ÿWPCx# öl%üŒû-¾cñþWb„’Èv~7^H qv»ý)S…å¬,¾ïàp,oö¤bæàÃÇ'¹© \ô–ÎÛ·»må8o qð6ò[S…Ç- ÙØ)Mߌ ÷MãÅ›ºðddqÔÚs¸5¦©jÝÛþ*CS̱_^ER_˜º“Z{>ŸC@Oøq,ˆ×cC—|¢T8o2 µù",(ÑíL¤‰–^ÔþÈÿ(º¬`ÂÈFsÏñ 9ŧ¿fé¦j¥¯MêìÃçíGUaü*WaóM`ŠÊŸ“265³¾Œy²ka\Чä¸îή`¢Ñˆgœ ~ÄÛ†‹Ñ¶¦îïÛ ÷I¢§m«œ|v>ó,”’u]Ø Ne—תÝdB/…p„³+2A„囎%q~ÛŠPÔÚ¶·ÎdoåFÈ{IÙfƒÒÈ€WÇ3dF‡àŸQ<ás§×9ßÀ[Rí¡ívÅ7äæòð´HÏèϧ¼³,^@J*ðâŸùþÆsX-¹—Ü4¤Ïq(O®oE‡èÍÊ›¹Pß-ÃF­¡x@É7‘( '*oƒáÒ5Mí-fAW/Sý“®¼jO)&°ˆ}!#óÂHb %\çb 0ˆI UNÑ ý úž z´Ò.^ w 4$Æ3ÆùƿƅKNM mO#ÁfE'''''''''''''''''''' 0D))))bmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 0ëuuuu B`` 0¤} D3! D-T 0K ASÌ Æ! 0¤å! 0D‰" A«Í"» ÝÝ ƒR}e$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¾­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€letter€was€filed€as€an€exhibit€with€the€court,€apparently€during€a€hearing.€€The€exhibit€label€on€the€letterÐ ° Ðindicates€that€it€was€introduced€by€the€State€ð ðto€continue€the€trial€date.ðð€€The€technical€record€does€not€contain€aÐ tÄ Ðconcomitant€motion€to€continue,€and,€based€on€the€dates€on€the€relevant€documents,€we€assume€the€letter€was€used€inÐ 8ˆ Ðconjunction€with€the€Stateððs€motion€to€declare€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€unavailable€(which€may€have€been€orally€amended€to€includeÐ üL Ða€motion€to€continue).(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular óÝ ƒR}e$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¾­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAs€the€òòÔ_ÔCausbyÔ_Ôóó€court€noted,€a€third€requirement€„„€that€the€evidence€be€neither€crucial€nor€devastating€„„€wasÐ ° Ðapplied€in€òòState€v.€Hendersonóó,€554€S.W.2d€117,€119€(Tenn.€1977)€and€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔArmesÔ_Ôóó,€607€S.W.2d€at€238„39.€€TheÐ tÄ ÐòòÔ_ÔCausbyÔ_Ôóó€court€determined€that€this€requirement€need€not€be€met€ð ðin€the€case€of€such€a€well[„]established€hearsay€exceptionÐ 8ˆ Ðas€former€testimony.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCausbyÔ_Ôóó,€706€S.W.2d€at€631€n.1. ðÝ ƒR}e$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¾­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€that€the€òòÔ_ÔCausbyÔ_Ôóó€court€adopted€Federal€Rule€of€Evidence€804(b)(1)€as€a€statement€of€the€(then)€currentÐ ° Ðlaw€in€Tennessee€for€the€admissibility€of€prior€testimony.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCausbyÔ_Ôóó,€706€S.W.2d€at€631.€€As€quoted€by€theÐ tÄ ÐòòÔ_ÔCausbyÔ_Ôóó€court,€the€federal€rule€and€Tennesseeððs€present€hearsay€exception€for€prior€testimony€are€substantively€identical.€Ð 8ˆ ÐòòCompareóó€òòid.óó€òòwithóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€804(b)(1). ”Ý ƒR}e$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¾­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Defendant€does€not€argue€that€he€lacked€either€the€opportunity€or€a€similar€motive€to€cross„examine€Mr.Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€at€the€prior€hearings.€€òòCf.óó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€804(b)(1).€€As€set€forth€above,€the€Defendant€was€represented€byÐ tÄ Ðcounsel€at€both€hearings€and€defense€counsel€cross„examined€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€at€both€hearings.€€The€examinations€focusedÐ 8ˆ Ðon€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ôððs€identification€of€the€Defendant.€€Indeed,€the€suppression€hearing€was€held€in€response€to€theÐ üL ÐDefendantððs€pre„trial€motion€to€suppress€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ôððs€identifications€of€the€Defendant.€€We€conclude€that€the€issues€inÐ À Ðthe€prior€proceedings€were€sufficiently€similar€to€those€at€trial€that€a€similar€motive€for€cross„examination€existed,€so€asÐ „Ô Ðto€satisfy€the€Ô_ÔprerequistesÔ_Ô€of€admissibility€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€804(b)(1).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Curtis€Lee€Majorsóó,Ð H ˜ ÐNo.€01C01„9602„CR„00076,€1997€Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€LEXIS€732,€at€*14„15€(Nashville,€July€30,€1997)€(holding€thatÐ  \ Ðformer€testimony€was€properly€admitted€under€Rule€804(b)(1)€where€the€ultimate€issue€in€question€at€preliminary€hearingÐ Ð  Ðand€trial€was€whether€the€defendant€was€the€person€who€committed€the€robbery).€ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt†~†-s üPH,ê:i¢×+003|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(|G2}e$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€e»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¾­ò»»Ô d(|3m$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€e»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3m$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€e»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€e»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼e»»»ÔÑ8€ZéXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î´î»¼eÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼e»îî´ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€October€1,€2002Ð üL ÐÔ‡XZéX»¼eÔÌò òÔ#†¼e»XXZé #ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€QUINN€L.€HAMILTONÔ‡XZéX»¼eÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€97„C„2004€€€€€€Cheryl€Blackburn,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„02748„CCA„R3„CD€Filed€December€5,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓA€jury€convicted€the€Defendant,€Quinn€L.€Hamilton,€of€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony,€andÐ xÈ  Ðevading€arrest,€a€Class€D€felony.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€Defendant€as€a€Range€II€multipleÐ d´ Ðoffender€to€consecutive€terms€of€nineteen€years€and€seven€years,€respectively,€for€an€effectiveÐ P  Ðsentence€of€twenty„six€years,€to€be€served€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,Ð <Œ Ðthe€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€declaring€the€victim€witness€unavailable€andÐ (x Ðallowing€his€prior€testimony€to€be€admitted€at€trial€as€substantive€evidence.€€We€affirm€the€trialÐ d Ðcourtððs€judgment.€Ð P ÐÌÓ°Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼e»àXZé#ÔÔ‡XZéX.¼eÔDavid€H.€Welles,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.óó€andÐ ° ÐòòAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð œì ÐÌJohn€E.€Rodgers,€Jr.,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Quinn€L.€Hamilton.Ð tÄ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Renee€W.€Turner,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð L œ ÐVictor€S.€Johnson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Bret€Ô_ÔT.GunnÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Ð 8!ˆ  Ðfor€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $"t! ÐÓ)ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼e»XXZéX#ÔÔ‡XZéX»¼eÔÐ ü#L# ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼e»XXZéf #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XZéX»¼eÔà  àThe€robbery€in€this€case€occurred€on€February€28,€1997.€€On€May€20,€1997,€the€victim,€Ô_ÔQuanÔ_ÔÐ Ô%$!% ÐÔ_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô,€testified€at€the€Defendantððs€preliminary€hearing.€€The€Defendantððs€attorney€was€present€andÐ À&"& Ðcross„examined€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€testified€that€two€men€robbed€him€at€about€one€oððclockÐ ¬'ü"' Ðin€the€afternoon€on€February€28,€1997.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€was€walking€down€the€street€alone€when€twoÐ ˜(è#( Ðblack€men€accosted€him.€€The€younger€man€was€on€a€bicycle.€€The€older€man€walked€up€to€Mr.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÔ_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô,€pulled€a€handgun,€put€the€gun€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ôððs€stomach,€and€removed€the€gold€necklace€thatÐ p*À%* ÐMr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€was€wearing.€€The€man€then€began€reaching€into€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ôððs€pockets,€demanding€ð ðtheÐ \+¬&+ Ðcheeseðð€and€threatening€to€kill€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔSheltonÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€had€$550€in€cash,€whichÐ H,˜', Ðthe€Defendant€took.Ð 4-„(-ý ÐÔ_Ô‡à  àMr.€Shelton€did€not€know€either€of€the€two€men€who€robbed€him.€€He€subsequently€identifiedÐ ° Ðthe€man€on€the€bicycle€from€photographs€he€reviewed€at€the€police€station€which€were€produced€byÐ œì Ðthe€police€department€based€on€Mr.€Sheltonððs€description€of€the€man.€€The€man€identified€by€Mr.Ð ˆØ ÐShelton€was€Mario€Woodard,€a€juvenile.€€Mr.€Shelton€testified€that€he€identified€the€Defendant€fromÐ tÄ Ðanother€photo€line„up€produced€by€the€police€at€a€later€time.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àMario€Woodard€testified€at€the€Defendantððs€trial.€€He€stated€that€he€knew€the€Defendant€priorÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€the€robbery,€and€saw€the€robbery€take€place€as€he€was€riding€by€on€his€bicycle.€€He€testified€thatÐ $ t Ðhe€saw€the€Defendant€holding€a€gun€and€saw€the€Defendant€rob€the€victim€of€money.€€Mr.€WoodardÐ  ` Ðtestified€that€he€was€ð ðsureðð€it€was€the€Defendant.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àDetective€Shellie€Kendall€Malone€testified€at€trial€that€she€investigated€the€robbery.€€She€metÐ Ô$  Ðwith€Mr.€Shelton€on€March€20,€1997,€and€took€descriptions€of€the€two€men€involved€in€the€robbery.€Ð À  ÐShe€entered€the€relevant€information€into€the€computer€and€began€generating€photographs€of€menÐ ¬ü  Ðwho€matched€the€data.€€Attempting€to€identify€the€older€suspect,€Mr.€Shelton€initially€viewed€2,022Ð ˜è  Ðphotographs€but€did€not€identify€a€suspect.€€Detective€Malone€then€began€trying€to€identify€theÐ „Ô  Ðyounger€suspect,€inputting€the€relevant€data€for€him.€€Mr.€Shelton€reviewed€175€photographs€andÐ pÀ Ðidentified€Mario€Woodard.€€Detectibe€Shelton€testified€that€Mr.€Shelton€expressed€no€uncertaintyÐ \¬ Ðabout€his€identification€of€Mario€Woodard.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àWoodard€was€subsequently€arrested€and€agreed€to€cooperate€with€the€police.€€He€identifiedÐ  p Ðthe€Defendant€as€the€other€suspect.€€On€May€1,€1997,€Detective€Malone€again€met€with€Mr.€SheltonÐ  \ Ðand€showed€him€a€photo€line„up€of€six€men.€€One€of€the€photos€was€of€the€Defendant.€€DetectiveÐ øH ÐMalone€testified€that,€upon€viewing€the€line„up,€Mr.€Shelton€ð ðimmediately€pointed€to€the€picture€ofÐ ä4 Ðthe€[D]efendant.ðð€€Detective€Malone€stated€that€Mr.€Shelton€ð ðwas€certainðð€of€his€identification.€Ð Ð  ÐDetective€Malone€also€testified€that€the€Defendantððs€residence€was€located€two€blocks€from€the€sceneÐ ¼  Ðof€the€robbery.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€State€also€introduced€at€trial€a€transcript€of€Mr.€Sheltonððs€testimony€at€a€suppressionÐ €Ð Ðhearing€held€on€September€23,€1998.€€During€the€suppression€hearing,€defense€counsel€was€presentÐ l¼ Ðand€cross„examined€Mr.€Shelton.€€Mr.€Shelton€testified€that€he€identified€the€Defendant€as€the€manÐ X ¨ Ðwho€robbed€him€from€a€photo€line„up€of€six€persons.€€He€further€identified€the€Defendant€in€theÐ D!” Ðcourtroom.€€He€testified€that€Detective€Malone€did€nothing€to€indicate€to€him€that€the€DefendantððsÐ 0"€  Ðphoto€was€a€photo€of€the€man€who€robbed€him.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àDuring€the€preliminary€hearing,€Mr.€Shelton€testified€that€he€had€joined€the€armed€servicesÐ ô$D # Ðand€would€be€reporting€for€basic€training€in€August€1997.€€In€January€2000,€a€few€days€before€theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendantððs€first€trial€date,€the€State€filed€a€motion€seeking€to€declare€Mr.€Shelton€unavailable€andÐ Ì&"% Ðrequesting€the€court€to€allow€his€prior€testimony€to€be€admitted€at€trial.€€In€support€of€its€motion,€theÐ ¸'#& Ðâ âState€filed€a€letter€dated€January€6,€2000€from€Captain€Elizabeth€W.€Watson,€Mr.€Sheltonððs€companyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcommander.׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€letter€states€that€Mr.€Shelton€was€at€that€time€stationed€in€Germany,€but€had€twiceÐ ° Ðâ âbeen€AWOL.€€For€that€reason,€Captain€Watson€would€ð ðnot€support€him€attending€this€court€case.ðð€Ð œì ÐIn€response€to€the€Stateððs€motion,€the€trial€court€ordered€a€transcript€of€Mr.€Sheltonððs€suppressionÐ ˆØ Ðhearing€testimony€to€be€prepared.€€The€trial€was€also€continued€until€May€22,€2000.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àOn€April€14,€2000,€the€State€filed€a€second€motion€to€have€Mr.€Shelton€declared€unavailableÐ L œ Ðand€requesting€that€his€prior€testimony€be€admitted.€€Attached€to€this€second€motion€was€anotherÐ 8 ˆ Ðletter€from€Captain€Watson€stating€that€Mr.€Shelton€would€be€deploying€to€Kosovo€for€six€monthsÐ $ t Ðon€April€28,€2000,€and€that€he€would€be€unavailable€for€trial.€€The€trial€court€granted€this€motion€andÐ  ` Ðruled€that€the€State€would€be€able€to€introduce€Mr.€Sheltonððs€testimony€at€the€preliminary€hearingÐ ü L  Ðand€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€substantive€evidence€at€the€Defendantððs€trial.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendantððs€trial€was€again€continued.€€A€few€days€before€the€new€trial€date€of€JanuaryÐ À  Ð8,€2001,€the€State€filed€a€third€motion€to€declare€Mr.€Shelton€unavailable.€€This€motion€states,€inÐ ¬ü  Ðpertinent€part,€that:Ð ˜è  Ðà  àà8 ` à6.€€Around€the€beginning€of€November€[2000],€Mr.€Shelton€returnedÐ „Ô  Ðto€Germany€from€Kosovo.€€He€immediately€began€having€disciplineÐ pÀ Ðproblems€including€being€absent„without„leave.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à7.€€From€conversations€with€Mr.€Sheltonððs€commander€prior€to€theÐ 4„ ÐChristmas€holidays,€the€State€learned€that€Mr.€Shelton€would€not€beÐ  p Ðallowed€to€travel€and€in€fact,€did€not€wish€to€travel.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à8.€€On€January€2,€2001,€the€State€learned€that€the€situation€hadÐ ä4 Ðchanged.€€Mr.€Shelton€was€willing€to€travel€if€he€could€go€throughÐ Ð  ÐAtlanta,€Georgia.€€His€commander€stated€that€he€would€be€allowed€toÐ ¼  Ðtravel,€but€it€was€too€late€for€any€flights€through€Atlanta.€€Since€thatÐ ¨ø Ðdate,€the€State€has€been€unable€to€contact€Mr.€Shelton.Дä` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àà ¸ àThe€State€respectfully€submits€that€Mr.€Shelton€is€beyond€theÐ l¼ Ðreach€of€Tennesseeððs€subpoena€power.€€Only€by€his€full€cooperationÐ X ¨ Ðand€mature€decisions€and€behavior€on€his€part€could€the€logisticalÐ D!” Ðproblem€of€getting€Mr.€Shelton€to€Nashville€for€this€trial€be€solved.€Ð 0"€  ÐBecause€of€his€location€and€behavior,€the€problem€remains€unsolved.€Ð #l! ÐThe€State€of€Tennessee€still€wishes€to€prosecute€[the€Defendant]€andÐ $X" Ðasks€that€the€Court€grant€this€motion.Ðô$D #` x` x Ðâ âÐ à%0!$ ÐThe€record€contains€no€indication€of€what,€if€any,€additional€proof€was€submitted€in€support€of€thisÐ ° Ðâ âthird€motion.€€The€trial€court€granted€the€Stateððs€motion€and€admitted€Mr.€Sheltonððs€prior€testimonyÐ œì Ðat€trial€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€804(b)(1).€€In€pertinent€part,€that€rule€provides€thatÐ ˆØ Ða€witnessððs€prior€testimony€at€another€hearing€in€the€same€proceeding€is€not€excluded€by€the€hearsayÐ tÄ Ðrule€if€(1)€the€witness€is€ð ðunavailableðð€and€(2)€the€party€against€whom€the€testimony€is€substantivelyÐ `° Ðoffered€had€both€an€opportunity€and€a€similar€motive€to€develop€the€unavailable€witnessððs€testimonyÐ L œ Ðby€direct,€cross,€or€redirect€examination.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€804(b)(1).€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€now€contends€that€the€trial€courtððs€admission€of€Mr.€Sheltonððs€prior€testimonyÐ  ` Ðas€substantive€evidence€at€his€trial€violated€his€constitutional€rights€to€confront€his€accusers.€€òòSeeóóÐ ü L  ÐU.S.€Const.€amend.€VI€(ð ðIn€all€criminal€prosecutions,€the€accused€shall€enjoy€the€right€.€.€.€to€beÐ è 8  Ðconfronted€with€the€witnesses€against€him€.€.€.€.ðð);€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9€(ð ðThat€in€all€criminalÐ Ô$  Ðprosecutions,€the€accused€hath€the€right€.€.€.€to€meet€the€witnesses€face€to€face€.€.€.€.ðð).€€The€DefendantÐ À  Ðargues€that€Mr.€Shelton€was€available€by€the€time€the€trial€was€actually€held€on€January€8,€2001,€andÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€the€State€ð ðfiled€its€third€motion€to€declare€the€witness€unavailable€because€it€would€have€beenÐ ˜è  Ðtroublesome€to€bring€the€witness€from€Germany€for€the€purpose€of€testifying.ðð€€The€State€respondsÐ „Ô  Ðthat€the€trial€court€acted€correctly.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àOur€supreme€court€has€declared€that€the€same€standards€and€criteria€apply€to€both€the€UnitedÐ H˜ ÐStates€and€Tennessee€Constitutionsðð€rights€of€confrontation.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Causbyóó,€706€S.W.2d€628,Ð 4„ Ð631€(Tenn.€1986).€€Both€provisions€ð ðrestrict[]€the€range€of€admissible€hearsay€in€two€ways.€€First,Ð  p Ðthe€admission€of€the€hearsay€testimony€must€be€necessary,€i.e.,€the€declarant€must€be€unavailable.€Ð  \ ÐSecond,€once€the€declarant€is€shown€to€be€unavailable,€some€indicia€of€reliability€must€be€shown.ðð€Ð øH ÐòòId.óó׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€With€respect€to€the€first€prong,€ð ðit€must€be€shown€that€the€[witness]€whose€prior€testimony€isÐ ä4 Ðoffered€at€trial€is€truly€ððunavailableðð€after€a€good€faith€effort€by€the€prosecutorial€authorities€to€obtainÐ Ð  Ðhis€[or€her]€presence.ðð€€òòState€v.€Arnoldóó,€719€S.W.2d€543,€548€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986).à Ð àòòSee€alsoóóÐ ¼  ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€804(a)(5)€(ð ðððUnavailability€of€a€witnessðð€includes€situations€in€which€the€declarantÐ ¨ø Ð.€.€.€[i]s€absent€from€the€hearing€and€the€proponent€of€a€statement€has€been€unable€to€procure€theÐ ”ä Ðdeclarantððs€attendance€by€process[.]ðð)€€Proof€of€the€witnessððs€unavailability€must€consist€of€moreÐ €Ð Ðthan€the€prosecutorððs€own€statements€to€the€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Armesóó,€607€S.W.2d€234,€237€(Tenn.Ð l¼ Ð1980).€€We€will€uphold€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€a€witness€is€unavailable€absent€an€abuseÐ X ¨ Ðof€discretion.€€òòSeeóó€òòHicks€v.€Stateóó,€490€S.W.2d€174,€179€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1972).€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àUnder€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€this€case,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuseÐ #l! Ðits€discretion€in€declaring€Mr.€Shelton€to€be€unavailable€for€the€Defendantððs€trial€on€January€8,€2001.€Ð $X" ÐAlthough€the€record€before€us€contains€no€additional€proof€in€support€of€the€Stateððs€third€motion,€theÐ ô$D # Ðfirst€two€motions€were€accompanied€by€letters€from€Mr.€Sheltonððs€commanding€officer€indicatingÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€difficulties€with€securing€Mr.€Sheltonððs€attendance€at€trial.€€The€second€letter€from€CaptainÐ Ì&"% ÐWatson€indicates€that€Mr.€Shelton€was€scheduled€to€be€in€Kosovo€through€October€2000.€€TheÐ ° Ðprosecuting€attorneyððs€representations€in€the€third€motion,€though€unsubstantiated,€are€consistentÐ œì Ðwith€the€inference€in€Captain€Watsonððs€second€letter€that€Mr.€Shelton€would€be€returning€to€GermanyÐ ˆØ Ðafter€his€tour€of€duty€in€Kosovo.€€Germany€is€without€the€trial€courtððs€subpoena€power.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð tÄ ÐR.€Crim.€P.€17(e)€(ð ðA€subpoena€requiring€the€attendance€of€a€witness€at€a€hearing€or€trial€may€beÐ `° Ðserved€any€place€òòwithin€the€stateóó.ðð)€(emphasis€added).€€The€trial€court€had€already€continued€theÐ L œ ÐDefendantððs€trial€numerous€times.€€We€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€the€trial€courtððs€determinationÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€Mr.€Shelton€was,€again,€unavailable€for€trial€in€January€2001.€€This€issue€is,€accordingly,€withoutÐ $ t Ðmerit.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àWe€turn€now€to€the€second€prong€of€the€admissibility€of€hearsay€statements€vis€a€vis€theÐ è 8  ÐConfrontation€Clause:€€that€the€proffered€statements€contain€some€indicia€of€reliability.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ Ô$  Ðv.€Causbyóó,€706€S.W.2d€at€631.€€ð ðThe€indicia€of€reliability€requirement€is€met€by€those€hearsayÐ À  Ðexceptions€resting€upon€such€solid€foundations€that€admission€of€virtually€any€evidence€within€themÐ ¬ü  Ðcomports€with€the€right€of€confrontation.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Our€supreme€court€has€concluded€that€ð ðthe€formerÐ ˜è  Ðtestimony€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule€rests€upon€such€a€solid€foundation.ðð€òò€Id.óó׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Accordingly,€onceÐ „Ô  Ðthe€trial€court€determined€Mr.€Shelton€to€be€unavailable,€his€prior€sworn€testimony€at€the€preliminaryÐ pÀ Ðhearing€and€the€suppression€hearing€became€admissible€as€substantive€evidence€at€the€DefendantððsÐ \¬ Ðtrial.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€The€Defendantððs€challenge€to€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€the€admissibility€of€Mr.Ð H˜ ÐSheltonððs€prior€testimony€is€therefore€without€merit.׃ ×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòóóà p àà È àà  àÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð  \ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð øH Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGE