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Z‹6Times New Roman Regular Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€u»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼u»»»ÔÑ8€JqXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îluÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼u»îîl#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓSeptember€10,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XJqX»¼uÔÌò òÔ#†¼u»XXJq#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€òòóóv.€Ô_ÔANTONIUSÔ_Ô€HARRISÔ‡XJqX»¼uÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌò òDirect€ó óà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Gibson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€€6962€€€€€€L.T.€Ô_ÔLaffertyÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„02617„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€7,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓA€Gibson€County€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,Ð xÈ  Ðone€count€of€€attempted€second€degree€murder,€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault,€and€one€count€ofÐ d´ Ðfelony€reckless€endangerment.€€The€trial€court€ordered€him€to€serve€an€effective€sentence€of€thirty„Ð P  Ðone€years.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€argues:€(1)€the€trial€court€should€have€dismissed€the€supersedingÐ <Œ Ðindictment;€(2)€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€support€all€of€his€convictions€except€for€oneÐ (x Ðaggravated€assault€conviction;€(3)€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€jury€on€self„defense;€(4)Ð d Ðthe€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€jury€on€facilitation€on€all€charged€offenses€and€attemptedÐ P Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€attempted€first€degree€murder;€and€(5)€hisÐ ì< Ðsentences€were€excessive.€€We€set€aside€one€sentence€for€aggravated€assault€because€it€was€mergedÐ Ø( Ðinto€the€conviction€for€attempted€second€degree€murder,€but€otherwise€affirm€the€judgments€of€theÐ Ä Ðtrial€court.Ô#†¼u»XXJqŸ#ÔÐ ° ÐÓæÓÌò òÔ€XJqX»¼uÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed€asÐ ®þ ÐModified;€Remandedó óÐ šê ÐÌòòÓ  ÓJoe€G.€Riley,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayes,€J.óó,€joined.€€òòJosephÐ r  ÐM.€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô,€J.,€óófiled€a€concurring€opinion.Ð ^!®  ÐÌSam€J.€Ô_ÔWatridgeÔ_Ô,€Humboldt,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ô_ÔAntoniusÔ_Ô€Harris.€Ð 6#†" ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€P.€Robin€Dixon,€Jr.,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð %^ $ ÐGarry€G.€Brown,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Edward€L.€Ô_ÔHardisterÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ú%J!% ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð æ&6"& ÐÓÆ ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ Z-ª(-ý ÐÔ_Ô‡Ìò òOPINIONó óÐ œì ÐÌÓ  Óà  àAngela€Barnett,€her€boyfriend€Derrick€Harris,׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€a€friend€Darnell€Thomas,€her€eight„year„oldÐ tÄ Ðdaughter€Essence€Harris,€and€her€four„year„old€son€Isaiah€Harris€lived€in€a€mobile€home€park€inÐ `° ÐHumboldt,€Tennessee.€€Angela€Barnett€testified€that€she€was€home€alone€with€her€son€on€JanuaryÐ L œ Ð7,€2000,€when€the€defendant,€Essence€Harris'€father,€arrived€at€approximately€10:00€a.m.€withÐ 8 ˆ Ðpresents€for€their€daughter.€€The€presents€were€in€Wal„Mart€sacks.€€Barnett€and€Thomas€testified€theyÐ $ t Ðlater€found€a€receipt€in€the€Wal„Mart€sacks€for€rope€and€duct€tape€purchased€at€9:32€that€morning.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àBarnett€stated€the€defendant€went€out€to€his€car€and€later€returned.€€She€said€that€after€a€fewÐ è 8  Ðseconds,€defendant's€wife,€co„defendant€Claudia€Harris,€who€was€waiting€in€the€car,€also€cameÐ Ô$  Ðinside.€€Barnett€testified€the€defendant€then€pulled€out€a€revolver.€€According€to€Barnett,€theÐ À  Ðdefendant€indicated€someone€had€stolen€$48,000€from€him,€and€that€he€heard€Derrick€Harris€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðinvolved€in€the€theft.€€Barnett€stated€the€defendant€questioned€her€about€Mark€Cunningham,€anÐ ˜è  Ðalleged€acquaintance€of€Barnett€and€Derrick€Harris,€whom€the€defendant€believed€was€also€involvedÐ „Ô  Ðin€the€alleged€theft.€€Barnett€said€the€defendant€asked€about€Derrick€Harris,€and€she€replied€he€wasÐ pÀ Ðin€Trenton.€€Barnett€testified€she€complied€with€the€defendantððs€command€that€she€page€DerrickÐ \¬ ÐHarris,€but€that€he€did€not€return€the€phone€call.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Barnett,€the€defendant€instructed€her€to€change€clothes€because€she€was€ð ðfixingÐ  p Ðto€take€[him]€to€Trenton.ðð€€Barnett€stated€the€defendant€asked€her€if€she€knew€someone€who€couldÐ  \ Ðwatch€her€son;€when€she€replied€that€she€did€not,€he€and€the€co„defendant€decided€they€would€takeÐ øH Ðthe€child€to€the€defendantððs€mother.€€Barnett€said€the€defendant€followed€her€outside.€€Co„defendantÐ ä4 ÐClaudia€Harris€carried€the€child€and€put€him€in€the€back€seat€of€the€car€next€to€the€defendant,€whoÐ Ð  Ðwas€seated€behind€Barnett.€€Barnett€testified€she€could€not€see€if€the€defendant€was€still€holding€theÐ ¼  Ðgun,€but€she€heard€her€son€ask€the€defendant,€ð ðWhat€is€that?ðð€€Derrick€Harris€and€Darnell€ThomasÐ ¨ø Ðtestified€they€returned€home€with€Essence€Harris€at€about€10:00€a.m.€and€found€the€house€empty.€€Ð ”ä Ðà  àBarnett€stated€they€drove€to€the€home€of€the€defendantððs€mother€in€Trenton,€where€the€co„Ð €Ð Ðdefendant€took€the€child€inside€while€the€defendant€and€Barnett€remained€in€the€car.€€Barnett€saidÐ l¼ Ðthe€defendant€still€had€the€gun€drawn€and€kept€saying€he€had€to€find€the€stolen€money.€€BarnettÐ X ¨ Ðtestified€that€after€the€co„defendant€returned€to€the€car,€they€drove€around€Trenton€looking€forÐ D!” ÐDerrick€Harris,€but€were€unable€to€find€him.€€Barnett€stated€the€co„defendant€told€her€they€would€notÐ 0"€  Ðhurt€her€if€she€would€help€them.€€They€then€returned€to€Barnettððs€home€in€Humboldt,€where€theyÐ #l! Ðfound€Derrick€Harris.€€€Ð $X" Ѐ€€€Ð ô$D # Ðà  àAngela€Barnett€said€the€co„defendant€stated,€ð ðWell,€weððre€just€gonna€have€to€pull€up€thereÐ à%0!$ Ðand€do€thisðð€when€Barnett€advised€them€that€Essence€Harris€was€also€in€the€house.€€Barnett€testifiedÐ Ì&"% Ðshe€approached€the€house€with€the€defendant€walking€behind€her€holding€the€gun;€she€said€heÐ ¸'#& Ðthreatened€her€if€she€tried€anything.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÐ )à$( Ðà  àDerrick€Harris€and€Angela€Barnett€testified€Derrick€Harris€opened€the€door€after€Barnett€Ð ° Ðknocked;€they€said€Barnett€immediately€grabbed€her€daughter€and€ran€to€her€daughterððs€room.€Ð œì ÐEssence€Harris€testified€she€was€standing€near€Derrick€Harris€as€he€opened€the€door,€and€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant,€who€had€a€gun,€grabbed€Derrick€Harris€and€pushed€him€against€the€wall.€€Derrick€HarrisÐ tÄ Ðstated€the€defendant€followed€Barnett€into€the€house€and€sprayed€him€with€mace.€€Angela€BarnettÐ `° Ðsaid€the€defendant€grabbed€Derrick€Harris€and€she€heard€them€scuffling.€€Darnell€Thomas€testifiedÐ L œ Ðhe€was€in€his€room€and€heard€tussling€after€Derrick€Harris€answered€the€door.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Derrick€Harris,€he€fell€into€the€bathroom€and€tried€to€shut€the€door,€but€theÐ  ` Ðdefendant€stuck€the€gun€barrel€into€the€door€to€prevent€it€from€closing.€€Darnell€Thomas€testified€heÐ ü L  Ðlooked€out€of€his€room€and€saw€the€defendant€trying€to€force€his€way€into€the€bathroom€by€bangingÐ è 8  Ðthe€door€with€his€shoulder€while€ð ðaiming€his€gun€around.ðð€€Thomas€stated€he€retreated€into€his€roomÐ Ô$  Ðand€jumped€out€of€the€window.€€Derrick€Harris€said€he€opened€the€bathroom€door€because€theÐ À  Ðdefendant€threatened€to€shoot€everybody€and€was€ð ðwaving€the€gun€around.ðð€€€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àDerrick€Harris€testified€the€defendant€then€grabbed€him€by€the€neck,€pointed€the€gun€to€hisÐ „Ô  Ðhead,€and€threw€him€against€the€wall.€€Essence€Harris€also€testified€she€observed€the€defendant€grabÐ pÀ ÐDerrick€Harris€and€push€him€against€the€wall.€€Derrick€Harris€stated€the€defendant€questioned€himÐ \¬ Ðabout€Mark€Cunningham€and€said€Cunningham€had€taken€$50,000€relating€to€drugs.€€He€said€theÐ H˜ Ðdefendant€threatened€him€if€he€did€not€take€the€defendant€to€Cunningham.€€Derrick€Harris€furtherÐ 4„ Ðtestified€the€co„defendant€threatened€they€would€shoot€everyone€in€the€house€unless€he€complied,Ð  p Ðand€they€ð ðwerenððt€gonna€leave€no€witnesses.ðð€€He€stated€he€initially€resisted€their€efforts€to€take€himÐ  \ Ðout€of€the€house,€but€he€agreed€to€go€outside€because€he€feared€for€the€safety€of€Barnett€and€herÐ øH Ðdaughter€if€the€defendant€were€to€shoot€him€in€the€house.€€Barnett€and€Essence€Harris€stated€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant€escorted€Derrick€Harris€outside€at€gunpoint.€€€€€€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àDarnell€Thomas€testified€he€went€to€the€nearby€home€of€William€Gaines€to€seek€help.€€GainesÐ ¨ø Ðtestified€he€went€to€assist€Derrick€Harris€and€saw€the€defendant€walk€down€the€steps€behind€DerrickÐ ”ä ÐHarris€with€his€arm€around€Derrick€Harrisðð€neck€and€a€gun€pointed€to€his€head.€€Derrick€Harris€saidÐ €Ð Ðthe€defendant€and€co„defendant€attempted€to€force€him€into€their€car,€and€he€resisted€their€efforts.€Ð l¼ ÐDarnell€Thomas€testified€he€saw€the€defendant€with€a€revolver€trying€to€force€Derrick€Harris€into€theÐ X ¨ Ðcar.Ð D!” ЀÌà  àGaines€testified€he€was€speaking€with€the€co„defendant,€two€feet€away€from€her,€in€an€effortÐ #l! Ðto€assess€the€situation€when€the€defendant€told€Gaines€to€keep€his€hands€off€of€her;€Gaines€said€heÐ $X" Ðremained€where€he€was.€€Derrick€Harris€stated€he€told€Gaines€to€grab€her€and€ð ðbreak€her€neck,ðð€butÐ ô$D # Ðbefore€Gaines€could€move€towards€her,€the€defendant€pointed€the€gun€at€Gaines€and€told€Gaines€toÐ à%0!$ Ðstep€back.€€Derrick€Harris€said€Gaines€complied.€€Gaines€confirmed€he€made€no€effort€to€grab€theÐ Ì&"% Ðco„defendant.€€€€€€€€Ð ¸'#& Ѐ€à  à€€€€€€€€€Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àBarnett€said€she€took€her€gun,€a€nine€millimeter,€from€her€bedroom;€went€to€the€door;€said,Ð )à$( Ðð ðLet€him€go;ðð€fired€her€gun€once;€and€shot€the€defendant.€€Gaines€stated€the€shot€struck€the€defendantÐ |*Ì%) Ðin€the€back.€€Then,€according€to€the€witnesses,€the€defendant€turned€and€pointed€his€gun€at€Barnett,€Ð h+¸&* Ðwho€quickly€ducked€inside€the€house.€€Essence€Harris€testified€she€was€standing€near€her€motherÐ ° Ðwhen€her€mother€shot€the€defendant.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àDerrick€Harris€and€William€Gaines€stated€the€co„defendant€ran€away€after€Barnett€shot€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant.€€Derrick€Harris€said€the€defendant€shot€him€as€he€tried€to€run.€€Essence€Harris,€AngelaÐ `° ÐBarnett,€and€Darnell€Thomas€also€testified€they€saw€the€defendant€shoot€Derrick€Harris.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àWilliam€Gaines€testified€the€defendant€fired€four€shots€at€him,€and€one€of€the€shots€passedÐ $ t Ðthrough€the€sweater€he€was€wearing.€€Derrick€Harris€testified€he€heard€the€defendant€fire€the€fourÐ  ` Ðshots€at€Gaines.€€Barnett€and€Thomas€also€stated€they€saw€the€defendant€firing€shots€toward€GainesÐ ü L  Ðbefore€getting€in€his€car.€€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDetective€Dennis€Wright€of€the€Humboldt€Police€Department€testified€the€defendant€wasÐ À  Ðapprehended€two€months€later€in€California;€the€defendantððs€mother€had€previously€told€DetectiveÐ ¬ü  ÐWright€the€defendant€was€dead.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€forÐ pÀ Ðvictims€Angela€Barnett€and€Derrick€Harris,€attempted€second€degree€murder€of€Derrick€Harris€as€aÐ \¬ Ðlesser„included€offense€of€attempted€first€degree€murder,€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault€forÐ H˜ Ðshooting€Derrick€Harris€and€for€firing€at€William€Gaines,€and€felony€reckless€endangerment€ofÐ 4„ ÐEssence€Harris.€€The€co„defendant€was€tried€separately.Ð  p ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð øH Ðà@ÆÆ#ìàò òI.€INDICTMENTSó óˆÐ ä4 Ðà  àÌòòóóà0  àAlthough€the€first€indictment€is€not€a€part€of€the€record,€we€glean€the€following€from€theм (#(# Ðhearing€on€the€defendantððs€motion€to€dismiss.€€The€defendant€was€first€indicted€June€15,€2000.€€ThatÐ ¨ø Ðindictment€charged€the€defendant€with€three€counts€of€aggravated€kidnapping,€attempted€first€degreeÐ ”ä Ðmurder,€and€aggravated€assault.€€A€second€indictment€was€returned€January€22,€2001,€which€chargedÐ €Ð Ðthe€defendant€and€the€co„defendant€with€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€attemptedÐ l¼ Ðfirst€degree€murder,€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault,€reckless€endangerment,€and€filing€a€falseÐ X ¨ Ðreport.€€Both€indictments€stemmed€from€the€events€of€January€7,€2000.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss€both€indictments.€€At€the€motion€hearing,€the€stateÐ #l! Ðannounced€it€intended€to€try€the€defendant€on€only€the€second€indictment,€and€the€first€indictmentÐ $X" Ðwould€be€dismissed€following€trial€on€the€second€indictment.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððsÐ ô$D # Ðmotion€and€instructed€the€state€to€dismiss€the€first€indictment€at€the€conclusion€of€proceedings€onÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€second€indictment.€€€€€€€€€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àWhether€to€dismiss€an€indictment€lies€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Bennóó,Ð ¤(ô#' Ð713€S.W.2d€308,€311€(Tenn.€1986).€€This€court€may€not€interfere€with€such€a€ruling€absent€clearÐ )à$( Ðabuse€of€that€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€33€S.W.3d€767,€769„70€(Tenn.€2000).€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€power€to€seek€a€superseding€indictment€lies€within€the€broad€discretion€granted€to€theÐ ° Ðstate€by€the€United€States€Constitution€and€the€law€of€our€state.€€òòId.€óóat€771.€€If€jeopardy€has€notÐ œì Ðattached€on€a€pending€indictment,€a€grand€jury€may€return€a€subsequent€indictment€against€a€criminalÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant.€€òòIdóó.€€As€long€as€the€state€is€not€bringing€a€superseding€indictment€to€harass€or€intimidateÐ tÄ Ðthe€accused,€it€may€obtain€a€superseding€indictment€at€any€time€prior€to€trial€without€dismissing€aÐ `° Ðpending€indictment€and€may€select€the€indictment€upon€which€it€wishes€to€proceed€to€trial.€€òòIdóó.€€WeÐ L œ Ðdiscern€no€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court€in€denying€the€motion€to€dismiss.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌò òA.€Speedy€Trial/€Due€ProcessÐ  ` Ðó óÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€the€superseding€indictment€violated€his€right€to€a€speedyÐ è 8  Ðtrial.€€However,€during€the€motion€hearing€in€the€trial€court,€defense€counsel€stated:Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€am€saying€that€one€of€these€Indictments€has€got€to€be€dismissed.€€IÐ ¬ü  Ðthink€we€agree€on€that.€€I€think€that€the€one€that€I€would€like€the€CourtÐ ˜è  Ðto€dismiss€is€the€last€one.€€€Depending€on€what€the€courtððs€gonna€doÐ „Ô  Ðð"ð€if€the€old€Indictment€remains,€then€I€think€there€has€been€a€speedyÐ pÀ Ðtrial€violation.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€argument€to€the€trial€court€that€a€trial€on€the€first€indictment€would€violate€Ð 4„ Ðhis€right€to€a€speedy€trial€is€inconsistent€with€his€argument€on€appeal.€€In€the€trial€court,€the€defendantÐ  p Ðdid€not€argue€that€the€second€indictment€deprived€him€of€a€right€to€a€speedy€trial.€€Since€an€appellantÐ  \ Ðcannot€change€theories€from€the€trial€court€to€the€appellate€court,€this€issue€is€waived.€€òòState€v.Ð øH ÐDooleyóó,€29€S.W.3d€542,€549€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)òòóó.€€€Ð ä4 Ðà  àÌà  àEven€if€the€issue€were€not€waived,€we€find€the€defendantððs€argument€to€be€without€merit.€Ð ¼  ÐWithout€question,€criminal€defendants€are€constitutionally€and€statutorily€entitled€to€a€speedy€trial.€Ð ¨ø ÐU.S.€Const.€Amend.€VI;€Tenn.€Const.€Art.€I,€ðð€9;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€40„14„101.€€There€is€no€setÐ ”ä Ðtime€limit€within€which€the€trial€must€commence;€rather,€consideration€must€be€given€to€each€caseÐ €Ð Ðon€an€òòad€hocóó€basis.€€òòState€v.€Simmonsóó,€54€S.W.3d€755,€759€(Tenn.€2001).€€The€Tennessee€SupremeÐ l¼ ÐCourt€has€adopted€the€balancing€test€set€forth€in€òòBarker€v.€Wingoóó,€407€U.S.€514,€92€S.€Ct.€2182,€33Ð X ¨ ÐL.€Ed.€2d€101€(1972),€as€the€method€for€determining€whether€a€defendant's€right€to€a€speedy€trial€hasÐ D!” Ðbeen€violated.€€òòState€v.€Woodóó,€924€S.W.2d€342,€346€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Bakeróó,€614€S.W.2d€352,Ð 0"€  Ð353€(Tenn.€1981).€€If,€after€conducting€this€balancing€test,€it€is€concluded€that€the€defendant€was€inÐ #l! Ðfact€denied€a€speedy€trial,€constitutional€principles€require€that€the€conviction€be€reversed€and€theÐ $X" Ðcriminal€charges€dismissed.€€òòState€v.€Bishopóó,€493€S.W.2d€81,€83€(Tenn.€1973).Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€conducting€this€balancing€test,€we€are€required€to€examine€the€conduct€of€both€theÐ Ì&"% Ðprosecution€and€the€appellant,€focusing€primarily€on:€€(1)€the€length€of€the€delay;€(2)€the€reason€forÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€delay;€(3)€whether€appellant€asserted€his€right€to€a€speedy€trial;€and€(4)€whether€appellant€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðprejudiced€by€the€delay.€€òòWoodóó,€924€S.W.€2d€at€346;€€òòBishopóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€84;€òòState€v.€Jeffersonóó,Ð )à$( Ð938€S.W.2d€1,€12„13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€The€most€important€factor€is€whether€the€defendantÐ |*Ì%) Ðwas€prejudiced€by€the€delay.€€òòSimmonsóó,€54€S.W.3d€at€760;€òòState€v.€Vanceóó,€888€S.W.2d€776,€778Ð h+¸&* Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€The€most€important€inquiry€with€regard€to€prejudice€is€whether€the€delayÐ ° Ðimpaired€the€defendant's€ability€to€prepare€a€defense,€andòòóó€a€delay€of€as€long€as€two€years€standingÐ œì Ðalone€will€not€support€a€finding€of€a€speedy€trial€violation.€€òòVanceóó,€888€S.W.2d€at€778.€òòóóòòóó€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€triggering€factor€is€the€length€of€the€delay.€€"Until€there€is€some€delay€which€isÐ `° Ðpresumptively€prejudicial,€there€is€no€necessity€for€inquiry€into€the€other€factors€that€go€into€theÐ L œ Ðbalance."€€òòBarkeróó,€407€U.S.€at€530,€92€S.€Ct.€at€2192.€€A€delay€of€one€year€is€sufficient€to€trigger€the€Ð 8 ˆ ÐòòBarkeróó€inquiry.€€òòState€v.€Vickersóó,€985€S.W.€2d€1,€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).Ð $ t ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€offenses€were€committed€on€January€7,€2000.€€The€defendant€fled€and€Ð ü L  Ðwas€apprehended€in€CaliforniaÔ‡XJqXXXJqÔ€two€months€later.€€Ô#†XJqXXXJqºQ#ÔHe€was€returned€to€Tennessee€in€April€2000.€€HeÐ è 8  Ðwas€initially€indicted€in€June€2000.€€The€record€is€silent€concerning€any€further€activity€on€theÐ Ô$  Ðcharges€against€the€defendant€until€the€superseding€indictment€in€January€2001.€€There€is€anÐ À  Ðindication€the€district€public€defender€was€allowed€to€withdraw€as€counsel€for€the€defendant€inÐ ¬ü  ÐJanuary€2001,€and€substitute€counsel€was€appointed.€€At€the€motion€hearing,€the€prosecutor€statedÐ ˜è  Ðthe€co„defendant€was€first€indicted€separately€because€of€her€extradition€from€Arizona€after€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€was€indicted€in€June€2000.€€The€superseding€indictment€jointly€indicted€the€defendant€andÐ pÀ Ðthe€co„defendant.€€The€defendantððs€trial€began€July€24,€2001.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThere€was€a€delay€of€thirteen€months€between€the€defendantððs€first€indictment€and€trial€andÐ 4„ Ða€delay€of€approximately€fifteen€months€from€the€time€the€defendant€was€brought€into€the€stateððsÐ  p Ðcustody€and€the€time€of€trial.€€There€is€nothing€further€in€the€record€to€establish€the€cause€for€theÐ  \ Ðdelay€between€the€first€and€second€indictments,€and€there€is€no€indication€that€the€defendant€assertedÐ øH Ðhis€right€to€a€speedy€trial€prior€to€filing€his€motion€to€dismiss.€€Additionally,€there€is€nothing€in€theÐ ä4 Ðrecord€to€establish€that€the€defendant€was€prejudiced€in€any€way€by€the€delay.€€We€conclude€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendant€was€not€denied€his€right€to€a€speedy€trial.€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àEven€if€a€delay€between€the€arrest€or€indictment€and€trial€does€not€violate€a€defendantððsÐ ”ä Ðspeedy€trial€right,€it€may€still€raise€due€process€concerns.€€òòState€v.€Utleyóó,€956€S.W.2d€489,€495€(Tenn.Ð €Ð Ð1997).€€€Accordingly,€this€court€is€required€to€examine€the€delay€between€the€time€of€the€offense€andÐ l¼ Ðinitiation€of€adversarial€proceedings€to€determine€if€a€pre„indictment€delay€caused€substantialÐ X ¨ Ðprejudice€to€the€defendantððs€rights€and€whether€the€delay€was€the€result€of€an€intentional€effort€toÐ D!” Ðgain€a€tactical€advantage€over€the€defendant.€€òòSee€id.€€óóHowever,€as€we€have€previously€discussed,Ð 0"€  Ðthere€is€no€showing€that€the€delay€caused€the€defendant€any€prejudice,€nor€is€there€proof€the€state€wasÐ #l! Ðattempting€to€gain€a€tactical€advantage.€€Further,€it€appears€that€part€of€the€delay€between€the€offenseÐ $X" Ðand€the€initiation€of€adversarial€proceedings€was€caused€by€the€defendantððs€efforts€to€avoid€arrest.€Ð ô$D # ÐWe€conclude€the€defendant€was€not€denied€due€process.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àGiven€the€facts€before€us€in€the€record,€we€conclude€there€was€no€violation€of€the€defendantððsÐ ¸'#& Ðright€to€a€speedy€trial€nor€a€violation€of€due€process.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdiscretion€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€dismiss.Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* ЇÌò òB.€Mandatory€Joinder/€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€Rule€8(a)ó óÐ œì ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€further€argues€the€superseding€indictment€violated€Rule€8(a)€of€the€TennesseeÐ tÄ ÐRules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€which€mandates€that€offenses€be€joined€in€the€same€indictment€if€theyÐ `° Ðare€based€upon€the€same€conduct€or€arise€from€the€same€criminal€episode,€are€known€to€theÐ L œ Ðprosecuting€official€at€the€time€the€indictment€is€returned,€and€are€within€a€single€courtððs€jurisdiction.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€8(a).€€However,€Rule€8(a)€does€not€bar€a€superseding€indictment€before€the€trialÐ $ t Ðof€the€prior€indictment.€€òòSeeóó€òòMarise€E.€Smith€v.€State€of€Tennesseeóó,€C.C.A.€No.€01CO1„9708„CR„Ð  ` Ð00342,€1999€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€906,€at€*36€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Sept.€2,€1999,€at€Nashville),Ð ü L  Ðòòperm€to€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Jan.€31,€2000);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Carruthers,óó€35€S.W.3d€516,€573€(Tenn.Ð è 8  Ð2000)€(Appendix);€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€717€S.W.2d€306,€308€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986)€(noting€no€evilÐ Ô$  Ðresults€from€a€subsequent€indictment€charging€additional€offenses€when€the€defendant€has€not€beenÐ À  Ðtried€on€any€offenses€at€the€time€the€subsequent€indictment€was€returned);€òòState€v.€Frank€MichaelÐ ¬ü  ÐVukelichóó,€No.€M1999„00618„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€734,€at€*33€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ˜è  ÐApp.€Sept.€11,€2001,€at€Nashville),òò€perm.€to€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Apr.€1,€2002)€(following€òòKingóó€andÐ „Ô  ÐòòCarruthers)óó;€òòbut€seeóó€òòState€v.€Leon€Hurdóó,€No.€E1999„01341„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð pÀ ÐLEXIS€262,€at€**51„59€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Apr.€10,€2001,€at€Knoxville)€(Tipton,€J.,€dissenting).€Ð \¬ ÐWere€this€not€true,€superseding€indictments€would€almost€always€violate€Rule€8(a).€€Such€a€resultÐ H˜ Ðruns€contrary€to€the€long„established,€recognized€validity€of€superseding€indictments.€€òòSeeóó€òògenerallyóó€òòÐ 4„ ÐHarrisóó,€33€S.W.3d€at€771.€Ð  p ÐòòÌà  àóóIn€the€instant€case,€it€is€clear€the€trial€court€ruled€the€defendant€would€be€tried€only€on€theÐ øH Ðsuperseding€€indictment,€and€that€the€first€indictment€was€to€be€dismissed€upon€the€conclusion€of€the€Ð ä4 Ðtrial€on€the€superseding€indictment.€€The€defendantððs€argument€is€without€merit.Ð Ð  ÐÌÌ€à@ñ ñ ìàò òII.€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó ó€ˆÐ ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€maintains€the€proof€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€support€all€of€his€convictionsÐ pÀ Ðexcept€the€aggravated€assault€of€Derrick€Harris.€€We€do€not€agree.Ð \ ¬ ÐÌà  àIn€Tennessee,€great€weight€is€given€to€the€result€reached€by€the€jury€in€a€criminal€trial.€€A€juryÐ 4"„  Ðverdict€accredits€the€state's€witnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€state.€€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,Ð  #p! Ð885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.€1994).€€On€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€viewÐ  $\" Ðof€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€òòId.óó;€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,Ð ø$H # Ð571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Moreover,€a€guilty€verdict€removes€the€presumption€ofÐ ä%4!$ Ðinnocence€which€the€appellant€enjoyed€at€trial€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt€on€appeal.€€òòState€v.Ð Ð& "% ÐGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€The€appellant€has€the€burden€of€overcoming€thisÐ ¼' #& Ðpresumption€of€guilt.€€òòId.óóÐ ¨(ø#' ÐÌà  àWhere€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€for€an€appellate€courtÐ €*Ð%) Ðis€whether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trierÐ l+¼&* Ðof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€or€crimes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð ° ÐTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2dÐ œì Ð560€(1979);€òòState€v.€Abramsóó,€935€S.W.2d€399,€401€(Tenn.€1996).€The€weight€and€credibility€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðwitnesses'€testimony€are€matters€entrusted€exclusively€to€the€jury€as€the€triers€of€fact.€€òòState€v.Ð tÄ ÐSheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€19€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð `° Ð1996).Ð L œ ÐÌò òA.€Especially€Aggravated€Kidnappingó óÐ $ t ÐÌà  àThe€first€two€counts€of€the€indictment€charged€the€defendant€with€the€especially€aggravatedÐ ü L  Ðkidnappings€of€Angela€Barnett€and€Derrick€Harris.€€For€purposes€relevant€to€this€case,€a€defendantÐ è 8  Ðcommits€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€if:€(1)€he€knowingly€removes€or€confines€the€victimÐ Ô$  Ðunlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€victimððs€liberty;€and€(2)€the€defendantÐ À  Ðaccomplishes€the€act€with€a€deadly€weapon.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„302(a),€„305(a)(1).€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€argues€the€proof,€at€most,€supports€convictions€for€simple€kidnapping,€which€only€requiresÐ ˜è  Ðthe€victims€be€exposed€to€a€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury.€€òòSee€id.óó€ðð€39„13„303(a)(1).€€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà@ÓÓ!ìàò ò(1)€Angela€Barnettó óˆÐ \¬ ÐÌ€€€€€à  àThe€proof€at€trial€established€the€defendant€forced€Angela€Barnett€at€gunpoint€to€leave€herÐ 4„ Ðhome€and€enter€his€vehicle,€where€he€continued€to€hold€her€at€gunpoint€and€forced€her€to€accompanyÐ  p Ðhim€while€they€searched€for€Derrick€Harris.€€He€then€returned€her€to€her€home€at€gunpoint.€€WeÐ  \ Ðconclude€this€proof€was€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€find,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€that€theÐ øH Ðdefendantððs€acts€toward€Angela€Barnett€constituted€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌò òà@ßß!ìà(2)€Derrick€Harrisó óˆÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€proof€showed€the€defendant€used€a€handgun€to€threaten€Derrick€Harris€in€order€to€forceÐ ”ä Ðhim€from€the€home.€€The€defendant€continued€to€hold€Derrick€Harris€at€gunpoint€as€he€tried€to€forceÐ €Ð Ðhim€into€his€vehicle.€€This€proof€was€more€than€adequate€to€support€a€finding€that€the€defendantÐ l¼ Ðcommitted€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€against€Derrick€Harris.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌò òB.€Attempted€Second€Degree€Murderó óÐ 0"€  ÐÌà  àThe€third€count€of€the€indictment€alleged€the€defendant€committed€attempted€first€degreeÐ $X" Ðmurder€when€he€shot€Derrick€Harris.€€The€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€lesser„includedÐ ô$D # Ðoffense€of€attempted€second€degree€murder.€€The€trial€testimony€showed€the€defendant€entered€theÐ à%0!$ Ðvictimððs€home,€attacked€him,€pointed€a€gun€to€his€head,€and€made€threats€to€shoot€him.€€TheÐ Ì&"% Ðdefendant€continued€to€hold€Derrick€Harris€at€gunpoint€as€he€attempted€to€force€him€into€the€car.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐFinally,€witnesses€testified€that€after€the€defendant€was€shot,€the€defendant€aimed€the€gun€first€atÐ ¤(ô#' ÐAngela€Barnett€and€then€turned€and€shot€Derrick€Harris.€€This€was€sufficient€proof€to€support€aÐ )à$( Ðfinding€that€the€defendant€acted€knowingly€and€with€the€requisite€intent€to€commit€second€degreeÐ |*Ì%) Ðmurder€when€he€shot€the€victim.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„12„101,€„13„210(a)(1).€€€€€€€€€Ð h+¸&* ЇÌÌò òC.€Aggravated€Assaultó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àCounts€four€and€five€of€the€indictment€alleged€the€defendant€committed€aggravated€assaultsÐ `° Ðagainst€Derrick€Harris€and€William€Gaines,€respectively.€€The€defendant€concedes€the€evidenceÐ L œ Ðsupported€the€juryððs€finding€that€he€was€guilty€of€the€aggravated€assault€of€Derrick€Harris.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€HeÐ 8 ˆ Ðargues€his€conviction€for€the€aggravated€assault€of€William€Gaines€is€not€supported€by€the€evidenceÐ $ t Ðbecause€the€defendant€was€acting€in€the€defense€of€his€wife,€and€the€stateððs€witnesses€wereÐ  ` Ðimpeached€and/or€contradicted€each€other.€€These€arguments€are€without€merit.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àAn€intentional€or€knowing€act€committed€with€a€deadly€weapon€which€causes€another€toÐ Ô$  Ðreasonably€fear€imminent€bodily€injury€is€an€aggravated€assault.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„Ð À  Ð101(a)(2),€„102(a)(1)(B).€€The€testimony€of€the€eyewitnesses€at€trial€established€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðrepeatedly€fired€his€gun€at€William€Gaines.€€Gaines€testified€a€bullet€passed€through€his€clothing.€Sgt.Ð ˜è  ÐRobert€Ellis€of€the€Humboldt€Police€Department€testified€he€found€a€bullet€hole€which€contained€aÐ „Ô  Ðsmall€piece€of€fabric€from€the€clothes€worn€by€Gaines€and€what€appeared€to€be€a€bullet€hole€in€theÐ pÀ Ðground.€€This€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€defendant€committedÐ \¬ Ðaggravated€assault€against€Gaines.€€€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àWe€will€address€the€defendantððs€argument€that€he€was€acting€in€defense€of€his€wife€later€inÐ  p Ðthis€opinion,€but€we€do€not€find€that€it€impacts€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€Further,€his€argumentÐ  \ Ðthat€the€stateððs€witnesses€were€impeached€and€their€testimony€was€inconsistent€goes€to€the€weightÐ øH Ðand€credibility€of€the€evidence€offered€by€the€state€rather€than€its€sufficiency.€€This€issue€wasÐ ä4 Ðresolved€by€the€jury.€€Therefore,€the€defendantððs€arguments€are€without€merit.Ð Ð  ÐÌò òD.€Reckless€Endangermentó óÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€sixth€count€of€the€indictment€charged€the€defendant€with€felony€reckless€endangermentÐ €Ð Ðof€his€eight„year€old€daughter,€Essence€Harris,€by€placing€her€in€imminent€danger€of€death€or€seriousÐ l¼ Ðbodily€injury€with€a€handgun.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„103.€€Witnesses€testified€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðpointed€his€gun€at€Angela€Barnett€immediately€after€she€shot€him.€€Essence€Harris€testified€she€wasÐ D!” Ðstanding€near€Barnett€when€Barnett€fired€the€shot.€€This€proof€was€sufficient€to€support€theÐ 0"€  Ðconviction.Ð #l! ÐÌò òE.€Mergeró óÐ ô$D # ÐÐ à%0!$ Ðà  àAs€part€of€his€argument€on€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€the€defendant€contends€that€dualÐ ° Ðconvictions€for€attempted€second€degree€murder€and€aggravated€assault€arising€from€the€shootingÐ œì Ðof€Derrick€Harris€were€improper.€€We€agree€dual€convictions€for€these€offenses€violate€doubleÐ ˆØ Ðjeopardy.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dentonóó,€938€S.W.2d€373,€381€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€trial€court€ruled€that€theÐ tÄ Ðaggravated€assault€conviction€should€merge€with€the€attempted€second€degree€murder€conviction,Ð `° Ðand€the€defendant€would€not€be€sentenced€for€aggravated€assault.€€Nevertheless,€the€trial€courtÐ L œ Ðentered€a€judgment€of€conviction€with€a€three„year€sentence€for€this€aggravated€assault,€althoughÐ 8 ˆ Ðthere€is€a€notation€on€that€judgment€that€it€merged€with€the€attempted€second€degree€murderÐ $ t Ðconviction.€€Although€it€has€no€effect€upon€the€effective€sentence,€we€set€aside€this€sentence€of€threeÐ  ` Ðyears;€the€aggravated€assault€conviction€was€merged€with€attempted€second€degree€murder,€and€aÐ ü L  Ðseparate€sentence€for€this€aggravated€assault€would€not€be€proper.€€We€remand€for€entry€of€an€orderÐ è 8  Ðsetting€aside€this€sentence.Ð Ô$  ÐÌ€€€€€à  àÐ ¬ü  Ðà@ìàò òIII.€€JURY€INSTRUCTIONSó óˆÐ ˜è  Ðà  àÌà  àThe€defendant€maintains€the€trial€courtððs€jury€charge€was€improper€because€it€did€not€includeÐ pÀ Ðinstructions€on€self„defense€in€regard€to€the€aggravated€assault€of€William€Gaines€and€the€recklessÐ \¬ Ðendangerment€of€defendantððs€daughter.€€He€also€argues€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€juryÐ H˜ Ðregarding€facilitation€as€a€lesser„included€charge€of€the€indicted€offenses€and€attempted€voluntaryÐ 4„ Ðmanslaughter€as€a€lesser„included€charge€of€attempted€first€degree€murder.€€We€conclude€the€trialÐ  p Ðcourt€properly€instructed€the€jury.Ð  \ ÐÌò òA.€Self„DefenseÐ ä4 ÐÌÌà  àó óTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„611(a)€provides:€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€againstÐ €Ð Ðanother€person€when€and€to€the€degree€the€person€reasonably€believesÐ l¼ Ðthe€force€is€immediately€necessary€to€protect€against€the€other's€useÐ X ¨ Ðor€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€The€person€must€have€aÐ D!” Ðreasonable€belief€that€there€is€an€imminent€danger€of€death€or€seriousÐ 0"€  Ðbodily€injury.€The€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€orÐ #l! Ðserious€bodily€injury€must€be€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€atÐ $X" Ðthe€time,€and€must€be€founded€upon€reasonable€grounds.€There€is€noÐ ô$D # Ðduty€to€retreat€before€a€person€threatens€or€uses€force.€Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌÌHowever,€if€the€person€provokes€the€use€or€attempted€use€of€force€and€does€not€abandon€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðencounter,€he€is€not€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„611(d).€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àA€defendant€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€to€act€in€defense€of€a€third€person€if,Ð ° Ðâ âunder€the€circumstances€as€the€defendant€reasonably€believes€them€to€be,€the€third€person€would€beÐ œì Ðjustified€in€acting€in€his€or€her€own€defense.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„612(1).€€Further,€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant€must€€reasonably€believe€the€intervention€is€immediately€necessary€to€protect€the€thirdÐ tÄ Ðperson.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„612(2).€€A€criminal€defendantððs€conduct€and€mental€state€mustÐ `° Ðmeet€an€objective€standard€of€reasonableness€in€order€for€the€conduct€to€be€justified€under€TennesseeÐ L œ ÐCode€Annotated€sections€39„11„611€and€39„11„612.€€òòState€v.€Bultóó,€989€S.W.2d€730,€732€(Tenn.Ð 8 ˆ ÐCrim.€App.€1998).€€In€acting€to€protect€the€third€person,€the€defendant€ð ðsteps€into€the€[third€personððs]Ð $ t Ðshoesðð€and€ð ðmay€lawfully€do€[in€the€third€personððs]€defense€only€what€that€person€could€have€done,Ð  ` Ðand€no€more.ðð€€€òòState€v.€Furloughóó,€797€S.W.2d€631,€652€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990)€(quoting€òòState€v.Ð ü L  ÐBarnesóó,€675€S.W.2d€195,€196€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984)).Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àBefore€the€existence€of€a€defense€is€submitted€to€the€jury,€it€must€be€fairly€raised€by€the€proof.€Ð À  ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„203(c).€€In€determining€whether€the€proof€fairly€raises€a€defense,€ð ðtheÐ ¬ü  Ðcourt€must€examine€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€defendant€to€determine€whetherÐ ˜è  Ðthere€is€evidence€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€that€defense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€45€S.W.3dÐ „Ô  Ð1,€9€(Tenn.€2001).€€€Ð pÀ ÐÌò òà@ù ù ìà(1)€Aggravated€Assault€of€William€Gainesó óˆÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€he€was€entitled€to€a€jury€instruction€on€the€defense€of€a€third€personÐ  p Ðbecause€there€was€proof€he€was€acting€in€defense€of€his€wife€and€co„defendant,€Claudia€Harris,€whenÐ  \ Ðhe€fired€shots€at€William€Gaines.€€We€disagree.Ð øH ÐÌà  àAlthough€there€was€proof€that€Derrick€Harris€urged€William€Gaines€to€grab€Claudia€HarrisÐ Ð  Ðand€ð ðbreak€her€neck,ðð€there€is€no€proof€Gaines€acted€upon€this€instruction.€€Instead,€both€Gaines€andÐ ¼  ÐDerrick€Harris€testified€Gaines€made€no€effort€to€harm€the€co„defendant.€€They€also€stated€the€co„Ð ¨ø Ðdefendant€fled€after€Angela€Barnett€shot€the€defendant;€therefore,€according€to€the€evidence,€GainesÐ ”ä Ðwas€not€near€the€co„defendant€when€the€defendant€fired€the€shots.€€In€short,€the€co„defendant€was€notÐ €Ð Ðin€imminent€danger€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€at€the€time€the€defendant€shot€at€Gaines.€€ThereÐ l¼ Ðwas€no€evidence€to€the€contrary.€€Therefore,€the€proof€did€not€fairly€raise€the€defense€of€a€thirdÐ X ¨ Ðperson.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àFurther,€the€proof€established€that€both€the€defendant€and€the€co„defendant€threatened€the€useÐ #l! Ðof€violence,€thus€provoking€a€potential€use€of€force€or€threat€of€force€against€them.€€Derrick€HarrisÐ $X" Ðtestified€Claudia€Harris€stated€that€if€he€did€not€tell€them€how€to€locate€Mark€Cunningham,€she€andÐ ô$D # Ðthe€defendant€were€going€to€shoot€everyone€in€the€house.€€According€to€Derrick€Harris,€she€also€saidÐ à%0!$ Ðthey€ð ðwerenððt€gonna€leave€no€[sic]€witnesses.ðð€€Thus,€according€to€the€undisputed€proof,€the€co„Ð Ì&"% Ðdefendant€was€acting€in€full€concert€with€the€defendant.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2).€€TheÐ ¸'#& Ðdefendant€and€the€co„defendant€jointly€instigated€this€entire€criminal€episode,€which€the€defendantÐ ¤(ô#' Ðat€no€time€abandoned€prior€to€shooting€at€Gaines.€€The€defendant€is€in€no€position€to€benefit€fromÐ )à$( Ðhis€criminal€undertaking€and€assert€he€was€properly€defending€his€co„perpetrator.à x àÐ |*Ì%) Ðò òà@S S ìà(2)€Reckless€Endangerment€of€Essence€Harrisó óˆÐ h+¸&* Їà  àThe€defendant€also€argues€he€was€acting€in€self„defense,€after€he€was€shot,€when€he€pointedÐ ° Ðhis€gun€at€Angela€Barnett€with€his€daughter€nearby;€therefore,€he€was€entitled€to€a€jury€instructionÐ œì Ðon€self„defense€on€the€charge€of€reckless€endangerment.€€The€proof€clearly€established€Barnett€shotÐ ˆØ Ðthe€defendant€after€he€attacked€Derrick€Harris,€led€him€out€of€the€home€at€gunpoint,€and€wasÐ tÄ Ðattempting€to€force€him€into€a€vehicle.€€There€is€no€doubt€that€by€these€actions,€the€defendantÐ `° Ðprovoked€the€use€of€force€by€Angela€Barnett.€€Her€use€of€force€was€not€unlawful;€accordingly,€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€was€not€justified€in€pointing€his€weapon€toward€her.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„Ð 8 ˆ Ð611(d).€€The€defendantððs€argument€is€without€merit.€Ð $ t ÐÌò òB.€Lesser„Included€OffensesÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àó óIt€is€the€defendantððs€position€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€charge€the€jury€onÐ Ô$  Ðfacilitation€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€all€the€offenses€and€on€attempted€voluntary€manslaughterÐ À  Ðas€a€lesser„included€offense€of€attempted€first€degree€murder.€€We€do€not€agree.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àò òó óThe€trial€court€has€a€duty€to€instruct€the€jury€on€any€lesser„included€offenses€of€the€chargedÐ „Ô  Ðoffense€when€such€instruction€is€supported€by€the€evidence,€regardless€of€whether€the€defendant€hasÐ pÀ Ðrequested€such€an€instruction.€€òòState€v.€Bowlesóó,€52€S.W.3d€69,€74€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6Ð \¬ ÐS.W.3d€453,€464€(Tenn.€1999).€€The€standard€for€an€appellate€courtððs€review€of€the€trial€courtððsÐ H˜ Ðcharge€to€the€jury€regarding€lesser„included€offenses€is€òòde€novoóó€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€Ð 4„ ÐòòBowlesóó,€52€S.W.3d€at€74.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àIf€an€offense€is€found€to€be€a€lesser„included€offense,€the€court€must€next€ascertain€whetherÐ øH Ðthe€evidence€justifies€a€jury€instruction€on€the€lesser„included€offense.€€òòIdóó.€at€75.€€To€do€so,€the€courtÐ ä4 Ðmust€first€determine€whether€there€is€evidence€that€ð ðreasonable€mindsðð€could€accept€to€establish€theÐ Ð  Ðlesser„included€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€The€court€must€view€the€evidence€liberally€in€aÐ ¼  Ðlight€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„included€offense€without€judging€its€credibility.€Ð ¨ø ÐòòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€722€(Tenn.€2001);€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€Finally,€the€court€mustÐ ”ä Ðdetermine€if€the€evidence€is€ð ðlegally€sufficientðð€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser„includedÐ €Ð Ðoffense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€evidence,€not€the€theories€of€the€parties,€determines€whether€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„Ð D!” Ðincluded€offense€should€be€given.€€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€188€(Tenn.€2002).€€Furthermore,Ð 0"€  Ðthe€decision€to€convict€on€a€lesser„included€offense€should€not€be€taken€from€the€jury€simply€becauseÐ #l! Ðthe€element€distinguishing€the€greater€offense€from€the€lesser€offense€is€ð ðuncontroverted.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€189.€Ð $X" ÐIf€the€evidence€justifies€an€instruction,€the€failure€to€charge€the€offense€is€error€even€though€theÐ ô$D # Ðevidence€was€also€sufficient€to€support€the€greater€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€472.€Ð à%0!$ Ðò òÌà@®®ìà(1)€Motion€for€New€Trial€ˆÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àó óWe€would€first€note€that€while€the€defendantððs€motion€for€new€trial€stated€the€trial€courtÐ )à$( Ðfailed€ð ðto€charge€the€jury€with€self€[„]€defense€and€to€properly€charge€less€[sic]€included€offenses,ðð€Ð |*Ì%) Ðit€did€not€specify€which€lesser„included€offenses€he€contended€the€trial€court€should€have€charged.€Ð h+¸&* ÐFurther,€the€defendant€failed€to€present€his€arguments€regarding€the€need€for€a€jury€instruction€onÐ ° Ðfacilitation€and€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter€to€the€trial€court€during€the€hearing€on€the€motionÐ œì Ðfor€new€trial.€€In€fact,€during€that€hearing,€the€trial€court€asked€defense€counsel€to€specify€whichÐ ˆØ Ðlesser„included€offenses€he€claimed€should€have€been€charged.€€Defense€counsel€replied,€ð ðI€donððtÐ tÄ Ðknow,€but€I€donððt€have€the€record€in€front€of€me....€It€might€be€simple€assault.ðð€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àA€defendant€seeking€appellate€review€of€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€to€the€jury€on€an€appealÐ 8 ˆ Ðas€of€right€must€òòspecificallyóó€state€the€issue€presented€for€review€in€a€motion€for€a€new€trial;€otherwiseÐ $ t Ðthe€issue€is€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e)€(emphasis€added);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Gauldinóó,€737€S.W.2d€795,Ð  ` Ð798€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Furthermore,€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€47€requires€thatÐ ü L  Ðall€motions€ð ðstate€with€particularity€the€grounds€upon€which€[they]€are€made€and€shall€set€forth€theÐ è 8  Ðrelief€or€order€sought.ðð€€Despite€this€shortcoming,€we€elect€to€address€the€issue€on€the€merits.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  à€€€€€€€ò òà ` àó óà@ww"ìàò ò(2)€Facilitationó óˆÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€claims€he€was€entitled€to€a€jury€charge€on€facilitation€on€each€offense€becauseÐ ˆØ  Ðthe€co„defendant,€Claudia€Harris,€was€actively€involved€in€the€criminal€conduct€and€the€proofÐ tÄ Ðshowed€she€directed€at€least€part€of€the€acts.€€This€argument€is€without€merit.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€facilitation€of€a€felony€if,€knowing€that€anotherÐ 8ˆ Ðintends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€he€knowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistance€in€the€commissionÐ $t Ðof€the€specific€felony,€but€acts€without€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,Ð ` Ðor€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„11„402(2),€„403(a).€Ð üL ÐFacilitation€of€a€charged€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.€€However,Ð è8 Ðthere€was€no€evidence€presented€at€trial€which€justified€a€jury€charge€on€facilitation€regarding€anyÐ Ô$ Ðof€the€charged€offenses.€€All€the€offenses€were€based€strictly€upon€the€defendantððs€criminal€conductÐ À Ðin€using€a€pistol;€he€was€unquestionably€the€principal€actor.€€No€reasonable€juror€could€haveÐ ¬ü Ðconcluded€that€the€defendant€knew€the€unarmed€co„defendant€intended€to€commit€these€offenses€andÐ ˜è Ðthat€he€acted€without€the€intent€to€promote€her€commission€of€these€offenses.€€This€issue€is€withoutÐ „Ô Ðmerit.€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àò òà@Y Y ìà(3)€Attempted€Voluntary€ManslaughterˆÐ H!˜ ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€also€maintains€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€instructing€the€jury€on€attemptedÐ  #p! Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€attempted€first€degree€murder.Ð  $\" ÐÌà  àVoluntary€manslaughter€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Rushóó,Ð ä%4!$ Ð50€S.W.3d€424,€430€n.7€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v€Dominyóó,€6€S.W.3d€472,€477€n.9€(Tenn.€1999).Ð Ð& "% ÐTherefore,€it€stands€to€reason€that€attempt€to€commit€voluntary€manslaughter€is€a€lesser„includedÐ ¼' #& Ðoffense€of€attempt€to€commit€first€degree€murder.€€Thus,€we€must€determine€whether€there€is€anyÐ ¨(ø#' Ðevidence€in€the€record€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter,Ð ”)ä$( Ðwhile€viewing€the€evidence€liberally€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„includedÐ €*Ð%) Ðoffense€without€judging€its€credibility.€€òòElyóó,€48€S.W.3d€at€722;€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.€Ð l+¼&* Їà  àVoluntary€manslaughter€is€the€ð ðintentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€passionÐ ° Ðproduced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrationalÐ œì Ðmanner.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a).€€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,€acting€withÐ ˆØ Ðthe€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€for€the€offense,€acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€ofÐ tÄ Ðaction€or€cause€a€result€that€would€constitute€the€offense,€under€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ `° Ðconduct€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutes€a€substantial€step€toward€theÐ L œ Ðcommission€of€the€offense.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(a)(3).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€crucial€question€in€the€instant€case€is€whether€there€was€evidence€the€defendant,€whenÐ  ` Ðhe€shot€Derrick€Harris,€acted€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€toÐ ü L  Ðlead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.€€The€defendant€contends€there€was€sufficientÐ è 8  Ðevidence€that€he€was€adequately€provoked€into€such€a€state€of€passion€because€the€evidence€showedÐ Ô$  Ðhe€was€shot€by€Angela€Barnett€just€before€he€shot€Derrick€Harris.€€€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àð ðIn€order€to€reduce€a€homicide€to€manslaughter,€the€provocation€must€have€come€from€theÐ ˜è  Ðperson€who€was€killed€....ðð€€40€C.J.S.€òòHomicideóó€ðð€81(c)€(1991).€€Our€state€supreme€court€has€held€Ð „Ô  Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€did€not€apply€where€a€defendant€kills€an€unarmed€bystander€because€theÐ pÀ Ðbystander€was€ð ðon€the€sideðð€of€the€one€provoking€the€fight.€€òòState€v.€Tilsonóó,€503€S.W.2d€921,€924Ð \¬ Ð(Tenn.€1974).€€Likewise,€we€conclude€the€evidence€in€the€instant€case€did€not€support€a€charge€ofÐ H˜ Ðattempted€voluntary€manslaughter.€€The€defendant,€in€the€midst€of€committing€an€especiallyÐ 4„ Ðaggravated€kidnapping,€shot€his€unarmed€victim€whom€he€had€been€holding€at€gunpoint€and€who€hadÐ  p Ðdone€nothing€to€provoke€the€defendant.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFurther,€the€fact€that€the€defendant€was€shot€by€Angela€Barnett€did€not€provide€ð ðadequateÐ ä4 Ðprovocationðð€for€the€defendant€to€shoot€Derrick€Harris.€€Where€a€difficulty€is€provoked€by€theÐ Ð  Ðaccused,€the€accused€may€not€claim€the€benefit€of€sudden€passion€aroused€by€another.€€40€C.J.S.Ð ¼  ÐòòHomicideóó€ðð81(b)€(1991).€€The€defendant€was€the€gun„wielding€instigator€of€the€criminal€episode.€Ð ¨ø ÐIt€was€his€criminal€acts€that€led€to€his€being€lawfully€shot€by€one€of€the€victims.€€As€the€author€of€hisÐ ”ä Ðown€predicament,€he€cannot€claim€he€was€adequately€provoked€into€shooting€Derrick€Harris.€€TheÐ €Ð Ðtrial€court€did€not€commit€error€in€failing€to€charge€the€jury€on€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter.€Ð l¼ ÐÌÌà@¶¶#ìàò òIV.€SENTENCINGó óˆÐ 0"€  ÐÌà  àAt€sentencing,€the€trial€court€found€the€defendant€to€be€a€Range€I€standard€offender.€€ItÐ $X" Ðapplied€enhancement€factor€(1),€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÐ ô$D # Ðcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range,€to€all€theÐ à%0!$ Ðconvictions€and€enhancement€factor€(12),€the€defendantððs€actions€resulted€in€serious€bodily€injury,Ð Ì&"% Ðto€the€convictions€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€attempted€second€degree€murder€ofÐ ¸'#& ÐDerrick€Harris.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(1),€(12).€€It€further€found€the€defendantððs€serviceÐ ¤(ô#' Ðin€the€Army€and€his€honorable€discharge€should€be€considered€as€a€mitigating€factor.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð )à$( ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(13).€€The€defendant€requested€the€trial€court€also€apply€mitigating€factorsÐ |*Ì%) Ð(2),€the€defendant€acted€under€strong€provocation,€and€(11),€the€defendant€committed€the€offenseÐ h+¸&* Ðunder€such€unusual€circumstances€that€it€was€unlikely€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivatedÐ ° Ðhis€conduct.€€The€trial€court€stated€it€would€give€these€factors€little€or€no€weight.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€CodeÐ œì ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„113(2),€(11).Ð ˆØ Ѐ€à  àThe€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty€years€for€each€especially€aggravatedÐ tÄ Ðkidnapping,€eight€years€for€attempted€second€degree€murder,€three€years€for€aggravated€assault,€andÐ `° Ðeighteen€months€for€reckless€endangerment.€€It€further€found€the€defendant€to€be€a€dangerousÐ L œ Ðoffender€for€the€purposes€of€consecutive€sentencing.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„35„115(b)(4).€€ItÐ 8 ˆ Ðordered€the€eight„year€sentence€for€attempted€second€degree€murder€and€the€three„year€sentence€forÐ $ t Ðaggravated€assault€served€consecutively€to€the€concurrent€twenty„year€sentences€for€especiallyÐ  ` Ðaggravated€kidnapping€with€the€remaining€sentence€for€reckless€endangerment€to€be€servedÐ ü L  Ðconcurrently,€for€a€total€effective€sentence€of€thirty„one€years.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€his€sentences€are€excessive,€and€consecutive€sentencing€was€notÐ À  Ðappropriate.€€Ô‡dXJqXXXJqÔAn€appellate€courtððs€review€of€a€challenged€sentence€is€òòde€novo€óóon€the€record€with€aÐ ¬ü  Ðpresumption€the€trial€courtððs€determinations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€TheÐ ˜è  ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments€to€this€section€of€the€statute€indicate€the€defendant€bears€theÐ „Ô  Ðburden€of€establishing€that€the€sentence€is€improper.€€When€the€trial€court€follows€the€statutoryÐ pÀ Ðsentencing€procedure€and€gives€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principlesÐ \¬ Ðrelevant€to€sentencing,€this€court€may€not€disturb€the€sentence.€€òòState€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1,€5Ð H˜ Ð(Tenn.€2000).€€If€the€trial€court€does€not€comply€with€the€statutory€provisions,€this€courtððs€review€isÐ 4„ Ðòòde€novoóó€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96€(Tenn.€1997).Ð  p ÐÌò òA.€Length€of€SentencesÐ øH Ðó óÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€his€sentences€are€excessive,€but€he€does€not€argue€either€of€theÐ Ð  Ðenhancement€factors€was€misapplied.€€Instead,€he€contends€the€trial€court€should€have€given€greaterÐ ¼  Ðweight€to€the€mitigating€factors.€€The€weight€to€be€applied€to€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€isÐ ¨ø Ðwithin€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€Ô#†XJqXXdXJq6Þ#ÔòòState€v.€Kelleyóó,€34€S.W.3d€471,€479€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ”ä Ð2000).€€The€twenty„year€sentences€imposed€by€the€court€for€the€Class€A€felony€especially€aggravatedÐ €Ð Ðkidnapping€convictions€were€the€presumptive€sentences€in€the€midpoint€of€the€range.€€òòSee€óóTenn.Ð l¼ ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„112(a)(1),€„210(c).€€Further,€the€eight„year€sentence€for€attempted€second€degreeÐ X ¨ Ðmurder€and€the€three„year€sentence€for€aggravated€assault€were€the€minimum€sentences.€€òòSee€óóTenn.Ð D!” ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(2),€(3).€€Therefore,€it€appears€that€although€the€trial€court€stated€it€appliedÐ 0"€  Ðtwo€enhancement€factors,€it€did€not€enhance€any€of€the€defendantððs€sentences€above€the€presumptiveÐ #l! Ðsentence€except€for€the€eighteen„month€sentence€for€felony€reckless€endangerment.€€Based€on€ourÐ $X" Ðreview€of€the€record,€we€do€not€find€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€the€presumptive€sentence€forÐ ô$D # Ðthe€offenses€nor€in€imposing€an€eighteen„month€sentence€for€reckless€endangerment.€€€Ð à%0!$ Ðò òB.€Consecutive€Sentencingó óÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àGenerally,€it€is€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€to€impose€consecutive€sentences€if€itÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfinds€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€ð ð[t]he€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whoseÐ )à$( Ðbehavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€inÐ |*Ì%) Ðwhich€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€In€the€instant€case,€theÐ h+¸&* Ðtrial€court€concluded€consecutive€sentencing€was€appropriate€because€the€defendant€was€a€dangerousÐ ° Ðoffender.€€The€defendant€argues€the€trial€court€erred€in€making€this€determination.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àIf€the€court€concludes€the€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€under€Tennessee€CodeÐ tÄ ÐAnnotated€section€40„35„115(b)(4),€it€must€make€two€further€€determinations€in€addition€to€applyingÐ `° Ðgeneral€sentencing€principles.€€òòState€v.€Imfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€698,€708€(Tenn.€2002).€€First,€it€must€findÐ L œ Ðan€extended€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant,€and,€second,€it€must€find€consecutive€sentencing€to€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severityÐ $ t Ðof€the€offenses.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€failed€to€make€findings€that€consecutive€sentencing€was€necessary€to€protectÐ è 8  Ðthe€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant€and€that€the€consecutive€sentences€wereÐ Ô$  Ðreasonably€related€to€the€offenses.€€However,€this€court€may€make€these€determinations€based€uponÐ À  Ðour€òòde€novoóó€review.€€òòState€v.€Alexanderóó,€957€S.W.2d€1,€8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àAfter€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record,€we€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðis€a€dangerous€offender€for€the€purposes€of€consecutive€sentencing.€€The€evidence€before€this€courtÐ pÀ Ðestablishes€the€defendant€forced€Angela€Barnett€and€her€young€son,€Isaiah€Harris,€into€a€car€atÐ \¬ Ðgunpoint.€€He€returned€to€the€mobile€home,€which€he€knew€was€occupied€by€his€eight„year„oldÐ H˜ Ðdaughter,€where€he€physically€attacked€Derrick€Harris,€waved€the€gun€around,€and€threatened€toÐ 4„ Ðshoot€all€of€the€occupants€of€the€mobile€home.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àHe€then€forced€Derrick€Harris€outside€while€holding€the€gun€to€his€head€and€attempted€toÐ øH Ðforce€Derrick€Harris€into€a€car.€€When€Angela€Barnett€interceded€by€shooting€the€defendant,€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant€responded€by€aiming€his€gun€at€Barnett€with€his€daughter€nearby,€by€shooting€DerrickÐ Ð  ÐHarris,€and€by€firing€repeatedly€at€William€Gaines.€€The€defendant€acted€viciously€to€achieve€hisÐ ¼  Ðpurposes,€heedless€of€the€risk€to€the€lives€of€two€young€children€and€four€adults€innocently€involvedÐ ¨ø Ðin€this€criminal€episode.€€It€is€clear€from€the€defendantððs€continuous€course€of€conduct€that€he€hadÐ ”ä Ðlittle€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€toÐ €Ð Ðhuman€life€is€high.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àFurther,€we€find€consecutive€sentencing€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€furtherÐ D!” Ðcriminal€conduct€by€the€defendant,€and€the€effective€thirty„one„year€sentence€is€reasonably€relatedÐ 0"€  Ðto€the€severity€of€the€offenses.€€We€conclude€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€wereÐ #l! Ðappropriate€and€decline€to€alter€them.€€Ð $X" ÐÌÌà@FF%ìàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àThe€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed€with€the€exception€of€the€three„year€sentenceÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfor€the€aggravated€assault€of€Derrick€Harris,€which€should€be€set€aside€because€this€conviction€Ð )à$( Ðmerged€with€the€attempted€second€degree€murder€conviction.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ЇÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð œì Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGE