ÿWPC| „1 ÄÙ"ñ:pX8öÕEŬ4kW "¨‹m×¥ ›ó7|†‘…p¢ÄÙnƒHaÄñ£OõnßDF¾R^p¤½´–ÛGãoÞw¥ÄmåÐûe2gR®„©š¬Á<· µ}A•ïœQ¨æÜľò¸^š…)qñkP¯!hßM~µa¡_àˆd’0ó<î<ƒN•ÉhÙè°#²ÐÍß,M6«Î¡WS ŸUi ú÷¿F1tõ@ÑÂn·#ºAïý;¤ð6gør·zCe—³¨‚•ÐUÝA^20#·ÏÇe¯@¨³™3MÞéï_é(®ù!PCm>­â;È»lÖ†N`ÇdÿÉdvB)âÌ'Øk>âùÅÕNŒUOë´ÞláFjØŠ®EÈâ±TOGpÖ2ñ½ÑÁ¤j^Ê»f.ÇźÁáža>]¹PuîJa¨«‡þ¨ ®íÜ–{Ú·!náбࢩK˜ƒsH‡]/¤;£ì‚‚aû‹ƒn 5ÔÜÓ)æÁn'dÎÉ÷ìÖêZ& Mÿ®‹•=‘þr¶Ë"y,ýÔ¶í`˜ y#i>ªä“ßêÌï–yÂfTŠrý¿hÙ0¢ñœUS°‰Ípã½]iä„ÕÝEb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 1‡‘ Æ ÆÞ Ƥ ÆjU@0Np 1ur 72çEUN######################bqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq 0ëyyyy Bdd 0¤ D3% D-X 0K…… ASÐÆ# 0¤é 0D A«Ñ˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0»Íkœ)â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularOo”)ÿ¼L§ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) (ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular- ù-(|G2ó$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô&ò»»Ô d(|3Íò$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Íò$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€OŒ»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼I»»»ÔÑ8€9\XXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î_IÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼I»îî_ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓAssigned€on€Briefs€à @ àà @` àOctober€3,€2000Ð üL ÐÔ‡X–X»¼IÔÌò òÔ#†¼I»XX–#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€JIMMY€EDWIN€HARBER,€JR.òòóóÔ‡X–X»¼IÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Crockett€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€3141€€€€€€Mark€Agee,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„00462„CCA„R3„CDÐ ¥õ  ÐFiled€December€27,€2000Ð ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓWhile€driving€under€the€influence€of€alcohol,€the€defendant€lost€control€of€his€pickup€truck€andÐ d´ Ðcrashed€into€a€road€embankment,€causing€the€death€of€one€of€his€five€teenaged€passengers.€€He€pledÐ P  Ðguilty€to€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication€as€to€the€passenger€who€died,€and€to€recklessÐ <Œ Ðendangerment€with€a€deadly€weapon€as€to€all€other€passengers,€agreeing€to€allow€the€trial€court€toÐ (x Ðset€his€sentences.€€Applying€enhancement€factors€(10)€and€(16),€the€trial€court€sentenced€theÐ d Ðdefendant€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€ten€years€for€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction,€and€twoÐ P Ðyears€for€the€reckless€endangerment€conviction,€with€the€sentences€to€be€served€concurrently.€€TheÐ ì< Ðdefendant€appeals€the€sentencing,€arguing€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€application€of€enhancementÐ Ø( Ðand€mitigating€factors,€and€that€he€should€have€been€granted€probation.€€Based€upon€our€review€ofÐ Ä Ðthe€record€and€of€applicable€law,€we€conclude€that€the€enhanced€sentences€are€supported€by€theÐ ° Ðrecord,€and€that€the€trial€court,€therefore,€committed€no€error€in€its€failure€to€grant€probation.Ð œì ÐAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð ˆØ ÐÔ#†¼I»XX–#ÔÔ‡X–X»¼IÔÓ®ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ `° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼I»àX–9 #ÔÔ‡X–X.¼IÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòJerry€L.Ð 8!ˆ  ÐSmith,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð $"t! ÐÌTom€W.€Crider,€District€Public€Defender,€and€Joyce€Diane€Stoots,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€forÐ ü#L# Ðthe€appellant,€Jimmy€Edwin€Harber,€Jr.Ð è$8 $ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð À&"& ÐClayburn€L.€Peeples,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Edward€L.€Hardister,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ¬'ü"' ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ˜(è#( ÐÓÕ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼I»XX– #ÔÔ‡X–X»¼IÔÐ p*À%* ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼I»XX–ø #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X–X»¼IÔÔ‡¼I»XX–Ôà  àÔ#†X–X»¼I#ÔThe€defendant,€Jimmy€Edwin€Harber,€Jr.,€pled€guilty€to€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication,Ð H,˜', Ða€Class€B€felony,€and€reckless€endangerment€committed€with€a€deadly€weapon,€a€Class€E€felony.€Ð 4-„(-ý ÐApplying€enhancement€factors€(10)€and€(16),€the€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€ten€years€imprisonmentÐ ° Ðand€a€fine€of€$10,000€for€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction,€and€two€years€for€the€recklessÐ œì Ðendangerment€conviction.€€The€court€ordered€that€the€sentences€be€served€concurrently.€€TheÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant€appealed,€raising€the€issue€of€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€him€to€anÐ tÄ Ðenhanced€sentence€of€ten€years€imprisonment,€without€probation.Ð `° ÐÌÓ€ (5h83Óà  àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€and€of€applicable€law,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðtrial€court.Ð $ t ÐÌà@¥¥(ìàòòò òFACTSˆÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àóóó óAt€approximately€9:00€p.m.€on€December€14,€1998,€the€nineteen„year„old€defendant,€drivingÐ Ô$  Ðin€Crockett€County€with€five€of€his€teenaged€friends,€lost€control€of€his€pickup€truck€on€a€countryÐ À  Ðroad€and€crashed€into€a€road€embankment.€€Sixteen„year„old€Sammie€Leigh€Jones,€thrown€throughÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€windshield€on€impact,€was€pronounced€dead€at€the€scene.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àEarlier€in€the€evening,€Jones€had€sung€at€a€high€school€musical€program€in€Alamo,Ð pÀ ÐTennessee.€€The€defendant€spent€that€time€driving€around€with€twenty„two„year„old€William€CarlÐ \¬ ÐGlidwell€and€drinking€beer.€€€Around€8:30€p.m.,€after€the€musical€program€was€over,€Jones€and€fourÐ H˜ Ðother€teenagers€met€the€defendant€at€the€townððs€court€square.€€The€defendant€offered€the€five€youngÐ 4„ Ðpeople€a€ride€in€his€new€truck.€€They€accepted,€apparently€unaware€that€the€defendant€had€beenÐ  p Ðdrinking.€€They€were€also€unaware€that€Glidwell€had€recently€exited€the€truck,€refusing€to€ride€anyÐ  \ Ðfurther€with€the€intoxicated€defendant.Ð øH ÐÌà  àAccounts€of€the€incident€given€by€the€surviving€teenagers€to€the€Tennessee€Highway€PatrolÐ Ð  Ðestablish€that€after€the€five€climbed€into€his€truck,€the€defendant€€raced€through€town€and€down€smallÐ ¼  Ðcountry€roads€at€speeds€in€excess€of€seventy€miles€per€hour,€flying€across€Highway€412,€a€majorÐ ¨ø Ðhighway,€without€stopping.€€According€to€fifteen„year„old€Bonnie€Barrett,€the€defendant€laughedÐ ”ä Ðwhen€he€ran€a€stop€sign,€with€his€headlights€turned€off,€in€front€of€an€oncoming€car.€€Barrett€said€thatÐ €Ð Ðat€times€the€defendant€drove€on€the€left€side€of€the€road,€that€his€speed€approached€eighty€miles€perÐ l¼ Ðhour€both€in€town€and€in€the€country,€and€that€Jones,€prior€to€the€crash,€pleaded€with€him€to€ð ðslowÐ X ¨ Ðdown€for€her.ðð€€Nineteen„year„old€John€Eric€McGee€said€that€he€also€asked€the€defendant,€severalÐ D!” Ðtimes,€to€slow€down,€but€that€the€defendant€paid€no€heed€to€his€warning€that€they€were€going€ð ðtooÐ 0"€  Ðfast€for€little€country€back€roads.ððò òó óÐ #l! ÐÌà  àFollowing€a€curve€and€a€hill€on€one€such€small€country€road,€the€defendant€lost€control€of€hisÐ ô$D # Ðtruck,€which€first€went€off€the€road€to€the€right,€and€then,€after€the€defendant€jerked€the€steeringÐ à%0!$ Ðwheel,€slid€sideways€across€the€roadway€and€struck€an€embankment€on€the€left.€€The€force€of€theÐ Ì&"% Ðimpact€threw€Jones€through€the€windshield,€where€she€landed€in€the€road,€with€the€truck€coming€toÐ ¸'#& Ðrest€on€its€right€side€on€top€of€her.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€admitted€having€drunk€ð ðtwo€or€three€beersðð€before€picking€up€his€passengers.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐGlidwell,€however,€told€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€officers€that€the€defendant€had€been€drinking€aÐ h+¸&* Ðbeer€when€he€picked€him€up€at€6:30€that€evening,€and€that€he€drank€four€or€five€more€beers€duringÐ ° Ðthe€time€that€Glidwell€spent€with€him.Ð œì ÐÌà  àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€Jonesðð€mother€read€a€letter€in€which€she€expressed€her€anger€at€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant,€and€her€anguish€that€her€daughterððs€life€had€been€so€senselessly€cut€short.€€She€asked€thatÐ `° Ðthe€court€impose€the€maximum€possible€sentence€on€the€defendant,€to€send€a€message€to€others€thatÐ L œ Ðdrunk€driving€would€not€be€tolerated.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€expressed€remorse€at€having€caused€the€death€of€Jones,€whom€he€said€hadÐ  ` Ðbeen€a€very€close€friend.€€€He€acknowledged€his€arrest,€after€the€wreck,€on€alcohol€and€drug€charges.€Ð ü L  ÐHe€explained€the€arrest,€however,€by€stating€that€he€had€turned€to€alcohol€and€marijuana€as€a€meansÐ è 8  Ðof€coping€after€the€wreck,€as€ð ðthe€only€way€[he]€knew€to€take€[his]€mind€off€of€everything.ðð€€He€Ð Ô$  Ðstated€that€he€never€intended€to€drink€again.€Ð À  ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€mother€said€that,€if€the€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€alternative€sentencingÐ ˜è  Ðor€probation,€she€would€allow€the€defendant€to€live€at€home€and€would€assist€him€in€meeting€theÐ „Ô  Ðterms€of€his€sentence.€€The€defendantððs€former€employer,€a€farmer€for€whom€the€defendant€hadÐ pÀ Ðworked€part„time€from€the€age€of€eleven€or€twelve,€testified€that,€if€released€into€the€community,€€theÐ \¬ Ðdefendant€would€have€a€job€on€his€farm.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€found€two€enhancement€factors€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€40„Ð  p Ð35„114€to€be€applicable:€(10),€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€theÐ  \ Ðrisk€to€human€life€was€high;€and€(16),€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€under€whichÐ øH Ðthe€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10)€and€(16)Ð ä4 Ð(1997).€€The€court€found€relevant€mitigating€factors€to€be€the€defendantððs€lack€of€judgment€due€toÐ Ð  Ðhis€youth,€and€his€remorse€for€his€actions.€òòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(6)€and€(13)€(1997).€Ð ¼  ÐWithout€specifically€indicating€the€weight€it€was€assigning€to€these€factors,€the€trial€court€sentencedÐ ¨ø Ðthe€defendant€to€ten€years€for€the€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication€conviction,€and€two€years€forÐ ”ä Ðthe€reckless€endangerment€conviction,€with€the€sentences€to€run€concurrently.Ð €Ð ÐÌà@òò&ìàòòò òANALYSISˆÐ X ¨ Ðó óóóà@ìì*ìàò òó óˆÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€him€by€ð ðimproperly€applyingÐ 0"€  Ðenhancement€and€mitigating€factorsðð€and€ð ðimproperly€not€suspending€the€remainder€of€€defendantððsÐ #l! Ðsentence€and€placing€him€on€probation.ðð€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ $X" Ðapplying€enhancement€factors€(10)€and€(16)€to€enhance€the€sentences,€and€in€failing€to€apply€asÐ ô$D # Ðmitigating€factors:€€his€lack€of€a€criminal€history;€his€exemplary€behavior€and€work€ethic€exhibitedÐ à%0!$ Ðduring€the€preceding€year€he€had€spent€in€jail;€his€history€of€gainful€employment€from€the€age€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðeleven€or€twelve;€and€the€fact€that€he€pled€guilty€to€the€charges.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€probation,Ð ¸'#& Ðgiven€his€youth,€€social€and€employment€history,€lack€of€criminal€record,€and€potential€forÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrehabilitation,€is€appropriate€in€his€case.€€Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ  h+¸&* Ðà@žž!ìàò òStandard€of€Reviewó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àÔ‡X–XXX–ÔTennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€40„35„401(d)€provides€that€when€an€accused€challengesÐ ˆØ Ðthe€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€this€court€is€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€theÐ tÄ Ðrecord€with€a€presumption€that€"the€determinations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€takenÐ `° Ðare€correct."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption,€however,€€is€"conditioned€uponÐ L œ Ðthe€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allÐ 8 ˆ Ðrelevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€When,€asÐ $ t Ðhere,€the€trial€court€has€failed€to€clearly€articulate€how€the€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors€haveÐ  ` Ðbeen€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€the€sentence,€we€must€review€òòde€novoóó,€with€noÐ ü L  Ðpresumption€of€correctness€given€to€the€trial€courtððs€sentencing€determinations.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,Ð è 8  Ð883€S.W.2d€597,€599„600€(Tenn.€1994).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àIn€conducting€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider€(a)€any€evidenceÐ ¬ü  Ðreceived€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ ˜è  Ðsentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)€the€nature€andÐ „Ô  Ðcharacteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors,€(g)€any€statements€made€by€theÐ pÀ Ðaccused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accused's€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitation€orÐ \¬ Ðtreatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103€and€„210;€€òòState€v.€Scottóó,€735€S.W.2d€825,€829€(Tenn.Ð H˜ ÐCrim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€party€challenging€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€has€the€burden€of€establishingÐ  \ Ðthat€the€sentences€are€erroneous.€€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401;€Ð øH ÐòòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169òòóó.€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€theÐ ä4 Ðsentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€are€erroneous.Ô#†X–XXX– /#ÔÐ Ð  ÐÌò òà@nnìàA.€€Vehicular€Homicide€SentenceˆÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication,€ð ðthe€reckless€killing€ofÐ €Ð Ðanother€by€the€operation€of€an€automobile€.€.€.€[a]s€the€proximate€result€of€the€driverððs€intoxication,ððÐ l¼ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2)€(1997),€a€Class€B€felony€for€which€a€standard€offender€is€subjectÐ X ¨ Ðto€a€sentence€ranging€from€eight€to€twelve€years.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ D!” Ðin€applying€enhancement€factors€(10)€and€(16)€to€enhance€his€sentence€for€vehicular€homicide€byÐ 0"€  Ðintoxication€from€the€presumptive€minimum€sentence€of€eight€years€to€ten€years.€€The€defendantÐ #l! Ðargues€that€factor€(16)€cannot€be€used€to€enhance€a€sentence€for€vehicular€homicide,€and€that€òòóófactorÐ $X" Ð(10)€should€not€be€applied€in€cases€where€the€only€persons€subject€to€risk€by€the€defendantððs€actionsÐ ô$D # Ðare€his€victims.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€the€record€in€this€case€contains€no€evidence€that€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðactions€placed€anyone,€other€than€his€five€passengers,€at€risk.€€He€argues€that,€because€he€pled€guiltyÐ Ì&"% Ðto€reckless€endangerment€with€regards€to€the€four€surviving€passengers,€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ ¸'#& Ðapplying€factor€(10)€to€enhance€his€sentence€for€vehicular€homicide.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà@ìì*ìàò òˆÌó óà  àWe€agree€that€factor€(10)€should€not€be€applied€when€there€is€no€evidence€that€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendantððs€actions€caused€a€high€risk€of€death€to€anyone€other€than€his€victims.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð h+¸&* ÐBinghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€448,€452„53€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€909€S.W.2d€46,€50Ð ° Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Makokaóó,€885€S.W.2d€366,€373€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).òòóó€€We€alsoÐ œì Ðagree€that,€€because€the€defendant€received€a€separate€conviction€for€reckless€endangerment€as€to€theÐ ˆØ Ðsurviving€passengers,€the€applicability€of€factor€(10)€cannot,€as€the€State€argues,€€be€based€on€the€riskÐ tÄ Ðhis€actions€caused€to€those€€passengers.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.góó.,€òòState€v.€Ricky€Williamsóó,€No.€E1999„00344„CCA„Ð `° ÐR3„CD,€2000€WL€772748,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€June€15,€2000)€(holding€that€application€of€Ð L œ Ðfactor€(10),€based€on€risk€to€children€in€house,€was€inappropriately€applied€to€defendantððs€recklessÐ 8 ˆ Ðhomicide€conviction€when€defendant€received€separate€reckless€endangerment€conviction€for€riskÐ $ t Ðcaused€to€children).€We€disagree,€however,€with€the€defendantððs€assertion€that€the€record€containsÐ  ` Ðno€evidence€that€his€actions€on€the€evening€of€December€14,€1998,€placed€anyone€other€than€his€fiveÐ ü L  Ðpassengers€at€risk.òòóóÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àIncluded€in€the€record€before€this€court€is€Bonnie€Barrettððs€statement€to€the€Highway€Patrol,Ð À  Ðin€which€she€described€how€the€defendant€ran€through€a€stop€sign,€racing€across€the€path€of€anÐ ¬ü  Ðoncoming€car,€with€his€truckððs€headlights€turned€off.€€€In€doing€so,€€the€defendant€placed€at€extremelyÐ ˜è  Ðhigh€risk€not€only€his€own€passengers,€but€also€the€driver€of€that€oncoming€vehicle€and€anyÐ „Ô  Ðpassengers€that€that€vehicle€might€have€carried.€€€In€light€of€this€evidence,€we€conclude€thatÐ pÀ Ðenhancement€factor€(10)€is€applicable€to€the€defendantððs€vehicular€homicide€sentence.€€Moreover,Ð \¬ Ðthe€egregious€nature€of€the€defendantððs€behavior,€in€deliberately€running€a€stop€sign€in€front€of€anÐ H˜ Ðoncoming€car,€with€his€headlights€turned€off,€presumably€to€prevent€the€other€driver€from€being€ableÐ 4„ Ðto€see€his€truck€and€to€take€evasive€measures€to€prevent€a€collision,€justifies€placing€great€weight€onÐ  p Ðthis€factor.à ` àÐ  \ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€argues,€€citing,€òòinter€aliaóó,€€òòState€v.€Binghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€448,€452€(Tenn.Ð ä4 ÐCrim.€App.€1995)òòóó,€that€enhancement€factor€(16)€cannot€be€applied€to€his€sentence€for€vehicularÐ Ð  Ðhomicide.€€The€various€panels€of€this€court€have€disagreed€on€whether€factor€(16)€can€be€applied€inÐ ¼  Ðcases,€such€as€this€one,€in€which€the€defendantððs€actions€place€an€individual€other€than€his€victim€atÐ ¨ø Ðrisk€of€bodily€injury.€€In€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€909€S.W.2d€46,€50€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€this€court€heldÐ ”ä Ðthat€€both€factors€(10)€and€(16)€may€be€applied€where€individuals€other€than€the€victim€are€placedÐ €Ð Ðat€risk€of€injury€or€death.€€Conversely,€in€òòBinghamóó,€a€different€panel€applied€factor€(10),€but€not€(16),Ð l¼ Ðto€a€vehicular€homicide€by€recklessness€case€in€which€the€defendantððs€actions€caused€a€risk€of€deathÐ X ¨ Ðand€potential€of€bodily€injury€to€persons€other€than€the€victim,€concluding€that€factor€(16)€is€anÐ D!” Ðessential€element€of€vehicular€homicide€by€recklessness.€€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€òòBinghamóó€decision,€some€€panels€have€resolved€€the€apparent€conflict€by€notingÐ $X" Ðthat€the€statutory€language€of€enhancement€factor€(16),€unlike€that€of€(10),€requires€that€the€potentialÐ ô$D # Ðof€bodily€injury€be€to€òòa€victimóó.€€These€panels€have€concluded,€based€on€the€language€of€the€statute,Ð à%0!$ Ðthat€the€factor€may€not€be€applied€unless€the€potential€of€bodily€injury€is€to€the€victim€of€the€crime.Ð Ì&"% ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Joseph€Oscar€Price,€IIIóó,€No.€01C01„9810„CR„00421,€1999€WL€1063414,€at€*5€(Tenn.Ð ¸'#& ÐCrim.€App.€Nov.€24,€1999),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Charles€Justin€Osborneóó,€No.Ð ¤(ô#' Ð01C01„9806„CC„00246,€1999€WL€298220,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€May€12,€1999).€€Nonetheless,Ð )à$( Ðother€€panels€€have€continued€to€find€factor€(16)€applicable€in€cases€in€which€the€circumstancesÐ |*Ì%) Ðsurrounding€the€defendantððs€offense€create€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€someone€other€than€theÐ h+¸&* Ðactual€victim€of€the€crime.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Terrence€T.€Wigginsóó,€No.€01C01„9806„CR„00241,€1999€WLÐ ° Ð447322,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€July€1,€1999).€€We€need€not€resolve€the€issue€in€this€case,€however,Ð œì Ðbecause€we€conclude€that€the€heavy€weight€carried€by€factor€(10)€is€more€than€sufficient,€alone,€toÐ ˆØ Ðsupport€the€ten„year€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€reaching€this€conclusion,€€we€have€considered,€and€rejected,€the€defendantððs€assertion€thatÐ L œ Ðthe€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€consider€as€mitigating€factors:€his€exemplary€behavior€while€in€jailÐ 8 ˆ Ðawaiting€trial;€his€lack€of€a€criminal€record;€his€employment€record;€and€the€fact€that€he€pled€guiltyÐ $ t Ðto€the€charges.€€We€also€reject€the€defendantððs€assertion€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€give€appropriateÐ  ` Ðweight€to€his€remorse€and€lack€of€judgment€due€to€his€youth.€€Under€the€circumstances,€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendantððs€€remorse€and€lack€of€judgment€due€to€his€youth,€although€relevant,€carry€significantly€Ð è 8  Ðless€weight€than€the€fact€that€his€actions€caused€a€high€risk€to€human€life.€€In€light€of€the€strength€ofÐ Ô$  Ðenhancement€factor€(10)€in€this€case,€we€conclude€that€the€ten„year€sentence€imposed€by€the€trialÐ À  Ðcourt€is€not€excessive.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àSince€the€defendant€received€a€sentence€of€greater€than€eight€years,€he€was€not€eligible€forÐ „Ô  Ðprobation.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(a)(1997).€€We,€therefore,€affirm€the€ten„year€sentenceÐ pÀ Ðfor€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication,€and€the€denial€of€probation.€Ð \¬ Ðà  àà@ÓÓ*ìàò ò€ˆÐ H˜ Ðà@Ç Ç ìàB.€€Reckless€Endangerment€Sentenceó óˆà  àÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àReckless€endangerment€committed€with€a€deadly€weapon€is€a€Class€E€felony.€€òòóóTenn.€CodeÐ  \ ÐAnn.€ðð€39„13„103€(1997).€€The€sentencing€range€established€for€a€Range€I,€standard€offenderÐ øH Ðconvicted€of€a€Class€E€felony€is€a€minimum€of€one€year€and€a€maximum€of€two€years.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ä4 ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(5)€(1997).€€The€State€argues€that€there€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€that€the€trialÐ Ð  Ðcourt€applied€the€enhancement€factors€it€cited,€(10)€and€(16),€to€anything€but€the€defendantððs€sentenceÐ ¼  Ðfor€vehicular€homicide.€€That€the€trial€court€applied€these€factors€to€the€reckless€endangermentÐ ¨ø Ðsentence€is€obvious,€however,€from€the€fact€that€the€trial€court€imposed€the€maximum€sentence€ofÐ ”ä Ðtwo€years€for€the€crime,€rather€than€the€presumptive€minimum€sentence€of€one€year.€Ð €Ð Ѐ€Ð l¼ Ðà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€€these€enhancement€factors€to€hisÐ X ¨ Ðreckless€endangerment€sentence€was€error.€€He€contends€that€€factors€(10),€ð ð[t]he€defendant€had€noÐ D!” Ðhesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high,ðð€and€(16),€ð ð[t]he€crimeÐ 0"€  Ðwas€committed€under€circumstances€under€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€wasÐ #l! Ðgreat,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10)€and€(16)€(1997),€are€both€essential€elements€of€his€crimeÐ $X" Ðof€reckless€endangerment€with€a€deadly€weapon,€which€is€defined€as€occurring€when€a€personÐ ô$D # Ðð ðrecklessly€engages€in€conduct€which€places€or€may€place€another€person€in€imminent€danger€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðdeath€or€serious€bodily€injury€.€.€.€€committed€with€a€deadly€weapon[.]€ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð Ì&"% Ð103€(1997).€€As€such,€he€asserts€that€they€should€not€have€been€used€to€enhance€his€sentence.€€WeÐ ¸'#& Ðdisagree.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àEnhancement€factors€may€be€applied€to€a€defendantððs€sentence€only€when€they€are€Ð |*Ì%) Ðð ðappropriate€for€the€offenseðð€and€ð ðnot€themselves€€essential€elements€of€the€offense.ðð€Tenn.€CodeÐ h+¸&* ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„114€(1997).€€The€test€for€determining€whether€an€enhancement€factor€is€an€essentialÐ ° Ðelement€of€the€offense€is€whether€the€same€proof€used€to€€establish€an€element€of€€the€offense€is€alsoÐ œì Ðused€to€establish€the€enhancement€factor.€€If€it€is,€then€the€enhancement€factor€may€not€be€appliedÐ ˆØ Ðto€enhance€the€sentence€imposed€for€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€601€(Tenn.€1994)Ð tÄ ÐIf,€however,€a€different€fact€from€that€used€to€establish€the€offense€supports€application€of€theÐ `° Ðenhancement€factor,€the€factor€may€appropriately€be€applied.€òòIdóó.€Ð L œ ÐÌ€€à  àIn€this€case,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€reckless€endangerment€for€recklessly€engagingÐ $ t Ðin€conduct€which€placed€his€four€surviving€passengers€in€imminent€danger€of€death€or€serious€bodilyÐ  ` Ðinjury.€€Factors€(10)€and€(16)€€are€appropriate€to€the€reckless€endangerment€conviction€because€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendant,€in€running€the€stop€sign€in€front€of€an€oncoming€car,€also€created€€a€high€risk€of€death€andÐ è 8  Ðgreat€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€the€driver€and€possible€passengers€of€that€car.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€CharlesÐ Ô$  ÐFrank€Bankstonóó,€No.€03C01„9608„CR„00302,€1999€WL€49897,€at€*22€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Feb.€4,Ð À  Ð1999),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1999)€(holding€that€factor€(16)€applied€when€defendantððs€actionÐ ¬ü  Ðcreated€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€person€other€than€the€victim€of€the€crime);€òòState€v.€Randal€A.Ð ˜è  ÐThiesóó,€No.€02C01„9708„CC„00299,€1998€WL€391813,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Apr.€24,€1998)Ð „Ô  Ð(concluding€that,€although€the€definition€of€reckless€endangerment€encompasses€conduct€addressedÐ pÀ Ðby€factors€(10)€and€(16),€both€factors€apply€when€defendantððs€actions€create€risk€of€death€and€greatÐ \¬ Ðpotential€of€bodily€injury€to€someone€other€than€victim€named€in€indictment).€We€conclude,Ð H˜ Ðtherefore,€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€applying€these€factors€to€the€defendantððs€sentence€forÐ 4„ Ðreckless€endangerment.Ð  p Ðà@ìì*ìàò òó óˆÌà@FF%ìàò òòòCONCLUSIONóóó óˆÐ øH ÐÌà  àAfter€a€review€of€the€record€and€of€applicable€law,€we€conclude€that€the€sentences€imposedÐ Ð  Ðby€the€trial€court€are€supported€by€the€record.€We,€therefore,€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð ¼  Ðà  àÌòòò òó óóóÌà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð l¼ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE