ÿWPCä yx‚¶ž£P¯ ïÂ]ôž¹ Ÿýj!g,ߘ—1-ˆ  ªoïâÞd.«òê•Yáò]-ø™l÷ýç:¿'”bÑBeFë±¿Š U¨üw.ÕZö$ÄaO); ,²– –RøQ´îtí'ž<§ÊöºÆ‹Ãú÷M —q0KÌ]œBúfšJ²ì±«›šÏ9"湟F̤”ZU™ýˆÏô.¡è²ÝJäJí!Á£IT}¶Ñz·´¦Ç$ÒhsMqæ¦wd“/ÀKÍWû¦ÖMj`²’I œ­váÐÂ-ý¢ËÛXo ^€ßñ‰!EÒ \J•Ô×>ÝP ®¥ºxÚ·…–ñuÅ×>S×sH;8'e¯‡òmWÂeIVØFâhc¡Û‡ï[Ôý©ìÎÄÑÍUŠÔ¦ø„u·Ga˜fý€'"ÂæxK#¤7VÈ4cöê|˜,$‰ ŒýÔëÿ‰gGzn}m@«néÓ&vè]œ‘o>®õÆ‹põ;GvRµ¶ê«„åRÑùªë¶}¿÷—6ŠÄÃqƒ]°ü·B' .LÀ:ðÅÊ1± HÝbŒ¤>:•çSÆ.MÍN¨ÒäžÞUñé4 óþ¦ø”C¡•&…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U :Í U : w@A 4 • -¤ 0lÑ 0D=  è‰ U:q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q B« « « « D3È È È 0Dû û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û û AO?ÆŽŽ 0DT D/˜ BǘHP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular DD!eDDÓ€uM%3|x" #Ñ#€XØXÿÿd#Ñ((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÞÔ€XûÁXXXÔÔ€Ç/XXûÁÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XûÁXÇ/ÔÐ  ÐÌOctober€29,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d&&&&'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýññ›ññññ›ññÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€XœXXXÔÑ€ û£ÑññœññÔ‡XûÁXXXœÔññ›ññññœßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` ð  rß›ññà@g g ÚàòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóˆÐ `  Ðà@ÚÚ0ÚàòòˆÌÓ  ÓAT€ññœññNASHVILLEóóññ›ññÐ , Ì ÐÌà@@,,(ÚàMAY€1998€SESSIONÌÌÓ  ÓÌññœññÌÌSTATEññ›ññ€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì à*à D àC.C.A.€#€01C01„9703„CR„00083Ð v  ЀÌà Œ àà ä àAppellee,à ” àà ì à*à D àDAVIDSON€COUNTYÐ Bâ  ÐÌVS.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHonorable€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ ®  ÐÌRICHARD€BRUCE€HALFACRE€à ì à*à D à(First€Degree€Murder;€Especially€à ü! àà T$ àÐ Úz  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAggravated€Robbery)Ìand€BLAKE€EDWARD€HALLUM,à ì àÔ#†XœXXXûÁø#ÔÔ‡XûÁXXXœÔ*Ð ¦F ÐÌà Œ àà ä àAppellants.à ” àà ì à*Ð r ÐÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àÌÌòòFor€Appellant€Halfacreóó:à ” àà ì àà D àòòFor€Appelleeóó:Ð  ª ÐÌTerry€J.€Canadyà < àà ” àà ì àà D àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ Öv Ð211€Printer's€Alley€Buildingà ì àà D àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ ¼ \ ÐSuite€400ÌNashville,€TN€ññœññ€37201ññ›ññà ” àà ì àà D àKaren€M.€YacuzzoÐ ˆ"( Ðòòà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àóóAssistant€Attorney€GeneralòòÐ n# ÐFor€Appellant€Hallumóó:à ” àà ì àà D à423€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÐ T$ô Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCordell€Hull€Building,€2nd€FloorÌMichael€D.€Noelà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€ññœññ€37243„0493ññ›ññÐ  &À  Ð2400€Crestmoor€Roadà ” àà ì àà D àÐ '¦! ÐSuite€318à ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àRon€Millerà ô àÐ ì'Œ" ÐNashville,€TN€ññœññ€37215ññ›ññà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ Ò(r# Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à222€Second€Avenue,€NorthÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€ññœññTN€€37201„1649ññ›ññÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌOPINION€FILED:€€_____________________òòÐ 0¢&+ ÐóóÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ  þ8ž/5 ÐÑ û£ÑÑ7€ìŸXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÔ#†XœXXXûÁ!#ÔÓÓÓ  Óòòò òOPINIONó óóóÐ `  ÐÓÏÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendants,€Blake€Edward€Hallum€and€Richard€Bruce€Halfacre,Ïwere€tried€jointly€and€convicted€of€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€ÏThe€trial€court€imposed€life€sentences€for€the€murder€and€seventeen„year€sentencesÏfor€the€robbery€on€each€defendant€to€be€served€consecutively.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendants€present€the€following€issues€forÏreview:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓ(I)à < àwhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€chargeÐ ` Ðlesser€offenses€of€felony€murder€and€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery;€andÌÌ(II)à < àwhether€improper€argument€by€the€state€requiresÐ  À Ðreversal.ÌÌÒ4ä ÊÒÒX¼ÒÓØÓWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOn€July€20,€1994,€Mary€Villareal€spent€the€evening€watching€televisionÏwith€her€son,€the€victim,€Rick€Villareal.€€The€victim€was€in€possession€of€a€briefcase,Ïwhich€contained€about€$1000€in€cash€which€he€had€just€received€from€the€sale€of€aÏwasher,€a€dryer€and€a€car.€€When€he€left€the€residence€at€approximately€10:30€p.m.,Ïhe€was€also€wearing€several€pieces€of€jewelry:€€two€wedding€bands,€a€ruby€ring,€aÏdiamond€ring,€a€gold€link€bracelet,€a€watch,€and€a€gold€chain.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAbout€five€hours€later,€Officer€Jack€Robert€Campbell€was€dispatched€toÏinvestigate€a€report€that€a€"man€[was]€down"€at€the€park.€€Gary€Honeycutt€led€OfficerÏCampbell€to€the€victim,€who€was€lying€unconscious€on€the€ground.€€Officer€CampbellÏoriginally€believed€the€victim€ññœññeitherññ›ññ€had€too€much€to€drink€or€was€suffering€fromÏsome€type€of€seizure€and€arranged€for€the€victim€to€be€transported€to€the€hospital.€Ð P7ð-1 ÐLater,€he€learned€the€victim€had€sustained€a€fatal€head€injury€and€had€died€onlyÏhours€after€his€hospitalization.Ð  9ª/5 Їà Œ àà ä àSteven€Huffines,€who€was€serving€time€in€the€Sumner€County€Jail€atÏthe€time€of€trial,€recalled€that€both€defendants€visited€his€residence€during€the€earlyÏmorning€hours€after€the€assault€of€the€victim.€€They€were€carrying€a€briefcase€whichÏcontained€over€$500,€some€jewelry€and€some€papers.€€He€testified€that€defendantÏHalfacre€claimed€to€have€found€the€briefcase€on€the€side€of€the€road.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€Hallum€is€the€great€uncle€of€one€of€the€children€ofÏSherry€Hayes,€who€had€been€close€friends€to€both€defendants€for€about€sevenÏyears.€€On€the€afternoon€after€the€shooting,€the€defendant€Halfacre€called€Ms.ÏHayes€and€asked€her€to€meet€the€defendants€at€the€Megamarket€in€Hermitage€andÏto€provide€them€each€transportation.€€When€she€arrived,€the€defendants,€who€wereÏin€possession€of€a€briefcase,€indicated€that€they€needed€to€get€rid€of€the€briefcaseÏand€then€leave€Nashville.€€Hallum,€who€was€in€the€back€seat,€cried€and€stated€thatÏhe€never€meant€to€hurt€anyone.€€He€told€Ms.€Hayes€that€he€had€waited€in€the€woodsÏat€the€park€while€Halfacre€sat€on€a€picnic€table€and€had€observed€Halfacre€lead€theÏvictim€"into€the€woods."€€Hallum€informed€Ms.€Hayes€that€the€victim€"was€up€on€hisÏknees€when€they€left."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àMs.€Hayes,€who€had€prior€convictions€for€theft€and€fraudulent€use€of€aÏcredit€ññœññcard,ññ›ññ€drove€to€a€location€in€LaVergne,€where€the€defendants€walked€to€theÏwoods€and€burned€the€briefcase.€€Later,€the€three€went€to€a€restaurant€and€theÏdefendants€explained€that€they€needed€to€leave€the€state€to€avoid€spending€the€restÏof€their€lives€in€jail.€€The€defendants€spent€that€night€at€her€apartment.€€While€there,Ïdefendant€Hallum€removed€the€telephone€from€the€wall.€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJames€McGaugh,€owner€of€Shipley€Donuts,€recalled€that€the€defendantÏHalfacre€worked€for€ññœññhim€aboutññ›ññ€one€year€before€he€was€terminated€in€July€of€1994.€Ð 8¸.4 ÐIn€August€of€1994,€McGaugh€received€a€claim€from€Halfacre€for€unemploymentÏbenefits.€€The€claim€was€mailed€from€Los€Angeles,€California.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDetective€Alfred€Gray,€who€was€assigned€to€investigate€the€murder,Ïeventually€learned€both€defendants€were€in€California.€€Halfacre€returned€toÏNashville€and€was€arrested.€€Defendant€Hallum€was€arrested€in€California€almostÏeleven€months€after€the€murder.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDr.€Mona€Harlan,€who€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victim,€testifiedÏthat€the€victim€had€suffered€a€large€subgaleal€hematoma€between€his€scalp€andÏskull.€€The€victim€also€suffered€bruises€to€his€left€eye,€cuts€inside€his€lip,€a€bruise€andÏscrape€on€his€right€wrist,€and€a€scrape€on€his€cheek.€€Dr.€Harlan€stated€that€theÏhematoma€to€the€skull,€the€cause€of€death,€was€caused€by€"one€big€blow"€with€aÏblunt€object,€such€as€a€bat.€€Ì€€€€€€€ÌÓ  ÓIÌÓM!Óà Œ àà ä àBoth€defendants€contend€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€byÏfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€offenses€raised€by€the€evidence.€€In€countÏone,€each€defendant€was€charged€with€felony€murder.€€Reckless€homicide€was€theÏonly€lesser€offense€charged€to€the€jury.€€Both€defendants€now€argue€the€trial€courtÏshould€also€have€charged€criminally€negligent€homicide€and€facilitation€of€felonyÏmurder.€€In€count€two,€each€defendant€was€charged€with€especially€aggravatedÏrobbery;€no€lesser€offenses€were€charged.€€Each€defendant€now€argues€the€trialÏcourt€should€also€have€charged€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.ÌÌà Œ àÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔà ä àThe€trial€judge€has€a€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€lawÐ L6ì,2 Ðapplicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.Ð 8¸.4 Ð1986).€€œññœññTheññre€is€an€obligation€ññññ›€trial›€court›€is›€required›€ññ"to›€charge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€each€offenseÏincluded€in€the€indictment,€without€any€request€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€doÏso."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(a).€€¢£¢£"Pursuant€to€our€statute,€rule,€and€case€lawÏinterpretations,€defendants€are€entitled€to€jury€instructions€on€all€[lesser€offenses],€ifÏthe€evidence€would€support€a€conviction€for€the€offense."€€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919Ð 0 ÐS.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€1996).€€Such€a€charge€"allows€the€jury€to€consider€allÏrelevant€offenses€in€determining€the€appropriate€offense,€if€any,€for€conviction"€andÏ"more€evenly€balances€the€rights€of€the€defendant€and€the€prosecution€and€servesÏthe€interests€of€justice."€€òòId.óó€€Ô#†XºÉXXXºÉ $#ÔÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔTrialññ›ññ€courts,€however,€are€not€required€to€charge€theÐ À` Ðjury€on€a€lesser€included€offense€when€the€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€to€supportÏan€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€offense.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,Ð Xø Ð549„50€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€S.W.2d€589,€593€(Tenn.€ññœññ1990).€Ð $Ä ЀÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€310€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supremeÐ ¼ \ Ðcourt€ruled€as€follows:€€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àTennessee€law€recognizes€two€types€of€lesser€offensesÏthat€may€be€included€in€the€offense€charged€in€theÏindictment:€offenses€necessarily€included€in€theÏindictment€and€offenses€that€are€lesser€grades€of€theÏcharged€offense.€€An€offense€is€"necessarily€included€inÏthe€indictment€...€only€if€the€elements€of€the€includedÏoffense€are€a€subset€of€the€elements€of€the€chargedÏoffense€and€only€if€the€greater€offense€cannot€beÏcommitted€without€also€committing€the€lesser€offense."€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌ€òòId.óó€€Ð P-ð#( ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àÔ#†XºÉXXXºÉA(#ÔÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔOur€supreme€court€also€provided€guidance€on€how€to€determineÐ è0ˆ', Ðwhether€an€offense€is€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€offense€charged:€€"[o]ne€needÏonly€look€to€the€statutes€to€determine€whether€a€given€offense€is€a€lesser€grade€orÏclass€of€the€crime€charged."€€òòId.óó€at€310.€€The€court€observed€that€the€legislature€hasÐ L6ì,2 Ðdivided€criminal€homicide€into€the€grades€of€first„degree€murder,€second„degreeÐ 8¸.4 Ðmurder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€criminally€negligent€homicide,€and€vehicularÏhomicide.€€Ô#†XºÉXXXºÉ -#ÔÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔòòId.óóÐ , Ì ÐÔ#†XºÉXXXºÉq/#ÔÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔÌà Œ àà ä àWe€first€address€the€court's€failure€to€charge€facilitation€of€felonyÏmurder.€€The€trial€court€did€instruct€the€jury€on€the€criminal€responsibility€for€theÏconduct€of€another€statute,€which€provides,€that€"a€person€is€criminally€responsibleÏfor€an€offense€committed€by€the€conduct€of€another€if:€(2)€[a]cting€with€the€intent€toÏpromote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€orÏresults€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€anotherÏperson€to€commit€the€offense."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendants€argue€that€because€the€criminal€responsibility€statuteÏwas€charged,€facilitation€should€also€have€been€charged.€€Facilitation€of€a€felonyÏoccurs€where€a€person€"knowing€that€another€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,Ïbut€without€the€intent€required€for€criminal€responsibility€under€39„11„402(2),€...Ïknowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€the€felony."€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„403.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àòòóóCase€law€confirms€œññthat€ññfacilitation›€œññaññññiññs›€a€lesser€offense.€€òòState€v.€Utleyóó,Ð ¸)X $ Ð928€S.W.2d€448,€952€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)ññ.€€ññññ;€ññòòññState€v.€Lewisññóóññ,€919€S.W.2d€62,€67„68€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€ññòòññLewisññóóññ,€this€court€ruled€that€"virtually€every€time€one€is€charged€with€a€felony€by€way€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another,€facilitation€of€the€felony€would€be€a€lesser€included€offense."€€ññòòññLewisññóóññ,€919€S.W.2d€at€76.€€ññIn€òòUtleyóó,€the€court€explained€œthatññ€theÐ „+$"& Ðcrime€ofññ›€ññtheÐ L6ì,2 Ðholding€in€ññòòññLewisññóóññ€was€not€aÐ L6ì,2 Ð"blanket€rule"€and€thatÐ L6ì,2 Ðññfacilitation€should€only€be€charged€"where€the€facts€could€cause€reasonableÐ P-ð#( Ðminds€to€conclude€that€the€defendant€lacked€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€in€orÏbenefit€from€the€felony's€commission."€€òòUtleyóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€452.€€Ð è0ˆ', ÐÌà Œ àà ä àWhile€facilitation€is€a€lesser€offense€of€felony€murder,€it€was€not,€in€ourÏview,€raised€by€the€evidence€in€this€case.€€"[R]easonable€minds"€could€not€concludeÏññ›ññfrom€the€proof€that€either€defendant€merely€facilitated€the€felony€murder.€€TheÐ 8¸.4 Ðdefendants,€ññœññlongtimeññ›ññ€friends,€went€to€the€park.€€While€Hallum€waited€in€the€woods,ÏHalfacre€sat€on€a€picnic€table€looking€for€a€robbery€victim.€€When€the€victimÏapproached,€Halfacre€led€him€to€Hallum's€location.€€The€victim€suffered€a€severeÏblow€to€the€head€with€a€blunt€object.€€The€defendants€took€the€briefcase€and€theÏvictim's€jewelry€and€money,€traveled€to€Huffines'€residence,€and€looked€through€theÏcontents€of€the€victim's€briefcase.€€On€the€next€day,€the€defendants€arranged€forÏtransportation€to€a€remote€area,€where€they€both€burned€the€victim's€briefcase.€ÏThey€took€precautions€to€remain€undetected€before€fleeing€to€California.€€NeitherÏdefendant€chose€to€submit€any€proof€of€a€more€limited€participation€in€the€crimes,Ïelecting€instead€to€rely€on€the€possibility€of€the€state€failing€to€meet€its€evidentiaryÏburden.€€The€jury€was€left€with€the€choice€of€convicting€or€acquitting€on€the€primaryÏcharges.€€Whether€one€defendant€merely€facilitated€the€other€in€the€crimes€wouldÏhave€been€entirely€speculative.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court's€failure€to€charge€criminally€negligent€homicide€was€notÏreversible.€€Criminally€negligent€homicide€is€a€lesser€grade€offense€of€felony€murder.€ÏòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€1994).€€It€is€defined€as€"[c]riminallyÐ  &À  Ðnegligent€conduct€which€results€in€death."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„212(a).€€TheÏdegree€of€negligence€required€to€prove€the€offense€is€as€follows:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓCriminal€negligence€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€withÏcriminal€negligence€with€respect€to€the€circumstancesÏsurrounding€that€person's€conduct€or€the€result€of€thatÏconduct€when€the€person€ought€to€be€aware€of€aÏsubstantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€that€the€circumstancesÏexist€or€the€result€will€occur.€€The€risk€must€be€of€such€aÏnature€and€degree€that€the€failure€to€perceive€itÏconstitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standard€of€careÏthat€an€ordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€theÏcircumstances€as€viewed€from€the€accused€person'sÏstandpoint.ÌÌÒ4ä m?ÒÒX_?ÒÓ{?ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(4).€€The€facts€support€an€inference€that€theÏññœññdefendants€were€lying€in€wait€for€the€victim.€€Dr.€Harmon€testified€that€a€tremendousÐ 8¸.4 Ðamount€of€force€would€be€required€to€cause€the€head€injury€which€ultimately€led€toÏthe€victim's€death.€€Absent€other€proof,€these€facts€would€hardly€suggest€a€criminallyÏnegligent€homicide.€€Thus,€there€was€no€error€in€failing€to€charge€this€as€a€lesserÏgrade€offense.€€€€€€Ô#†XºÉXXXºÉÑ/#ÔÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔÐ Äd ÐÔ#†XºÉXXXºÉãC#ÔÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔÌà Œ àà ä àÔ#†XºÉXXXºÉ:D#ÔThe€defendants€also€argue€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robberyÐ \ü  Ðshould€have€been€charged.€€Again,€there€is€no€proof€in€this€record€which€wouldÏsupport€a€jury's€conclusion€that€either€defendant€merely€facilitated€the€other€in€theÏrobbery.€€The€defendants€acted€in€concert€in€robbing€a€victim€and€taking€hisÏbriefcase€and€jewelry.€€On€the€next€day,€they€burned€the€briefcase€and€fled€theÏjurisdiction.€€These€facts€suggest€equal€culpability.€€In€our€view,€the€trial€court€did€notÏerr€by€failing€to€charge€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.ÌÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓØFÓ€à Œ àà ä àThe€defendants€next€argue€that€improper€argument€by€the€stateÐ ˆ"( Ðrequires€reversal.€€They€complain€that€the€prosecutor€inappropriately€commented€onÏpreviously€suppressed€statements€and€on€their€right€to€remain€silent.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendants€were€indicted€together€but€had€filed€motions€to€sever,Ïbased€on€the€fact€that€each€defendant€gave€a€statement€which€implicated€the€other.€ÏApparently,€the€trial€judge€denied€the€motion€to€sever€but€ruled€that€the€statementsÏwould€not€be€admissible€at€trial.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€14(c)(1).€€The€recordÐ /¼%* Ðcontains€an€order€denying€the€severance.€€It€does€not,€however,€contain€an€orderÏsuppressing€the€statements.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDuring€cross„examination€of€Detective€Gray,€defense€counsel€forÏHallum€elicited€the€following€testimony:Ð 8¸.4 ÐÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓDefense€attorney:à ì àDid€you€ever€have€an€occasion€atÐ `  Ðany€time€to€go€to€Smyrna€and€look€for€where€theÏbriefcase€might€have€been€burned€in€LaVergne?ÌÌDetective€Gray:à ì àNo,€sir;€I€did€not.Ð ø ˜ ÐÌDefense€attorney:à ì àWere€you€given€information€by€Mrs.Ð Äd ÐHayes€that€one€was€burned€in€Smyrna€or€LaVergne?ÌÌDetective€Gray:à ì àNo,€sir;€I€was€not.Ð v  ÐÌDefense€attorney:à ì àAnd€so€you've€never€had€anÐ Bâ  Ðoccasion€to€go€down€there€to€look€and€see€if€you€couldÏfind€this€place€where€this€brief€case€was€burned?ÌÌòòDetective€Gray:à ì àThe€defendant€never€gave€me€theÐ Úz  Ðexact€location€where€I€could€find€that€briefcase.ÌÌDefense€attorney:à ì àMs.€Hayes?Ð Œ, ÐÌDetective€Gray:à ì àNo,€the€defendant.€€That's€where€IÐ Xø Ðgot€the€information€from.óóÐ >Þ ÐÌDefense€attorney:à ì àIf€it€please€the€court,€the€questionÐ  ª Ðwas€did€Ms.€Hayes€tell€you€where€the€briefcase€wasÏburned?ÌÌDetective€Gray:à ì àMrs.€Hayes€never€...€mentioned€theÐ ¢!B Ðbriefcase,€sir.€€€€€€€ÌÌÒ4ä €JÒÒXrJÒÓŽJÓÌà Œ àà ä àAfter€Detective€Gray€had€completed€his€testimony,€a€jury„outÏconference€was€held.€€Defense€counsel€explained€that€he€left€that€portion€ofÏDetective€Gray's€testimony€"alone€because€[he]€didn't€want€to€create€a€biggerÏproblem."€€The€trial€court€found€the€witness's€reference€to€the€suppressed€statementÏinadvertent€and€offered€to€give€a€curative€instruction;€defense€counsel€declined.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àNoting€that€Ms.€Hayes€spoke€with€the€police€several€times,€defenseÏcounsel€ññœññargued€in€closing:ññ›ññÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓI€asked€her,€did€you€ever€tell€about€...€burning€the€briefÏcase.€€Well,€that's€just€insignificant.€€She€didn't€say€that,Ïbut€that's€the€way€they€would€have€you€believe.€...€€Well,Ïdid€it€happen€near€your€brother's?€€Well,€you€know,€IÏguess.€€It's€just€somewhere€out€in€the€woods.€€But€thenÏpin€her€down€on€it,€well,€it's€three€or€four€hundred€feetÐ þ8ž/5 Ðfrom€my€brother's€business,€so€to€speak.€€Al€Gray€neverÏwent€down€there€and€looked€to€see€if€all€that€was€true,Ïfrom€the€best€I€could€tell.€€ÌÌShe€either€lied€when€she€testified€here€or€she€lied€whenÏshe€gave€the€statement€to€the€police.€€There's€no€twoÏways€about€it.€€One€of€those€two€times€is€a€ññœññlie.Ìññ›ññÌÒ4ä ÄQÒÒX¶QÒÓÒQÓÌà Œ àà ä àThe€state€responded€to€the€attack€on€Ms.€Hayes'€credibility:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓMr.€Noel€talked€to€you€about€Sherry€Hayes€going€to€burnÏthe€briefcase.€€The€first€thing€that€we€heard€about€whereÏshe€went,€other€than€in€LaVergne,€a€specific€location,Ïwas€did€you€go€to€your€brother's€business,€or€how€closeÏto€your€brother's€business...€€That's€the€first€we'd€heardÏabout€that.ÌÌShe€didn't€tell€Officer€Gray€anything€about€the€briefcase.€ÏShe€didn't€tell€the€police€officers€about€the€briefcase.€...€ÏòòSo€ask€yourself€the€question,€where€did€Mr.€Noel€find€outÐ >Þ Ðabout€that€question€in€order€to€ask€her.€€How€did€he€knowÏabout€that€locationóó?Ð  ª ÐÌOftentimes,€the€...€defense€lawyers€attack€the€witnessesÏin€this€case,€they€want€to€make€it€seem€that€we're€theÏones€who€pick€the€witnesses.€€Well,€I€didn't€pick€theÏwitnesses.€...€€òòThe€people€who€picked€the€witnesses€whoÐ ˆ"( Ðtestified€here€today,€Mr.€Huffines€and€Sherry€Hayes,€areÏBlake€Hallum€and€Richard€Halfacre.€€They're€the€onesÏwho€caused€them€to€come€in€this€Courtroom€to€testifyÏand€tell€you€what€happened,€what€they€saw,€and€whatÏthey€told€themóó.€€The€lawyers€now€want€to€distanceÐ '¦! Ðthemselves€and€their€clients€from€Sherry€Hayes€andÏSteven€Huffines.€€But€at€the€time€that€this€happened,€theyÏwere€friends€...€[A]s€the€saying€goes,€they€were€thick€asÏthieves.€ÌÌÒ4ä 8UÒÒX*UÒÓFUÓÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendants€complain€that€the€emphasized€portions€of€theÏexchange€improperly€referred€to€the€previously€suppressed€statements€and€theÏdefendants'€right€to€remain€silent.Ì€€€€ÌÔ‡XºÉXXXºÉÔà Œ àà ä àThe€test€to€be€applied€in€reviewing€a€claim€of€prosecutorial€misconductÐ f5,1 Ðis€"whether€the€improper€conduct€could€have€affected€the€verdict€to€the€prejudice€ofÏthe€defendant."€€òòHarrington€v.€Stateóó,€385€S.W.2d€758,€759€(Tenn.€1965).€€TheÐ þ8ž/5 Ðfactors,€set€out€in€òòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€340,€344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976),Ð `  Ðand€adopted€by€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€in€òòState€v.€Buckóó,€670€S.W.2d€600,Ð , Ì Ð609€(Tenn.€1984),€are€as€follows:€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€the€conduct€complained€of,€viewed€in€light€of€the€factsÏand€circumstances€of€the€case;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€the€curative€measures€undertaken€by€the€court€andÏthe€prosecution;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€the€intent€of€the€prosecutor€in€making€the€improperÏstatement;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(4)€the€cumulative€effect€of€the€improper€conduct€and€anyÏother€errors€in€the€record;€and€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€the€relative€strength€or€weakness€of€the€case.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÓÌà Œ àà ä àThe€law€clearly€prohibits€any€prosecutorial€comment€upon€theÏaccused's€election€not€to€testify.€€òòGriffin€v.€Californiaóó,€380€U.S.€609€(1965).€€To€do€soÐ ð Ðconstitutes€misconduct.€€òòId.óó€at€615.€€The€ultimate€test€of€whether€that€misconduct€isÐ ¼ \ Ðreversible€error€depends€on€whether€it€had€a€prejudicial€effect€upon€the€verdict.€€InÏour€view,€the€prosecutor's€statements€do€not€qualify€as€comments€on€theÏdefendants'€decision€not€to€testify.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWe€do€find,€however,€that€the€comments€about€how€the€defenseÏattorney€learned€about€the€briefcase€were€an€inappropriate€reference€to€theÏdefendants'€prior€suppressed€statements.€€Without€the€benefit€of€reviewing€the€orderÏsuppressing€the€statements€or€the€statements€themselves,€however,€it€is€difficult€toÏassess€how€egregious€the€comments€were.€€When€viewed€in€context,€theÏprosecutor's€intent€appears€to€have€been€to€argue€that€while€Ms.€Hayes€may€not€beÏthe€most€credible€witness,€she€was€a€close€friend€to€both€defendants€and€the€onlyÏperson€with€evidence€of€how€the€crime€was€committed.€€There€were€no€instructionsÏgiven€by€the€court€nor€curative€measures€taken€by€the€prosecutor.€€The€commentÐ 8¸.4 Ðwas€an€isolated€incident€and€did€not,€in€our€assessment,€affect€the€verdict.€€OnÏbalance,€the€defendants€have€failed€to€establish€that€the€comment€qualified€asÏreversible€error.€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÔ#†XºÉXXXºÉ€[#Ôà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð 0 ÐÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à__________________________________Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌDavid€G.€Hayes,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌJerry€L.€Smith,€Judge€