼ÐáÔó óÐ ð@ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ë ; Ðà@@øøìàNo.€00„14522€€€€€€Carolyn€Wade€Blackett,€JudgeÐ Ö & ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<–` AßÐ —ç  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2002„01963„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€November€4,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<f` AßÐ g·  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€found€guilty€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€sentenced€to€lifeÐ `°  Ðimprisonment.€€The€defendant€now€appeals€contending€that€(1)€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€theÐ Jš Ðdefendantððs€impeachment€with€inadmissible€evidence,€and€(2)€he€was€denied€a€fundamentally€fairÐ 4„ Ðtrial€because€of€improper€questions€and€argument€by€the€prosecution.€€Ô#†¼Ðá»XXˆýŽ#ÔÔ‡XˆýX»¼ÐáÔWe€hold€that€(1)€theÐ n Ðdefendantððs€impeachment€was€improper,€however,€the€error€was€harmless,€and€(2)€the€StateððsÐ X Ðquestions€and€argument€were€not€€improper,€and€even€if€they€were€improper,€they€did€not€rise€to€theÐ òB Ðlevel€of€plain€error.Ð Ü, ÐÓ¼ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Ðá»àXˆý‹#ÔÔ‡XˆýX.¼ÐáÔJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòJoeÐ …Õ ÐG.€Riley,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð o¿ ÐÌRobert€Wilson€Jones,€District€Public€Defender;€and€Garland€Ô_ÔErgdenÔ_Ô,€Cathy€A.€Hailey,€and€MichaelÐ C“ ÐJ.€Johnson,€Assistant€Public€Defenders,€for€the€appellant,€Carlos€Green.Ð -} ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Kathy€D.€Aslinger,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð !Q  ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Kim€Kea€€Harris€and€Jerry€R.€Kitchen,€AssistantÐ ë!;! ÐDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.€Ð Õ"%" ÐÌÓhÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Ðá»XXˆý—#ÔÔ‡XˆýX»¼ÐáÔÐ “%ã % ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Ðá»XXˆýì #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XˆýX»¼ÐáÔÓ XÓThe€defendant,€Carlos€Green,€was€found€guilty€on€May€9,€2002,€of€the€first€degreeÐ h'¸"' Ðpremeditated€murder€of€Reedell€Seals€and€€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment.€€His€motion€for€aÐ R(¢#( Ðnew€trial€was€denied€on€July€17,€2002.€€The€defendant€then€timely€filed€his€notice€of€appeal€onÐ <)Œ$) ÐAugust€7,€2002.€€He€contends€that€(1)€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€the€defendantððs€impeachmentÐ &*v%* Ðwith€inadmissible€evidence,€and€(2)€he€was€denied€a€fundamentally€fair€trial€because€of€improperÐ +`&+ Ðquestions€and€argument€by€the€State.Ð ú+J', ÐÐ ä,4(- ÐÐ Î-).ý ЇÓ  Óò òÓ XÓFactsÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔÌÔ_ÔÓ X8ÓÓ  Óó óAntoine€Davis€testified€that€on€the€night€before€the€shooting,€the€defendant€came€home€toÐ †Ö Ðtheir€house€on€Pontotoc€and€told€him€that€he€and€Reedell€Seals€(the€victim€in€this€case)€had€ð ðgot€intoÐ pÀ Ðitðð€with€some€men€in€the€neighborhood.€€The€defendant€told€Davis€that€the€victim€owed€one€of€theÐ Zª Ðmen€some€money.€€As€the€men€approached€them,€the€victim€fled.€€The€defendant€shot€at€the€men€andÐ D ” Ðstated€to€Davis€that€he€thought€he€had€hit€one€of€them.€€Davis€testified€that€the€defendant€did€notÐ . ~ Ðseem€upset€about€the€incident.Ð  h ÐÐ  R ÐDavis€stated€that€the€victim€came€by€the€next€day€looking€for€his€bag.€€Davis€woke€theÐ ì <  Ðdefendant,€and€he€and€the€victim€began€talking.€€Davis€testified€that€he€did€not€know€what€they€wereÐ Ö &  Ðsaying.€€They€appeared€as€if€they€were€talking€ð ðwith€cool€and€calm€heads.ðð€€The€victim€and€theÐ À  Ðdefendant€left€to€look€for€the€bag€on€the€railroad€tracks,€while€Davis€and€his€girlfriend,€Latoya€Jones,Ð ªú  Ðstayed€behind.€€About€ten€minutes€later,€Davis€and€Jones€followed.€€They€soon€spotted€the€victimÐ ”ä  Ðand€the€defendant€walking€up€and€down€the€tracks,€like€they€were€looking€for€something.€€DavisÐ ~Î  Ðtestified€that,€just€before€the€shooting,€the€victim€and€the€defendant€looked€like€they€were€talking.€Ð h¸  ÐHe€said€that€he€did€not€hear€any€shouting€or€see€anyone€throw€a€punch.€€Before€the€defendant€shotÐ R¢ Ðhim,€the€victim€looked€like€he€was€bending€over€to€pick€something€up.€€The€defendant€shot€him,€Ô_ÔandÐ <Œ Ðhe€fell€to€the€ground.€€Davis€testified€that€the€defendant€was€a€short€distance€behind€the€victim€andÐ &v Ðto€his€right€at€the€time€he€shot€him.€€Davis€did€not€see€where€the€gun€came€from,€but€stated€that€heÐ ` Ðhad€known€the€defendant€to€carry€a€gun€prior€to€September€17,€2000.Ð úJ ÐÐ ä4 ÐOn€cross„examination,€Davis€testified€that€he€and€Latoya€smoked€marijuana€the€night€beforeÐ Î Ðthe€shooting.€€They€were€also€smoking€the€next€morning€as€the€victim€and€the€defendant€left.€€HeÐ ¸ Ðstated€that€he€did€see€some€workers€as€he€and€Latoya€went€up€the€path€to€the€tracks.€€He€said€thatÐ ¢ò Ðthe€victim€and€the€defendant€were€talking,€but€he€could€not€hear€what€they€were€saying.€€Davis€statedÐ ŒÜ Ðthat€he€was€paying€attention€to€his€girlfriend€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€Davis€testified€that€heÐ vÆ Ðsometimes€has€vision€problems.€€However,€on€re„direct,€Davis€said€that€he€was€not€having€anyÐ `° Ðproblems€with€his€vision€the€morning€of€the€shooting.€Ð Jš ÐÐ 4„ ÐLatoya€Jones€testified€that€as€she€and€Davis€were€walking€up€the€railroad€tracks,€she€saw€theÐ  n Ðvictim€looking€in€the€bushes.€€The€victim€turned€around€and€pointed€at€her€and€Davis,€then€heÐ !X Ðcontinued€looking€in€the€bushes.€€She€then€saw€the€defendant€reaching€into€his€pocket.€€At€about€theÐ ò!B  Ðsame€time,€she€stumbled€and€looked€down€to€regain€her€footing.€€As€she€was€looking€down,€sheÐ Ü",! Ðheard€a€shot.€€Jones€stated€that€she€ð ðwasnððt€really€paying€attention.ðð€€Jones€testified€that€she€saw€aÐ Æ#" Ðsilver€gun€in€the€defendantððs€hand.€€She€stated€that€the€defendant€turned€around€and€was€ð ðrappingÐ °$ # Ðsome€Ô_ÔkindððaÔ_Ô€song€.€.€.€like€nothing€never€did€happen.ðð€€Jones€said€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victimÐ š%ê $ Ðin€the€head.€€She€also€testified€that€the€defendant€called€her€the€day€after€the€shooting€and€asked€herÐ „&Ô!% Ðnot€to€testify.€€He€said€that€he€would€get€life€if€she€testified,€but€he€would€get€off€if€she€did€not.€Ð n'¾"& ÐJones€said€that€she€hung€up€the€phone€and€never€heard€from€him€again.€€Ð X(¨#' ÐÐ B)’$( ÐOn€cross,€Jones€testified€that€she€and€Davis€had€been€smoking€marijuana€the€night€before€theÐ ,*|%) Ðshooting.€€She€denied€that€she€smoked€any€the€morning€of€the€shooting.€€Jones€stated€that€she€neverÐ +f&* Ðsaw€a€gun€that€day.Ð ,P'+ ЇOn€re„direct,€Jones€stated€that,€in€fact,€she€did€see€the€defendant€with€a€gun€in€his€hand€afterÐ ° Ðhe€shot€the€victim.€€She€said€that€neither€the€defendant€nor€the€victim€had€a€bag€or€anything€withÐ šê Ðthem€on€the€tracks.Ð „Ô ÐÐ n¾ ÐJason€Barry€testified€that€he€was€working€at€Southwest€Community€College€the€morning€ofÐ X¨ Ðthe€shooting.€€He€said€that€he€first€saw€two€men€walk€by,€and€then€a€girl€and€a€guy.€€Barry€stated€thatÐ B ’ Ðhe€was€not€really€paying€attention€until€he€heard€a€gunshot.€€He€then€saw€two€people€leaving€the€areaÐ , | Ðtogether.€€The€defendant€soon€followed.€€Barry€testified€that€he€asked€the€defendant€if€there€was€aÐ  f Ðbody€down€there.€€The€defendant€said€no€and€hurried€away.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€see€anythingÐ  P Ðin€anyoneððs€hands.€€Barry€did€not€actually€see€the€shooting.€€Matthew€McDivitt€testified€that€he€wasÐ ê :  Ðalso€working€near€the€scene€of€the€shooting€that€morning.€€€McDivitt€said€that€he€saw€four€peopleÐ Ô $  Ðgo€into€the€woods€and€three€come€out.€€He€did€not€actually€see€the€shooting;€he€only€heard€a€shot.Ð ¾  ÐÐ ¨ø  ÐDr.€Cynthia€Gardner€testified€that€she€performed€the€autopsy€on€the€victim.€€She€stated€thatÐ ’â  Ðthe€gun€was€fired€within€two€feet€of€the€victim.€€Dr.€Gardner€testified€that€the€shot€came€from€theÐ |Ì  Ðright,€back€to€front,€and€slightly€downward.€€She€could€not€say€exactly€where€the€gun€was€in€relationÐ f¶  Ðto€the€body€when€the€victim€was€shot.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€had€some€injuries€around€his€leftÐ P  Ðeye€and€cheek.€€Dr.€Gardner€testified€that€the€injuries€were€consistent€with€a€face„down€fall.€€TheÐ :Š Ðvictim€had€no€injuries€consistent€with€defensive€wounds.Ð $t ÐÐ ^ ÐDr.€Gardner€testified€on€cross€that€the€victim€had€a€.12€blood€alcohol€content€at€the€time€ofÐ øH Ðdeath.€€There€was€no€evidence€of€drugs€in€his€system.€€She€stated€that€the€injuries€around€the€victimððsÐ â2 Ðleft€eye€could€have€been€from€a€blow.€€Dr.€Gardner€again€stated€that€she€could€not€tell€what€positionÐ Ì Ðthe€body€or€gun€was€in€when€the€shooting€occurred.Ð ¶ ÐÐ  ð ÐThe€only€witness€called€by€the€defense€was€the€defendant€himself.€€The€defendant€testifiedÐ ŠÚ Ðthat€he€had€known€the€victim€for€approximately€five€or€six€years.€€He€stated€that€the€night€before€theÐ tÄ Ðshooting,€he€and€the€victim€were€out€in€the€neighborhood€trying€to€get€drugs.€€As€they€were€walking,Ð ^® Ðthey€came€across€a€group€of€men.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€recognized€at€least€one€of€the€menÐ H˜ Ðas€the€man€had€shot€the€defendant€on€a€previous€occasion.€€One€of€the€men€ð ðstarted€going€off€onÐ 2‚ ÐReedell.ðð€€The€man€said€that€the€victim€owed€him€money€for€drugs.€€The€victim€told€the€man€thatÐ  l Ðhe€would€pay€him€later,€and€he€and€the€defendant€walked€away.€€The€victim€and€the€defendant€nextÐ !V Ðstopped€at€a€liquor€store.€€The€defendant€stayed€outside€while€the€victim€went€into€the€store.€€BeforeÐ ð!@  Ðthe€victim€went€into€the€store,€he€took€his€money€out€of€a€pouch€and€gave€the€pouch€to€theÐ Ú"*! Ðdefendant.Ð Ä#" ÐÐ ®$þ# ÐAs€the€defendant€was€standing€outside,€the€men€from€the€earlier€confrontation€drove€up.€€TheÐ ˜%è $ Ðdefendant€testified€that€he€had€a€gun€on€him.€€He€took€the€gun€out€and€placed€it€in€the€bag,€becauseÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðhe€thought€there€was€going€to€be€trouble.€€When€the€victim€came€out€of€the€store,€the€defendant€toldÐ l'¼"& Ðhim€that€the€men€were€looking€for€him.€€As€the€defendant€and€the€victim€walked€towards€the€backÐ V(¦#' Ðof€the€store,€they€noticed€the€man€whom€the€victim€owed€money€to€and€another€man€at€the€end€ofÐ @)$( Ðthe€street.€€Two€more€men€came€from€the€other€end€of€the€street€and€started€surrounding€the€victimÐ **z%) Ðand€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€unzipped€the€bag€with€the€gun€because€ð ðhe€knew€something€wasÐ +d&* Ðabout€to€go€down.ðð€€The€man€started€yelling€at€the€victim€about€the€money€he€owed€him.€€TheÐ þ+N'+ Ðdefendant€said€that€he€told€the€victim€to€just€pay€him.€€At€that€time,€the€man€began€pushing€theÐ ° Ðdefendant,€and€the€defendant€pushed€back.€€The€defendant€pulled€out€his€gun€and€shot€in€the€airÐ šê Ðabove€the€manððs€head.€€He€shot€two€more€times,€and€the€man€fell€to€the€ground.Ð „Ô ÐÐ n¾ ÐThe€defendant€ran,€because€he€thought€that€he€had€shot€the€man.€€He€found€out€later€that€heÐ X¨ Ðdid€not€actually€hit€anyone€when€he€shot.€€He€did€not€see€the€victim€at€that€time.€€As€the€defendantÐ B ’ Ðwas€running€away,€he€put€the€gun€back€in€the€bag€and€threw€it€by€the€railroad€tracks.€€He€thenÐ , | Ðreturned€home€and€told€Davis€and€Jones€that€he€had€shot€someone.€€The€defendant€told€them€that€heÐ  f Ðdid€not€know€where€the€victim€was.€€He€then€went€to€sleep.Ð  P ÐÐ ê :  ÐThe€next€morning,€Davis€woke€up€the€defendant€and€told€him€that€the€victim€was€at€the€doorÐ Ô $  Ðand€wanted€his€bag.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€told€the€victim€that€he€threw€his€bag€near€the€railroadÐ ¾  Ðtracks€the€night€before.€€The€victim€told€the€defendant€that€when€the€men€started€surrounding€themÐ ¨ø  Ðthe€night€before,€he€ran€behind€the€auto€parts€store.€€The€victim€told€him€that€the€men€caught€himÐ ’â  Ðlater€and€took€his€money.€€The€defendant€stated€that€the€victim€was€very€upset€about€not€having€anyÐ |Ì  Ðmoney€to€pay€his€rent.€€The€two€men€then€left€to€go€look€for€the€bag.€€Davis€and€Jones€were€outsideÐ f¶  Ðof€the€house€smoking€a€ð ðblunt.ðð€€The€defendant€testified€that€as€the€two€men€were€walking€down€theÐ P  Ðstreet,€the€victim€was€stumbling€because€he€was€intoxicated.€€The€defendant€stated€that€the€victimÐ :Š Ðwas€still€upset€about€his€money€and€the€missing€bag.€€The€two€exchanged€words€at€the€end€of€theÐ $t Ðpathway€leading€to€the€tracks.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€was€not€angry€with€the€victim,€althoughÐ ^ Ðhe€was€ð ðticked€offðð€that€the€victim€ran€away€the€night€before.€€He€said€that€he€saw€some€workers€asÐ øH Ðhe€first€came€up€the€pathway.€€On€the€pathway,€the€defendant€told€the€victim,€ð ð[Ô_ÔI]fÔ_Ô€you€wasnððt€myÐ â2 Ðhomey,ðð€I€would€ð ðkick€your€butt€right€now.ððÐ Ì ÐÐ ¶ ÐThe€victim€and€the€defendant€then€walked€up€the€tracks€looking€for€the€bag.€€The€defendantÐ  ð Ðsaid€that€he€did€not€know€exactly€where€he€had€thrown€the€bag.€€As€he€and€the€victim€were€lookingÐ ŠÚ Ðfor€the€bag,€they€were€still€arguing€about€what€had€happened€the€night€before.€€The€defendant€saidÐ tÄ Ðhe€again€told€the€victim,€ð ð[Ô_ÔI]fÔ_Ô€you€werenððt€my€homey,€Iððll€kick€your€butt.ðð€€The€victim€told€theÐ ^® Ðdefendant€that€he€did€not€think€the€victim€could€do€that.€€The€defendant€said€in€court€that€the€victimÐ H˜ Ðwas€a€ð ðsmall€guy,ðð€about€five€feet,€four€inches€tall€and€185€to€200€pounds.€€The€defendant€is€aboutÐ 2‚ Ð265€pounds€and€younger€than€the€victim.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€victim€told€him,€ð ðI€think€IððllÐ  l Ðwhip€your€young€ass.ðð€€The€two€men€then€returned€to€looking€for€the€bag.Ð !V ÐÐ ð!@  ÐThe€victim€turned€around€and€pointed€down€the€tracks€at€Davis€and€Jones,€who€were€justÐ Ú"*! Ðcoming€off€of€the€pathway.€€At€about€that€time,€the€victim€found€the€bag.€€The€defendant€furtherÐ Ä#" Ðtestified€that€the€victim€unzipped€the€bag€and€pulled€out€the€gun.€€The€defendant€said€that,€becauseÐ ®$þ# Ðof€his€threatening€the€victim€and€because€the€victim€had€lost€his€money€the€night€before,€he€thoughtÐ ˜%è $ Ðthe€victim€was€going€to€shoot€him.€€The€defendant€stated€that€the€victim€pulled€the€gun€out€of€theÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðbag€by€the€top€part.€€He€said€that€he€punched€the€victim€with€his€right€hand€and€grabbed€the€back€ofÐ l'¼"& Ðthe€gun€with€his€left€hand.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€punched€the€victim€again,€the€victimÐ V(¦#' ÐÔ_Ôstumbled,€and€the€defendant€then€grabbed€the€front€of€the€gun.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€victimÐ @)$( Ðcame€up€at€him,€and€he€shot€him.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€believed€the€victim€would€have€shotÐ **z%) Ðhim,€because€he€knew€the€victim€was€drunk€and€upset.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€was€not€tryingÐ +d&* Ðto€kill€the€victim,€only€ð ðkeep€him€off€of€me.ðð€€He€said€that€he€was€not€ð ðtrying€to€shoot€him€in€hisÐ þ+N'+ Ðhead.ðð€€The€defendant€stated€that€after€the€victim€fell,€it€occurred€to€him€what€had€just€happened.€Ð ° ÐHe€grabbed€the€bag€and€ran.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€put€the€gun€back€in€the€bag€and€threw€it€Ô_ÔoverÐ šê Ða€wall.€€He€then€ran€back€home.€€He€said€the€police€showed€up€soon€afterwards,€and€he€told€themÐ „Ô Ðhe€was€responsible.Ð n¾ ÐÐ X¨ ÐOn€cross„examination,€the€State€began€by€questioning€the€defendant€about€the€statement€heÐ B ’ Ðmade€to€police€the€day€of€the€shooting.€€He€said€that€at€first,€he€told€the€police€someone€else€had€shotÐ , | Ðthe€victim.€€Counsel€asked€the€defendant€if€he€told€Sergeant€Owens€that€a€man€named€Edward€LongÐ  f Ðshot€the€victim.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€did€not€remember€telling€her€that.€€Counsel€then€askedÐ  P Ðthe€defendant€ð ðif€[Sergeant€Owens]€says€that€you€told€her€that€a€Edward€Long€did€it,ðð€would€she€beÐ ê :  Ðlying.€€The€defendant€responded,€ð ðyes.ðð€€Counsel€asked€the€defendant€if€he€told€the€police€that€theÐ Ô $  Ðpurpose€of€bringing€the€victim€to€the€tracks€was€to€ð ðbeat€him€down.ðð€€The€defendant€stated€that€heÐ ¾  Ðdid€not€tell€them€that.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€never€talked€to€the€worker€(Barry).€€He€saidÐ ¨ø  Ðthat€it€was€ð ðPeetieðð€(Darren€Fleming)€who€spoke€to€the€worker.€€He€testified€that€ð ðPeetieðð€does€notÐ ’â  Ðlook€anything€like€him.€€The€defendant€said€that€Jones€was€lying€when€she€said€that€he€walked€awayÐ |Ì  Ðfrom€the€shooting€rapping€a€song.€€The€defendant€stated€that€Davis€was€also€lying€about€the€eventsÐ f¶  Ðsurrounding€the€shooting.€€He€testified€that€he€did€not€have€a€gun€with€him€when€he€left€the€houseÐ P  Ðthat€morning.€€Counsel€then€asked€the€defendant€ð ðif€Fleming€[ð ðPeetieðð]€comes€in€here€and€testifiesÐ :Š Ðthat,€that€gun€was€on€your€hip€when€you€walked€out€that€door€that€morning,€heððll€by€lying€too,Ð $t Ðright[.]ðð€The€defendant€responded,€ð ðyes.ðð€€When€asking€the€defendant€about€framing€anotherÐ ^ Ðindividual,€Counsel€stated,€ð ð[t]hat€was€a€lie,€just€like€your€claim€of€self€defense€is€a€lie,€correct[.]ðð€Ð øH ÐCounsel€next€asked€a€series€of€questions€about€a€letter€sent€to€Antoine€Davis.€€The€defendant€deniedÐ â2 Ðwriting€the€letter.€€The€trial€court€ruled€the€letter€inadmissible,€but€did€allow€counsel€to€ask€questionsÐ Ì Ðfrom€it€for€impeachment€purposes.Ð ¶ ÐÐ  ð ÐThe€State€next€offered€rebuttal€witnesses.€€The€first€to€testify€was€Darren€Fleming€(ð ðPeetieðð).€Ð ŠÚ ÐHe€sÔ_ÔtatedÔ_Ô€that€he€was€at€the€house€on€Pontotoc€the€morning€of€the€shooting.€€He€said€that€he€heardÐ tÄ Ðthe€defendant€and€the€victim€talking€about€a€bag,€and€they€then€left€together.€€Fleming€testified€thatÐ ^® Ðhe€did€not€see€the€defendant€with€anything€when€they€left.€€He€stated€that€he€saw€the€defendant€withÐ H˜ Ða€silver€gun€earlier€that€morning,€but€did€not€see€it€when€the€defendant€left.€€He€said€that€he€was€notÐ 2‚ Ðpresent€near€the€railroad€tracks€and€did€not€talk€to€any€worker.Ð  l ÐÐ !V ÐSergeant€Venice€Owens€testified€that€she€took€the€statement€from€the€defendant€on€the€dayÐ ð!@  Ðof€the€shooting.€€She€stated€the€defendant€initially€told€her€that€he€witnessed€another€man,€EdwardÐ Ú"*! ÐLane,€shoot€the€victim.€€After€Owens€indicated€to€the€defendant€that€she€had€evidence€to€theÐ Ä#" Ðcontrary,€he€recanted€his€story.€€The€defendant€told€Owens€that€he€took€the€victim€down€the€tracksÐ ®$þ# Ðð ðso€that€he€could€beat€the€victim€down,€because€the€victim€had€upset€him€the€night€before.ðð€€TheÐ ˜%è $ Ðdefendant€then€admitted€to€shooting€the€victim.Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÐ l'¼"& ÐÓ  Óò òÓ XÓAnalysisÐ V(¦#' ÐÌÓ X`UÓó óÓ  ÓThe€defendant€contends€on€appeal€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€him€to€be€impeachedÐ ,*|%) Ðwith€inadmissible€evidence.€€During€the€Stateððs€examination€of€Antoine€Davis,€he€was€asked€aboutÐ +f&* Ða€letter€that€he€had€received.€€The€letter€asked€Davis€and€Latoya€Jones€not€to€testify€against€theÐ ,P'+ Ðdefendant.€€The€return€address€indicated€that€the€letter€was€from€a€ð ðÔ_ÔSungeÔ_Ôðð€Green,€404€Jasper€Core,Ð ° ÐVirginia€Beach,€Virginia.€€The€envelope€also€had€a€stamp€indicating€that€it€was€from€the€ShelbyÐ šê ÐCounty€Jail.€€The€defendant€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€the€letter.€€The€trial€court€held€that€theÐ „Ô Ðletter€could€not€be€introduced€into€evidence€because€the€State€had€not€proven€that€the€defendant€wasÐ n¾ Ðthe€author€of€the€letter.€€The€State€again€made€reference€to€the€letter€during€its€cross„examination€ofÐ X¨ Ðthe€defendant,€and€the€court€again€found€that€the€letter€could€not€be€admitted€into€evidence.€Ð B ’ ÐHowever,€the€court€did€find€that€the€State€could€question€the€defendant€about€the€letter€forÐ , | Ðimpeachment€purposes.€€The€State€then€proceeded€to€cross„examine€the€defendant€by€makingÐ  f Ðnumerous€references€to€the€contents€of€the€letter€and€asking€the€defendant€if€he€wrote€theseÐ  P Ðcomments.€€On€each€occasion,€the€defendant€denied€that€he€wrote€the€letter.€€No€special€juryÐ ê :  Ðinstructions€were€given€relating€to€this€evidence.Ð Ô $  ÐÐ ¾  ÐAlthough€it€is€a€close€question€as€to€whether€the€letter€was€sufficiently€authenticated€to€beÐ ¨ø  Ðadmitted€for€the€juryððs€consideration,€the€trial€court€concluded€it€was€Ô_ÔnotÔ_Ô€sufficiently€authenticated.€Ð ’â  ÐFor€purposes€of€this€appeal,€we€will€not€go€behind€this€ruling.€€Nevertheless,€in€spite€of€the€trialÐ |Ì  Ðcourtððs€ruling,€the€state€was€able€to€extensively€utilize€the€contents€of€the€letter€during€cross„Ð f¶  Ðexamination€of€the€defendant.€€In€light€of€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€lack€of€authentication,€weÐ P  Ðconclude€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€extensive€references€to€the€contents€of€the€letter.€€òòSeeóóÐ :Š ÐTenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€403.€€However,€a€violation€of€an€evidentiary€rule€does€not€mandate€reversal€if€theÐ $t Ðð ðerror€was€more€probably€than€not€harmless.ðð€€òòState€v.€Martinóó,€964€S.W.2d€564,€568€(Tenn.€1998)Ð ^ Ð(citing€òòUnited€States€v.€Barrettóó,€703€F.2d€1076,€1081„82€(9òòthóó€Cir.€1983)).Ð øH ÐÐ â2 ЀLatoya€Jones€testified€that€during€her€phone€conversation€with€the€defendant,€he€asked€herÐ Ì Ðnot€to€testify€against€him.€€This€was€the€essence€of€the€testimony€concerning€the€letter€to€Davis.€€TheÐ ¶ Ðexcerpts€from€the€letter€read€by€counsel€are€essentially€asking€the€witnesses€not€to€testify€against€theÐ  ð Ðdefendant.€€The€questioning€of€the€defendant€about€the€letter€was€merely€cumulative.€€In€light€of€theÐ ŠÚ Ðtestimony€by€Jones€and€the€other€evidence€against€the€defendant,€we€cannot€say€that€the€improperÐ tÄ Ðquestioning€allowed€by€the€court€ð ðaffirmatively€Ô_Ôappear[sÔ_Ô]€to€have€affected€the€result€of€the€trial€onÐ ^® Ðthe€merits.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€52(a).Ð H˜ ÐÐ 2‚ ÐThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€State€improperly€questioned€the€defendant€during€cross„Ð  l Ðexamination€and€made€improper€remarks€during€closing€arguments.€€The€specific€questions€andÐ !V Ðremarks€that€the€defendant€takes€issue€with€on€appeal€were€not€objected€to€at€trial€or€raised€in€hisÐ ð!@  Ðmotion€for€a€new€trial.€€Therefore,€consideration€of€the€issues€has€been€waived€on€appeal.€€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð Ú"*! ÐR.€App.€P.€3(e),€36(a).€€Ð Ä#" ÐÐ ®$þ# ÐThe€defendant€urges€this€Court€to€consider€the€issue€under€the€plain€error€doctrine.€€ð ðAn€errorÐ ˜%è $ Ðwhich€has€affected€the€substantial€rights€of€an€accused€may€be€noticed€at€any€time,€even€though€notÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðraised€in€the€motion€for€a€new€trial€or€assigned€as€error€on€appeal,€in€the€discretion€of€the€appellateÐ l'¼"& Ðcourt€where€necessary€to€do€substantial€justice.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€52(b).€€For€a€court€to€determineÐ V(¦#' Ðthat€plain€error€exists,Ð @)$( Ðà8 ` à(a)€the€record€must€clearly€establish€what€occurred€in€the€trial€court;Ð **z%) Ð(b)€a€clear€and€unequivocal€rule€of€law€must€have€been€breached;€(c)Ð +d&* Ða€substantial€right€of€the€accused€must€have€been€adversely€affected;Ð þ+N'+ Ð(d)€the€accused€did€not€waive€the€issue€for€tactical€reasons;€and€(e)Ð ° Ðconsideration€of€the€error€is€ð ðnecessary€to€do€substantial€justice.ððКê` x` x ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ „Ô Ðòòà ° àState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€282€(Tenn.€2000)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔAdkissonÔ_Ôóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,€641„Ð n¾ Ð42€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)).€€All€five€factors€must€be€established€before€plain€error€will€beÐ X¨ Ðrecognized.€€òòSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€282„83.€€Consideration€of€all€of€the€factors€is€unnecessary€whenÐ B ’ Ðthe€record€demonstrates€that€at€least€one€of€the€factors€cannot€be€established.€€òòId.óó€at€283.€Ð , | ÐAdditionally,€the€ð ðððplain€errorðð€must€[have€been]€of€such€a€great€magnitude€that€it€probably€changedÐ  f Ðthe€outcome€of€the€trial.ðð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòÔ_ÔAdkissonÔ_Ôóó,€899€S.W.2d€at€642).Ð  P ÐÐ ê :  ÐIn€his€brief,€the€defendant€addresses€three€areas€of€improper€argument.€€In€determiningÐ Ô $  Ðwhether€statements€made€by€the€State€constitute€reversible€error,€it€is€necessary€to€determineÐ ¾  Ðwhether€the€statements€were€improper€and,€if€so,€whether€the€improper€statements€affected€theÐ ¨ø  Ðverdict.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Suttonóó,€562€S.W.2d€820,€823€(Tenn.€1978);€òòHarrington€v.€Stateóó,€385€S.W.2dÐ ’â  Ð758,€759€(Tenn.€1965).€€An€appellate€court€should€consider€the€following€five€factors€in€evaluatingÐ |Ì  Ðwhether€improper€comments€affected€the€verdict€to€the€prejudice€of€the€defendant:Ð f¶  ÐÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ$”,È’X°œX$Óà0 4 àà  à1.€à044Ð 4Ð àThe€conduct€complained€of€viewed€in€context€and€in€light€of€the€facts€andÐ P  Ðcircumstances€of€the€case.Ð:Š4Ð 4Ð  Ð2.€à0 4 àThe€curative€measures€undertaken€by€the€court€and€the€prosecution.Ð$t4Ð 4Ð  Ð3.€à0 4 àThe€intent€of€the€prosecutor€in€making€the€improper€statement.Ð^4Ð 4Ð  Ð4.€à0 4 àThe€cumulative€effect€of€the€improper€conduct€and€any€other€errors€in€the€record.ÐøH4Ð 4Ð  Ð5.€€à0 4 àThe€relative€strength€or€weakness€of€the€case.Ðâ24Ð 4Ð  ÐÓ XvpÓÓ X„pÓÓ X’pÓÓ( °œX”,È’X p(Óà ° àòòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€340,€344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).Ð Ì ÐÐ ¶ ÐDuring€the€Stateððs€cross„examination€of€the€defendant,€he€was€asked€about€whether€he€hadÐ  ð Ða€gun€with€him€when€he€left€the€house€the€morning€of€the€shooting.€€The€following€exchangeÐ ŠÚ Ðoccurred€between€the€State€and€the€defendant:Ð tÄ ÐÓ$”,È’X°œX$ÓÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓQ:à0 4 àSo,€your€testimony€is€that€you€didnððt€have€your€gun€that€morning€when€you€leftÐ ^® Ðthe€apartment€there€and€went€with€Seals€on€the€railroad€track;€is€that€yourÐ H˜ Ðtestimony?Ð2‚4Ð 4Ð  ÐA:à0 4 àYes,€and€thatððs€what€Antoine€and€Latoya€told€them.Ð l4Ð 4Ð  ÐQ:à0 4 àSo€if€Mr.€Fleming€comes€in€here€and€testifies€that,€that€gun€was€on€your€hip€whenÐ !V Ðyou€walked€out€that€door€that€morning,€heððll€be€lying€too,€right?Ðð!@ 4Ð 4Ð  ÐA:à0 4 àYes,€he€will.ÐÚ"*!4Ð 4Ð  ÐÓ XyuÓÓ XkuÓÓ X]uÓÓ( °œX”,È’X9u(Óà ° àDuring€the€Stateððs€rebuttal€evidence,€Darren€Fleming€was€called€as€a€witness.€€Although€he€did€notÐ Ä#" Ðspecifically€testify€that€he€saw€a€gun€on€the€defendantððs€hip€when€he€left€that€morning,€he€did€testifyÐ ®$þ# Ðthat€he€saw€the€defendant€with€a€gun€before€the€defendant€left€that€morning.€€The€State€was€notÐ ˜%è $ Ðimproper€in€attempting€to€attack€the€credibility€of€the€defendant.Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÐ l'¼"& ÐThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€Stateððs€remarks€to€the€defendant€about€lying€at€variousÐ V(¦#' Ðtimes€throughout€cross€were€improper.€€The€defendant€in€this€case€initially€denied€shooting€theÐ @)$( Ðvictim.€€He€concocted€a€story€placing€the€blame€on€another€person.€€When€faced€with€incriminatingÐ **z%) Ðevidence€to€the€contrary,€he€recanted€his€story€and€admitted€to€the€shooting.€€The€defendant€testifiedÐ +d&* Ðat€trial€that€the€other€witnesses€were€lying€and€that€he€was€telling€the€truth.€€The€remarks€by€the€StateÐ þ+N'+ Ðarose€in€the€context€of€the€defendantððs€accusing€other€witnesses€of€lying€and€inconsistencies€in€theÐ ° Ðdefendantððs€story.€€It€cannot€be€said€that€the€questions€by€the€State€affected€the€verdict€to€theÐ šê Ðprejudice€of€the€defendant.Ð „Ô ÐÐ n¾ ÐFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€remarks€made€by€the€State€during€closing€argumentsÐ X¨ Ðwere€improper.€€In€his€brief,€the€defendant€quotes€a€large€portion€of€the€Stateððs€closing€argument€andÐ B ’ Ðasserts€that€ð ðall€of€the€comments€and€argumentsðð€were€improper.€€Our€review€of€the€Stateððs€entireÐ , | Ðclosing€argument€does€not€reveal€that€the€State€made€improper€argument.Ð  f ÐÐ  P Ðò òó óAfter€reviewing€the€record€and€considering€the€arguments€presented€by€the€defendant,€weÐ ê :  Ðhold€that€even€if€the€Stateððs€questions€and€argument€complained€of€could€be€characterized€asÐ Ô $  Ðimproper,€they€were€not€of€ð ðsuch€a€great€magnitude€that€[they]€probably€changed€the€outcome€of€theÐ ¾  Ðtrial.ðð€Ð ¨ø  ÐÐ ’â  ÐÓ  ÓÓ XÓà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @À àà @ àò òConclusionó óÐ |Ì  ÐÓ:ÓÓ XFÓÐ g·  ÐWe€hold€that€the€defendantððs€impeachment€was€improper;€however,€the€error€was€harmless.Ð Q¡ ÐAdditionally,€we€hold€that€the€Stateððs€questions€and€argument€complained€of€were€not€€improper,Ð ;‹ Ðand€even€if€they€were€improper,€they€did€not€rise€to€the€level€of€plain€error.€Accordingly,€we€affirmÐ %u Ðthe€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð _ ÐÐ ùI ÐÐ ã3 ÐÐ Í ÐÐ · Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ¡ñ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€à p à______________________________€Ð ‹Û Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE