ÿWPC(; d>î~jß5‘%¥ºA3§á‰O¿æ•T©Q ­]¿ÞêùrâÄuÞDªë,ªµÿŠÑ`çcKÃôíº ‘î›móøWH8-ÎË·QÓ;$å‰=iŸ«÷´ÅâfëßÀvG=EÂ,—ÏýûMëôadxƱ^³‰²õ)sÃ…ü&¥`Ò”XX vÀ’ß×è9˜™@¹½Ý—·÷Obfõ¥m¥Šªæ ½ªsP0U' Àâ’‹µà¹`Y«ßP[.3¿6Y!]ú7˜ûP‡ÈŸ|™­¯L}f)o„ãBÌ0H_®HÖ:,Æ”‰~ß²Eå`ªêUF`sоŠô»<ò|/Ç–l]B?pBú/ž^WŒPñSžh{s{Mü38ÝÄè¬çˆdYV"J$ߥzúS2 ÝfEŠæž%­tËJRT2Á”FZ”a½Æ«uu†%*‰i|€Û1Lꈵ_H‰n%Ÿ_÷kÖ-Òß·èG‘Î2n…]wr‡ÅæNlJdùý‚ŸQ¸%ÃóöEyÖˆª„Õz8PÃNŽÃGõ7öÈ9xÀø‘7$N׌ÖÐ’Ñ¥a“L_Æå’ÛÅãÖó©ùì(6Iå*-¶Äç:,[¹Á+Éð¨.:îrqûLßíg_# 2UN= %‹ 0(‘L¹p 0lu w@á 4! 5 U%:D 0D~ U: Çü U:ÃäýgáU:H0‚U:² ìU:õ/U:̱U:·U:ñU:+KeU:° BêLpSU:ÃSýU:P Š — U:'$¿a$U: )U:Z)¿”)žS.U:ñ/ 1m+0 0c˜0û0U:2I2U:a6L›6U:ç6U:!7 AQ[7Ƭ7 0Dr8 0D¶8 0Dú8 D/>9 Bm9)Š9 D3³:U:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ:æ: ;˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡C:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT fÒ°ÒÔ€ XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendant€complains€about€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€makeÐ ° Ðspecific€findings.€€However,€Rule€404€states€that€a€trial€court€ð ðmust€òòuponóó€òòrequestóóÐ  ð Ðstate€on€the€record€the€material€issue,€the€ruling,€and€the€reasons€for€admittingÏthe€evidence.€.€.€.ðð€€Ô‡*XÒZXX"XÒZÔTenn.€R.€Evid.Ô#† XÒZXX XÒZ´#Ô€404(b)(2)€(emphasis€added).€€€In€this€case,€theÐ €Ð Ðdefense€made€no€such€request.((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó … † ‡ ˆ e‰ r‚Š D‹ Œ Re Ó€™ n~<$Õ3|x™ , øð AZ"Arial Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó, øð AZ"Arial Regular ½Ò°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àPritchard€was€arrested€on€another€charge,€and€for€a€time,€€he€andÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€were€in€the€same€pod€in€the€county€jail.€€A€month€later,€theÏdefendant€learned€that€Pritchard€was€the€one€who€had€turned€him€into€the€police.€ÏA€fight€ensued,€and€Pritchard€was€then€moved€to€another€section€of€the€jail.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÚÒ°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendant€did€not€deny€that€he€was€a€gang€member€during€hisÐ ° Ðtestimony. ]Ò°ÒÔ€X"qXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€indictment€names€as€co„defendants€Tyre€S.€Allen€andÐ ° ÐFrederick€D.€Branch€(also€known€as€Frederick€Lewis).€€The€cases€were€severedÏfor€trial.€€Neither€Allen€nor€Branch€testified€at€Haywoodððs€trial.€€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular &Ò°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àð ðShopping,ðð€apparently,€is€street€slang€for€driving€around€looking€forÐ ° Ða€vehicle€with€specific€equipment€that€can€be€hijacked€and€then€stripped., øð AZ"Arial Regular ÿÒ°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àAccording€to€Pritchard,€he€thought€ð ðthings€were€getting€out€of€handÐ ° Ð.€.€.€People€start€getting€killed.ðð€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular “Ò°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendant€was€indicted€for€felony€murder€in€count€1€andÐ ° Ðpremeditated€and€deliberate€murder€in€count€2€of€indictment€#€96„00973.€ÏAccording€to€the€transcript,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€of€guilty€in€count€1€of€#96„¼00973.€€The€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€an€attempt€to€commit€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery€in€indictment€#96„00974.€€€The€jury€did€not€return€a€verdictÏon€the€count€charging€a€premeditated€and€deliberate€murder.€€The€record€doesÏnot€indicate€whether€the€trial€court€dismissed€this€count.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular §Ò°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àOn€July€1,€1995,€a€few€weeks€after€the€commission€of€this€offense,Ð ° Ðthe€legislature€amended€the€section€to€exclude€the€reckless€mens€rea.€€€òòSeeóóÐ  ð ÐÔ‡ XÒZXXXÒZÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô#†XÒZXX XÒZ9#Ô39„13„202(a)(2)€(1997)., øð AZ"Arial Regular,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular AÒ°ÒÔ€XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€trial€judge€was€aware€of€the€presence€of€the€young€men€evenÐ ° Ðbefore€the€prosecutor€brought€them€to€his€attention.€€He€asked€the€deputies€toÏsearch€them€and€to€monitor€carefully€any€one€who€entered€the€courtroom.€Out€ofÏthe€juryððs€presence,€he€warned€the€spectators€about€the€potential€problem€andÏdescribed€the€additional€security€measures€he€had€taken.€These€wereÏreasonable€steps€to€ensure€the€safety€of€everyone€concerned.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular dC:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT fÒ°ÒÔ€"XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendant€complains€about€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€makeÐ ° Ðspecific€findings.€€However,€Rule€404€states€that€a€trial€court€ð ðmust€òòuponóó€òòrequestóóÐ  ð Ðstate€on€the€record€the€material€issue,€the€ruling,€and€the€reasons€for€admittingÏthe€evidence.€.€.€.ðð€€Ô‡ XÒZXX"XÒZÔTenn.€R.€Evid.Ô#†"XÒZXX XÒZ´#Ô€404(b)(2)€(emphasis€added).€€€In€this€case,€theÐ €Ð Ðdefense€made€no€such€request., øð AZ"Arial Regular IÒ°ÒÔ€$XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àA€police€officer€testified€that€he€found€pieces€of€flesh€clinging€to€theÐ ° Ðwindow€sill€of€the€door€on€the€driverððs€side.€€A€photograph€of€those€pieces€wasÏalso€admitted€into€evidence., øð AZ"Arial RegularH Ò°ÒÔ€'XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThis€court€has€previously€held€that€ð ðserious€bodily€injuryðð€is,€inÐ ° Ðessence,€the€same€as€a€ð ðparticularly€greatðð€personal€injury.€€òòState€v.€Nixóó,€922Ð  ð ÐÔ‡ XÒZXX'XÒZÔS.W.2dÔ#†'XÒZXX XÒZJ#Ô€894,€903€Ô‡ XÒZXX'XÒZÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô#†'XÒZXX XÒZœ#Ô95);€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€Ô‡ XÒZXX'XÒZÔS.W.2dÔ#†'XÒZXX XÒZ#Ô€597,€602Ð à ÐÔ‡ XÒZXX'XÒZÔ(Tenn.€19Ô#†'XÒZXX XÒZw#Ô94);€òòState€v.€Croweóó,€914€Ô‡ XÒZXX'XÒZÔS.W.2dÔ#†'XÒZXX XÒZá#Ô€933,€940€Ô‡ XÒZXX'XÒZÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô#†'XÒZXX XÒZ3#Ô95)., øð AZ"Arial Regular µÒ°ÒÔ€)XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àIn€his€brief,€the€defendant€questions€the€use€of€a€printout€of€theÐ ° ÐJuvenile€Court€computer€screen€instead€of€court€orders€to€show€an€adjudicationÏof€delinquency.€€Because€the€defendant€did€not€challenge€the€use€of€the€printoutÏat€the€sentencing€hearing,€this€issue€is€waived.€€Ô‡ XÒZXX)XÒZÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.Ô#†)XÒZXX XÒZ¦#Ô€36(a).€€We€noteÐ €Ð Ðthat€as€of€July€1,€1995,€only€those€delinquent€acts€that€would€constitute€a€felonyÏif€committed€by€an€adult€may€be€considered€to€enhance€a€sentence.€€ThisÏprovision€applies€to€sentencing€of€any€defendant€committing€an€offense€on€orÏafter€that€date.€€The€defendant€committed€these€offenses€on€June€17,€1995.€ÏTherefore,€the€trial€court€could€consider€all€of€the€offenses€listed€on€theÏdefendantððs€juvenile€record€for€the€purpose€of€enhancing€his€sentence.€€òòState€v.Ð  p  ÐAdamsóó,€864€Ô‡ XÒZXX)XÒZÔS.W.2dÔ#†)XÒZXX XÒZ#Ô€31,€34€Ô‡ XÒZXX)XÒZÔ(Tenn.€19Ô#†)XÒZXX XÒZf#Ô93)., øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular µÒ°ÒÔ€5XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àIn€his€brief,€the€defendant€questions€the€use€of€a€printout€of€theÐ ° ÐJuvenile€Court€computer€screen€instead€of€court€orders€to€show€an€adjudicationÏof€delinquency.€€Because€the€defendant€did€not€challenge€the€use€of€the€printoutÏat€the€sentencing€hearing,€this€issue€is€waived.€€Ô‡6XÒZXX)XÒZÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.Ô#†5XÒZXX XÒZ¦#Ô€36(a).€€We€noteÐ €Ð Ðthat€as€of€July€1,€1995,€only€those€delinquent€acts€that€would€constitute€a€felonyÏif€committed€by€an€adult€may€be€considered€to€enhance€a€sentence.€€ThisÏprovision€applies€to€sentencing€of€any€defendant€committing€an€offense€on€orÏafter€that€date.€€The€defendant€committed€these€offenses€on€June€17,€1995.€ÏTherefore,€the€trial€court€could€consider€all€of€the€offenses€listed€on€theÏdefendantððs€juvenile€record€for€the€purpose€of€enhancing€his€sentence.€€òòState€v.Ð  p  ÐAdamsóó,€864€Ô‡6XÒZXX)XÒZÔS.W.2dÔ#†5XÒZXX XÒZ#Ô€31,€34€Ô‡6XÒZXX)XÒZÔ(Tenn.€19Ô#†5XÒZXX XÒZf#Ô93). ”Ò°ÒÔ€-XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àOf€course,€some€of€the€pellets€from€these€shots€may€have€struckÐ ° Ðthe€victim€as€well.€€The€medical€examiner€testified€that€although€he€could€identifyÏonly€three€distinct€blasts€from€the€medical€evidence,€more€shots€could€have€beenÐ à ‡ Ðfired., øð AZ"Arial Regular/#Oe37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3Ì$´´Ô2OeÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à Ò°ÒÔ€1XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThis€disorder€is€referred€to€as€ð ðaccommodative€spasmðð€which€isÐ ° Ðrelated€to€focusing€and€affects€visual€perception.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular Ò°ÒÔ€3XÒZXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àIn€1995,€the€legislature€added€subsection€(I)(1)€to€Ô‡ XÒZXX3XÒZÔTennessee€CodeÐ ° ÐAnnotated€sectionÔ#†3XÒZXX XÒZ±#Ô€40„35„501€which€provides€that€there€shall€be€no€releaseÐ  ð Ðeligibility€for€a€person€convicted€of€various€crimes€including€first€degree€murderÐ à  Ðexcept€for€a€possible€reduction€of€no€more€that€fifteen€percent€of€the€sentence€forÏearned€and€retained€sentence€credits.€€Ô‡ XÒZXX3XÒZÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô#†3XÒZXX XÒZZ#Ô40„35„501(I)(1)Ð  ð Ð(1997).€€The€new€statute€specifically€states€that€its€provisions€apply€to€thoseÏpersons€who€commit€offenses€ð ðòòon€or€after€July€1,€1995óó.ðð€€òòIdóó.€(emphasis€added).Ð €Ð ÐThe€defendant€murdered€Mr.€Brodey€on€June€17,€1995,€and€the€new€releaseÏeligibility€formula€does€not€apply€to€him.€€, øð AZ"Arial RegularC:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT, øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular89:;<Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó=='÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd Ý ƒ9¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€@Xè…XXXÔÔ€@Ø X@Xè…ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€@Xè…X@Ø ÔÐ  ÐÌò òDecember€11,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€@ôÅôX@Xè…ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó'ÿÿdxd,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñˆ ñ›ñˆ ññˆ ñ›ñˆ ñÔ€ X‚UXXXÔÒ°Òò òÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€LÛXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ñœñ™ ññ ñœñ ñßr€7>?<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` ttx$°ð Õrßñ™ ñ›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðñ™ ñœßt€7>?>.*jx°` `€€@EL¾` ttx$„ ( òtß›ñ™ ñÌ€à@ŽŽ(àAT€JACKSONˆÐ à Ðó óÌò òà@BB%àJULY€1998€SESSIONó óˆÐ pÀ ÐÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À àó ó)à  àNo.€02C01„9707„CR„00289Ð 0 € Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ  p  Ðà ` àAppelleeà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àShelby€CountyÐ P  Ðvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àà p àÐ ð@  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHonorable€John€P.€Colton,€Jr.,€€JudgeÐ à0  Ðò òCARLOS€D.€HAYWOOD,à h àà À àó ó)Ð Ð  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  à(Felony€Murder,€Attempted€Especially€Ð À Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À à)à  àAggravated€Robbery)Ð ° Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà  àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð pÀ ÐÌA.€C.€WHARTON,€JR.à h àà À àà  àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ P  ÐShelby€County€Public€Defenderà À àà  àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ @ ÐÌBARRY€KUHNà  àà h àà À àà  àELIZABETH€T.€RYANÐ  p ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ ` Ð(At€Trial)à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÐ P Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Ave.€NorthÌWALTER€GWINNà  àà h àà À àà  à2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€Bldg.Ð à0 ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à x àÐ Ð  Ð(On€Appeal)Ì201€Poplar€Ave.,€Suite€201à À àà  àWILLIAM€L.€GIBBONSÐ °"  ÐMemphis,€TN€38103„1947à h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ  #ð! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àPATIENCE€R.€BRANHAMÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àLEE€V.€COFFEEÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€ñˆ ñœñˆ ññŒ ññ‰ ñœñ‰ ññŒ ñAttorneyñŠ ñSñŠ ññ‹ ñsñ‹ ññˆ ñ›ñˆ ññŒ ññ‰ ñ›ñ‰ ññŒ ñ€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñGeneralñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à201€Poplar€Ave.,€Suite€301Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àMemphis,€TN€38103„1947ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€____________________ÌÌÌò òCONVICTIONS€AFFIRMEDó ó,€ò òSENTENCE€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñMODIFIED.ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñÐ À0,/ Ðó óÌÌñŒ ñœñŒ ñJAMES€CURWOODñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñWITT,€JR.ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€ÌJUDGEÌÌÌÐ  P7 26¼ ÐÓ  Óà@qq*àò òOPINIONÓÓÓlX°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXlÓó óˆÐ ° Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Carlos€D.€Haywood,€was€convicted€in€a€jury€trial€in€theÏShelby€County€Criminal€Court€of€felony€murder€and€attempt€to€commit€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery.€€After€a€bifurcated€trial€in€which€the€state€sought€a€life€sentenceÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole,€the€jury€found€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€didÏnot€outweigh€the€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€andÏsentenced€the€defendant€to€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñTheñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€trial€courtÏsentenced€the€defendant€to€a€consecutive€sentence€of€twelve€years€as€a€Range€IÏoffender€for€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€a€class€B€felony.€€€In€thisÏappeal,€the€defendant€contends€(1)€that€the€evidence€is€legally€insufficient€to€sustainÏhis€convictions,€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€testimony€about€theÏdefendantððs€gang€affiliation,€(3)€that€admission€of€five€photographs€of€the€victimððsÏbody€taken€during€the€autopsy€were€unfairly€prejudicial,€and€(4)€that€his€sentenceÏis€excessive.€€Our€review€of€the€record€has€uncovered€no€error€requiring€reversal€ofÏthe€defendantððs€convictions.€€We€find,€however,€that€the€trial€court€incorrectly€appliedÏseveral€enhancement€factors€to€the€defendantððs€sentence.€€Therefore,€we€affirm€theÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court€but€modify€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€attemptedÏespecially€aggravated€robbery.ÌÌà@¢¢)àI.€€ò òFactsó óˆÐ P( #& ÐÌà ¸ àSometime€after€midnight€on€Saturday,€June€18,€1995,€Barry€BrodeyÏwas€shot€at€close€range€with€a€shotgun€in€the€parking€lot€of€the€Fantasy€WarehouseÏin€Memphis.€€Hospital€personnel€pronounced€him€dead€at€approximately€2:00€a.m.€ÏOn€the€following€Monday,€Memphis€police€officers€arrested€fifteen„year€old€CarlosÏHaywood€and€two€co„defendants€for€Brodeyððs€murder.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€evidence€at€trialÐ 3à.2 Ðprovides€us€with€the€following€narrative€of€events.Ð p5À04 Їà ¸ àBarry€Brodey,€who€lived€in€Indianapolis,€Indiana,€was€attending€aÏbusiness„related€conference€in€Memphis.€€On€Friday€evening,€June€17,€1995,€heÏhad€dinner€with€some€friends.€€When€he€left€them€at€about€11:30€p.m.,€he€said€heÏwas€headed€back€to€the€Peabody€Hotel.€€Brodey€never€returned€to€the€hotel.€€ÌÌñŒ ñœñŒ ñà ¸ àAtñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€about€1:00€a.m.,€Trudy€Blanchard,€a€shift€manager€at€FantasyÏWarehouse,€heard€what€she€thought€were€backfires€in€the€parking€lot.€€When€sheÏstepped€out€the€front€door,€she€saw€someone€firing€a€shotgun€into€the€ground€aboutÏfour€cars€down€from€the€door.€€She€stepped€back€inside€and€asked€the€cashier€toÏcall€911.€€As€she€opened€the€door€again,€the€shooter€ran€directly€past€her€aroundÏthe€corner€of€the€building.€€She€described€him€as€a€young€€black€man,€possiblyÏseventeen€or€eighteen€years€old,€€about€five€feet€five€inches€in€height€with€short,Ïblack€hair.€He€was€carrying€a€sawed€off€shotgun€in€his€hands.€€She€walked€down€theÏsidewalk€to€the€place€where€the€shots€were€fired€and€found€Brodey€lying€face€downÏon€the€pavement€between€two€cars.€ÌÌà ¸ àA€few€moments€later,€Sergeant€Michael€Williams€turned€into€theÏparking€lot.€€He€was€on€routine€patrol€in€the€area€and€frequently€checked€theÏFantasy€Warehouse€parking€lot€because€it€had€recently€been€the€scene€of€Ìcriminal€activity.€€People€in€the€lot€flagged€him€down€and€told€him€there€had€beenÏa€shooting.€€They€said€that€the€shooter€had€run€around€the€corner€of€the€building.€ÏWilliams€then€drove€around€the€back€of€the€building€and€tried€to€find€the€suspect.€ÏWhen€he€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñsaw€noñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€one€he€returned€to€the€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñscene€where€heñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€found€a€bleeding€whiteÏmale€lying€on€the€pavement€between€two€automobiles.€The€manððs€shoes€were€off.€Ï€Several€people€were€trying€to€stop€the€bleeding€with€a€towel€or€blanket.€€ParkedÏnearby€was€a€black€Cadillac.€€The€driverððs€side€door€was€standing€open,€the€lightsÏwere€on,€and€the€engine€was€running.€€The€back€and€rear€side€windows€had€beenÏshot€out.€€The€sergeant€€found€a€handgun€and€a€clip€lying€in€the€driverððs€seat.€€TheÏvictim,€who€was€still€alive,€was€taken€by€helicopter€to€a€hospital€where€he€died.€€€€Ð 09€48 Їà ¸ àThe€next€day,€Capt.€Mike€Houston€received€a€telephone€call€from€AlÏPritchard.€€Pritchard,€who€had€been€the€defendantððs€friend€for€ten€years,€toldÏHouston€that€the€defendant€fired€the€shots€that€killed€Brodey.€€Pritchard€and€theÏdefendant€had€been€at€the€home€of€another€friend€before€the€shooting.€€PritchardÏknew€that€the€defendant€was€going€ð ðshoppingðð€for€some€rims.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendant€leftÐ 0 € Ðcarrying€a€sawed„off€Mossberg€pump„action€shotgun.€€€At€3:00€a.m.,€the€defendantÏreturned€and€told€Pritchard€that€when€he€ordered€the€driver€of€a€Cadillac€to€get€outÏof€the€car,€the€driver€refused€and€pulled€a€gun€on€him.€€The€defendant€then€shotÏhim.€€Pritchard€advised€the€defendant€to€get€rid€of€his€blood„spattered€T„shirt.€€Later,Ïafter€reading€in€the€newspaper€that€the€driver€died,€Pritchard€decided€to€call€theÏpolice.׃p×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€After€speaking€to€Houston,€Pritchard€took€the€defendant€to€the€parking€lotÐ pÀ Ðwhere€he€retrieved€the€shotgun€from€where€he€had€thrown€it€in€some€bushes.€€ÌÌà ¸ àAs€result€of€the€information€provided€by€Pritchard,€Houston€obtainedÏa€search€warrant€and€officers€ultimately€found€a€sawed„off€shotgun€under€a€sofa€atÏthe€defendantððs€grandmotherððs€house.€€At€this€point,€the€police€arrested€theÏdefendant€and€brought€him€and€his€grandmother,€who€was€his€legal€guardian,€to€theÏstation.€€His€grandmother€was€present€during€the€interview.€€She€and€the€defendantÏsigned€and€dated€the€advice€of€rights€form.€€During€the€interview,€the€defendantÏconfessed€to€shooting€Brodey.ÌÌà ¸ àAccording€to€the€statement,€Haywood€was€asleep€in€bed€when€his€twoÏco„defendants€came€by€and€invited€him€to€go€ð ðshoppingðð€with€them.€€Haywood€wasÏanxious€to€obtain€a€set€of€Vogue„STS€rims€because€Tyre€Allen€had€sold€a€set€forÏ$1500.€€The€three€had€been€riding€around€for€a€while€when€Tyre€spotted€theÏCadillac€with€STS€rims€as€it€turned€into€the€parking€lot.€€They€followed€it€in€andÐ 3à.2 Ðstopped€the€car€just€beyond€the€Cadillac.€€The€defendant€jumped€out€carrying€theÏshotgun,€yanked€open€the€driverððs€door€and€ordered€the€driver€out.€€Brodey,Ïhowever,€did€not€comply.€€He€began€to€fumble€with€something€near€the€seat€beltÏrelease.€€When€the€co„defendant€honked€the€horn,€the€defendant€glanced€away.€ÏHe€turned€back,€cocked€the€weapon,€and€once€again€ordered€Brodey€from€theÏvehicle.€€He€told€the€victim,€ð ðGet€out€or€Iððll€shoot€you.ðð€€The€victim€pulled€up€theÏhandgun€and€said,€ð ðNot€before€I€shoot€you€first.ðð€€The€defendant€became€frightenedÏand€shot€the€victim.€€He€was€afraid€the€victim€would€shoot€him€in€the€back€if€he€triedÏto€run€away.€€He€€ran€around€the€car€and€fired€at€Brodey€through€the€windowsÏbecause€he€thought€the€victim€was€still€trying€to€shoot€him.€€€€Then€he€ran€aroundÏthe€building€but€the€co„defendants€were€gone.€€He€threw€the€shotgun€in€someÏshrubbery€and€continued€to€run.€€When€he€felt€safe,€he€called€Tyre€from€a€payÏphone,€and€Tyre€came€and€picked€him€up.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€medical€examiner€testified€that€the€victim€died€from€internalÏbleeding€caused€by€multiple€pellet€wounds€to€the€chest,€abdomen,€and€extremities.€ÏThe€pattern€of€wounds€indicated€that€the€victim€had€been€shot€at€least€three€timesÏfrom€the€front.€€The€shots€were€fired€from€within€a€few€feet.€€The€victim€sustained€noÏwounds€to€his€back.€€His€system€contained€traces€of€alcohol€and€metabolite€ofÏcocaine.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€in€his€own€behalf.€€Although€he€added€someÏdetails,€his€trial€testimony€was€generally€consistent€with€the€statement€he€made€toÏthe€police.€€€According€to€his€trial€testimony,€after€the€first€shots€were€fired,€the€victimÏgot€out€of€the€car€with€the€handgun€in€his€hand.€€The€defendant€ran€behind€the€carÏand€fired€at€him€again.€€This€shot€hit€the€Cadillacððs€rear€window.€€When€theÏdefendant€moved€to€the€passenger€side€of€the€car,€the€victim€leaned€over€the€hoodÏof€the€car.€€The€defendant€fired€two€more€shots€that€broke€out€the€rear€windows.€€HeÏinsisted€that€he€never€shot€the€victim€when€he€was€on€the€ground€and€that€he€hadÐ 09€48 Ðno€intent€to€kill€the€man.€€He€was€afraid€and€wanted€to€get€away.€€After€firing€the€fifthÏshot,€he€fled.€€When€he€jumped€into€the€drainage€ditch€that€borders€the€parking€lot,Ïhe€fell€against€some€barbed€wire€which€gashed€his€arm€and€caused€him€to€bleed€allÏover€his€T„shirt.ÌÌà ¸ àBased€on€this€evidence,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€ofÏattempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€and€felony€murder.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendant€nowÐ ð@  Ðcontends€that€the€evidence€is€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€the€convictions.ÌÌà@<<àò òII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó 󀀈Ð à Ðà ¸ àThe€standard€for€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€on€appealÏis€well„established.€€Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔSince€a€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocenceÐ P  Ðwith€which€a€defendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€aÏconvicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€on€appeal€that€the€evidenceÏis€insufficient.€€òòState€v,€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€In€determiningÐ ð@ Ðthat€sufficiency,€this€court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€€òòState€v.Ð Ð  ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€On€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€theÐ °"  Ðstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€or€legitimate€inferencesÏwhich€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€Ð p&À!$ ÐIt€is€the€appellate€courtððs€duty€to€affirm€the€conviction€if€the€evidence,€viewed€underÏthese€standards,€was€sufficient€for€any€rational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€offenses€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð ,`'* Ð443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,Ð ð-@), Ð259€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZI4#ÔÐ Ð/ +. ÐÐ °1-0 Ðà ¸ àEspecially€aggravated€robbery€is€the€intentional€or€knowing€theft€ofÏproperty€from€the€person€of€another€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€andÏresulting€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€the€victim.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„403€(1997).€ÏOur€legislature€has€defined€criminal€attempt€as:ÌÓÓà8 ¸ à(a)€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,€acting€withÏthe€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€for€the€offenseÐ ¸ x¸ x Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€€*€*€*Ìà8 ¸ à(3)€Acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€orÏcause€a€result€that€would€constitute€the€offense,€underÏthe€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€theÏperson€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutesÏa€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€theÏoffense.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101€(1997).ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€admitted€on€the€stand€at€trial€that€he€intended€to€stealÏsome€tire€rims€and€that€he€attempted€to€take€Brodeyððs€car€from€him€at€gunpoint.€HeÏthen€shot€Brodey€at€least€three€times€at€close€range.€€Brodey€died€as€result€of€hisÏinjuries.€€The€proof€clearly€established€the€elements€of€attempted€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery.ÌÌà ¸ àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€felony€wasÏð ðthe€reckless€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€toÏperpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping,Ïaggravated€child€abuse€or€aircraft€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñpiracy.ððñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2)Ï(1991).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendantððs€actions€were,€at€a€minimum,€reckless.€€He€pointed€theÐ ,`'* Ðloaded€and€cocked€weapon€at€the€victim€and€ordered€him€from€his€car.€€He€fired€theÏpump€shotgun€at€the€victim€from€close€range,€and€then,€by€his€own€testimony,€Ïproceeded€to€fire€at€him€at€least€four€more€times.€€Trudy€Blanchard€saw€theÏdefendant€discharge€the€shotgun€into€what€she€believed€was€the€ground.€€TheÏdefendant€was€surely€aware€of€but€disregarded€the€risk€that€the€victim€would€beÐ p5À04 Ðseriously€injured€or€killed€as€the€result€of€his€actions.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„¼106(a)(31)(1991).€€Disregarding€this€risk€constituted€a€gross€deviation€from€theÏstandard€of€care€that€an€ordinary€person€would€exercise€in€the€circumstances.€€òòIdóó.€Ð pÀ ÐThe€proof€establishes€the€elements€of€felony€murder€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ÌÌà@£ £ àò òIII.€€Testimony€of€Defendantððs€Gang€Affiliationó óˆÐ `  Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€testimonyÏabout€the€defendantððs€gang€affiliation€as€well€as€about€the€presence€of€fellow€gangÏmembers€in€the€courtroom.€We€find€that,€under€these€circumstances,€the€testimonyÏshould€have€been€excluded.€€The€error,€however,€was€harmless.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€record€indicates€that€after€a€noon€recess,€the€stateððs€attorneyÏquestioned€the€witness,€Al€Pritchard,€about€some€young€men€that€Pritchard€hadÏnoticed€in€the€courtroom€during€his€earlier€testimony.€€At€that€point,€defense€counselÏobjected.€€At€a€jury„out€hearing,€the€prosecutor€stated€that€the€defendant€was€aÏmember€of€the€ð ðGangster€Disciplesðð€and€that€when€Pritchard€left€the€stand€for€theÏnoon€recess,€he€told€the€prosecutor€that€gang€members€were€in€the€courtroom€toÏintimidate€him.€€The€state€also€informed€the€court€that€Pritchard€and€the€defendantÏhad€an€altercation€in€jail.€€€€The€state€contended€that€the€evidence€was€relevant€toÏshow€motive,€premeditation,€deliberation€and€to€negate€any€claim€of€self„defense.€ÏThe€defense€claimed€that€even€if€the€evidence€were€relevant,€its€prejudicial€effectÏfar€exceeded€its€probative€value.€€The€trial€court,€without€making€any€specificÏfindings,€allowed€Pritchard€to€testify€that€the€defendant€was€a€member€of€theÏGangster€Disciples€and€that€members€of€the€gang€had€been€present€in€theÏâ âcourtroom.ñŒ ñœñŒ ññŒ ñ׃!×ñŒ ññŒ ñ׃×ñŒ ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€€Pritchard€also€testified€that€he€and€the€defendant€had€fought€when€theyÐ °1-0 Ðwere€first€incarcerated€together€and€that€just€recently,€the€defendant€hadÏapproached€him€and€told€him€to€tell€the€jury€that€he€didnððt€remember€anything.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€€Ð à Ðâ âÌà ¸ àTwo€issues€are€intertwined€in€this€question.€€First€we€must€considerÏwhether€the€defendantððs€membership€in€a€gang€was€admissible,׃P×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€second,Ð 0 € Ðwhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€a€witness€to€testify€that€members€of€theÏdefendantððs€gang€had€come€to€the€courtroom€to€intimidate€him.€€ÌÌà ¸ àGenerally,€evidence€is€relevant€if€it€has€ð ðany€tendency€to€make€theÏexistence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€moreÏprobable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€ÏThe€trial€court€may€exclude€relevant€evidence€if€its€probative€value€is€substantiallyÏoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€Evidence€of€aÏcharacter€trait,€however,€is€subject€to€Rule€404€which€provides€that€evidenceÏconcerning€a€personððs€character€is€not€admissible€except€under€very€limitedÏcircumstances,€none€of€which€are€applicable€in€this€case.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(a).€ÏEvidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€also€subject€to€Rule€404€and€is€alsoÏgenerally€inadmissible.€€Such€evidence€may€be€admitted€only€after€a€hearing€is€heldÏoutside€the€juryððs€presence€and€the€trial€court€determines€that€the€profferedÏevidence€is€relevant€to€some€material€issue€and€is€not€presented€only€to€prove€thatÏthe€defendant€acted€in€conformity€with€his€previous€actions.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ï404(b)(1)€„(2).€€The€trial€court€must€exclude€the€evidence€if€its€probative€value€isÏoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b)(3).€€Ìâ âÐ Ð/ +. Ðà ¸ àTestimony€or€other€evidence€of€a€defendantððs€affiliation€with€a€streetÏâ âgang€has€been€admitted€into€evidence€in€Tennessee€if€the€evidence€meets€theÏstandards€in€Rules€401,€403,€and€404.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€743€S.W.2dÐ pÀ Ð154,€158€(Tenn.€1987)€(defendantððs€membership€in€motorcycle€gang€offered€toÏexplain€witnessððs€fear€of€the€defendant);€òòState€v.€Rearno€Vaughnóó,€No.€01C01„9703„Ð 0 € ÐCR„00086,€slip€op.€at€5„6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Apr.€14,€1998)€(murderÏarose€out€of€competition€between€gangs);€€òòState€v.€Amos€Lewis€Jonesóó,€No.€03C01„Ð ð@  Ð9701„CR„00016,€slip€op.€at€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Feb.€25,€1998)€(crimesÏcommitted€to€demonstrate€defendantððs€prowess€to€criminal€gang),€òòperm.€app.Ð ° Ðgrantedóó€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Bryant€Dewayne€Millenóó,€No.€02C01„9602„CR„00049,Ð à Ðslip€op.€at€3„4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Mar.€7,€1997)€(victim€was€a€member€ofÏa€rival€gang);€òòState€v,€Erica€Nelmsóó,€No.€02C01„9604„CR„00116,€slip€op.€at€2„3Ð P  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€May€23,€1997)€(crime€committed€to€win€favor€withÏgang);€€òòState€v.€Jack€Jay€North,€Jróó.,€No.€02C01„9512„00369,€slip€op.€at€16€(Tenn.Ð ` ÐCrim.€App.,€Jackson,€Dec.€9,€1996)€(defendantððs€aspiration€to€become€gangÏmember€provides€motive€for€first€degree€murder).€€Evidence€of€gang€membershipÏis€clearly€inadmissible€if€its€only€purpose€is€to€establish€that€the€defendant€acted€inÏconformity€with€his€bad€character€or€to€demonstrate€that€he€had€a€propensity€toÏcommit€a€crime.€€òòBunch€v.€Stateóó,€605€S.W.2d€227,€230€(Tenn.€1980);€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð p&À!$ Ð404.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€fact€that€the€defendant€was€a€member€of€the€Gangster€DisciplesÏis€irrelevant€to€any€material€fact€at€issue€in€this€case.€€The€circumstances€in€thisÏcase€are€not€similar€to€those€in€òòNelmsóó€in€which€the€jury€also€found€the€defendantÐ Ð/ +. Ðguilty€of€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€€In€òòNelmsóó,€gang€colorsÐ °1-0 Ðwere€left€at€the€scene€of€the€crime€and€several€witnesses€testified€that€the€defendantÏcommitted€the€crime€to€win€favor€with€the€gang.€€€òòErica€Nelmsóó,€slip€op.€at€2„3.€€NorÐ p5À04 Ðwas€the€murder€the€result€of€gang€rivalries€as€was€the€case€in€òòState€v.€€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñRearnoÐ P7 26 ÐVaughnóó,ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€No.€01C01„9703„CR„00086,€slip€op.€at€5„6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ð 09€48 ÐApr.€14,€1998).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Bryant€Dewayne€Millenóó,€No.€02C01„9602„CR„Ð ° Ð00049,€slip€op.€at€3„4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Mar.€7,€1997).€€Unlike€the€witnessÏin€òòJohnsonóó,€Al€Pritchard€did€not€testify€that€he€was€afraid€of€the€defendant.€Ð pÀ ÐòòJohnsonóó,€743€S.W.2d€at€158.€€Nothing€in€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€indicatesÐ P   Ðthat€the€defendantððs€aborted€robbery€was€related€to€any€gang€activities€or€that€heÏcommitted€the€crime€to€gain€membership€or€status€in€the€gang.€€Indeed,€the€record€Ïdemonstrates€that€he€accepted€the€invitation€to€go€ð ðshoppingðð€because€he€wantedÏthe€fifteen€hundred€dollars€that€he€believed€the€rims€would€bring.€€On€these€facts,Ïhis€membership€in€the€Gangster€Disciples€was€not€relevant€to€show€identity,€intent,Ïmotive,€or€common€scheme€or€plan,€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Partonóó,€694€S.W.2d€299,€302„303Ð à Ð(Tenn.€1985),€or€to€sustain€the€stateððs€burden€of€proving€each€element€of€the€crimesÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„12„101,€39„13„403€(1997)Ð P  Ðand€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2)€(1991)€(amended€1995).€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€gang€affiliation€was€relevant€only€to€PritchardððsÏtestimony€concerning€the€presence€of€three€alleged€gang€members€in€theÏcourtroom.€€However,€this€testimony€should€have€been€excluded.€€Pritchard€testifiedÏthat€the€defendant€had€asked€him€to€say€that€he€didnððt€remember€what€hadÏhappened.€€He€also€testified€that€although€he€had€heard€some€ð ðlittle€remarksðð€orÏthreats,€he€did€not€say€that€the€defendant€had€threatened€him.€€In€fact,€PritchardÏstated€that€he€was€not€afraid€of€the€defendant€and€that€he€had€spoken€with€himÏseveral€times€after€their€fight.€€Nothing€in€the€record€indicates€that€the€defendantÏwas€in€any€way€responsible€for€the€presence€of€the€three€men€identified€as€GangsterÏDisciples.€€Nothing€indicates€that€their€conduct€was€inappropriate€or€threatening.€ÏPritchard€testified€at€length€and€answered€the€prosecutorððs€questions€in€a€forthrightÏmanner€and€without€hesitation.€€His€responses€were€very€damaging€to€theÏdefendant.€€He€explained€that€his€initial€hesitation€in€talking€to€the€prosecutor€wasÏthe€result€of€his€reluctance€to€speak€to€a€representative€of€the€state€without€hisÏattorney€present.€Ð 09€48 Їà ¸ àA€defendant€does€not€control€who€does€and€who€does€not€enter€theÏcourtroom.€€Unless€some€evidence€exists€to€demonstrate€that€the€defendant€isÏresponsible€for€the€presence€of€a€disruptive€element,€he€surely€cannot€be€held€ÏñŒ ñœñŒ ñaccountableñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€for€it.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Without€some€evidence€that€the€òòdefendantóó€was€a€party€to€theÐ P   Ðalleged€intimidation,€Pritchardððs€testimony€about€ð ðShaun,€Gerald,€and€Rudyðð€did€notÏhave€ð ðany€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€theÏdetermination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€withoutÏthe€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ à€€€€Pritchardððs€testimony€about€the€defendantððs€gang€affiliation€and€theÏpresence€of€the€alleged€gang€members€in€the€courtroom€should€have€beenÏexcluded.€€In€his€brief,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€harmless€error€rule€shouldÏnot€apply€in€this€instance.€€He€has,€however,€€cited€no€authority€for€his€propositionÏthat€the€testimony€deprived€him€of€a€fundamental€constitutional€right€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñand,ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€therefore,Ïthe€error€demands€an€automatic€reversal€of€the€defendantððs€conviction.€€Moreover,Ïpursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€103(a),€the€admission€or€exclusion€ofÏevidence€is€not€a€basis€for€error€unless€the€ruling€affects€a€substantial€right€of€theÏparty.€€We€find€that€even€if€the€trial€court€did€err€in€allowing€this€testimony€to€beÏintroduced,€no€substantial€right€of€the€appellant€was€affected.€€In€light€of€€theÏdefendantððs€statement€to€the€police€and€his€testimony€from€the€stand,€any€error€inÏthe€admission€of€this€testimony€was€harmless.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Shelleyóó,€628€S.W.2dÐ 0*€%( Ð436,€438€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).ÌÌâ âà@PP!àò òIV.€€Autopsy€Photographsó óˆÐ Ð/ +. Ðà ¸ àDuring€the€guilt€phase,€the€trial€court€allowed€the€state€to€introduce€intoÏâ âevidence€five€photographs€of€the€victimððs€body€taken€during€the€autopsy.€€The€stateÏrequested€that€eight€photographs€be€admitted.€€After€a€jury„out€hearing,€the€trialÏjudge€ruled€that€the€prejudicial€effect€of€three€of€the€pictures€substantiallyÏoutweighed€their€probative€value.€€The€five€remaining€photographs,€however,€theÏtrial€judge€ruled€were€relevant€and€admissible.€€Exhibit€38€shows€the€victimððs€faceÏand€naked€upper€torso€peppered€with€wounds€caused€by€shotgun€pellets.€NumberÏ39€shows€the€victimððs€left€arm€and€a€portion€of€his€naked€body.€€Two€fingers€of€theÏleft€hand€are€missing€and€pieces€of€shredded€flesh€are€clinging€to€the€bone.€€ExhibitÏ40€is€a€side€view€of€the€victimððs€face€and€upper€torso.€€The€remaining€exhibits,Ïnumbers€41€and€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñ42,ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€show€the€left€and€right€side€of€the€body.€€The€photographs,€inÏaddition€to€showing€the€horrendous€number€of€pellet€wounds€the€victim€sustained,Ïinclude€drainage€tubes,€incisions,€and€other€signs€of€medical€and€autopsyÏprocedures.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àIn€this€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€photographs€are€grisly,Ïinflammatory€and€of€little€probative€value.€€The€state€contends€that€the€photographsÏwere€necessary€to€show€the€nature€and€extent€of€the€injuries€the€victim€suffered.€ÏThe€trial€court€found€that€the€photographs€were€relevant€to€show€that€a€deathÏoccurred€and€the€various€wounds€the€victim€suffered,€to€illustrate€the€testimony€ofÏthe€medical€examiner,€and€to€demonstrate€the€direction€of€the€pellets.€€Although€itÏis€a€close€question€in€this€case,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsÏdiscretion€in€admitting€the€photographs.€€ÌÌà ¸ àTo€be€admissible,€a€photograph€must€be€relevant€to€some€issue€atÏtrial,€and€the€prejudicial€effect€of€the€photograph€must€not€outweigh€its€prejudicialÏvalue.€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€514€(Tenn.€1997);€€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564Ð p5À04 ÐS.W.2d€947,€951€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€admissibility€of€photographs€is€within€the€soundÏdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€and€the€courtððs€determination€will€not€be€overturned€onÐ 09€48 Ðappeal€except€upon€a€clear€showing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€atÐ ° Ð514;€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€226€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Ð à ÐÌà ¸ àAs€a€general€rule,€where€medical€testimony€adequately€describes€theÏdegree€or€extent€of€the€injury,€gruesome€and€graphic€photographs€should€not€beÏadmitted.€€òòState€v.€Jennifer€Collinsóó,€No.€03C01„9704„CR„00143,€slip€op.€at€15Ð `  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Mar.€3,€1998)€(citing€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63Ð ð@  Ð(Tenn.€1985)),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Cynthia€Robersonóó,€No.Ð Ð  Ð02C01„9503„CC„00059,€slip€op.€at€14€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Dec.€28,€1995).€ÏThis€court€has€noted€an€increasing€concern€that€courts€may€become€too€liberal€inÏtheir€admission€of€inflammatory€autopsy€photographs.€€òòCollinsóó,€slip€op.€at€15„16.€Ð pÀ ÐPhotographs€made€during€or€after€an€autopsy€should€be€scrutinized€and€examinedÏprior€to€being€shown€to€the€jury.€€òòState€v.€James€Duboseóó,€No.€01C01„9405„CC„Ð 0€ Ð00160,€slip€op.€at€20€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Aug.€25,€1995),€òòaffððd€on€otherÐ ` Ðgroundsóó,€953€S.W.2d€649€(Tenn.€1997).€€Ð ð@ ÐÌà ¸ àIn€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€the€supreme€court€recognized€ð ðthe€inherentlyÐ °"  Ðprejudicial€character€of€photographic€depictions€of€a€murder€victim.€.€.€.ðð€€564€S.W.2dÏat€951.€€€The€court€suggested€a€variety€of€factors€for€consideration€by€the€trial€judgeÏincluding€the€ð ðvalue€of€photographs€as€evidence,€.€.€.€their€accuracy€and€clarity,€.€.Ï.€whether€they€were€taken€before€the€corpse€was€moved€.€.€.€[and]€the€inadequacyÏof€the€testimonial€evidence€in€relating€the€factors€to€the€jury.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€Moreover,Ð ,`'* Ðphotographs€that€are€unfairly€prejudicial€must€be€excluded.€€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€atÐ ð-@), Ð951€(quoting€Advisory€Committee€Note€to€Federal€Rule€of€Evidence€403).€€EvidenceÏthat€is€unfairly€prejudicial€has€been€defined€as€that€ð ðwhich€only€appeals€toÏsympathies,€conveys€a€sense€of€horror,€or€engenders€an€instinct€to€punish.€.€.€ð ðÏòòCollinsóó,€slip€op.€at€13€(citing€to€J.€Weinstein€and€M.€Burger,€òòWeinsteinððs€EvidenceÐ p5À04 ÐManualóó€6„20€to€6„21€(Student€ed.€1987)).€€Ð P7 26 ÐÐ 09€48 Ðà ¸ àThe€photographs€in€this€instance€are€grisly.€€The€victim€is€lying€nakedÏon€the€slab€in€the€morgue.€€Pools€of€blood€that€may€or€may€not€be€attributable€to€theÏautopsy€process€have€formed€behind€his€head.€€However,€the€pictures€illustrate€theÏvarious€wounds€that€led€to€the€victimððs€death.€€The€photograph€of€the€victimððs€leftÏhand€was€relevant€to€the€question€of€whether€the€victim€could€have€held€his€revolverÏwhen€he€got€out€of€the€car.׃#×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Using€the€photographs,€the€medical€examinerÐ `  Ðdescribed€for€the€jury€the€path€and€trajectory€the€pellets€followed.€€ÌÌà ¸ àPhotographs€are€not€necessarily€rendered€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñinadmissible€because€theyÏare€cumulative€of€other€evidence€or€because€descriptive€words€could€be€used.ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€ÏòòCollins€v.€Stateóó,€506€S.W.2d€179,€185€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð pÀ ÐTerrence€L.€Davisóó,€No.€02C01„95112„CR„00343,€slip€op.€at€14€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð P  ÐJackson,€June€2,€1997),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1998).€€Photographs€must€beÐ 0€ Ðrelevant€to€prove€some€part€of€the€prosecutionððs€case€and€must€not€be€admittedÏsolely€to€inflame€the€jury€and€prejudice€them€against€the€defendant.€€òòBanksóó,€564Ð ð@ ÐS.W.2d€at€951.€€Prejudice€becomes€unfair€when€the€òòprimaryóó€purpose€of€theÐ Ð  Ðevidence€at€issue€is€to€elicit€emotions€of€ð ðbias,€sympathy,€hatred,€contempt,Ïretribution,€or€horror.ðð€€M.€Graham,€òòHandbook€of€Federal€Evidenceóó€182„83€(2d€ed.Ð $à" ÐñŒ ñœñŒ ñ1986).ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€photographs€in€question€were€probativeÏand€that€their€prejudicial€effect€did€not€outweigh€their€prejudicial€value.€TheÏphotographs€are€unquestionably€unpleasant,€but€their€€primary€purpose€was€not€toÏelicit€the€jurorsðð€emotions€but€to€develop€facts€that€were€relevant€to€proving€theÏstateððs€case.€€€Absent€a€clear€showing€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion,€thisÏcourt€may€not€overturn€its€ruling.€No€such€showing€exists€in€this€case,€and€we€willÏnot€disturb€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€appeal.€€Ð p5À04 Їà@¤¤"àò òIV.€€Excessive€Sentenceó óˆÐ ° Ðà ¸ àThe€jury€sentenced€the€defendant€to€life€imprisonment€with€theÏpossibility€of€parole€for€the€murder€of€Barry€Brodey.€€At€the€conclusion€of€aÏsentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€the€maximum€RangeÏI€sentence€of€twelve€years€and€ordered€him€to€serve€the€sentence€consecutively€toÏthe€life€sentence€imposed€by€the€jury.€€The€defendant€now€complains€that€theÏtwelve„year€sentence€is€excessive€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€that€hisÏsentences€be€served€consecutively.ÌÌà ¸ àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€serviceÏof€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€aÐ pÀ Ðpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40-35-401(d)€(1997).€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÏshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÏall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð ð@ Ð1991).€€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€must€consider€all€the€evidence,€theÏpresentence€report,€the€sentencing€principles,€the€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors,Ïcounselsðð€arguments,€the€appellantððs€statements,€the€nature€and€character€of€theÏoffense,€and€the€appellantððs€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„¼103(5),€„210(b)€(1997);€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2dÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€at€169.€€The€defendant€has€theÐ P( #& Ðburden€of€demonstrating€that€the€sentence€is€improper.€€òòIdóó.€€In€the€event€the€recordÐ 0*€%( Ðfails€to€demonstrate€the€appropriate€consideration€by€the€trial€court,€appellate€reviewÏof€the€sentence€is€purely€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€€òòIdóó.€€If€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€courtÐ ð-@), Ðproperly€considered€all€relevant€factors€and€the€record€adequately€supports€itsÏfindings€of€fact,€this€court€must€affirm€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferredÏa€different€result.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZÚ#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€785,€789€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZp#Ô(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ91).Ð 3à.2 ÐÌà ¸ àIn€making€its€sentencing€determination,€the€trial€court,€at€theÏconclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€determines€the€sentencing€range,€the€specificÐ 09€48 Ðsentence,€and€the€propriety€of€imposing€a€sentence€involving€an€alternative€to€totalÏconfinement.€€The€trial€court€must€consider€(1)€any€evidence€presented€at€trial€andÏthe€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€sentencing€principles.Ï(4)€the€arguments€of€counsel,€(5)€any€statements€the€defendant€has€made€to€theÏcourt,€(6)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€(7)€any€mitigating€andÏenhancement€factors,€and€(8)€the€defendantððs€amenability€to€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103(5),€and€40„35„210(a),€(b)€€(1990);€òòState€v.€Hollandóó,€860Ð ð@  ÐÔ#† XÒZXXXÒZÐ#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€53,€60€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZH”#Ô(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ93).€€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñIn€this€case,€theñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñ€trial€court€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñwas€required€toñŒ ñ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñÐ Ð  Ðbegin€with€a€presumptive€minimum€sentence.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ¦”#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€40„35„210(c).€Ð ° ÐThe€sentence€may€then€be€increased€by€any€applicable€enhancement€factors€andÏreduced€in€the€light€of€any€applicable€mitigating€factors.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ°•#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€40„35„Ð pÀ Ð210(d),(e).ÌÌà ¸ àÔ% €% ÔIn€this€case,€the€trial€judge€found€several€enhancement€factors€andÏone€mitigating€factor.€€However,€the€record€does€not€contain€an€affirmative€showingÏthat€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstances€and€made€the€appropriate€findings€in€determining€that€consecutiveÏsentences€were€appropriate.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ³–#ÔTherefore€we€review€the€sentencing€determinationsÐ $à" Ðwithout€the€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ð p&À!$ ÐÌà ¸ àEspecially€aggravated€robbery€is€a€Class€B€felony.€€For€a€Class€BÏfelony,€the€minimum€sentence€for€a€Range€I€offender€is€eight€years;€the€maximumÏsentence€is€twelve€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(2)€(1997).€The€trial€courtÏapplied€the€following€factors€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€to€the€maximumÏsentence€in€the€range:ÌÓÓà ¸ à(1)à8  àThe€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÐ 3à.2 Ðconvictions€or€criminal€behavior.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„114(1).Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(2)à8  àThe€defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€anÐ P7 26 Ðoffense.€€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2).Ð Ð Ð  Ðâ âÐ 09€48 Ðà ¸ àÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ(5)à8  àThe€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treatedÐ ° Ðâ âwith€exceptional€cruelty.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ?œ#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð  ð Ð114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ5).ÐàÐ Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(6)à8  àThe€personal€injuries€inflicted€upon€or€the€amount€ofÐ pÀ Ðdamage€to€property€sustained€by€or€taken€from€theÏvictim€was€particularly€great.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ5#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð P   Ð114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ6).Ð@ Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(8)à8  àThe€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingnessÐ  p  Ðto€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involvingÏrelease€in€the€community.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ…ž#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð P  Ð114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ8).Ðð@ Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(9)à8  àThe€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm,Ð Ð  Ðexplosive€device€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€theÏcommission€of€the€offense.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZÔŸ#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð ° Ð114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ9).РðÐ Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(10)à8  àThe€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÐ €Ð Ðcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ¡#ÔTenn.Ð pÀ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ10).Ð`°Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à(11)€à8  àThe€felony€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury€or€involvedÐ @ Ðthe€threat€of€death€or€bodily€injury€to€another€personÏand€the€defendant€has€previously€been€convicted€of€aÏfelony€that€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZB¢#ÔTenn.Ð ` ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ11).ÐPÐ Ð  ÐÌÔ#† XÒZXXXÒZã£#ÔÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔà ¸ à(12)à8  àDuring€the€commission€of€the€felony,€the€defendantÐ à0 Ðwillfully€inflicted€bodily€injury€upon€another€person,€orÏthe€actions€of€the€defendant€resulted€in€the€death€of€orÏserious€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€or€a€person€other€thanÏthe€intended€victim.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZI¤#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ12).Р#ð!Ð Ð  ÐÌÌÓÓÔ#† XÒZXXXÒZÏ¥#ÔAs€a€mitigating€factor,€the€trial€court€found€that€because€of€the€defendantððs€age€heÐ p&À!$ Ðlacked€substantial€judgment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(6).€€The€trial€court,Ïhowever,€gave€the€mitigator€little€weight€because€of€the€defendantððs€previousÏencounters€with€the€criminal€justice€system€and€sentenced€the€defendant€to€theÏmaximum€sentence€of€twelve€years.ÌÌñŒ ñœ›ñŒ ññŒ ññŒ ñà@II!àò òA.€€Enhancement€Factors€ó óˆÐ °1-0 Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€does€not€support€the€trialÏcourtððs€findings€with€respect€to€a€number€of€the€enhancement€factors.€€He€does€notÏchallenge€the€use€of€factors€(1)€and€(2).€€Nor€could€he.€The€defendantððs€juvenileÏrecord€includes€several€car€thefts€as€well€as€less€serious€infractions€includingÐ 09€48 Ðaggravated€criminal€trespass€and€disorderly€conduct.ñŒ ñœñŒ ññŒ ñ׃(×ñŒ ññŒ ñ׃+×ñŒ ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€€The€record€indicates€thatÐ ° Ðthe€defendant,€who€testified€that€he€knew€how€to€drive€and€evade€the€police,€wasÏa€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€He€also€provided€the€weapon,Ïapproached€the€target€vehicle,€and€fired€the€fatal€shots.€€The€trial€courtððs€findingsÏwith€respect€to€factors€(1)€and€(2)€are€clearly€supported€by€the€record.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€state€concedes€that€factors€(6),€(9),€and€(10)€are€inappropriate.€ÏWe€agree.€€The€infliction€of€serious€personal€injury€(factor€6)׃&à ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€the€possessionÐ Ð  Ðof€a€firearm€(factor€9)€are€elements€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€€and€are,Ïtherefore,€inapplicable€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„114€(1997).€€€Because€the€offense€of€especially€aggravated€robberyÏnecessarily€entails€a€high€risk€to€human€life,€factor€(10)€likewise€should€not€haveÏbeen€applied.€€òòNixóó,€922€S.W.2d€894,€903€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Ð 0€ ÐÌà ¸ àIn€addition,€factors€(11)€and€(12)€may€not€be€used€to€enhance€thisÏdefendantððs€sentence.€€Factor€(11)€applies€when€death€or€bodily€injury€is€inflictedÏupon€or€threatens€another€person€and€the€defendant€has€òòpreviouslyóó€been€convictedÐ °"  Ðof€a€felony€that€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury.€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Makokaóó,€885€S.W.2dÐ $à" Ð366,€373€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(11)€(1997).€ÏFactor€(12)€is€similar€in€that€it€refers€to€the€willful€infliction€of€bodily€injury€on€a€personÐ P( #& Ðother€than€the€intended€victim.€€The€defendantððs€actions€neither€threatened€norÏinflicted€bodily€injury€on€any€person€other€than€the€victim,€nor€had€he€beenÏpreviously€convicted€of€a€felony€that€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury.€€The€trial€courtÏerred€in€using€these€factors€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery.ÌÌà ¸ àFactors€(5)€and€(8)€must€be€discussed€in€greater€detail.€€The€trial€courtÏfound€that€the€defendant€treated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty€when€he€shotÏhim€five€times€with€a€pump„action€shotgun.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).€Ð ° ÐThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€applied€the€factor€becauseÏthe€defendant€had€already€been€convicted€of€felony€murder€on€those€same€facts.€ÏThe€defendant€cites€no€authority€for€the€proposition€that€facts€used€to€convict€aÏdefendant€of€one€offense€may€not€be€used€to€enhance€the€sentence€for€a€differentÏoffense.€€Therefore,€the€issue€as€stated€is€waived.€Tenn.€Crim.€Ct.€App.€10(a).ÏHowever,€under€our€mandate€to€review€sentences€òòdeóó€òònovoóó,€we€consider€whetherÐ ð@ Ðthe€record€supports€the€use€of€factor€(5)€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€forÏespecially€aggravated€robbery.ÌÌà ¸ àSection€40„35„114€provides€that€enhancement€factors€must€beÏð ðappropriate€for€the€offenseðð€and€ð ðnot€themselves€essential€elements€of€the€offense.ðð€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114.€€Because€of€these€limitations,€those€factors€basedÏon€facts€which€are€used€to€prove€the€offense€or€which€establish€the€elements€of€theÏoffense€are€excluded.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€98€(Tenn.€1997)€(citing€òòStateÐ ð-@), Ðv.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€603€(Tenn.€1994)).€€The€purpose€of€the€limitation€is€toÐ Ð/ +. Ðavoid€enhancing€the€length€of€sentences€based€on€factors€that€the€legislatureÏconsidered€when€establishing€the€range€of€punishment€for€the€offense.€€òòIdóó.€€€€Ð 3à.2 ÐÌà ¸ àExceptional€cruelty€is€not€an€element€of€especially€aggravatedÏrobbery.€€òòPooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€98;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„403(a)(2)€(1997).€€€Ð 09€48 ÐBoth€our€supreme€court€and€this€court€have€held€that€proof€of€serious€injury€doesÏnot€necessarily€establish€extreme€cruelty.€€òòPooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€98;€òòState€v.€JohnÐ à ÐDennis€Rushingóó,€No.€02C01„9501„CR„0020,€slip€op.€at€20€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð pÀ ÐJackson,€July€22,€1996);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Henry€Lee€Martinóó,€No.€01C01„9411„CR„Ð P   Ð00397,€slip€op.€at€23€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€May€24,€1996).€€A€certain€amountÏof€cruelty€is€inherent€in€every€especially€aggravated€robbery,€rape,€or€aggravatedÏassault€for€which€the€legislature€has€already€provided€enhanced€sentences.€òòStateÐ ð@  Ðv.€Kenneth€Alan€Steeleóó,€No.€03C01„9207„CR„233,€slip€op.€at€15€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð Ð  ÐKnoxville,€Oct.€13,€1993).€€€Therefore,€factor€(5)€requires€a€strong€showing€ofÏexceptional€cruelty.€òòJohn€Dennis€Rushingóó,€slip€op.€at€20.€€Ð à ÐÌà ¸ àTo€establish€exceptional€cruelty,€the€facts€must€demonstrate€aÏculpability€distinct€from€and€greater€than€that€incident€to€the€offense€of€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery.€€òòPooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€98.€€A€trial€court€should€state€for€theÐ ` Ðrecord€what€actions€of€the€defendant,€apart€from€the€elements€of€the€offense,Ïconstituted€exceptional€cruelty.€€òòState€v.€Goodwinóó,€909€S.W.2d€35,€45€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð Ð  ÐApp.€1995).ÌÌà ¸ àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€stated€that€exceptional€cruelty€wasÏdemonstrated€by€the€fact€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€five€times€with€a€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñpump„ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñÏaction€shotgun.€€The€use€of€a€firearm€and€proof€of€serious€bodily€injury€are,€ofÏcourse,€elements€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„403Ï(1997).€€The€facts€in€the€record€indicate€that€the€defendant€fired€five€shots.€€TheÏmedical€examiner€testified€that€at€least€three€of€the€shots€struck€the€victim.€€The€factÏthat€the€rear€and€rear€side€windows€of€the€Cadillac€were€demolished€tends€toÏcorroborate€the€defendantððs€assertion€that€two€of€the€shots€were€fired€at€theÏvehicle.׃,×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€victim€apparently€ran€and€placed€another€vehicle€between€himselfÐ p5À04 Ðand€the€defendant.€€Ms.€Blanchard€testified€that€she€saw€the€defendant€fire€twice€atÏthe€ground.€€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€fact€that€repeated€shots€were€fired€do€not,€of€themselves,Ïconstitute€exceptional€cruelty.€€òòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó€òòState€v.€James€R.€Hankinsóó,€No.€02C01„Ð 0 € Ð9603„CR„00098€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€May€23,€1997)€(shooting€victims€inÏneck€and€in€the€back€does€not€constitute€exceptional€cruelty€in€conviction€forÏespecially€aggravated€robbery).€€In€this€case,€however,€the€two€shots€fired€after€theÏvictim€abandoned€the€vehicle€and€attempted€to€hide€himself€from€the€defendant€andÏwhen€he€was€no€longer€armed€constitute€acts€unnecessary€to€commit€the€crime€ofÏattempted€especially€aggravated€robbery.€The€final€shots€fired€by€the€defendantÏdemonstrate€a€culpability€distinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€than€that€incident€toÏthe€offense.€€Although€we€do€not€accord€this€factor€the€weight€we€place€on€factorsÏ(1)€and€(2),€the€trial€judge€did€not€err€in€applying€factor€(5)€to€enhance€thisÏdefendantððs€sentence.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defense€also€contends€that€factor€(5)€is€inapplicable€because€theÏjury€failed€to€find€that€ð ðthe€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelððÏpursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(I)(5).€€We€disagree.€€TheÏaggravating€factor€found€in€section€39„13„204€is€not€identical€to€the€enhancementÏfactor€contained€in€section€40„35„114.€€The€aggravating€factor€requires€a€jury€to€findÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€ð ðthe€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€orÏcruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(1)(5)(1997).€€The€aggravator€appliesÏonly€to€convictions€for€first„degree€murder,€and€the€facts€must€demonstrate€that€theÏcrime€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€kill€theÏvictim.€€The€enhancement€factor,€on€the€other€hand,€requires€only€that€the€crueltyÏexceed€that€which€was€necessary€to€effectuate€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Lester€Bennettóó,Ð P7 26 ÐNo.€03C01„9403„CR„00104,€slip€op.€at€7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Dec.€8,Ï1994).€€The€juryððs€determination€on€the€aggravating€factor€in€the€felony€murderÏsentencing€does€not€preclude€the€trial€court€from€applying€€factor€(5)€to€a€convictionÏfor€a€different€crime.€€The€facts€in€this€case€indicate€that€the€defendantððs€culpabilityÏexceeds€that€required€to€convict€the€defendant€of€the€offense€in€question.€€TheÏevidence€in€the€record€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€finding.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€trial€court€also€found€that€the€defendant€had€a€previous€history€ofÏunwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€release€into€the€community.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(8)€(1997).€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€record€containsÏno€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€placed€on€probation€and€that€there€is€no€orderÏor€copy€of€an€order€finding€the€defendant€in€violation€of€probation.€€The€defendantÏis€correct€that€the€record€contains€no€evidence€that€a€court€found€the€defendant€inÏviolation€of€probation.€€The€presentence€report,€however,€states€that€on€April€8,Ï1994,€the€juvenile€court€placed€the€defendant€on€supervised€probation€for€drivingÏwithout€a€driverððs€license,€reckless€driving,€and€being€a€runaway.€€On€June€1,€1994,Ïthe€defendant€was€back€in€juvenile€court€on€the€charge€of€theft€of€a€vehicle.€€TheÏmatter€was€adjusted€non„judicially,€and€he€was€released€in€the€custody€of€hisÏgrandmother.€€The€record€shows€that€on€that€very€same€day,€he€stole€anotherÏvehicle€and€was€in€possession€of€marijuana.€€Six€weeks€later,€he€was€charged€withÏthe€theft€of€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñyet€anotherñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€vehicle.€€On€July€21,€1994,€the€court€placed€him€under€theÏsupervision€of€the€Youth€Services€Bureau.ÌÌà ¸ àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„114(8)€does€not€requireÏthat€the€defendant€violate€an€order€of€probation.€€To€enhance€a€defendantððsÏsentence,€the€state€must€prove€that€ð ð[t]he€defendant€has€òòa€previous€history€ofÐ 3à.2 Ðunwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€into€theÏcommunityóó€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(8)€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñ(1997)€(emphasis€added).ñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€€TheÐ P7 26 Ðdefendantððs€juvenile€record€indicates€that€within€a€three„month€period,€he€wasÐ 09€48 Ðplaced€on€supervised€probation,€counseled€and€continued€on€supervised€probation,Ïand€then,€after€he€continued€to€re„offend,€he€was€remanded€to€a€youth€trainingÏcenter.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defendant€made€no€objections€to€theÏpresentence€report,€nor€did€he€assert€that€the€report€was€inaccurate.€€Nothing€in€theÏrecord€indicates€that€the€defendant€attempted€to€have€the€state€substantiate€theÏinformation€in€his€juvenile€record€with€copies€of€the€judgments€or€orders.€€Absent€aÏchallenge€to€the€reliability€of€the€information€in€the€report,€the€trial€court€did€not€errÏin€considering€the€information€the€report€provided.€€òòState€v.€Dale€Nolanóó,€No.€01C01„Ð Ð  Ð9511„€CC„00387,€slip€op.€at€31€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€June€26,€1997),€òòperm.Ð ° Ðapp.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Richard€J.€Crossmanóó,€No.€01C01„9311„CR„Ð à Ð00394,€slip€op.€at€11€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€6,€1994),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóóÐ pÀ Ð(Tenn.€1995).€€Although€the€record€contains€no€official€finding€that€the€defendantÏviolated€a€condition€of€probation,€the€presentence€report€€demonstrates€that€thisÏdefendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€ofÏa€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community.€€ÌÌà@"àò òB.€€Mitigating€Factorsó óˆÐ °"  Ðà ¸ àThe€trial€court€found,€as€a€mitigating€factor,€that€because€of€his€youth,Ïthe€defendant€lacked€substantial€judgment€in€committing€the€offense.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„113(6)€(1997).€€The€trial€judge€declined€to€place€much€weight€on€thisÏfactor€because€of€the€defendantððs€previous€experiences€with€the€criminal€justiceÏsystem.€€Our€review€of€the€record€has€convinced€us€that€the€mitigating€factorsÏpresent€are€entitled€to€substantial€weight.€€According€to€the€defendantððs€schoolÏrecords,€he€has€a€vision€disorder€that€interferes€with€his€ability€to€read€and€functionÏin€an€academic€setting.׃0×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€At€age€thirteen,€he€read€at€the€second€grade€levelÐ °1-0 Ðalthough€his€math€skills€were€those€of€a€fifth€grader.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€theÏdefendantððs€grandmother€testified€that€when€the€defendant€was€born,€his€motherÐ p5À04 Ðwas€an€exotic€dancer€who€worked€nights€and€his€father€was€ð ðon€the€streets.ðð€ÏBecause€she€needed€to€sleep€during€the€day,€the€defendantððs€mother€beat€him€andÏburned€him€with€cigarettes€when€he€would€not€be€quiet.€€When€he€was€two€yearsÏold,€he€was€placed€in€the€custody€of€his€paternal€grandparents.€€At€the€time€of€theÏsentencing€hearing,€the€defendantððs€father€was€in€jail.€€His€grandfather€had€diedÏafter€a€long€and€difficult€bout€with€cancer.€€His€grandmother€admitted€that€during€theÏpast€few€years€she€had€little€energy€or€time€to€spare€for€her€difficult€grandson.€€TheÏdefendant€had€maintained€a€relationship€with€his€mother,€but€she€made€little€effortÏto€provide€guidance€or€supervision.€€In€fact,€the€defendant€was€spending€the€nightÏat€her€house€when€Tyre€Allen€came€to€take€him€on€the€ð ðshoppingðð€trip€that€endedÏin€Barry€Brodeyððs€death.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àIn€the€closing€paragraph€of€the€defense€brief,€counsel€argues€that€€theÏdefendant€ð ðmay€have€developed€street€survivorship€skills€due€to€parental€neglectÏand€actual€or€perceived€necessity.€€But€to€say€that€he€is€street€ððwiseðð€would€be€aÏmisnomer.€€He€has€not€had€enough€time€on€this€earth€or€adult€guidance€to€developÏany€wisdom€or€substantial€judgment.ðð€€We€agree.€€The€defendant€was€just€fifteenÏyears€old€when€this€crime€was€committed.€€He€€suffered€from€abuse€and€neglectÏduring€his€childhood,€and€he€is€further€handicapped€by€a€vision€problem€that€led€toÏfailure€at€school.€€He€was€raised€by€his€grandmother€who€because€of€her€age€andÏthe€responsibility€for€caring€for€her€ailing€husband€was€unable€to€provide€herÏtroubled€grandson€with€the€supervision€and€guidance€he€needed.€€On€these€facts,Ïthe€mitigating€factor€is€due€considerable€weight.ÌÌà ¸ àTo€sum€up,€we€find€that€enhancement€factors€(1),€(2),€(5),€and€(7)€areÏapplicable€to€the€defendantððs€sentence.€€We€place€less€weight€on€factor€(5);Ïhowever,€the€extent€of€the€defendantððs€criminal€record€and€his€inability€to€conformÏto€the€rules€of€a€civilized€society€are€entitled€to€great€weight.€€Attempted€especiallyÏaggravated€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñrobberyñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€is€a€class€B€felony.€€The€defendantððs€applicable€sentencingÐ 09€48 Ðrange€is€eight€to€twelve€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„€210€(1997).€€Based€solelyÏon€the€enhancement€factors,€twelve€years€would€be€an€appropriate€sentence.€ÏHowever,€in€this€case,€the€mitigating€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñfactorñƒ ñsñƒ ññŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€ñŒ ñœñŒ ññ„ ñareñ„ ññ… ñisñ… ññŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€also€entitled€to€great€weight.€ÏTherefore€we€reduce€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€attempted€especially€aggravatedÏñŒ ñœñŒ ñrobberyñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€to€ten€years.€€ÌÌà@22!àò òC.€Consecutive€Sentencesó óˆÐ ð@  Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€protests€the€trial€courtððs€order€that€he€serve€theÏsentence€for€attempted€especially€aggravated€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñrobbery€consecutiveñ† ñlyñ† ññŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€to€the€lifeÏsentence€imposed€by€the€jury.€Consecutive€sentencing€may€be€imposed€in€theÏdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€upon€determination€that€one€or€more€of€the€criteria€listedÏin€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115(b)€exist.€€€€Consecutive€sentencesÏhowever,€should€not€be€routinely€imposed€even€for€the€offender€whose€record€ofÏcriminal€activity€is€extensive.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€CommððnÏComments;€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227,€230€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987);€òòStateÐ ð@ Ðv.€David€L.€Mayesóó,€No.€03C01„9610„CR„00365€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.Ð Ð  Ð9,€1997);€òòState€v.€Roscoe€C.€Smithóó,€No.€01C01„9502„CR„0003,€slip€op.€at€10€(Tenn.Ð °"  ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€12,€1995).€€Moreover,€the€consecutive€sentencing€factorsÏð ðcannot€be€read€in€isolation€from€other€provisions€of€the€Sentencing€Reform€Act€ofÏ1989.ðð€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€937€(Tenn.€1995).Ð P( #& ÐÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔÌà ¸ àThe€trial€court,€in€this€instance,€made€no€findings€pertaining€toÏconsecutive€sentencing€and€did€not€indicate€on€which€of€the€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ±ë#Ôconsecutive€sentencingÐ ð-@), Ðcriteria€Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔhe€relied.€€However,€based€upon€our€òòde€novoóó€review,€we€find€that€thisÐ Ð/ +. Ðdefendant€is€a€dangerous€offender.€€As€defined€in€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ²ì#ÔTennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ °1-0 ÐsectionÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€40„35„115(b)(4),€a€dangerous€offender€is€one€ð ðwhose€behavior€indicatesÐ 3à.2 Ðlittle€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€whenÏthe€risk€to€human€life€is€high.ðð€€€The€defendant,€who€was€armed€with€a€loadedÏsawed„off€shotgun,€ordered€the€victim€out€of€his€car€in€an€attempt€to€steal€theÐ 09€48 Ðvehicleððs€popular€and€expensive€rims.€€When€the€victim€refused€to€comply€andÏthreatened€the€defendant,€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€at€close€range€rather€thanÏabandon€the€attempt.€€Moreover,€he€did€not€stop€with€one€blast€of€the€shotgun.€€HeÏfired€five€times€and€at€least€three€of€those€shots€hit€the€victim.€€The€defendant€hadÏpreviously€participated€in€similar€car„jackings.€€Such€behavior€indicates€a€seriousÏdisregard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€risking€the€loss€of€human€life€inÏexchange€for€a€relatively€small€amount€of€money.€€ÌÌà ¸ àA€court,€however,€may€not€impose€consecutive€sentences€on€theÏweight€of€these€two€findings€alone.€€€In€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€our€supreme€courtÐ à Ðreferred€to€two€additional€requirements€that€must€be€satisfied€before€consecutiveÏsentences€may€be€imposed€on€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€court€must€find€thatÏconsecutive€sentences€(1)€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€conduct€andÏ(2)€are€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct.€€òòWilkersonóó,€905Ð ` ÐÔ#† XÒZXXXÒZºí#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ€at€937„38.€€We€find€that€the€two€òòWilkersonóó€requirements€are€satisfied€in€thisÐ ð@ Ðinstance.ÌÌà ¸ àBarry€Brodey€died€as€result€of€the€defendantððs€determined€attempt€toÏsteal€a€set€of€rims.€€A€consecutive€sentence€is€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€ofÏthe€offense€in€this€case,€and€the€defendant€does€not€contend€otherwise.€€TheÏdefendant€does€contend€that€consecutive€sentences€are€not€necessary€to€protectÏthe€public.€€He€argues€that€he€will€have€to€serve€more€than€fifty€years€on€the€lifeÏsentence€before€he€is€eligible€for€parole,€and€that€a€consecutive€sentence€will€doÏnothing€further€to€protect€society.€€This€crime,€however,€was€committed€on€June€17,Ï1995.€€At€that€time,€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ§ó#ÔTennessee€law€provided€that€Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔthose€serving€€life€sentences€wereÐ °1-0 Ðeligible€for€parole€after€a€minimum€of€twenty„five€calendar€years.€€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZÏö#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.Ð 3à.2 Ððð€Ô‡XÒZXX XÒZÔ40„35„501(h)(1)€(1991).׃2×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Under€the€law€applicable€at€the€time€the€offense€wasÐ p5À04 Ðcommitted,€the€defendant€will€be€eligible€for€parole€for€his€life€sentence€when€he€isÏapproximately€40€years€old.€€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€actions€betray€a€lack€of€respect€for€societyððs€laws,€aÏwarped€sense€of€values,€and€a€hardness€of€heart€that€are€frightening€in€one€soÏyoung.€€His€prospects€for€immediate€rehabilitation€are€not€good.€€Ô#† XÒZXXXÒZ¶÷#ÔThis€young€manÐ `  Ðhas€had€little€opportunity€to€develop€the€kind€of€attitudes€and€skills€that€would€haveÏallowed€a€little€boy€to€become€a€thoughtful,€productive€man.€€Barry€Brodeyððs€life€hasÏbeen€destroyed€and€the€defendantððs€life€wasted.€€All€of€society€is€diminished€by€thisÏloss.€€Nevertheless,€the€public€needs€to€be€protected€from€those€who€cannot€or€willÏnot€abide€by€the€rules€of€civilized€society.€€The€trial€court€did€not€err€in€imposingÏconsecutive€sentences€in€this€case.€€ÌÌà@¿¿'àò òConclusionó 󀀈Ð ` Ðà ¸ àWe€have€reviewed€the€record€before€us€and€have€found€no€errorÏwarranting€the€reversal€of€the€defendantððs€convictions.€€For€the€reasons€discussedÏabove,€we€modify€his€sentence€for€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€to€tenÏyears.€€This€sentence€will€be€served€consecutively€to€his€life€sentence.€€ÌÌà ¸ àWe€must€address€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñan€additional€matter€whichñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñwe€discovered€duringñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€ourÏreview€of€the€record.€€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñTheñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€jury€in€this€case€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€felonyÏmurder€but€did€not€return€a€verdict€on€the€first€count€of€the€indictment.€€The€recordÏdoes€not€reflect€that€the€trial€court€dismissed€this€count.€€Ìâ âÐ Ð/ +. Ðà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€convictions€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñand€life€sentence€areñŒ ñ›ñŒ ñ€ñŒ ñœñŒ ñaffirmed.€€HisÏâ âsentence€for€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€reduced€from€twelve€years€to€tenÏyears.€The€defendant€will€serve€the€ten„year€sentence€consecutiveñ‡ ñlyñ‡ ñ€to€the€lifeÏsentence.€€The€second€count€of€Indictment€#€96„00973€in€which€the€defendant€wasÏcharged€with€premeditated€and€deliberate€murder€is€dismissed.ÌÌÓÓà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à________________________________Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT€JR.,€Judge¼à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€Special€Judge