ÿWPCc ÀÔ{ð‡ÐÛ­EÚ±Ž¦‰mªŽóÁ·J‚Ür«Ê'ý¹£1iàx œ™-SE¦ÒU:E ã!îÇž_a@LüŇÅ5èjÂwy +üm"5sˆI¦N ÐåÊÄÇ& ¾3jÔTHˆ0rXÚV¤ ›¢"ô.ôß)EÉÒÝ÷ueûIVŒ4˜%3²[\pÚù8µ2–#A»‡¹Êk‹ŸÁîµrë€ß–¸Žüe¢ô¨µ?LÈéššì”~Ëà*óŽî€©¦ÓŒ Ö.ú"3#£ ­6ý”û¥üã&‡–ØlÍ€röÇA^mé¬ùÒÕÜäEÚ'wP0lœÉšÏcë^O²‰ë”˘OV0–£k4Ówz ð8QÐ2\}¥ÎÕU¯ÚälLùZ¯/š".öÛ9q™šÜ¯®i¶D;6Ës°mËöË“„„ÔPù!B1‡0]†Ü"¬ø£sK èYfT›‚ !ìw "]rZ»ýA=Ü…EòZ#¬éŒ£ÏÕñ7}õ«!O³°—JËþÛœ·8à\mÃ!V ;5sˆ“[]é}é¼Ëæ´á]+š ŦŒ(:®¸jì=sbŸèûSCðtõ„b %\UNb 0ˆ°UN8,† 1u² 72' zYÒÓ^ ¥w±4µÉÆØÆžÆdÆ* 1‡ðNwy¿{E: 0D< m€#Á—————————————————————bXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 0ë```` BKK 0¤h D3  D-? 0Kll AS·Æ  0¤Ð 0Dt A«¸»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular "Ý ƒRMA$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô²¥ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àWhile€Officer€Hunsicker€testified€about€his€knowledge€of€different€types€of€blood€spatter€earlier€in€hisÐ ° Ðtestimony,€he€neither€attempted€nor€was€asked€to€make€any€correlations€between€the€blood€spatter€found€on€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendantððs€pants€and€blood€spatter€created€by€other€gunshot€wounds.€Moreover,€he€did€not€testify€as€to€his€opinion€ofÐ 8ˆ Ðhow€the€blood€spatter€in€the€instant€case€was€created.€€He€merely€testified€regarding€how€different€types€of€spatter€òòmayóóÐ üL Ðbe€created€and€his€observations€as€an€investigator€inspecting€the€crime€scene.€Ô_Ôò òó óÔ_ÔÐ À Ðà  àà ` àMoreover,€as€discussed€òòinfraóó,€defense€counsel€was€not€aware€that€Officer€Hunsicker€would€engage€inÐ „Ô Ðthis€type€of€analysis,€as€the€state€assured€defense€counsel€that€it€would€not€offer€any€expert€testimony€on€blood€spatterÐ H ˜ Ðanalysis.€€Therefore,€defense€counsel€was€surprised€by€the€introduction€of€this€expert€testimony€and€objected€as€soon€asÐ  \ Ðthey€recognized€that€the€state€was€attempting€to€introduce€it.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt­}+ ÖJ~'ê:i¢Ø+003|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ª½CEKQW]cioAutoList3A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:  µÝ ƒRMA$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô²¥ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àThe€trial€court€allowed€the€testimony€despite€the€fact€that€although€defense€counsel€requested€noticeÐ ° Ðof€prosecutionððs€intent€to€introduce€such€testimony,€the€prosecution€failed€to€give€defense€counsel€any€notice.€The€courtÐ tÄ Ðconcluded€that€even€if€the€prosecution€had€given€defense€counsel€notice€when€defense€counsel€requested€it€a€week€priorÐ 8ˆ Ðto€trial,€a€weekððs€notice€would€not€have€allowed€defense€counsel€to€make€any€additional€preparations€to€combat€suchÐ üL Ðtestimony.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0- ù-(|G2MA$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô²¥ò»»Ô d(|3¿m$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3¿m$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼»»»ÔÑ8€VaXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î<ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼»îî< #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJanuary€17,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XVaX»¼ÔÌò òÔ#†¼»XXVa#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€Ô_ÔGALGALOÔ_Ô€B.€Ô_ÔHALAKEÔ_ÔòòóóÔ‡XVaX»¼Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„B„1232€€€€€€Walter€Kurtz,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„00146„CCA„R3Ô_Ô„CDÔ_Ô€Filed€November€29,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡XVaXXXVaÔA€Davidson€County€grand€jury€indicted€the€defendant,€Ô_ÔGalgaloÔ_Ô€B.€Ô_ÔHalakeÔ_Ô,€for€first„degree€murder.ò ò€ó óÐ xÈ  ÐThe€petit€jury€convicted€him€of€that€offense.ò ò€€€ó óThe€defendant€filed€a€motion€for€new€trial€and€aÐ h¸ Ðmotion€for€judgment€of€acquittal.€ò ò€ó ó€The€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€for€new€trial,€butÐ X¨ Ðgranted€the€defendantððs€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€by€reducing€the€defendantððs€conviction€toÐ H˜ Ðsecond„degree€murder.€ò òó ó€Subsequently,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€serve€twenty„twoÐ 4„ Ðyears€of€incarceration.€€ò òó óThe€state€appeals€the€trial€courtððs€reduction€of€the€conviction€to€second„Ð  p Ðdegree€murder.€€The€defendant€appeals€his€conviction,€challenging€the€admission€of€certainÐ  \ Ðtestimony,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€charge€the€jury€with€the€lesser„included€offense€of€voluntaryÐ øH Ðmanslaughter,€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€and€the€propriety€of€his€sentence.€€We€find€that€thereÐ ä4 Ðis€sufficient€evidence€to€support€a€jury€finding€of€guilt€of€first€degree€murder.€€However,€because€theÐ Ð  Ðtrial€court€erred€in€allowing€lay€opinion€testimony€concerning€blood€spatters,€we€reverse€the€decisionÐ ¼  Ðof€the€lower€court€and€remand€this€case€for€a€new€trial.Ô#†XVaXXXVa!#ÔÔ#†¼»XXVaÏ#ÔÔ‡XVaX»¼ÔÐ ¨ø ÐÓÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€Reversed€andÐ €Ð ÐRemanded.ó óÐ l¼ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼»àXVaM #ÔÔ‡XVaX.¼ÔJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ôóó€and€òòRobertÐ D!”  ÐW.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð 0"€! ÐÌCollins€Hooper,€(at€trial€&€on€appeal),€Assistant€Public€Defender;€R.€David€Baker,€(at€trial€&€onÐ $X# Ðappeal),€Assistant€Public€Defender;€and€Jeffrey€A.€Ô_ÔDeVasherÔ_Ô,€(on€appeal),€Assistant€Public€Defender,Ð ô$D $ ÐNashville,€Tennessee,€for€appellant,€Ô_ÔGalgaloÔ_Ô€B.€Ô_ÔHalakeÔ_Ô.Ð à%0!% ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€David€H.€Ô_ÔFindleyÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ¸'#' ÐVictor€S.€Johnson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Bret€Gunn,€District€Attorney€General,€for€appellee,Ð ¤(ô#( ÐState€of€Tennessee.Ð )à$) ÐÓ$ ÓÌÌÌÐ @-(-ýG ЇÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼»XXVaS #ÔÔ‡XVaX»¼ÔÐ œì ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼»XXVa¡#ÔÔ‡XVaX»¼ÔÓ  Óò òòòÔ‡XVaXXXVaÔÓÓà@!ìàFactual€Backgroundóóó óˆÐ tÄ ÐÓÓà  àThe€defendant,€Galgalo€B.€Halake,€lived€in€an€apartment€with€the€victim,€Yohanes€G.Ð L œ ÐSoFoyie,€and€another€man,€Liban€Conchero.€ò ò€€ó óAll€three€men€were€natives€of€Ethiopia.ò ò€€ó óOn€April€18,Ð 8 ˆ Ð1998,€the€victim€was€shot€several€times€and€killed€outside€his€apartment€door.€ò ò€ó óA€neighbor€heard€theÐ ( x Ðshots,€but€the€police€did€not€investigate€the€murder€until€another€neighbor€discovered€the€victimððsÐ  h Ðbody.€€ò òó óAfter€the€shots€were€fired,€another€neighbor,€who€had€also€heard€the€shots,€saw€a€black€manÐ  T  Ðwearing€dark€clothes€walk€down€a€hill€behind€the€apartment€complex€and€drive€away€in€a€green€orÐ ð @  Ðgrey€Nissan€240SX.€€ò òó óThe€man€was€carrying€something€in€his€left€hand.ò òó óÐ Ü,  Ðà  àWhen€the€police€arrived€at€the€crime€scene,€they€discovered€that€the€victim€had€been€shotÐ È  Ðseveral€timesò òó ó€at€close€range,€within€two€feet€or€less€and€had€sustained€a€massive€blow€to€the€head.ò òó ó€Ð ´  ÐThe€victimððs€blood€was€spattered€on€the€door,€the€door€frame,€and€immediately€inside€the€apartment,Ð  ð  Ðon€the€walls€and€ceiling.ò òó ó€The€victim€was€not€robbed,ò òó ó€and€the€killer€did€not€enter€the€apartment€byÐ ŒÜ  Ðforce.ò ò€€ó óThe€victim€was€found€holding€keys€in€his€hand.ò òó óÐ xÈ Ðà  àThe€defendant€arrived€at€the€crime€scene€at€sometime€after€3:00€a.m.€€The€police€asked€himÐ h¸ Ðto€identify€the€body,€and€he€made€a€positive€identification.ò òó ó€There€is€conflicting€testimony€aboutÐ T¤ Ðwhether€the€police€had€taped€off€the€entire€area€around€the€crime€scene€at€that€time.ò òó ó€The€defendantÐ @ Ðtold€the€police€that€he€had€been€at€a€local€night€club€at€the€time€of€the€murder.ò ò€ó ó€He€stated€that€heÐ ,| Ðmade€several€phone€calls€to€his€girlfriend€from€that€night€club€around€midnight€after€receiving€herÐ l Ðpages.€ò òó óÐ X Ðà  àPhone€records€from€the€night€club€pay€phones€indicate€that€several€calls€were€placed€fromÐ ôD Ðthat€night€club€to€the€defendantððs€girlfriendððs€residence,€but€the€calls€were€placed€between€1:00€andÐ à0 Ð1:30€in€the€morning€and€indicate€that€they€were€intercepted€by€voice„mail.ò òó ó€Additionally,€theÐ Ì Ðdefendant€had€telephoned€his€girlfriend€around€12:15€in€the€morning€after€receiving€several€pagesÐ ¸ Ðfrom€her.ò òó ó€However,€the€defendantððs€girlfriend€testified€that€although€the€defendant€told€her€that€heÐ ¤ô Ðwas€calling€her€from€the€nightclub,€she€did€not€hear€any€background€noise.ò òó ó€The€defendantððsÐ à Ðgirlfriendððs€phone€records€indicate€that€a€call€was€made€to€her€residence€around€12:15€a.m.ò ò€ó óÐ |Ì ÐHowever,€the€records€for€this€phone€call€are€incomplete€and€indicate€that€the€call€could€have€beenÐ l ¼ Ðmade€from€Atlanta,€Georgia€or€by€using€a€long„distance€phone€card.ò òó óÐ X!¨ Ðà  àThe€police€searched€the€defendantððs€car,€a€Nissan€240SX,€and€found€no€traces€of€blood€orÐ D"”  Ðgunpowder.€ò ò€ó óThey€inspected€the€clothes€that€the€defendant€was€wearing€when€he€arrived€at€the€crimeÐ 0#€! Ðscene€and€found€two€drops€of€the€victimððs€blood€on€his€pants.ò òó ó€The€drops€were€not€visible€to€theÐ  $p" Ðnaked€eye€and€were€only€visible€through€the€use€of€special€light,€and€no€blood€was€found€elsewhereÐ  %\ # Ðon€the€defendantððs€person.€ò òó óThe€police€also€learned€through€several€witnesses€that€the€defendant,Ð ø%H!$ Ðhaving€heard€rumors€of€an€affair,€had€been€suspicious€of€the€victimððs€relationship€with€his€girlfriend.ò òó óÐ ä&4"% ÐHe€questioned€his€girlfriend€about€the€relationship€several€times,€the€last€instance€being€at€least€aÐ Ð' #& Ðmonth€prior€to€the€murder.ò òó ó€€In€these€confrontations,€the€defendant€did€not€threaten€to€kill€or€hurt€theÐ ¼( $' Ðvictim.€ò òó óThe€defendant€also€confided€in€a€friend€that€he€was€suspicious€of€the€victimððs€relationshipÐ ¨)ø$( Ðwith€his€girlfriend,€but€his€friend€testified€that€the€last€time€the€defendant€spoke€to€him€of€theseÐ ”*ä%) Ðsuspicions€was€€at€least€a€month€before€the€victimððs€death.ò òó óÐ €+Ð&* Ðà  àThe€defendantððs€other€roommate,€Mr.€Conchero,€arrived€at€the€crime€scene€with€a€femaleÐ ° Ðprostitute,€who€provided€an€alibi€for€Mr.€Conchero.ò ò€ó ó€The€police€later€learned€that€this€alibi€was€false,Ð œì Ðand€several€months€after€the€murder,€Mr.€Conchero€left€town€and€could€not€be€located.ò ò€ó ó€Additionally,Ð ŒÜ Ða€neighbor€testified€that€the€day€before€the€murder,€several€suspicious„looking€men€knocked€on€herÐ |Ì Ðdoor.€ò ò€ó óShe€did€not€answer€her€door,€but€saw€them€place€a€note€on€the€victimððs€car.ò òó óÐ h¸ Ðà  àThe€defendant€was€arrested€and€tried€by€jury€for€first„degree€murder.€€At€trial,€a€policeÐ X ¨ Ðdetective,€Officer€Hunsicker,€testified€regarding€the€blood€spatter€that€he€discovered€at€the€crimeÐ D ” Ðscene.€€ò òó óThe€trial€court€allowed€the€detective€to€testify€that,€in€his€opinion,€the€blood€spots€located€onÐ 0 € Ðthe€defendantððs€pants€were€consistent€with€other€gunshot€blood€spatter€that€he€had€observed€at€otherÐ  l Ðcrime€scenes,ò òó ó€despite€defense€counselððs€objection:Ð  X  Ðà8  àBy€General€Gunn€[prosecuting€attorney]:Ø! !ØÐô D Ð Ð  ÐÓ€ (ª½83Óà8  àQ:€€€Officer€Hunsicker,€how€did€those€spots€on€the€pant€leg€compare€to€the€bloodÐ à0  Ðspatter€that€youððd€seen€out€at€the€crime€scene?ÐÌ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àA:€€€They€were€consistent€with€what€you€had€on€the€walls€out€there.и Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€€€And€did€the€spatter€on€the€walls€appear€to€be€spattered€from€a€particular€type€ofÐ ¤ô  Ðimpact?Ðà Ð Ð  Ðà8  àA:€€€€I€couldnððt€ð"ðÐ|ÌÐ Ð  Ðà8  àMs.€Hooper€[defense€attorney]:€Your€Honor,€I€object.€€I€donððt€think€heððs€beenÐ h¸ Ðqualified€as€an€expert€on€blood€spatter.€€I€donððt€think€he€can€testify€to€that.ÐT¤Ð Ð  Ðà8  àGeneral€Gunn:€I€am€not€asking€as€an€expert.€€Iððm€asking€on€the€basis€heððs€been€to€aÐ @ Ðhundred€crime€scenes€and€seen€gun€shot€wounds€and€knows€what€blood€looks€likeÐ ,| Ðafter€itððs€been€spattered€off€a€body€from€a€gun€shot€wound.ÐhÐ Ð  Ðà8  àThe€Court:€€€Seems€to€me€thatððs€ð"ð€that€is€the€point€defense€counsel€is€making.€€SoÐ T ÐIððm€going€to€sustain€the€objection€unless€you€lay€the€foundation€here.Ðð@Ð Ð  Ðà8  àBy€General€Gunn:ÐÜ,Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€€€Officer€Hunsicker,€in€these€hundreds€of€crime€scenes€that€youððve€been€to,€haveÐ È Ðyou€observed€bodies€or€victims€that€have€been€shot€by€gun€shots?дРР Ðà8  àA:€€€Yes,€I€have.РðÐ Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€€€€And€have€you€also€observed€people€who€have€been€struck€with€objects?ÐŒÜÐ Ð  Ðà8  àA:€€€€Yes,€I€have.ÐxÈÐ Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€€€€And€have€you€also€observed€blood€that€has€been€dripped€from€a€person?Ðd ´Ð Ð  Ðà8  àA:€€€€Yes,€I€have.ÐP! Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€€€€And€in€your€experience€have€you€seen€differences€in€the€way€this€blood€appearsÐ <"Œ  Ðwhen€it€strikes€other€objects?Ð(#x!Ð Ð  Ðà8  àA:€€€€I€have.€Yes.Ð$d"Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€€€€Now€what€is€the€difference€in€those€type€of€things?Ð%P #Ð Ð  Ðà8  àA:€€€€The€blood€spatter€thatððs€in€question€here€was€consistent€with€what€was€on€theÐ ì%