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üL Ðmedical€records€of€persons€receiving€medical€treatment,€in€whole€or€in€part,€at€the€expense€of€the€state,Ð À Ðcounty€or€municipality,€shall€be€treated€as€confidential€and€shall€not€be€open€for€inspection€byÐ „Ô Ðmembers€of€the€public.Ô‡ôFÞòòôFÞÔÐH ˜Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†ôFÞòòôFÞÆ#Ô(.(3Ä($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó dÿÿSDU_29ÿÿStarPageÿÿciteas((Cite as: 36 S.W.3d 854, *868)ÿÿSDU_55- ù-ÿÿSDU_6 ýÝ ƒSÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôFÞòXXÔTrooper€Ô_ÔLuncefordÔ_Ô€explained€that:Ð ° ÐÌÓ  Óà8  àA€yaw€mark€is€caused€as€a€tire€slips€[and]€slides,€which€is€a€common€term€used.€€When€you€apply€yourÐ 8ˆ Ðbrakes€and€the€tires€.€.€.€leave€a€mark€on€the€roadway,€but,€as€youððre€doing€that,€itððs€also€slipping,€andÐ üL Ðitððs€turning€at€the€same€time.€.€.€.€As€the€vehicle€shifts€to€one€side€or€the€other,€it€will€leave€striationsÐ À Ðas€the€tires€turn.€€And€those€striations€will€give€the€direction€of€travel.€€And€it€can€also€prove€the€speed.Ð „Ô Ð.€.€. 0Ñ#€ïXÿÿd#ÑÑ €[ Ñ ´Ý ƒSÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôFÞòXXÔThe€2002€amendment€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€55„10„401,€effective€July€1,€2003,€substitutedÐ ° ÐÓ  Óð ðeight„hundredths€of€one€percent€(.08€%)ðð€for€ð ðten„hundredths€of€one€percent€(.10%)ðð€in€(a)(2).€€2002€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts,Ð tÄ Ðch.€855,€ðð€15.€€ÿÿSP;3fed000053a85ÿÿSDU_3Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓÓÓÓÔ‡X¬2XXXÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2ÔÑ€^ÆÑà@ttìàÔ#†X¬2X»¼WÕ€#ÔÔ‡îXìîXX¬2ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†X¬2XîîXìå#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€September€23,€2003Ð üL ÐÔ#†X¬2X»¼WÕˆ#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2ÔÌò òÔ#†X¬2X»¼WÕ>#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2ÔòòóóSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEÔ#†X¬2X»¼WÕ„#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2Ôó ó€ò òv.€Ô#†X¬2X»¼WÕÞ#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2ÔÔ#†¼WÕ»»¼WÕa#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»»¼WÕÔòòTAMMY€HARTóóó óÔ#†X¬2X»¼WÕ*#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»XX¬2ÔÔ#†¼WÕ»»¼WÕl#ÔÔ‡¼WÕ»»¼WÕÔÐ  p ÐÌÔ#†X¬2X»¼WÕÁ#Ôà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Johnson€CountyÐ J š Ðà@@øøìàNo.€3512€€€€€€Robert€E.€Ô_ÔCuppÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ 6 † ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€VT) °°` d€÷E<ù` AßÐ úJ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2003„00053„CCA„R3„CD€Ð õE  ÐNovember€7,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ á1  ÐßA€VT) °°` dE<Ì` AßÐ Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2#ÔThe€Johnson€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant,€Tammy€Hart,€for€child€endangerment,Ð È Ðvehicular€homicide,€and€aggravated€vehicular€homicide€after€the€Defendantððs€car€collided€ð ðhead„onððÐ ´ Ðwith€another€car,€killing€the€other€driver.€€A€Johnson€County€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€childÐ  ð Ðendangerment€and€vehicular€homicide.€€The€Defendant€waived€her€right€to€a€jury€trial€on€the€thirdÐ ŒÜ Ðcount€of€the€indictment,€and€the€trial€court€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€vehicularÐ xÈ Ðhomicide€and€merged€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction€with€the€aggravated€vehicular€homicideÐ d´ Ðconviction.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€eleven€months,€twenty„nine€days€for€childÐ P  Ðendangerment,€all€of€which€was€suspended€except€for€thirty€days,€and€twenty„three€years€for€theÐ <Œ Ðaggravated€vehicular€homicide€conviction€and€ordered€the€sentences€to€run€consecutively.€€OnÐ (x Ðappeal,€the€Defendant€contends€the€following:€(1)€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€theÐ d ÐDefendantððs€motion€to€suppress€her€medical€records;€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€theÐ P ÐDefendantððs€medical€records€into€evidence;€(3)€that€the€Defendantððs€constitutional€right€ofÐ ì< Ðconfrontation€was€violated€by€the€admission€of€her€medical€records€into€evidence;€and€(4)€that€theÐ Ø( Ðevidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€sustain€her€convictions.€€Finding€no€reversible€errorÐ Ä Ðand€concluding€that€sufficient€evidence€exists€in€the€record€to€support€the€Defendantððs€convictions,Ð ° Ðwe€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgments.Ð œ ì ÐÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔÌÓrÓò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ t"Ä! ÐÌòòÓ  ÓRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€andÐ L$œ# ÐòòJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð 8%ˆ $ ÐÌThomas€Ô_ÔMcKinneyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€Kingsport,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Tammy€Hart.Ð '`"& ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Brent€C.Ð è(8$( ÐCherry,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Joe€C.€Ô_ÔCrumleyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€Ken€BaldwinÐ Ô)$%) Ðand€Tony€Clark,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2É #ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€TenÔ_ÔnesseeÔ_Ô.Ð À*&* ÐÌÌÐ „-Ô(- ÐÑ^ÆÑâ ^âÑ8€¬2XXdìdÈ8ÑÑ€[Ñâ ^âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÌÓgÓà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ œì ÐòòóóÓ  ÓÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2e#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôà@±±&ìàò òI.€Factsó óˆÐ ˆØ ÐÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2ÿ#ÔÌà  àThis€case€arises€from€the€death€of€the€victim,€Catherine€Triplett,€after€the€Defendantððs€carÐ `° Ðcollided€ð ðhead„onðð€with€the€victimððs€car€on€Cold€Springs€Road€in€Johnson€County€on€December€16,Ð L œ Ð1999.€€The€Defendantððs€minor€child€was€in€the€front€passenger€seat€of€the€Defendantððs€car€at€the€timeÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€collision.€€The€Johnson€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant€for€child€endangerment,Ð $ t Ðvehicular€homicide,€and€aggravated€vehicular€homicide.€€The€Defendant€was€tried€on€December€10,Ð  ` Ð2001€in€the€Johnson€County€Criminal€Court,€and€a€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€vehicularÐ ü L  Ðhomicide€and€child€endangerment€on€the€next€day.€€Thereafter,€the€Defendant€waived€her€right€to€aÐ è 8  Ðjury€trial€on€the€aggravated€vehicular€homicide€indictment,€and€the€trial€court€found€the€DefendantÐ Ô$  Ðguilty€of€this€offense€and€merged€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction€with€the€aggravated€vehicularÐ À  Ðhomicide€conviction.€€The€trial€court€then€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€eleven€months,€twenty„nineÐ ¬ü  Ðdays€for€child€endangerment,€all€of€which€was€suspended€except€for€thirty€days,€and€twenty„threeÐ ˜è  Ðyears€for€aggravated€vehicular€homicide,€and€ordered€that€the€sentences€run€consecutively.€€TheÐ „Ô  ÐDefendant€now€appeals.Ð pÀ ÐÌÓ  Óò òA.€€Suppression€HearingÐ H˜ Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àThe€following€evidence€was€presented€at€the€suppression€hearing€held€in€response€to€theÐ  p ÐDefendantððs€motion€to€suppress€her€medical€records.€€The€parties€stipulated€at€the€hearing€thatÐ  \ Ðfollowing€the€collision,€medical€personnel€flew€the€Defendant€by€helicopter€to€Johnson€City€MedicalÐ øH ÐCenter,€a€ð ðduly€licensed€health€care€facility,ðð€for€treatment.€€The€parties€also€stipulated€that€RickÐ ä4 ÐSpivey,€the€Defendantððs€former€attorney,€had€no€knowledge€or€notice€of€the€subpoena€for€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendantððs€medical€records€until€the€preliminary€hearing€and€did€not€consent€to€the€release€of€thoseÐ ¼  Ðrecords€to€the€State.€€Further,€the€parties€stipulated€that€the€State€did€not€obtain€a€search€warrant€forÐ ¨ø Ðthe€Defendantððs€medical€records.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àTrooper€Dexter€Lunceford€of€the€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€testified€that€he€investigated€theÐ l¼ Ðtwo„car€collision€involving€the€Defendant€and€the€victim.€€Trooper€Lunceford€stated€that€heÐ X ¨ Ðsuspected€that€the€Defendant€was€intoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€collision,€so€he€requested€a€subpoenaÐ D!” Ðduces€tecum€from€the€Johnson€County€Circuit€Court€Clerk,€Carolyn€Hawkins,€to€obtain€theÐ 0"€  ÐDefendantððs€medical€records.€€The€State€then€introduced€a€copy€of€the€subpoena€for€the€medicalÐ #l! Ðrecords€into€evidence.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€he€took€the€subpoena€to€the€Johnson€CityÐ $X" ÐMedical€Center€and€served€the€subpoena€on€the€medical€records€department.€€He€stated€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðmedical€records€department€then€gave€him€the€Defendantððs€medical€records€ð ða€few€minutesðð€afterÐ à%0!$ Ðhe€served€the€subpoena.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€after€reviewing€the€medical€records€himselfÐ Ì&"% Ðand€making€them€part€of€the€permanent€vehicular€homicide€report,€he€gave€a€copy€of€the€DefendantððsÐ ¸'#& Ðmedical€records€to€the€Johnson€County€District€Attorney€Generalððs€Office.€€He€explained€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmedical€records€contained€a€toxicology€report€showing€that€the€Defendantððs€blood€alcohol€level€wasÐ )à$( Ð0.178€at€the€time€of€the€test.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€he€did€not€obtain€a€second€bloodÐ |*Ì%) Ðalcohol€test€because€the€hospitalððs€blood„alcohol€test€was€accurate€and€was€given€closer€to€the€timeÐ h+¸&* Ðof€the€collision.€€On€cross„examination,€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€he€did€not€obtain€theÐ ° ÐDefendantððs€permission€to€get€her€medical€records€from€Johnson€City€Medical€Center.Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€she€did€not€give€anybody€permissionÐ tÄ Ðto€review€her€medical€records€or€obtain€copies€of€her€medical€records.€€After€this€evidence€wasÐ `° Ðpresented,€the€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€her€medical€records€because€itÐ L œ Ðfound€that€Trooper€Lunceford€did€not€violate€the€Defendantððs€right€to€privacy€by€obtaining€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðrecords€from€the€hospital€and€that€the€medical€records€were€admissible€as€business€records€underÐ $ t ÐTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(6).Ð  ` ÐÌÓ  Óò òB.€€TrialÐ è 8  ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àThe€following€evidence€was€presented€at€the€Defendantððs€jury€trial€on€two€of€three€countsÐ À  Ðfor€which€she€was€indicted.€€Jake€Story,€an€emergency€medical€technician€with€the€Johnson€CountyÐ ¬ü  ÐEmergency€Rescue€Squad,€testified€that€he€responded€to€an€automobile€collision€on€Cold€SpringsÐ ˜è  ÐRoad€on€December€16,€1999,€and€arrived€at€the€scene€between€6:00€and€6:30€p.m.€€Story€stated€thatÐ „Ô  Ðthe€Defendantððs€car€was€in€the€middle€of€the€road,€and€the€Defendant€was€in€the€driverððs€seat€and€aÐ pÀ Ðchild€was€in€the€back€seat.€€He€explained€that€the€victimððs€car€was€off€the€road€down€in€anÐ \¬ Ðembankment,€with€the€nose€of€the€car€pointed€up€toward€the€road.€€Story€testified€that€he€and€hisÐ H˜ Ðrescue€squad€partner€walked€by€the€Defendantððs€car€and€spoke€to€her.€€He€stated€that€the€DefendantÐ 4„ Ðhad€her€seatbelt€on€and€seemed€to€be€in€good€condition.€€Story€explained€that€he€and€his€partner€thenÐ  p Ðinspected€the€victimððs€car€and€determined€that€the€victim€needed€medical€attention€first.€€StoryÐ  \ Ðtestified€that,€as€he€was€returning€to€the€ambulance€to€get€medical€supplies€for€the€victim,€theÐ øH ÐDefendant€came€out€of€her€car€and€told€him€that€she€was€having€chest€pains.€€Asked€whether€heÐ ä4 Ðsmelled€the€odor€of€alcohol€on€the€Defendant,€Story€responded,€ð ðI€wouldnððt€swear€that€it€was€alcohol,Ð Ð  Ðbut,€there€was€a€smell€of€something€thatð!ðthat€was€there;€you€know,€as€far€as€alcohol€I€canððt€.€.€.Ð ¼  Ðpinpoint€it€down€to€alcohol.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€told€another€emergency€medical€technician€at€theÐ ¨ø Ðscene€about€the€Defendantððs€condition,€and€the€other€technician€attended€to€her.€€Story€testified€thatÐ ”ä Ðhe€retrieved€the€required€medical€supplies€from€the€ambulance€for€the€victim€and€returned€to€hisÐ €Ð Ðrescue€squad€partner€who€was€treating€the€victim.€€He€stated€that€a€medical€helicopter€from€JohnsonÐ l¼ ÐCity€Medical€Center€landed€close€to€the€victimððs€car€and€then€flew€the€victim€to€the€medical€center.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àStory€described€the€victimððs€car€as€ð ð[d]estroyed,€completely€destroyed,€bent€all€to€pieces,€andÐ 0"€  Ðsheet€metal,€and€bumper€embedded€into€it€.€.€.€.ðð€€Story€stated€that€the€victim€was€unconscious€whenÐ #l! Ðhe€and€his€partner€found€her€in€her€car€and€that€she€never€regained€consciousness€while€he€and€hisÐ $X" Ðpartner€attended€to€her.€€He€testified€that€he€and€his€partner€ð ð[h]ad€to€cut€[the€victim]€out€using€rescueÐ ô$D # Ðtools,€jaws,€[and]€even€[had€to€hook]€a€wrecker€to€it€and€spread[]€the€floorboard€open€to€get€her€feetÐ à%0!$ Ðout.ðð€€On€cross„examination,€Story€testified€that€both€the€Defendant€and€her€son€had€their€seatbeltsÐ Ì&"% Ðon,€but€he€could€not€remember€whether€the€victim€had€her€seatbelt€on€when€he€arrived€at€the€scene.€Ð ¸'#& ÐHe€also€testified€that€he€smelled€the€odor€of€anti„freeze€all€over€the€road€from€the€impact€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðvehicles.€€On€re„direct,€Story€explained€that€he€did€not€know€what€to€call€the€odor€he€smelled€on€theÐ )à$( ÐDefendant€when€she€spoke€to€him.€€He€stated,€ð ðI€really€wasnððt€face„to„face€with€her.€€It€was€more€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ða€armððsð!ða€couple€armððs€reach.€€I€couldnððt€pinpoint€it€was€alcohol,€or€breath€mint,€whatever€it€was€IÐ h+¸&* Ðdonððt€know.ððÐ ° ÐÌà  àTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that,€at€the€time€of€the€trial,€he€had€worked€for€the€TennesseeÐ ˆØ ÐHighway€Patrol€for€thirteen€years,€and€during€six€of€those€years€he€worked€as€an€accidentÐ tÄ Ðreconstructionist.€€Trooper€Lunceford€stated€that€he€investigated€between€four€hundred€to€fiveÐ `° Ðhundred€collisions€during€his€six€years€as€an€accident€reconstructionist.€€Thereafter,€the€trial€courtÐ L œ Ðdeclared€Trooper€Lunceford€an€expert€in€accident€reconstruction.€€Trooper€Lunceford€described€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€jury€how€he€reconstructed€the€collision€between€the€Defendantððs€car€and€the€victimððs€car.€€HeÐ $ t Ðstated€that€he€arrived€at€the€scene€of€the€accident€at€approximately€7:21€p.m.,€which€was€about€anÐ  ` Ðhour€after€the€collision.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€both€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€had€beenÐ ü L  Ðtaken€to€the€Johnson€City€Medical€Center€by€the€time€he€arrived€at€the€scene€and€that€the€dispatcherÐ è 8  Ðtold€him€that€this€collision€caused€a€fatality.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that,€when€he€arrived€at€theÐ Ô$  Ðscene,€he€located€the€Defendantððs€son,€who€was€six€years€old€at€the€time€and€was€removed€from€theÐ À  Ðscene€following€the€collision.€€Trooper€Lunceford€stated€that€he€then€began€to€mark€the€roadway€toÐ ¬ü  Ðpreserve€the€location€of€ð ðshort€lived€evidence,ðð€such€as€debris€and€the€wreckage€of€the€cars,€becauseÐ ˜è  Ðthe€debris€had€to€be€removed€as€quickly€as€possible€to€clear€the€road.€€He€explained,€ð ðI€marked€theÐ „Ô  Ðvehicles,€marked€the€various€points€that€were€going€to€be€pertinent€to€the€investigation,€the€gougeÐ pÀ Ðmarks,€the€skid€marks;€asked€for€witnesses,€if€anyone€had€[seen]€it,€could€not€find€any.ðð€€TrooperÐ \¬ ÐLunceford€testified€that€he€called€two€wreckers€to€the€scene€to€tow€away€the€two€wrecked€cars€andÐ H˜ Ðhad€the€wrecker€drivers€sign€forms€to€ensure€that€the€cars€would€be€kept€in€secured€locations.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that€medical€personnel€at€the€scene€told€him€that€the€DefendantÐ  \ Ðhad€been€taken€to€the€Johnson€City€Medical€Center€for€medical€treatment.€€Trooper€Lunceford€statedÐ øH Ðthat€he€left€the€scene€at€8:24€p.m.€and€then€arrived€at€the€medical€center€at€9:11€p.m.€€He€testified€thatÐ ä4 Ðonce€he€arrived€at€the€medical€center,€nursing€personnel€told€him€that€the€Defendant€was€in€the€X„rayÐ Ð  Ðdepartment€and€that€the€victim€had€died.€€Trooper€Lunceford€explained€that€he€wanted€to€talk€withÐ ¼  Ðthe€Defendant€to€ð ð[s]ee€if€she€could€tell€me€what€happened,€to€confirm€that€she€was€the€driver,€anyÐ ¨ø Ðinformation€that€she€may€be€able€to€tell€me€as€to€what€had€transpired,€to€see€whether€or€not€she€mayÐ ”ä Ðor€may€not€[have]€been€under€the€influence.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€found€the€Defendant€in€the€X„rayÐ €Ð Ðdepartment€lying€on€a€gurney.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that,€after€he€approached€the€DefendantÐ l¼ Ðand€ensured€she€was€the€Defendant,€ð ðI€asked€her€if€she€.€.€.€was€driving€the€vehicle.€€She€confirmedÐ X ¨ Ðthat.€€I€asked€her€if€she€could€tell€me€anything€about€what€caused€the€accident.ðð€€Trooper€LuncefordÐ D!” Ðtestified€that€the€Defendant€responded,€ð ðNo.€€I€donððt€know€what€caused€it,€but,€it€wasnððt€my€fault.Ð 0"€  Ð.€.€.ðð€€He€described€the€Defendant€as€follows:€ð ðHer€speech€was€slurred,€the€characteristics€of€someoneÐ #l! Ðunder€the€influence.€€Her€eyes€were€red€and€bloodshot.€€And€when€I€got€within€about€five€feet€of€herÐ $X" ÐI€could€smell€the€ethyl€alcohol.ðð€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€he€smelled€alcohol€on€personsÐ ô$D # Ðmany€times€throughout€his€career€as€a€trooper.€€He€stated€that€when€he€smelled€the€odor€of€alcoholÐ à%0!$ Ðon€the€Defendant,€he€asked€her€whether€she€had€been€drinking€that€night.€€Trooper€LuncefordÐ Ì&"% Ðtestified€that€the€Defendant€ð ðsaid,€yes,€sheððd€had€a€couple€of€beers.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€asked€herÐ ¸'#& Ðagain€whether€she€remembered€anything€about€the€collision€and€the€Defendant€responded,€ð ðno.ðð€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐTrooper€Lunceford€explained€that€ð ðat€that€point€in€my€mind€I€developed€her€as€a€suspect€in€aÐ )à$( Ðvehicular€homicide,€and€I€Mirandized€her.ðð€€He€stated€that€after€reading€the€Defendant€her€rights,€heÐ |*Ì%) Ðdid€not€ask€her€any€more€questions€or€take€any€statement€from€her€that€evening.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that,€in€his€opinion,€the€Defendant€was€intoxicated€the€night€ofÐ ° Ðthe€collision€because€of€the€Defendantððs€ð ðmood€changes,ðð€ð ð[t]he€odor€of€the€alcohol,€her€slurredÐ œì Ðspeech,€bloodshot€eyes,€[and]€her€face€was€red.ðð€€He€stated€that,€as€he€questioned€the€Defendant,€sheÐ ˆØ Ðwas€lying€on€a€gurney€ð ðand€sometime€during€our€conversation€she€set€up€on€one€elbow€a€little€bit.ðð€Ð tÄ ÐTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that,€based€upon€all€the€information€he€obtained€from€the€Defendant€andÐ `° Ðfrom€the€scene€of€the€collision,€he€obtained€the€arrest€warrant€charging€the€Defendant€with€theÐ L œ Ðvehicular€homicide€of€the€victim€at€1:26€p.m.€on€December€17,€1999.€€He€stated€that€he€also€obtainedÐ 8 ˆ Ðan€arrest€warrant€charging€the€Defendant€with€child€endangerment€ð ðfor€having€someone€under€theÐ $ t Ðage€of€thirteen€in€her€vehicle€while€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€or€drugs.ðð€€Trooper€LuncefordÐ  ` Ðtestified€that€he€did€not€ask€the€Defendant€about€her€child€when€he€questioned€her€at€the€hospital.€Ð ü L  ÐHe€explained,€ð ðafter€I€Mirandized€her€I€said,€ððare€you€going€to€talk€to€me?ðð€and€she€justð!ðsheÐ è 8  Ðwouldnððt.€€She€just€shook€her€head.€€She€wouldnððt€talk€to€me€anymore.€.€.€.ððÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àTrooper€Lunceford€showed€the€jury€three€computer€diagrams€of€the€collision€scene€that€wereÐ ¬ü  Ðdrawn€to€scale€and€explained€the€details€of€each€one.€€He€showed€the€jury€the€location€of€the€pointÐ ˜è  Ðof€impact,€which€was€in€the€victimððs€lane.€€He€stated€that€the€victim€was€driving€in€an€easterlyÐ „Ô  Ðdirection€in€the€right€lane,€while€the€Defendant€was€driving€in€a€westerly€direction€in€the€left€lane.€Ð pÀ ÐTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that€pre„impact€skid€marks€left€by€the€victimððs€car€showed€ð ð[t]heÐ \¬ Ðdirection€of€travel,€the€amount€of€time€she€had€to€react,€which€wasnððt€very€much.€€It€also€tells€youÐ H˜ Ðthat€she€had€somewhat€of€a€braking€deficiency.€€The€right€side€locked€before€the€left.ðð€€He€stated€theÐ 4„ Ðskid€marks€also€showed€that€the€victim€attempted€to€get€as€far€right€as€she€could€to€avoid€theÐ  p ÐDefendantððs€on„coming€car.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€he€did€not€find€any€pre„impact€skidÐ  \ Ðmarks€or€brake€marks€left€by€the€Defendantððs€car.€€He€explained:Ð øH ÐÌà8  àThat€tells€me€that€[the€Defendant]€did€not€perceive€any€event€getting€ready€to€occur.€Ð Ð  ÐShe€didnððt€react€to€anything.€€She€didnððt€apply€her€brakes.€€She€did€not€take€anyÐ ¼  Ðevasive€steering.€€As€you€saw€a€vehicle€coming€at€you€in€your€lane€of€travel,€youððreÐ ¨ø Ðgoing€to€apply€your€brakes,€common€sense€with€all€drivers€[is€that]€youððre€going€toÐ ”ä Ðapply€your€€brakes€in€fear.€€But,€when€you€jerk€your€steering€wheel€youððre€going€toÐ €Ð Ðleave€a€mark€on€the€roadway,€a€yaw׃]×Ý ƒU#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€mark.€€There€were€no€skid€marks,€no€yawÐ l¼ Ðmarks,€no€reaction€whatsoever€prior€to€impact.ÐX ¨Ð Ð  ÐÌTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that€the€Defendantððs€car€traveled€45.96€feet€after€the€impact€and€cameÐ 0"€  Ðto€a€rest€in€the€middle€of€the€road.€€He€stated€that€the€point€of€impact€was€10.17€feet€beyond€theÐ #l! Ðcenter€double€line,€in€the€victimððs€lane€of€travel.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€he€calculated€theÐ $X" Ðspeeds€of€the€two€cars€at€the€time€of€impact€by€using€the€weights€of€the€cars,€the€approach€angles,Ð ô$D # Ðthe€departure€angles,€and€the€coefficient€of€friction,€or€drag€factor,€of€the€roadway€surface.€€He€statedÐ ° Ðthat€the€Defendant€was€traveling€sixty„six€miles€per€hour€at€the€time€of€the€collision,€while€the€victimÐ œì Ðwas€traveling€thirty„two€miles€per€hour€at€the€point€of€impact.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðposted€speed€limit€on€Cold€Springs€Road€was€forty„five€miles€per€hour.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àTrooper€Lunceford€testified€that,€in€his€opinion,€the€collision€took€place€as€follows:Ð L œ ÐÌà8  à[The€victim]€was€eastbound€on€Cold€Springs€Road€somewhere€around€the€postedÐ $ t Ðspeed.€.€.€.€She€reacted€to€something€in€her€lane€of€travel€because€she€applied€herÐ  ` Ðbrakes.€.€.€.€And€slowed€and€attempted€to€move€to€the€right€shoulder.€€In€my€opinion,Ð ü L  Ð[the€Defendant]€was€traveling€66€miles€per€hour€in€a€45€miles€per€hour€zone€whileÐ è 8  Ðunder€the€influence€of€alcohol€and€drugs,€crossed€the€center€lane€and€struck€theÐ Ô$  Ð[victimððs]€vehicle€head€on€.€.€.€[c]ausing€the€death€of€[the€victim].ÐÀ Ð Ð  ÐÌTrooper€Lunceford€then€identified€the€Defendant€in€the€courtroom€as€the€woman€he€talked€with€atÐ ˜è  Ðthe€hospital€and€charged€with€vehicular€homicide€and€child€endangerment.€€On€cross„examination,Ð „Ô  Ðhe€stated€that€he€did€not€know€how€much€morphine€was€given€to€the€Defendant€while€she€was€at€theÐ pÀ Ðhospital€and€did€not€see€an€I„V€ð ðhooked€upðð€to€the€Defendant.€€Trooper€Lunceford€acknowledgedÐ \¬ Ðthat€morphine€was€a€powerful€pain€killer€and€could€have€a€sedative€effect€on€the€Defendant€if€sheÐ H˜ Ðhad€received€it.€€However,€he€stated€that€ð ð[m]orphine€does€not€smell€like€ethyl€alcohol.ðð€€TrooperÐ 4„ ÐLunceford€explained€that€ð ðrubbing€alcohol€smells€like€rubbing€alcohol.€€Ethyl€alcohol€smells€likeÐ  p Ðeither€liquor€or€beer,€or€mixture€of€the€two.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€had€never€seen€a€hospital€use€anyÐ  \ Ðethyl€alcohol,€or€drinking€alcohol,€in€its€emergency€room.€€Trooper€Lunceford€admitted€that€it€wasÐ øH Ðpossible€that€the€Defendantððs€bloodshot€eyes€could€have€been€caused€by€crying,€but€he€stated€thatÐ ä4 Ðhe€believed€that€the€Defendant€was€intoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€collision.€€He€testified€that€he€didÐ Ð  Ðnot€give€the€Defendant€any€field€sobriety€tests,€rather€he€formed€the€opinion€that€she€was€intoxicatedÐ ¼  Ðbased€upon€the€Defendantððs€appearance€and€what€she€told€him€at€the€hospital.€€Trooper€LuncefordÐ ¨ø Ðacknowledged€that€the€Defendant€may€not€have€remembered€the€collision€at€the€hospital€due€to€aÐ ”ä Ðconcussion.€€He€testified€that€there€was€no€doubt€in€his€mind€that€he€smelled€the€odor€of€alcohol€onÐ €Ð Ðthe€Defendant€when€he€questioned€her€at€the€hospital,€and€he€described€the€odor€in€his€notes€at€theÐ l¼ Ðtime€as€an€ð ðobvious€odor€of€intoxicant.ðð€€Trooper€Lunceford€explained€that€he€was€four€feet€awayÐ X ¨ Ðfrom€the€Defendant€when€he€smelled€the€odor€of€alcohol.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àJane€McKee,€Director€of€Medical€Records€at€Johnson€City€Medical€Center,€testified€thatÐ #l! Ðmedical€records€at€the€medical€center€were€maintained€in€the€course€of€the€hospitalððs€business.€€SheÐ $X" Ðstated€that€the€medical€records€were€made€during€the€routine€course€of€medical€treatment€at€theÐ ô$D # Ðhospital,€and€were€made€at€or€near€the€time€that€the€medical€treatment€was€administered€to€patients.€Ð à%0!$ ÐMcKee€testified€that€Johnson€City€Medical€Centerððs€policy€was€to€make€medical€records€for€allÐ Ì&"% Ðpatients€treated€at€the€hospital€to€record€what€type€of€medical€treatment€the€patients€received€andÐ ¸'#& Ðwhen€it€was€received.€€McKee€stated€that€the€hospital€kept€medical€records€for€emergency€roomÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpatients€as€well€as€those€who€stayed€in€the€hospital€for€other€forms€of€medical€treatment.€€SheÐ )à$( Ðtestified€that€she€had€the€medical€records€of€the€Defendant€that€were€generated€as€a€result€of€theÐ |*Ì%) ÐDefendant€being€brought€to€the€medical€center€on€December€16,€1999.€€McKee€also€stated€that€sheÐ h+¸&* Ðhad€the€medical€records€of€the€victim€for€that€same€date.€€The€trial€court€then€unsealed€both€sets€ofÐ ° Ðrecords€and€marked€them€as€exhibits.€€At€a€bench€conference,€defense€counsel€objected€to€theÐ œì Ðadmission€of€the€medical€records€into€evidence€ð ðbecause,€you€know,€my€objection€goes€to€the€properÐ ˆØ Ðidentification€of€these,€and€to€the€chain€of€custody€issues.ðð€€The€trial€court€overruled€the€objection,Ð tÄ Ðstating:Ð `° ÐÌà8  àFor€the€record,€under€Rule€803(6),€.€.€.€I€think€the€state€followed€procedure€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðestablished€that€she€was€the€appropriate€custodian€of€the€records.€€Theyððre€admitted.€Ð $ t ÐAlso,€a€section€.€.€.€68„11„401,€that€also€allows€the€admission€of€those€with€oneÐ  ` Ðexception.€€And€it€was€a€previous€thing€I€had€some€problems€with€and€that€was€whereÐ ü L  Ðthat€you€could€do€it€by€affidavit,€and€the€higher€courts€have€held€that€that€affidavit€isÐ è 8  Ðinsufficient.€€So,€they€can€proceed,€and€itððs€admissible€under€both€of€those€sections.ÐÔ$ Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àDr.€Ellen€Wallen,€a€forensic€pathologist,€testified€that€she€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victimÐ ¬ü  Ðon€December€17,€1999.€€After€stipulations€from€the€State€and€the€Defendant,€the€trial€court€declaredÐ ˜è  ÐDr.€Wallen€an€expert€in€forensic€pathology.€€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€the€cause€of€the€victimððs€deathÐ „Ô  Ðwas€ð ðmultiple€blood€traumatic€injuries.ðð€€She€stated€that€the€victim€had€the€following€injuries:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àShe€had€injuries€to€her€neck,€the€cervical€verebrae,€two€and€three,€the€second€vertebraÐ H˜ Ðdown€from€the€top€of€her€head.€€They€were€actually€broken€and€separated.€€And€sheÐ 4„ Ðhad€a€separation€of€the€sternum€and€clavicle€on€the€right€side€where€Iððm€pointing€onÐ  p Ðmy€body.€€She€had€multiple€rib€fractures,€and€her€lungs€were€collapsed,€and€she€hadÐ  \ Ð.€.€.€multiple€pelvic€fractures.€€And€she€had€fractures€of€both€femurs,€her€left€patella,Ð øH Ð.€.€.€the€left€knee€cap,€then€in€both€bones€of€the€left€leg€below€the€knee.Ðä4Ð Ð  ÐÌDr.€Wallen€testified€that€the€victimððs€death€ð ðcertainly€could€have€been€very€rapid.€€It€could€haveÐ ¼  Ðtaken€a€little€bit€of€time,€but,€.€.€.€it€wasnððt€days€.€.€.€it€was€a€matter€of€minutes,€if€not€faster.ðð€€SheÐ ¨ø Ðexplained€that€the€victimððs€injuries€were€consistent€with€having€been€in€a€motor€vehicle€collision.€Ð ”ä ÐDr.€Wallen€testified€that,€in€connection€with€doing€an€autopsy€on€the€victim,€she€had€a€toxicologyÐ €Ð Ðscreen€done€on€the€victimððs€blood€and€urine€to€determine€whether€there€was€any€drugs€or€alcohol€inÐ l¼ Ðher€system.€€She€stated€that€the€toxicology€screen€came€back€negative€for€alcohol,€and€the€only€drugÐ X ¨ Ðfound€in€the€victimððs€system€was€caffeine.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àDr.€Wallen€testified€that€she€examined€the€medical€records€of€the€Defendant€from€DecemberÐ #l! Ð16,€1999,€which€included€a€toxicology€report€on€the€Defendant.€€Dr.€Wallen€stated€that€theÐ $X" Ðtoxicology€screen€was€performed€on€the€Defendant€ð ðto€determine€if€there€were€drugs€or€alcoholÐ ô$D # Ðpresent€in€the€blood€or€urine.ðð€€She€testified€that€the€medical€records€stated€that€blood€was€drawnÐ à%0!$ Ðfrom€the€Defendant€at€8:00€p.m.€€Over€the€Defendantððs€objection,€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€theÐ Ì&"% Ðtoxicology€report€stated€that€the€collection€time€of€the€Defendantððs€blood€was€7:47€p.m.,€rather€thanÐ ¸'#& Ð8:00€p.m.,€but€she€did€not€know€why€the€times€were€listed€differently.€€She€testified€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtoxicology€report€stated€that€the€Defendantððs€blood€alcohol€level€was€178€milligrams€per€deciliter,Ð )à$( Ðor€0.178€percent.€€However,€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€the€toxicology€report€only€tested€theÐ |*Ì%) ÐDefendantððs€serumal€plasma,€not€her€whole€blood.€€Dr.€Wallen€stated€that€she€calculated€for€theÐ h+¸&* Ðdifference€in€water€content€between€the€serumal€plasma€and€whole€blood€to€arrive€at€the€DefendantððsÐ ° Ðblood€alcohol€level€for€her€whole€blood.€€She€testified€that€she€calculated€the€Defendantððs€bloodÐ œì Ðalcohol€level€for€her€whole€blood€to€be€0.151€percent.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àDr.€Wallen€testified€that€she€then€calculated€what€the€Defendantððs€blood€alcohol€level€wasÐ `° Ðat€the€time€of€the€collision.€€She€explained:Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àAlcohol€is€eliminated€from€the€body€in€various€ways,€and€one€of€those€is€metabolism,Ð $ t Ðand€one€would€be€excretion€through€urine;€so,€that€alcohol€leaves€the€body€throughÐ  ` Ðurine,€and€thatððs€how€we€can€find€alcohol€in€.€.€.€the€urine.€.€.€.€[T]here€are€equationsÐ ü L  Ðout€there€that€have€been€worked€out€that€.€.€.€if€you€put€the€.€.€.€variables€as€you€knowÐ è 8  Ðabout€the€individual€into€the€equation€such€as€the€weight,€you€can€determine€howÐ Ô$  Ðmuch€.€.€.€alcohol€is€eliminated€from€the€body€per€hour.€€And€in€this€case,€.€.€.€it€wouldÐ À  Ðbe€the€general€accepted€value€to€use€is€0.017€percent€per€hour€that€the€alcohol€wouldÐ ¬ü  Ðdecrease.€€And€that€is€assuming€the€person€was€in€.€.€.€a€post€absorptive€state,Ð ˜è  Ðmeaning€that€they€had€already€drunk€the€alcohol,€they€were€no€longer€drinkingÐ „Ô  Ðalcohol€at€the€time.ÐpÀÐ Ð  ÐÌDr.€Wallen€testified€that€according€to€her€calculations,€the€Defendantððs€blood€alcohol€level€at€6:30Ð H˜ Ðp.m.€on€December€16,€1999,€was€0.177€percent.€€Dr.€Wallen€then€read€the€trauma€history€sheet€toÐ 4„ Ðthe€jury,€which€stated€that€the€Defendant€blacked€out€and€had€no€recall€of€the€events€leading€up€toÐ  p Ðthe€collision.€€She€then€read€from€a€sheet€prepared€by€a€registered€nurse€that€recorded€some€of€theÐ  \ Ðmedical€history€obtained€from€the€Defendant€and€listed€the€drugs€the€Defendant€was€taking€at€theÐ øH Ðtime.€€Dr.€Wallen€stated€that€the€sheet€listed€the€following€drugs:€€Valium,€Soma,€Tagamet€andÐ ä4 ÐPhenegran.€€She€then€read€from€a€ð ðtrauma€flow€sheetðð€which€reported€that€the€Defendant€ð ðstat[ed]Ð Ð  Ðthat€she€had€three€.€.€.€alcoholic€drinks.ðð€€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€if€a€person€drank€one€beer€with€aÐ ¼  Ðfive€percent€alcohol€content€at€2:30€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999,€and€did€not€drink€any€moreÐ ¨ø Ðalcoholic€beverages€that€day,€then€that€personððs€blood€alcohol€level€would€be€zero€at€6:30€p.m.€onÐ ”ä Ðthat€day.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€the€Defendant€was€given€four€milligrams€ofÐ X ¨ Ðmorphine€intravenously€at€7:51€p.m.,€according€to€the€medical€records.€€She€stated€that€she€could€notÐ D!” Ðtell€from€the€medical€records€whether€the€morphine€was€administered€to€the€Defendant€instantly€byÐ 0"€  Ðpushing€the€four€milligrams€of€morphine€into€the€I„V€all€at€once€or€whether€it€was€administeredÐ #l! Ðslowly.€€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€according€to€the€medical€records,€the€Defendant€received€fluidsÐ $X" Ðintravenously€from€7:51€p.m.€until€after€12:00€a.m.€on€December€17,€1999.€€She€testified€thatÐ ô$D # ÐJohnson€City€Medical€Center€had€a€procedure€in€place€to€ensure€the€integrity€of€the€blood€testsÐ à%0!$ Ðperformed€at€the€hospital:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àThey€have€a€sticker€in€the€chart€under€the€trauma€flow€sheet,€and€they€have€.€.€.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðstickers€on€here€that€would€correspond€to€the€stickers€that€would€be€put€on€the€tubesÐ )à$( Ðof€blood.€€And€on€these€they€have€the€medical€record€number,€and€the€code€name€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðcorresponded€to€[the€Defendant]€at€the€time.€.€.€.€The€main€thing€is€labeling€the€tubeÐ h+¸&* Ðwith€.€.€.€the€defendantððsð!ðin€this€case,€the€patientððs€blood€identification.€€As€long€asÐ ° Ða€tube€is€identified€and€says€itððs€from€her,€and€that€it€was,€in€fact,€drawn€from€her€andÐ œì Ðlabeled€by€the€same€person€that€drew€the€blood€then€thatððs€.€.€.€how€we€in€labs€keepÐ ˆØ Ðtrack€of€specimens.ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌShe€testified€that€all€labs€have€quality€assurance€programs€in€place€in€order€to€be€accredited.€€SheÐ L œ Ðexplained€that€the€Johnson€City€Medical€Center€lab€was€accredited€and,€ð ðtherefore,€they€run€theirÐ 8 ˆ Ðquality€control€on€the€specimens€and€that€would€ensure€the€accuracy€of€every€specimen€that€comesÐ $ t Ðoff€the€machine.ðð€€On€re„direct€examination,€Dr.€Wallen€testified€that€the€toxicology€report€alsoÐ  ` Ðstated€that€the€Defendant€tested€positive€for€benzodiazepine€and€opiates.€€She€stated€thatÐ ü L  Ðbenzodiazepine€was€a€form€of€Valium,€which€was€a€kind€of€relaxant.€€Dr.€Wallen€explained€thatÐ è 8  Ðopiates€include€substances€such€as€morphine,€opium,€oxycodone€and€Oxycontin.€€She€stated€thatÐ Ô$  Ðmedical€center€personnel€placed€a€total€of€nine€stickers€that€had€the€Defendantððs€identification€onÐ À  Ðthem€on€tubes€of€the€Defendantððs€blood€on€December€16,€1999.€€Thereafter,€the€State€rested€its€case.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€Defendant€made€a€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal,€whichÐ „Ô  Ðthe€trial€court€denied.€€The€Defendant€then€called€Richard€Allen€Jenkins,€the€Defendantððs€brother,Ð pÀ Ðto€testify.€€Jenkins€testified€that€he€saw€the€Defendant€at€around€2:00€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999,Ð \¬ Ðat€a€bar€in€Mountain€City,€because€he€called€her€to€take€him€to€his€hair€cut€appointment€at€2:30€p.m.€Ð H˜ ÐHe€stated€that€he€was€at€the€bar€playing€pool€when€he€called€the€Defendant€for€a€ride,€and€she€arrivedÐ 4„ Ðat€the€bar€at€approximately€2:05€p.m.€€Jenkins€testified€that€he€called€the€Defendant€for€a€ride€becauseÐ  p Ðhe€drank€four€or€five€beers€and€did€not€feel€comfortable€driving.€€Jenkins€testified€that€when€theÐ  \ ÐDefendant€arrived€at€the€bar€to€pick€him€up,€she€appeared€sober.€€He€testified€that€prior€to€leavingÐ øH Ðfor€his€hair€appointment,€he€and€the€Defendant€played€a€game€of€pool€at€the€bar.€€Jenkins€stated€thatÐ ä4 Ðthe€Defendant€asked€him€for€a€drink€of€his€beer,€but€he€refused€and€bought€her€a€Zima,€a€citrusÐ Ð  Ðalcoholic€drink.€€He€testified€that€the€Defendant€only€drank€one€Zima€at€the€bar€because€they€had€toÐ ¼  Ðleave€for€his€hair€appointment.€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€drove€him€to€his€appointment,€and€bothÐ ¨ø Ðhe€and€the€Defendant€ended€up€getting€their€hair€cut.€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Jenkins€testified€that€the€Defendant€did€not€work€during€the€weekÐ l¼ Ðbecause€she€was€a€housewife.€€He€stated€that€he€was€drinking€Zima€the€entire€time€he€was€at€the€barÐ X ¨ Ðbefore€the€Defendant€arrived.€€Jenkins€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€she€could€notÐ D!” Ðremember€anything€about€the€collision€or€even€having€the€collision.€€He€stated€that€the€DefendantÐ 0"€  Ðtold€him€that€she€had€her€son€in€the€car€when€the€collision€occurred€because€she€was€taking€her€sonÐ #l! Ðto€karate€practice.€€Jenkins€testified€that,€after€they€got€their€hair€cut,€the€Defendant€dropped€him€offÐ $X" Ðat€the€bar€at€about€3:00€p.m.€and€she€returned€home.€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€ð ðsaid€she€had€toÐ ô$D # Ðgo€home€and€wrap€Christmas€presents€before€her€son€got€home€from€school,€and€take€him€to€karate.ðð€Ð à%0!$ ÐHe€explained€that€he€did€not€see€her€again€until€she€returned€home€from€the€hospital€on€DecemberÐ Ì&"% Ð17,€1999.€€Jenkins€stated€that€he€did€not€visit€the€Defendant€in€the€hospital€on€the€night€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðcollision€because€he€had€to€look€after€his€mother€and€his€nephew.€€He€testified€that€the€DefendantððsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfamily€did€not€drink€alcoholic€beverages€in€their€house€and€did€not€keep€alcohol€in€the€home.€Ð )à$( ÐJenkins€stated€that€the€Defendant€never€told€him€that€she€had€anything€alcoholic€on€December€16,Ð |*Ì%) Ð1999,€other€than€the€one€Zima€at€the€bar.€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€was€on€medication€of€someÐ h+¸&* Ðsort€on€the€day€of€the€collision,€but€he€did€not€know€what€kind€of€medication.€€Jenkins€testified€thatÐ ° Ðhe€believed€she€took€medications€for€muscle€spasms.Ð œì ÐÌà  àBarbara€Ann€Hampton€testified€that€she€was€the€Defendantððs€best€friend.€€Hampton€testifiedÐ tÄ Ðthat€after€she€dropped€her€children€off€at€school€on€December€16,€1999,€she€went€to€the€DefendantððsÐ `° Ðhome€to€wrap€Christmas€presents€and€visit€with€the€Defendant.€€Hampton€stated€that€while€at€theÐ L œ ÐDefendantððs€home,€the€Defendant€did€not€drink€any€alcoholic€beverages€in€her€presence.€€SheÐ 8 ˆ Ðtestified€that€she€and€the€Defendant€drove€to€the€post€office€to€mail€a€present€to€one€of€theÐ $ t ÐDefendantððs€nephews€at€12:30€p.m.€€Hampton€reported€that€she€left€the€Defendantððs€home€betweenÐ  ` Ð1:00€p.m.€and€2:00€p.m.€after€the€Defendant€received€a€phone€call.€€She€testified€that€the€DefendantÐ ü L  Ðcalled€her€at€3:30€p.m.€that€day€and€did€not€slur€her€speech€or€sound€unusual€at€that€time.€€HamptonÐ è 8  Ðstated€that€the€Defendant€called€her€again€at€5:45€p.m.€to€tell€her€that€she€could€not€find€her€keys€andÐ Ô$  Ðthat€her€son€needed€to€get€to€karate€practice.€€Hampton€testified€that€she€told€the€Defendant€that€sheÐ À  Ðwould€take€her€son€to€karate€if€the€Defendant€could€not€find€her€keys€by€the€time€Hampton€got€to€theÐ ¬ü  ÐDefendantððs€home.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àHampton€reported€that€after€she€dropped€her€daughter€off€at€baton€practice,€she€drove€towardÐ pÀ Ðthe€Defendantððs€home€on€Cold€Springs€Road€and€saw€flashing€lights€on€the€road.€€Hampton€testifiedÐ \¬ Ðthat€she€saw€the€Defendantððs€car€in€the€middle€of€the€road€and€saw€the€Defendant,€but€she€did€notÐ H˜ Ðsee€the€Defendantððs€son,€Tyler€Malinovsky,€anywhere.€€She€stated€that€she€started€looking€for€TylerÐ 4„ ÐMalinovsky€and€finally€saw€him€in€the€ambulance,€so€she€approached€him.€€Hampton€testified€thatÐ  p Ðwhen€she€asked€him€what€happened,€Tyler€Malinovsky€told€her,€ð ðmomma€was€playing€with€theÐ  \ Ðradio.ðð€€She€reported€that€when€she€talked€with€the€Defendant€at€the€crash€scene€while€she€was€onÐ øH Ðthe€stretcher,€she€did€not€smell€the€odor€of€alcohol€on€the€Defendant.€€She€stated€that€she€was€at€theÐ ä4 Ðscene€for€approximately€twenty€minutes,€and€while€she€was€at€the€scene,€she€called€the€DefendantððsÐ Ð  Ðmother€to€tell€her€about€the€accident.€€Hampton€reported€that€she€then€went€to€the€medical€center€toÐ ¼  Ðwait€on€the€Defendant,€and€an€emergency€medical€technician€gave€her€the€Defendantððs€pocketbook.€Ð ¨ø ÐShe€stated€that€she€then€went€to€the€Defendantððs€house€to€get€the€work€number€for€the€DefendantððsÐ ”ä Ðhusband€and€called€him€at€work.€€She€reported€that€she€then€picked€up€her€daughter€from€practiceÐ €Ð Ðand€returned€to€her€home.€€Hampton€stated€that€the€Defendant€called€her€at€about€9:00€p.m.€that€nightÐ l¼ Ðand€asked€her€where€her€son€was€located€and€if€he€was€all€right.€€She€testified€that€the€DefendantÐ X ¨ Ðcalled€her€three€more€times€after€that€initial€call€from€the€hospital€and€expressed€concerns€about€herÐ D!” Ðson€and€whether€her€mother€and€husband€knew€about€the€collision.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Hampton€stated€that€the€Defendant€told€her€that€she€only€had€oneÐ $X" ÐZima€on€the€day€of€the€collision.€€She€testified€that€she€did€not€know€what€the€Defendant€did€betweenÐ ô$D # Ð2:00€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999,€and€the€next€day,€except€for€the€brief€telephone€conversations.€Ð à%0!$ ÐHampton€stated€that€the€Defendant€told€her€ð ðeverything€happened€so€fastðð€and€that€she€could€notÐ Ì&"% Ðrecall€what€caused€the€collision.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àFrank€Malinovsky,€the€Defendantððs€husband,€testified€that€his€son€was€seven€years€old€whenÐ )à$( Ðthe€collision€occurred.€€He€stated€that€Hampton€called€him€about€the€collision€at€his€hotel€room€inÐ |*Ì%) ÐSpartanburg,€South€Carolina€at€about€8:45€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999.€€Frank€Malinovsky€statedÐ h+¸&* Ðthat€€no€alcoholic€beverages€were€stored€in€his€home€since€his€son€was€born.€€He€explained€that€heÐ ° Ðand€the€Defendant€had€a€rule€that€they€would€not€keep€any€alcohol€inside€the€house€due€to€the€ageÐ œì Ðof€their€son.€€On€cross„examination,€Frank€Malinovsky€testified€that€the€Defendant€ð ðkept€on€sayingÐ ˆØ Ðthat€it€wasnððt€her€fault.€.€.€.ðð€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€never€told€him€why€she€told€the€hospitalÐ tÄ Ðpersonnel€that€she€drank€three€alcoholic€beverages.€€Frank€Malinovsky€explained€that€the€DefendantÐ `° Ðtold€him€that€she€had€no€recollection€of€what€happened€the€night€of€the€collision.€€He€stated€that€heÐ L œ Ðnever€drank€alcohol€and€never€observed€the€Defendant€drinking€alcoholic€beverages.€€FrankÐ 8 ˆ ÐMalinovsky€explained,€ð ðIððm€an€ex„alcoholic€for€one,€so,€I€donððt€allow€no€kind€of€alcoholic€beveragesÐ $ t Ðaround€me.ðð€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€took€Valium,€Soma€and€Phenergan€as€her€medicationsÐ  ` Ðwhen€she€needed€them.€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àTyler€Malinovsky,€the€Defendantððs€minor€child,€testified€that€he€was€eight€years€old€at€theÐ Ô$  Ðtime€of€the€trial.€€Tyler€Malinovsky€stated€that€the€Defendant€ð ðwas€messing€with€the€radioðð€when€sheÐ À  Ðcollided€with€the€victimððs€car.€€He€testified€that€he€was€in€a€seatbelt€when€the€crash€occurred.€€TylerÐ ¬ü  ÐMalinovsky€reported€that€emergency€workers€put€him€in€an€ambulance€at€the€crash€scene.€€He€statedÐ ˜è  Ðthat€Hampton€came€and€talked€to€him€while€he€was€in€the€ambulance.€€He€explained€that€someoneÐ „Ô  Ðother€than€Hampton€took€him€to€his€grandmotherððs€home€after€the€collision.€€On€cross„examination,Ð pÀ ÐTyler€Malinovsky€testified€that€the€Defendant€was€taking€him€to€karate€practice€that€night€so€heÐ \¬ Ðcould€ð ðearn€a€yellow€stripe.ðð€€He€stated€he€was€in€the€front€seat€because€the€back€seats€had€ð ðbadÐ H˜ Ðseatbelts.ðð€€He€explained€that€when€the€collision€occurred,€he€hit€the€air€bag€that€came€out€of€theÐ 4„ Ðpassenger€side.€€Tyler€Malinovsky€explained€that€he€did€not€know€how€fast€the€Defendantððs€car€wasÐ  p Ðtraveling€when€the€collision€occurred.€€He€stated€that€he€told€a€police€officer€that€he€and€theÐ  \ ÐDefendant€were€in€a€car€collision,€but€he€did€not€tell€the€police€officer€that€she€was€messing€with€theÐ øH Ðradio.€€Tyler€Malinovsky€explained€that€a€month€prior€to€the€trial,€he€ð ðremembered€the€wreck€andÐ ä4 Ðeverything.ðð€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àDr.€David€T.€Stafford,€a€forensic€toxicologist,€testified€that€he€had€experience€in€analyzingÐ ¨ø Ðblood€alcohol€levels€and€evaluating€toxicology€reports.€€The€trial€court€then€declared€Dr.€StaffordÐ ”ä Ðan€expert€in€forensic€toxicology.€€He€stated€that€he€examined€the€Defendantððs€medical€records€fromÐ €Ð ÐDecember€16,€1999.€€Dr.€Stafford€testified€that,€according€to€the€medical€records,€hospital€personnelÐ l¼ Ðadministered€morphine€to€the€Defendant€at€7:35€p.m.€€He€stated€that€on€the€night€of€the€collision,€theÐ X ¨ ÐDefendantððs€height€was€five€feet€and€her€weight€was€108€pounds.€€Dr.€Stafford€stated€that€fourÐ D!” Ðmilligrams€of€morphine€sulfate€would€have€caused€the€Defendant€to€be€drowsy.€€He€explained,€ð ð[t]heÐ 0"€  Ðmorphine€sulfate€acts€as€a€central€nervous€system€depressant.€€It€slows€down€the€functions€of€theÐ #l! Ðbrain.€€It€slows€down€the€gastric€motility,€and€it€makes€the€person€somewhat€.€.€.€lethargic.ðð€€Dr.Ð $X" ÐStafford€testified€that€morphine€would€continue€to€cause€the€Defendant€to€be€drowsy€and€lethargicÐ ô$D # Ðtwo€hours€after€it€was€administered.€€He€stated€that€the€opiates€that€the€Defendant€tested€positive€for€Ð à%0!$ Ðmight€have€shown€up€in€the€urine€screen€because€of€the€morphine€the€Defendant€was€given€at€theÐ Ì&"% Ðhospital.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àDr.€Stafford€testified€that€the€toxicology€report€listed€the€collection€time€as€7:47€p.m.€onÐ )à$( ÐDecember€16,€1999.€€He€stated€that€elsewhere€in€the€medical€records,€the€first€indication€of€any€bloodÐ |*Ì%) Ðbeing€drawn€from€the€Defendant€was€between€8:00€and€8:05€p.m.€€Dr.€Stafford€testified€that€it€wasÐ h+¸&* Ðunusual€to€have€such€a€discrepancy€in€the€medical€records€and€that€he€had€never€seen€such€aÐ ° Ðdiscrepancy€in€his€thirty€years€of€experience.€€He€explained€that€ð ð[m]ost€of€the€hospital€records€thatÐ œì ÐI€review€will€have€an€identification€number€with€that€sample,€and€there€will€be€a€time€of€[when]€thatÐ ˆØ Ðsample€was€collected,€and€that€identification€will€carry€throughout€the€analysis.ðð€€He€stated€that€heÐ tÄ Ðcould€not€find€any€identification€from€a€specific€sample€in€the€records.€€Dr.€Stafford€testified€that€aÐ `° Ðmix„up€in€samples€could€account€for€the€time€discrepancy€in€the€records.€€He€explained:Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àWell,€obviously,€there€could€have€been€a€mistake€in€writing€down€the€time.€Ð $ t ÐHowever,€the€times€of€all€of€these€samples€are€consistent,€and€the€time€at€8:00€toÐ  ` Ð8:05,€and€the€times€of€the€records€upon€which€the€toxicology€were€done,€thoseÐ ü L  Ðsamples€are€consistent€with€being€7:47.€€So,€it€doesnððt€dependð!ðthose€areÐ è 8  Ðdifferentð!ðthose€have€to€be€different€samples,€oneððs€a€blood,€oneððs€a€urine.€€So,€.€.€.€theÐ Ô$  Ðmost€likely€explanation€that€I€can€determine€would€be€a€mix€up€of€samples.ÐÀ Ð Ð  ÐÌDr.€Stafford€further€testified€that€the€blood€alcohol€level€listed€on€the€toxicology€report€wasÐ ˜è  Ðð ðcertainly€not€consistent€with€what€I€would€expect€of€an€individual€of€[the€Defendantððs]€size,€and€theÐ „Ô  Ðamount€that€was€indicated€to€have€been€consumed,€and€her€actions.ððÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àDr.€Stafford€testified€that€a€Zima€alcoholic€beverage€contained€4.8€percent€alcohol€byÐ H˜ Ðvolume,€which€was€the€same€as€any€standard€twelve€ounce€beer.€€He€explained€that€if€the€DefendantÐ 4„ Ðonly€drank€one€Zima€on€an€empty€stomach,€that€amount€of€alcohol€would€be€insufficient€to€causeÐ  p Ðher€to€be€intoxicated.€€Dr.€Stafford€stated€that€a€person€of€the€Defendantððs€size€who€drank€one€ZimaÐ  \ Ðat€2:00€p.m.€would€not€be€intoxicated€at€all€at€6:30€p.m.€that€day.€€He€testified€that€the€DefendantððsÐ øH Ðblood€samples€may€have€been€switched€because€ð ðthere€[was]€no€record,€or€identification€of€thisÐ ä4 Ðparticular€sample.€€That€doesnððt€mean€that€it€was€switched,€but€it€doesnððt€.€.€.€identify€this€as€theÐ Ð  Ðsample€that€was€collected€from€her.ðð€€Dr.€Stafford€stated€that€the€trauma€flow€sheet€also€had€someÐ ¼  Ðsuspect€markings.€€He€explained€that€ð ð[t]here€is€a€name€written€in,€and€then€scratched€out.€€AnotherÐ ¨ø Ðname€written€in€and€scratched€out,€and€then€Hart€€written€in€above,€and€initialed€again€by€HB,€HollyÐ ”ä ÐBroadwater,€the€nurse.€€And€thereððs€also€an€age€here€that€is€changed€from€a€34€to€a€36€.€.€.€.ðð€€HeÐ €Ð Ðstated€that€the€collection€time€discrepancy€in€the€records€caused€him€to€believe€that€there€was€a€mixÐ l¼ Ðup€of€blood€specimens.€€Also,€he€reported€that€the€toxicology€report€listed€the€Defendantððs€sex€asÐ X ¨ Ðð ðmale.ðð€€He€explained€that€the€medical€records€indicated€that€the€Defendant€blacked€out€and€couldÐ D!” Ðnot€recall€the€events€leading€up€to€the€collision.€€Dr.€Stafford€also€testified€that€the€blood€sampleÐ 0"€  Ðfrom€the€Defendant€may€have€been€contaminated€because€it€was€taken€from€the€I„V€site€instead€ofÐ #l! Ðdirectly€from€a€vein.€€He€explained€that€they€may€have€used€an€alcohol€swab€to€clean€the€area€whereÐ $X" Ðthey€were€drawing€blood,€which€could€account€for€an€increase€in€the€blood€alcohol€level€of€theÐ ô$D # ÐDefendant.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Stafford€testified€that€the€medical€records€indicated€that€theÐ ¸'#& ÐDefendant€ð ðwas€positive€for€ethyl€alcohol.ðð€€He€stated€that€a€doctor€may€have€detected€an€odor€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðan€alcoholic€beverage€on€the€Defendant€during€an€examination€at€the€hospital.€€Dr.€StaffordÐ )à$( Ðacknowledged€that€the€trauma€sheet€indicated€that€the€Defendant€was€involved€in€a€ð ðhead„onððÐ |*Ì%) Ðcollision€and€was€flown€to€the€hospital€by€a€helicopter.€€He€admitted€that€the€trauma€sheet€more€thanÐ h+¸&* Ðlikely€belonged€to€the€Defendant.€€Dr.€Stafford€stated€that€the€trauma€report€indicated€that€theÐ ° ÐDefendant€told€medical€personnel€that€she€had€three€alcoholic€beverages;€however,€he€testified€thatÐ œì Ðdrinking€three€alcoholic€drinks€prior€to€the€collision€could€not€account€for€the€Defendantððs€0.178Ð ˆØ Ðblood€alcohol€level€on€the€toxicology€report.€€He€explained€that€in€order€to€have€that€blood€alcoholÐ tÄ Ðlevel,€the€Defendant€would€have€consumed€more€than€three€alcoholic€drinks€prior€to€the€collision.€Ð `° ÐDr.€Stafford€stated€that€he€had€never€been€to€the€Johnson€City€Medical€Center€and€did€not€know€theÐ L œ Ðmedical€centerððs€procedures.€€He€testified€that€if€the€medical€center€used€ð ðHibiclensðð€to€clean€the€Ð 8 ˆ ÐI„V€site,€then€no€contamination€of€the€blood€alcohol€level€would€occur.€€Dr.€Stafford€stated€thatÐ $ t Ðassuming€the€toxicology€report€was€correct,€he€agreed€with€Dr.€Wallenððs€calculations€that€theÐ  ` ÐDefendantððs€whole€blood€alcohol€level€at€6:30€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999,€was€0.177€percent.€€AfterÐ ü L  Ðpresenting€her€proof,€the€Defendant€rested.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€State€then€called€Deputy€Ronald€Shupe€of€the€Johnson€County€Sheriffððs€Department€asÐ À  Ða€rebuttal€witness.€€Deputy€Shupe€testified€that€he€interviewed€Tyler€Malinovsky€at€approximatelyÐ ¬ü  Ð10:43€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999,€at€the€boyððs€residence.€€He€stated€that€he€recorded€the€followingÐ ˜è  Ðstatement€on€a€complaint€card:Ð „Ô  ÐÌà8  àOn€the€above€date€and€time€I€went€to€the€residence€of€six€year€old€Tyler€MalinovskyÐ \¬ Ðwho€advised€that€on€this€date€his€mother,€[the€Defendant],€picked€him€up€and€wasÐ H˜ Ðtaking€him€to€karate€class.€€Mr.€Malinovsky€advised€he€did€not€know€if€his€motherÐ 4„ Ðwas€drinking€alcohol€on€this€date.€€All€Mr.€Malinovsky€could€advise€is€that€heÐ  p Ðremembered€.€.€.€going€down€the€road€and€the€air€bag€on€the€vehicle€coming€out€andÐ  \ Ðhitting€his€face.ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐÌDeputy€Shupe€testified€that€Tyler€Malinovsky€did€not€say€anything€about€the€Defendant€ð ðmessingÐ Ð  Ðwith€the€radioðð€prior€to€the€collision€when€he€interviewed€him.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àAfter€the€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€vehicular€homicide€and€child€endangerment,€theÐ ”ä ÐDefendant€waived€her€right€to€a€jury€trial€on€the€aggravated€vehicular€homicide€indictment,€and€theÐ €Ð Ðtrial€court€held€a€bench€trial€on€that€indictment.€€At€the€bench€trial,€the€Defendant€stipulated€that€sheÐ l¼ Ðhad€two€previous€convictions€for€driving€under€the€influence,€one€in€North€Carolina€and€the€otherÐ X ¨ Ðin€Johnson€County.€€Thereafter,€the€trial€court€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€vehicularÐ D!” Ðhomicide.Ð 0"€  ÐÌÓ  Óò òII.€€AnalysisÐ $X" ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àOn€appeal,€the€Defendant€contends€the€following:€(1)€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendantððs€motion€to€suppress€her€medical€records;€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€theÐ Ì&"% ÐDefendantððs€medical€records€into€evidence;€(3)€that€the€Defendantððs€constitutional€right€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðconfrontation€was€violated€by€the€admission€of€her€medical€records€into€evidence;€and€(4)€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðevidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€sustain€the€convictions.€€Ð )à$( ÐÌÓ  Óò òA.€€Motion€to€SuppressÐ h+¸&* ЇÓ  Óó óà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppressÐ ° Ðher€medical€records.€€The€standard€of€review€for€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€ofÐ œì Ðlaw€in€a€suppression€hearing€was€established€in€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18€(Tenn.€1996).€€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔWhenÐ ˆØ Ðthe€trial€court€makes€findings€of€fact€at€the€conclusion€of€a€suppression€hearing,€the€facts€areÐ tÄ Ðaccorded€the€weight€of€a€jury€verdict.ò òó ó€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€TheÐ `° Ðtrial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€ð ðpresumptively€correct€on€appealðð€and€are€binding€upon€this€CourtÐ L œ Ðunless€the€evidence€in€the€record€preponderates€against€them.€€òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2åá#ÔState€v.€Randolphóó,€74€S.W.3d€330,Ð 8 ˆ Ð333€(Tenn.€2002);Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€òòState€v.€Henningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998);€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€Ð $ t ÐÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2Gä#ÔThe€prevailing€party€in€the€trial€court€is€ð ðentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ  ` Ðadduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€beÐ ü L  Ðdrawn€from€that€evidence.ðð€€òòOdomóó,€òòóó928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€Furthermore,€ð ð[q]uestions€of€credibility€ofÐ è 8  Ðthe€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€areÐ Ô$  Ðmatters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.ðð€€òòId.óó€€However,€this€Court€reviews€the€trialÐ À  Ðcourtððs€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€òòde€novoóó,€without€any€deference€to€the€determinations€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,€41€S.W.3d€75,€81€(Tenn.€2001).€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€asserts€that€Trooper€Lunceford€unlawfully€seized€her€medical€records€fromÐ pÀ Ðthe€hospital€in€violation€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,Ð \¬ ÐSection€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€The€State€counters€that€the€Defendant€lacked€standing€toÐ H˜ Ðcontest€the€admission€of€the€records€because€the€hospital€owned€the€records,€not€the€Defendant.€€TheÐ 4„ ÐFourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€that€ð ð[t]he€right€of€the€people€to€beÐ  p Ðsecure€.€.€.€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures,€shall€not€be€violated.ðð€€Article€I,€Section€7€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution€similarly€provides€ð ð[t]hat€the€people€shall€be€secure€.€.€.€fromÐ øH Ðunreasonable€searches€and€seizures.ðð€€The€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€explained€that€the€ð ðÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔrightsÐ ä4 Ðassured€by€the€Ô% ‡O ÔÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2üë#ÔÔ%†OEìÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔFourth€Amendment€are€personal€rights,€and€that€they€may€be€enforced€by€exclusionÐ Ð  Ðof€evidence€only€at€the€instance€of€one€whose€own€protection€was€infringed€by€the€search€andÐ ¼  Ðseizure.ðð€€òòState€v.€Rossóó,€49€S.W.3d€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2†ì#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôòòóóóó833,€840€(Tenn.€2001)€(quoting€òòSimmons€v.€United€Statesòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Îí#Ôóó€390Ð ¨ø ÐU.S.€377,€389€(1968)).€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€because€Fourth€AmendmentÐ ”ä Ðrights€are€personal€rights,€they€ð ðmay€not€be€vicariously€asserted.ðð€€òòRakas€v.€Illinoisóó,€439€U.S.€128,Ð €Ð Ð133„34€(1978)€(quoting€òòAlderman€v.€United€Statesóó,€394€U.S.€165,€174€(1969)).€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€determine€whether€a€defendantððs€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔFourth€Amendment€rights€have€been€violated,Ð D!” Ðwe€look€to€two€inquiries:€ð ð(1)€whether€the€individual,€by€his€conduct,€has€ððexhibited€an€actualÐ 0"€  Ð(subjective)€expectation€of€privacy,ðð€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ð#ÔòòóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôand€(2)€whether€the€individualððs€subjective€expectation€ofÐ #l! Ðprivacy€is€ððone€that€society€is€prepared€to€recognize€as€Ô% ‡Q ÔÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2?ñ#ÔÔ%†QìñÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôreasonable.ðððð€€òòRossóó,€49€S.W.3d€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2-ò#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôòòóóóóat€840Ð $X" Ð(quotingÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2ò#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2 ó#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóKatzòòóó€v.€United€Statesóó,òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2Qó#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€389€U.S.€347,€361€(1967))Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¾ó#Ô.€€The€defendant€challenging€theÐ ô$D # Ðreasonableness€of€a€search€or€seizure€has€the€initial€burden€of€establishing€a€legitimate€expectationÐ à%0!$ Ðof€privacy€in€the€place€where€property€is€searched€or€seized.€€òòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔRawlings€v.€Kentuckyòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2 õ#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€448€U.S.€98,Ð Ì&"% Ð104€(1980);€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2kõ#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóState€v.€Robergeòòóóóó,òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2Þõ#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€642€S.W.2d€716,€718€(Tenn.€1982);€òòState€v.€Oodyóó,€823€S.W.2d€554,Ð ¸'#& Ð560€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991)Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Fö#Ô.€€This€Court€listed€the€following€factors€applicable€to€determiningÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwhether€a€defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights€have€been€violated:€€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô(1)€property€ownership;€(2)Ð )à$( Ðwhether€the€defendant€had€a€possessory€interest€in€the€thing€seized;€(3)€whether€the€defendant€hadÐ |*Ì%) Ða€possessory€interest€in€the€place€searched;€(4)€whether€the€defendant€had€a€right€to€exclude€othersÐ h+¸&* Ðfrom€that€place;€Ô% ‡P ÔÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2ž÷#ÔÔ%†PîøÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô(5)€whether€the€defendant€had€exhibited€a€subjective€expectation€that€the€placeÐ ° Ðwould€remain€free€from€governmental€invasion;€(6)€whether€the€defendant€€took€normal€precautionsÐ œì Ðto€maintain€his€privacy;€and€(7)€whether€the€defendant€€was€legitimately€on€the€premises.€€òòOodyóó,€823Ð ˆØ ÐS.W.2d€at€560€(citing€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2/ù#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòUnited€States€v.€Haydelòòóóóó,òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2ßú#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€649€F.2d€1152,€1154„55€(5th€Cir.€1981)).Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€Tennessee,€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Kû#ÔòòóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôð ð[Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ìû#Ôh]ospital€records€are€and€shall€remain€the€property€of€the€various€hospitals,Ð L œ Ðsubject,€however,€to€court€order€to€produce€the€same.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€68„11„304(a)(1)€(Supp.Ð 8 ˆ Ð2003).€€While€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€68„11„1502€(2001)€states€that€ð ð[e]very€patientÐ $ t Ðentering€and€receiving€care€at€a€health€care€facility€licensed€by€the€board€for€licensing€health€careÐ  ` Ðfacilities€has€the€expectation€of€and€right€to€privacy€for€care€received€at€such€facility,ðð€a€patientððsÐ ü L  Ðright€to€privacy€in€medical€records€is€not€absolute.׃R×Ý ƒU#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€68„11„1505Ð è 8  Ð(2001)€states€that€ð ð[n]othing€in€this€part€shall€be€construed€as€prohibiting€the€information€madeÐ Ô$  Ðconfidential€by€the€provisions€of€this€part€from€being€subject€to€the€subpoena€of€a€court€of€competentÐ À  Ðjurisdiction.ðð€€Therefore,€a€patientððs€right€to€privacy€in€his€or€her€medical€records€is€superceded€byÐ ¬ü  Ða€properly€executed€subpoena€to€the€hospital€holding€the€medical€records.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Fearsóó,€659€S.W.2d€370€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983),€this€Court€addressed€the€issueÐ pÀ Ðof€whether€a€defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights€were€violated€when€the€State€subpoenaed€aÐ \¬ Ðhospital€for€the€defendantððs€medical€records€for€use€in€the€defendantððs€trial€for€aggravated€rape€ofÐ H˜ Ða€child.€€The€Court€held€that:Ð 4„ ÐÌà8  àThe€defendant€enjoyed€no€Fourth€Amendment€protections€of€his€medical€records€inÐ  \ Ðpossession€of€and€owned€by€the€health€center.€€ð ðThe€Fourth€Amendment€does€notÐ øH Ðguarantee€to€a€person€security€against€search,€reasonable€or€unreasonable,€in€papersÐ ä4 Ðwhich€are€not€that€personððs€property€and€are€not€in€his€possession.ðð€€òòIn€Re€UphamððsÐ Ð  ÐIncome€Taxóó,€18€F.€Supp.€737€(S.D.€N.Y.€1937).м Ð Ð  ÐÌòòFearsóó,€659€S.W.2d€at€376.€€Furthermore,€the€Court€found€that€ð ðthe€defendant€had€no€standing€toÐ ”ä Ðchallenge€either€the€validity€of€the€subpoena€or€the€authority€of€the€District€Attorney€to€issue€it.€€TheÐ €Ð Ðperson€to€whom€the€subpoena€was€directed€was€the€only€party€having€standing€to€contest€the€validityÐ l¼ Ðof€the€subpoena.ðð€€òòId.óó€òòóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court,òòóó€relying€upon€òòState€v.€Cassóó,€No.€02C01„9612„CC„00489,€1998€WLÐ 0"€  Ð22033€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€Jan.€22,€1998),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Oct.€19,€1998)€andÐ #l! ÐòòFearsóó,€659€S.W.2d€at€376,€€denied€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€her€medical€records€€becauseÐ $X" Ðit€found€that€the€Defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights€were€not€violated€by€the€Stateððs€actions€inÐ ° Ðsubpoenaing€and€introducing€her€medical€records.€€Furthermore,€the€trial€court€found€that€underÐ œì ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€68„11„1505,€the€Defendantððs€medical€records€could€be€reachedÐ ˆØ Ðby€subpoena,€despite€the€Defendantððs€right€to€privacy€as€a€patient.€€We€agree€with€the€trial€court€thatÐ tÄ Ðthe€State€did€not€violate€the€Defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights€by€subpoenaing€and€copying€herÐ `° Ðmedical€records.€€We€conclude€that€the€Defendant€enjoyed€no€Fourth€Amendment€protections€of€herÐ L œ Ðmedical€records€in€possession€of€and€owned€by€Johnson€City€Medical€Center.€€òòFearsóó,€659€S.W.2dÐ 8 ˆ Ðat€376;€òòseeóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€òòOodyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€560Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2P #Ô.€€Furthermore,€we€conclude€that€the€Defendantððs€right€toÐ $ t Ðprivacy€in€her€medical€records€at€Johnson€City€Medical€Center,€as€provided€by€Tennessee€CodeÐ  ` ÐAnnotated€section€68„11„1502,€was€ð ðsubject€to€the€subpoena€of€a€court€of€competent€jurisdiction.ðð€Ð ü L  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€68„11„1505.€€Accordingly,€when€Trooper€Lunceford€served€the€subpoena€ducesÐ è 8  Ðtecum€upon€the€records€department€of€the€medical€center€on€January€12,€2000,€the€Defendantððs€rightÐ Ô$  Ðto€privacy€in€her€medical€records€ceased€for€purposes€of€complying€with€the€subpoena.€€Moreover,Ð À  Ðwe€conclude€that€the€Defendant€lacked€standing€to€contest€the€validity€of€the€subpoena€duces€tecum,Ð ¬ü  Ðbecause€only€the€person€to€whom€the€subpoena€was€directed,€which€in€this€case€was€the€Johnson€CityÐ ˜è  ÐMedical€Center,€may€contest€the€validity€of€the€subpoena.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÐ „Ô  Ðdid€not€err€by€denying€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€her€medical€records.Ð pÀ ÐÌÓ  Óò òB.€€Admissibility€of€Medical€RecordsÐ H˜ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óThe€Defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€her€medical€recordsÐ  p Ðbecause€ð ðthe€records€contained€such€errors,€inconsistencies€and€mistakes€that€rendered€the€recordsÐ  \ Ðuntrustworthy€by€the€method€in€which€they€were€compiled€and€prepared.ðð€€The€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôadmissibility€ofÐ øH ÐÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2½#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôevidence€is€a€matter€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€and€will€be€overturned€only€when€thereÐ ä4 Ðis€an€abuse€of€that€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Jamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€751,€760€(Tenn.€2002);€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,Ð Ð  Ð953€S.W.2d€649,€652€(Tenn.€1997);€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2$#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóOtis€v.€Cambridge€Mut.€Fire€Ins.€Co.òòóóóó,òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2‡#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€850€S.W.2d€439,€442Ð ¼  Ð(Tenn.€1993)Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2#Ôòòóó.€€ð ð[A]n€appellate€court€should€find€an€abuse€of€discretion€when€it€appears€that€the€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourt€applied€an€incorrect€legal€standard,€or€reached€a€decision€which€is€against€logic€or€reasoningÐ ”ä Ðthat€caused€an€injustice€to€the€party€complaining.ðð€€òòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóJamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€760€(quoting€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¦#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôòò€State€v.Ð €Ð ÐStevensòòóóóó,òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€78€S.W.3d€817,€832€(Tenn.€2002)).Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Œ#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ð#ÔÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(6)€provides€that€the€following€are€not€excluded€by€theÐ D!” Ðhearsay€rule:Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àRecords€of€Regularly€Conducted€Activity.€€A€memorandum,€report,€record,€or€dataÐ $X" Ðcompilation€in€any€form€of€acts,€events,€conditions,€opinions,€or€diagnoses€made€atÐ ô$D # Ðor€near€the€time€by€or€from€information€transmitted€by€a€person€with€knowledge€andÐ à%0!$ Ða€business€duty€to€record€or€transmit€if€kept€in€the€course€of€a€regularly€conductedÐ Ì&"% Ðbusiness€activity€and€if€it€was€the€regular€practice€of€that€business€activity€to€makeÐ ¸'#& ÐÔ% ‡W ÔÔ%†WöÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôthe€memorandum,€report,€record,€or€data€compilation,€all€as€shown€by€the€testimonyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€custodian€or€other€qualified€witness€or€by€certification€that€complies€with€RuleÐ )à$( Ð902(11)€or€a€statute€permitting€certification,€unless€the€source€of€information€or€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðmethod€or€circumstances€of€preparation€indicate€lack€of€trustworthiness.€€The€termÐ h+¸&* Ðð ðbusinessðð€as€used€in€this€paragraph€includes€business,€institution,€profession,Ð ° Ðoccupation,€and€calling€of€every€kind,€whether€or€not€conducted€for€profit.МìÐ Ð  ÐÌÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2#ÔIn€order€for€the€records€to€have€sufficient€indicia€of€trustworthiness€to€qualify€as€a€business€record,Ð tÄ Ðð ðÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôthe€record€must€have€been€made€in€the€ððregular€practice€of€that€business€activity,ðð€and€it€must€haveÐ `° Ðbeen€ððkept€in€the€course€of€a€regularly€conducted€business€activity.ðððð€€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Q#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔNeil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2c#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔTennesseeÐ L œ ÐLaw€of€Evidence,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¾#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬21#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôðð€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2t#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô8.11€[6]€(4th€ed.€2000);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Deanóó,€76€S.W.3d€352,€365€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð 8 ˆ ÐApp.€2001).€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2»#Ô€While€records€prepared€for€an€irregular€purpose€with€litigation€in€mind€ð ðmay€not€beÐ $ t Ðmade€in€the€regular€course€of€business€and€may€be€inadmissible€as€a€business€record€under€RuleÐ  ` Ð803(6),ðð€investigative€accident€reports€compiled€as€a€routine€matter€by€a€business€ð ðshould€not€beÐ ü L  Ðexcluded€solely€because€litigation€sometimes€ensues€following€an€accident.ðð€€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔCohen,€òòsupraóó,€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2+"#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôóóat€òòÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2„"#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôðð€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Ò"#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô8.11Ð è 8  Ð[6]Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2##Ô.€€This€Court€explained€that€in€order€for€the€records€to€qualify€for€the€business€records€exceptionÐ Ô$  Ðto€the€hearsay€rule,€the€following€prerequisites€must€be€met:€Ð À  ÐÌà8  à(1)€the€records€ð ðcustodian€or€other€qualified€witnessðð€must€testify;€(2)€the€record€mustÐ ˜è  Ðhave€been€made€at€or€near€the€time€of€the€event,€act,€or€condition;€(3)€a€person€withÐ „Ô  Ðpersonal€knowledge€of€the€recorded€event€must€have€transmitted€the€information;€(4)Ð pÀ Ðthis€person€must€have€possessed€a€business€duty€to€record€the€information;€andÔ% ‡X ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Ô%†Xâ%ÔÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2ï%#ÔÔ% ‡Y ÔÔ%†YC&ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô(5)Ð \¬ Ðthe€record€must€have€been€made€and€kept€in€the€regular€course€of€business.€€Tenn.€R.Ð H˜ ÐEvid.€Ô% ‡Z ÔÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2a&#ÔÔ%†Z'Ô803(6);€òòseeóó€òògenerallyóó€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔNeil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2j'#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔTennessee€Law€of€Evidence,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Å'#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2$(#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔððÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2g(#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€803(6)Ð 4„ Ð(3rd€ed.€1995)Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2­(#Ô.€Ð pÐ Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Carrollóó,€36€S.W.3d€854,€867„68€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€asserts€that€the€medical€records€introduced€at€trial€lacked€sufficient€indiciaÐ Ð  Ðof€trustworthiness€because€the€medical€records€ð ðrevealed€that€defendantððs€blood€was€tested€13Ð ¼  Ðminutes€prior€to€any€blood€being€drawn€from€her€for€testing.ðð€€The€Defendant€further€argues€thatÐ ¨ø Ðbecause€of€these€ð ðobvious€and€unexplained€errors€and/or€omissions,ðð€the€trial€court€abused€itsÐ ”ä Ðdiscretion€in€admitting€her€medical€records€ð ðwithout€requiring€testimony€from€those€personsÐ €Ð Ðhandling€the€blood€specimens,€performing€the€test,€and€establishing€a€chain€of€custody€of€theÐ l¼ Ðspecimens.ðð€€We€disagree€with€the€Defendantððs€assertions.€€The€State€satisfied€the€requirements€ofÐ X ¨ ÐTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(6)€through€the€testimony€of€McKee€and€Dr.€Wallen.€€McKee,€theÐ D!” Ðrecords€custodian€at€the€hospital,€testified€that€the€medical€records€were€kept€in€the€regular€courseÐ 0"€  Ðof€business€and€were€made€on€December€16,€1999,€the€date€of€the€collision.€€Dr.€Wallen€testifiedÐ #l! Ðabout€the€procedures€at€the€medical€center€in€testing€patientsðð€blood€and€the€quality€control€policiesÐ $X" Ðin€place€at€the€medical€centerððs€lab.€€While€the€Defendantððs€expert€in€forensic€toxicology,€Dr.Ð ô$D # ÐStafford,€testified€about€the€inconsistencies€in€the€Defendantððs€toxicology€report€and€the€fact€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðthere€may€have€been€a€ð ðmix„upðð€in€specimens,€such€testimony€did€not€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôð ðindicate€lack€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðtrustworthinessðð€in€the€medical€records.€€Dr.€Stafford€testified€that€he€did€not€know€any€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðprocedures€in€place€at€the€medical€center€to€ensure€quality€control€of€blood€specimens,€and€heÐ ¤(ô#' Ðadmitted€that€the€Defendantððs€toxicology€report€showing€her€blood€alcohol€level€could€have€beenÐ )à$( Ðaccurate.€€The€Defendant€had€the€opportunity€at€trial€to€attack€the€credibility€of€the€toxicology€reportÐ |*Ì%) Ðthrough€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Stafford€and€vigorous€cross„examination€of€Dr.€Wallen€and€McKee.€Ð h+¸&* ÐAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€admitting€the€DefendantððsÐ ° Ðmedical€records€into€evidence€as€business€records€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(6).Ð œì ÐÌÓ  Óò òC.€€Right€to€Confrontationó óÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2ý/#ÔÐ tÄ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àNext,€the€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€courtððs€admission€of€her€medical€records€intoÐ L œ Ðevidence€violated€her€right€to€confront€the€witnesses€against€her€because€the€State€introduced€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðmedical€records€ð ðas€the€only€evidence€of€intoxication.ðð€€However,€the€Defendant€failed€to€raise€thisÐ $ t Ðissue€in€her€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€Tennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€3(e)€provides€in€pertinentÐ  ` Ðpart€as€follows:Ð ü L  ÐÌà8  à[I]n€all€cases€tried€by€jury,€no€issue€presented€for€review€shall€be€predicated€uponÐ Ô$  Ðerror€in€the€admission€or€exclusion€of€evidence,€jury€instructions€granted€or€refused,Ð À  Ðmisconduct€of€jurors,€parties€or€counsel,€or€other€action€committed€or€occurringÐ ¬ü  Ðduring€the€trial€of€the€case,€or€other€ground€upon€which€a€new€trial€is€sought,€unlessÐ ˜è  Ðthe€same€was€specifically€stated€in€a€motion€for€a€new€trial;€otherwise€such€issuesÐ „Ô  Ðwill€be€treated€as€waived.ÐpÀÐ Ð  ÐÌWe€conclude€that€the€Defendant€waived€this€issue€because€she€failed€to€specifically€state€this€issueÐ H˜ Ðin€her€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Martinóó,€940€S.W.2d€567,€569€(Tenn.Ð 4„ Ð1997);€òòState€v.€Boxleyóó,€76€S.W.3d€381,€390€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001).€€However,€even€if€this€issueÐ  p Ðwas€not€waived,€we€conclude€that€this€issue€was€without€€merit.€€Contrary€to€the€DefendantððsÐ  \ Ðassertions,€the€Defendant€had€ample€opportunity€to€fully€cross„examine€all€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses,Ð øH Ðincluding€witnesses€who€testified€about€the€Defendantððs€medical€records.€€In€addition,€the€DefendantÐ ä4 Ðintroduced€her€own€forensic€toxicologist€to€attack€the€credibility€of€her€medical€records€and€theÐ Ð  Ðtoxicology€report.€€Furthermore,€in€addition€to€the€toxicology€report,€the€State€introduced€otherÐ ¼  Ðevidence€that€tended€to€show€that€the€Defendant€was€intoxicated,€including€Trooper€LuncefordððsÐ ¨ø Ðtestimony€that€the€Defendant€appeared€intoxicated€on€the€night€of€the€collision€and€smelled€ofÐ ”ä Ðalcohol,€and€the€Defendantððs€admission€to€medical€personnel€that€she€had€three€alcoholic€beveragesÐ €Ð Ðprior€to€the€collision.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌÓ  Óò òD.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceÐ D!” ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àFinally,€the€Defendant€argues€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôthat€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€for€aÐ #l! Ðrational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€Defendant€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2?>#Ô€€When€an€accusedÐ $X" Ðchallenges€the€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôsufficiency€of€the€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2T?#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôevidence,€an€appellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€afterÐ ô$D # Ðconsidering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÐ à%0!$ Ðhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€€P.€13(e);Ð Ì&"% ÐÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2©?#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóJackson€v.€Virginiaòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2?A#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¤A#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€278€(Tenn.€2000)Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2B#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô.€Ð ¸'#& ÐThis€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcombination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2~B#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóState€v.€Pendergrassòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ˆC#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€13€S.W.3d€389,€392„Ð )à$( Ð93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ѐà  àIn€determining€the€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2îC#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôsufficiency€of€the€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¿D#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôevidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ ° Ðthe€evidence.€€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2E#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóState€v.€Buggsòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2´E#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€995€S.W.2d€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2F#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2bF#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€òòState€v.€Matthewsòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ºF#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€805€S.W.2dÐ œì Ð776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€byÐ ˆØ Ðthe€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2G#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóBuggsòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2H#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€995€S.W.2d€Ô% ‡\ ÔÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2tH#ÔÔ%†\ŸHÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôat€105;€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2àH#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóLiakas€v.€Stateòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2-I#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€286€S.W.2d€856,€859Ð tÄ Ð(Tenn.€1956).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€theÐ `° Ðevidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ŽI#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóLiakasòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ÕJ#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔÐ L œ Ð286€S.W.2d€at€859.€This€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€evidence€contained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€fromÐ $ t Ðthe€evidence.€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2-K#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€òòóóState€v.€Evansòòóó,Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2‚L#ÔóóÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€againstÐ  ` Ða€defendant€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convictedÐ ü L  Ðcriminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustainÐ è 8  Ða€guilty€verdict.€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ãL#ÔòòÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔòòóóId.Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2„N#ÔóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€the€following€offenses:€€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô(1)€aggravated€vehicular€homicideÐ ¬ü  Ðand€(2)€child€endangerment.Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2,O#Ô€€We€note€that€after€the€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€vehicularÐ ˜è  Ðhomicide,€the€trial€court€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€vehicular€homicide€and€mergedÐ „Ô  Ðthe€two€convictions.€€After€thoroughly€reviewing€the€record€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,Ð pÀ Ðwe€conclude€that€a€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crimes€beyondÐ \¬ Ða€reasonable€doubt.Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Q#Ô€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„218€(1997)€defines€aggravated€vehicular€homicideÐ  p Ðas€follows:Ð  \ ÐÌà8  à(a)€Aggravated€vehicular€homicide€is€vehicular€homicide,€as€defined€in€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôðð€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2ÙR#Ô39„13„Ð ä4 Ð213(a)(2),€where:ÐÐ Ð Ð  Ðà  à(1)€The€defendant€has€two€(2)€or€more€prior€convictions€for:Ð ¼  Ðà8  à(A)€Driving€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant;ШøÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(B)€Vehicular€assault;€orДäÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(C)€Any€combination€of€such€offenses;€.€.€.€Ð €Ð ÐÐ ÐÔ% ‡m ÔÔ%†mÅTÔ(b)(1)€As€used€in€this€section,€unless€the€context€otherwise€requires,€ð ðpriorÐ X ¨ Ðconvictionðð€means€an€offense€for€which€the€defendant€was€convicted€prior€to€theÐ D!” Ðcommission€of€the€instant€vehicular€homicide€and€includes€convictions€occurringÐ 0"€  Ðprior€to€July€1,€1996.Ð #l! Ð(2)€ð ðPrior€convictionðð€includes€convictions€under€the€laws€of€any€other€state,Ð $X" Ðgovernment,€or€country€which,€if€committed€in€this€state,€would€have€constituted€oneÐ ô$D # Ð(1)€of€the€three€(3)€offenses€enumerated€in€subsection€(a)(1)€or€(a)(2).€€In€the€eventÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€a€conviction€from€a€jurisdiction€other€than€Tennessee€is€not€specifically€namedÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€same€as€one€(1)€of€the€three€(3)€Ô% ‡p ÔÔ%†p XÔoffenses€enumerated€in€subsection€(a)(1)€or€(a)(2),Ð ¸'#& Ðthe€elements€of€the€offense€in€the€other€jurisdiction€shall€be€used€by€the€TennesseeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcourt€to€determine€if€such€offense€constitutes€one€(1)€of€the€prior€convictions€requiredÐ )à$( Ðby€subsection€(a).Ð|*Ì%)Ð Ð  ÐÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔÐ h+¸&* ÐBefore€a€defendant€can€be€convicted€of€aggravated€vehicular€homicide,€the€defendant€first€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2wY#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ômust€beÐ ° Ðconvicted€of€vehicular€homicide€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„213(a)(2)€(1997).€Ð œì ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„218(c).€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„213(a)(2)€definesÐ ˆØ Ðvehicular€homicide€as€ð ðthe€reckless€killing€of€another€by€the€operation€of€an€automobile,€airplane,Ð tÄ Ðmotorboat€or€other€motor€vehicle€.€.€.€[a]s€the€proximate€result€of€the€driverððs€intoxication€as€set€forthÐ `° Ðin€ðð€55„10„401.€€For€the€purposes€of€this€section,€ððintoxicationðð€includes€alcohol€intoxication€asÐ L œ Ðdefined€by€ðð€55„10„408,€drug€intoxication,€or€both.ðð€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€55„10„Ð 8 ˆ Ð401(a)€(1998)€sets€forth€the€definition€of€driving€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant€as€follows:Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àIt€is€unlawful€for€any€person€to€drive€or€to€be€in€physical€control€of€any€automobileÐ ü L  Ðor€other€motor€driven€vehicle€on€any€of€the€public€roads€and€highways€of€the€state,Ð è 8  Ðor€on€any€streets€or€alleys,€or€while€on€the€premises€of€any€shopping€center,€trailerÐ Ô$  Ðpark€or€any€apartment€house€complex,€or€any€other€premises€which€is€generallyÐ À  Ðfrequented€by€the€public€at€large,€while:Ьü Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€Under€the€influence€of€any€intoxicant,€marijuana,€narcotic€drug,€or€drugÐ ˜è  Ðproducing€stimulating€effects€on€the€central€nervous€system;orÐ„Ô Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€The€alcohol€concentration€in€such€personððs€blood€or€breath€is€ten„hundredths€ofÐ pÀ Ðone€percent€(.10%)€or€more.׃b×Ý ƒU#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð\¬Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€insufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€her€conviction€ofÐ 4„ Ðaggravated€vehicular€homicide€because€ð ð[t]he€medical€records€in€evidence€do€not€establish€thatÐ  p Ðdefendantððs€blood€alcohol€was€one„hundredth€of€one€percent€or€greater€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ  \ Ðfor€the€reason€that€the€records€themselves€disprove€any€and€all€reliability€of€that€data.ðð€€We€disagreeÐ øH Ðwith€the€Defendantððs€assertion.€€Viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€weÐ ä4 Ðconclude€that€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€aggravated€vehicularÐ Ð  Ðhomicide€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€evidence€was€undisputed€that€on€December€16,€1999,€at€approximately€6:30€p.m.,Ð ”ä Ðthe€Defendant€was€driving€her€car€westbound€on€Cold€Springs€Road€at€about€sixty„six€miles€per€hourÐ €Ð Ðin€a€forty„five€mile€per€hour€zone€when€she€veered€over€the€center€line€and€collided€ð ðhead„onðð€withÐ l¼ Ðthe€victimððs€car,€killing€the€victim.€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2(Z#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Story,€the€emergency€medical€technician,€testified€that€heÐ X ¨ Ðsmelled€ð ðsomethingðð€on€the€Defendant€immediately€after€the€collision€but€could€not€be€certain€thatÐ D!” Ðthe€odor€was€alcohol.€€Trooper€Lunceford€testified€that€when€he€interviewed€the€Defendant€at€theÐ 0"€  Ðhospital,€she€appeared€to€be€intoxicated€due€to€her€slurred€speech,€mood€swings,€blood„shot€eyes€andÐ #l! Ðred€face,€and€she€smelled€of€alcohol.€€He€further€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€she€hadÐ $X" Ða€couple€of€beers€prior€to€the€collision.€€Dr.€Wallen,€using€the€toxicology€report€in€the€DefendantððsÐ ô$D # Ðmedical€records,€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Lf#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôtestified€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Pi#Ôthat€according€to€her€calculations,€the€Defendantððs€blood€alcohol€level€atÐ à%0!$ Ð6:30€p.m.€on€December€16,€1999,€was€0.177€percent.€Ô‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Dr.€Wallen€also€testified€that€according€to€theÐ Ì&"% Ðmedical€records,€the€Defendant€told€medical€personnel€that€she€drank€three€alcoholic€beverages€priorÐ ¸'#& Ðto€the€crash.€€Moreover,€the€evidence€was€undisputed€that€the€Defendant€had€two€previousÐ ° Ðconvictions€for€driving€under€the€influence.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€presented€her€own€witnesses€in€an€attempt€to€establish€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬21j#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ôthat€she€was€notÐ tÄ Ðintoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€collision.€€While€Dr.€Staffordððs€testimony€attacked€the€credibility€ofÐ `° Ðthe€medical€records,€Dr.€Wallenððs€testimony€and€McKeeððs€testimony€bolstered€the€trustworthinessÐ L œ Ðof€the€medical€records.€€After€both€sides€presented€evidence€at€trial,€the€jury€resolved€questionsÐ 8 ˆ Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÐ $ t Ðfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence.€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬23l#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€We€may€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidence.€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¥n#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€WeÐ  ` Ðconclude€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€overwhelmingly€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€theÐ ü L  ÐDefendant€recklessly€killed€the€victim€ð ðby€the€operation€of€an€automobile,€airplane,€motorboat€orÐ è 8  Ðother€motor€vehicle€.€.€.€[a]s€the€proximate€result€of€the€driverððs€intoxication€as€set€forth€in€ðð€55„10„Ð Ô$  Ð401,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2),€and€the€evidence€further€supports€the€trial€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2o#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔcourtððsÐ À  Ðjudgment€finding€the€Defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€vehicular€homicide€due€to€the€DefendantððsÐ ¬ü  Ðprevious€driving€under€the€influence€convictions.€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2Dq#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„218(a)(1)(A).Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àLastly,€we€address€whether€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€the€Defendantððs€convictionÐ pÀ Ðof€child€endangerment.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€55„10„414€(1998)€defines€childÐ \¬ Ðendangerment€as€follows:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  àA€person€who€violates€ðð€55„10„401,€and€who€at€the€same€time€of€the€offense€wasÐ  p Ðaccompanied€by€a€child€under€thirteen€(13)€years€of€age:Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€Commits€the€offense€of€child€endangerment,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor,€punishableÐ øH Ðby€a€mandatory€minimum€incarceration€of€thirty€(30)€days€and€a€mandatory€minimumÐ ä4 Ðfine€of€one€thousand€($1,000),€which€incarceration€and€fine€shall€be€in€addition€toÐ Ð  Ðany€other€incarceration€and€fine€required€by€law.€.€.€.м Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€evidence€was€undisputed€that€the€Defendantððs€six„year€old€son€was€in€the€front€passengerððs€seatÐ ”ä Ðof€her€car€when€the€Defendant€collided€ð ðhead„onðð€into€the€victimððs€car€on€December€16,€1999.€Ð €Ð ÐBecause€we€conclude€that€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€the€Defendantððs€conviction€ofÐ l¼ Ðaggravated€vehicular€homicide,€which€included€a€violation€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€55„Ð X ¨ Ð10„401,€we€conclude€that€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€the€Defendantððs€conviction€of€childÐ D!” Ðendangerment.Ð 0"€  ÐÓ  ÓÐ ÐÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2Lr#Ôò òIII.€€ConclusionÐ $X" ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àIn€accordance€with€the€forgoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€AFFIRM€the€trial€courtððsÐ à%0!$ Ðjudgments.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2¯y#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2ÔÐ )à$( Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGEÔ#†X¬2XXX¬2Gz#ÔÔ‡X¬2XXX¬2Ô€Ô#†X¬2XXX¬2™{#Ôò òÐ h+¸&* Ðó óÓOÓ