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X[¤Ôóóv.€Ô#† X[¤X» ¼ê•#ÔÔ‡ ¼ê»X X[¤ÔÔ#†¼bz »» ¼êM#ÔÔ‡ ¼ê» »¼bzÔòòÔ_ÔTERRANCEÔ_Ô€HEARDó óóóÔ#† X[¤X» ¼êÝ#ÔÔ‡ îä-îX X[¤ÔÔ#†î™Mîî îä-#ÔÔ‡ îä-îîî™MÔÐ ) y ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òÔ#† X[¤Xî îä-˜#ÔDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ o ¿ Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„02267,€98„02268,€98„02270€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeÐ Y © ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ g  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„02605„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€November€6,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ `  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<ã` AßÐ ä4  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†X54XX X[¤Ú#ÔA€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant,€Ô_ÔTerranceÔ_Ô€Heard,€along€with€fourteen€otherÐ Ü, Ðmembers€of€the€ð ðGangster€Disciplesðð€street€gang,€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€murder€inÐ Å Ðthe€perpetration€of€a€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,€and€especially€aggravatedÐ ®þ ÐÔ_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€after€two€men€were€Ô_ÔkidnappedÔ_Ô€and€beaten€by€the€gang,€leaving€one€victim€dead.€€AÐ —ç ÐShelby€County€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€murder€in€theÐ €Ð Ðperpetration€of€a€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€and€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€and€the€trial€courtÐ i¹ Ðmerged€the€murder€convictions,€imposed€a€life€sentence€with€the€possibility€of€parole€for€the€murderÐ R¢ Ðconviction€and€twenty„five€years€for€each€count€of€especially€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€and€orderedÐ ;‹ Ðall€the€sentences€to€run€consecutively.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals,€contending€the€following:€(1)Ð $t Ðthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€pre„trial€identificationÐ  ] Ðof€the€Defendant€made€by€a€witness€and€by€limiting€cross„examination€of€the€witness€regarding€thisÐ öF Ðidentification;€Ô‡ X[¤XXX54Ô(2)€that€the€assistant€district€attorney€improperly€commented€on€the€state€of€mind€ofÐ ß/ Ðthe€victim€and€a€co„defendant€during€his€opening€statement€to€the€prejudice€of€the€Defendant;€(3)Ð È Ðthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€a€witness€to€testify€as€to€the€victimððs€state€of€mind€just€prior€toÐ ± Ðhis€murderÔ#†X54XX X[¤o #ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€concerning€the€Gangster€Disciples;€(4)€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€theÐ šê ÐDefendantððs€request€for€a€special€jury€instruction€addressing€the€theories€of€duress€and€mereÐ ƒ Ó Ðpresence;€and€(5)€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€toÐ l!¼  Ðfind€the€Defendant€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€We€find€no€reversible€error€and€conclude€thatÐ U"¥! Ðsufficient€evidence€exists€in€the€record€to€support€the€Defendantððs€convictions.€€Accordingly,€weÐ >#Ž" Ðaffirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgments.€€Ð '$w# ÐÌÓ7Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ù%I!% ÐÌòòÓ  ÓRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€cÔ_ÔourtÔ_Ô,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,óó€andÐ Ì'#' ÐòòJohn€Everett€Williams.,€J.óó,€joined.Ð µ($( ÐÌC.€Anne€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ô_ÔTerranceÔ_Ô€Heard.Ð ‡*×%* ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€J.€Ross€Dyer,Ð Y,©', ÐAssistant€Attorney€General;€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€Terry€HarrisÔ#†X54XX X[¤#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô,€AssistantÐ B-’(- ÐѶ`Ñâ âÑ8€54XXdédÈ8ÑÑ€Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔDistrict€Attorney€General;€and€Lorraine€Craig,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,Ð ° ÐState€of€Tennessee.Ð ™é ÐÓ@Óò òOpinionÐ ‚Ò ÐÌI.€€FactsÐ V¦ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óThis€case€arises€from€the€kidnapping€and€murder€of€Marshall€ð ðPokeyðð€Shipp€and€theÐ * z Ðkidnapping€and€beating€of€Ricky€ð ðKubooðð€Aldridge€by€several€members€of€the€Gangster€DisciplesÐ  c Ðstreet€gang€on€September€15,€1997.€€On€February€24,€1998,€the€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€indictedÐ ü L Ðthe€Defendant,€Terrance€ð ðMohawkðð€Heard,€and€fourteen€other€co„defendants,€all€members€of€theÐ å 5  ÐGangster€Disciples,€Ô#†X54XX X[¤ð#Ôfor€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€kidnapping,Ð Î   Ðmurder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,€and€multiple€counts€of€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ÔÐ ·  Ðfor€the€crimes€committed€against€the€victims€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge.€€Ð  ð  ÐòòÌóóà  àThe€Defendant€was€tried€on€August€6,€2001,€in€the€Criminal€Court€of€Shelby€County€for€theÐ r  Ðfollowing€charges:€(1)€premeditated€first€degree€murder€of€Shipp;€(2)€first€degree€murder€of€ShippÐ [«  Ðduring€the€perpetration€of€a€kidnapping;€(3)€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€of€Shipp;€and€(4)Ð D” Ðespecially€aggravated€kidnapping€of€Ricky€Aldridge.€€Following€a€five€day€€trial,€a€Shelby€CountyÐ -} Ðjury€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€each€charge,€and€the€trial€court€merged€the€premeditated€murderÐ f Ðconviction€with€the€felony„murder€conviction,€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€life€imprisonment€withÐ ÿO Ðthe€possibility€of€parole€on€the€first€degree€murder€conviction€and€twenty„five€years€for€each€countÐ è8 Ðof€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€and€ordered€the€sentences€to€run€consecutively.€€The€DefendantÐ Ñ! Ðnow€appeals.Ð º  ÐÌÓ  Óò òA.€€The€Gangster€DisciplesÐ ŒÜ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óRobert€Walker€testified€for€the€State€at€the€Defendantððs€trial€regarding€the€Gangster€DisciplesÐ `° Ðorganization€in€Memphis,€including€the€gangððs€hierarchical€structure,€its€rules,€and€its€punishmentÐ I™ Ðfor€violations€of€the€rules.€€In€1997,€Walker€held€the€position€of€chief€of€security€for€Memphis€in€theÐ 2‚ ÐGangster€Disciples€organization€until€he€was€arrested€on€two€counts€of€aggravated€robbery€in€theÐ k Ðfall€of€that€year.€€Walker€later€pled€guilty€to€two€counts€of€facilitation€of€robbery€and€agreed€toÐ  T Ðcooperate€with€the€State€in€this€case.€€Walker€testified€that€in€1996€he€joined€the€Gangster€DisciplesÐ í = Ðin€Memphis€at€the€age€of€twenty„seven€after€he€moved€from€Detroit,€where€he€had€been€a€memberÐ Ö!&  Ðof€the€Black€Gangster€Disciples€since€the€age€of€thirteen.€€Ð ¿"! ÐÌà  àWalker€explained€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€organization€is€governed€by€a€board€ofÐ ‘$á# Ðdirectors€in€Chicago,€which€appoints€ð ðoverseersðð€in€other€cities.€€He€stated€that€King€Larry€HooverÐ z%Ê $ Ðwas€the€national€leader€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€Walker€testified€that€in€1997,€the€MemphisÐ c&³!% Ðoverseer€was€Tony€ð ðT„Moneyðð€Phillips,€who€had€authority€over€all€Gangster€Disciple€activity€in€theÐ L'œ"& Ðarea.€€He€stated€that€the€overseer€appointed€two€chiefs€of€security€in€Memphis€to€enforce€gang€rules.€Ð 5(…#' ÐWalker€stated€that€he€was€appointed€ð ðgrowth€and€developmentðð€chief€of€security,€while€Johnny€ð ðJayÐ )n$( ÐRockðð€Jefferson€was€appointed€chief€of€security€ð ðenforcer.ðð€€Walker€testified€that€as€ð ðgrowth€andÐ *W%) Ðdevelopmentðð€chief€of€security,€he€was€in€charge€of€determining€whether€a€gang€member€broke€theÐ ð*@&* Ðrules€and€investigating€the€facts€of€rule€infractions,€while€Jefferson,€as€the€ð ðenforcer,ðð€wouldÐ Ù+)'+ Ðadminister€punishments€to€enforce€the€rules.€€Walker€testified€that€each€chief€of€security€had€twoÐ ° Ðassistants.€€Ð ™é ÐÌà  àWalker€explained€that€Memphis€was€divided€into€several€territories,€which€were€eachÐ k» Ðcontrolled€by€a€governor€appointed€by€the€overseer.Ô#†X54XX X[¤•#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€€Walker€stated€that€also€under€the€overseer€wasÐ T¤ Ðan€ð ðauxiliary€governor,ðð€who€acted€as€a€middle„man€between€the€governors€and€the€overseer.€€HeÐ =  Ðfurther€explained€that€under€the€ð ðauxiliary€governorðð€was€a€ð ðfloating€regent,ðð€who€had€authority€inÐ & v Ðany€territory€in€Memphis.Ô#†X54XX X[¤®&#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€€He€stated€that€the€governor€of€the€South€Memphis€region,€where€theseÐ  _ Ðcrimes€occurred,€was€Corey€ð ðTombstoneðð€Mickens.€€Walker€explained€that€each€regional€governorÐ ø H Ðhad€an€assistant€governor€and€a€regent.€€€Walker€stated€that€within€each€Memphis€region,€individualÐ á 1  Ðneighborhoods€had€coordinators€and€chiefs€of€security.€€He€testified€that€the€remaining€GangsterÐ Ê   ÐDisciples€were€ð ðoutstanding€membersðð€with€no€authority.Ð ³  ÐÌà  àWalker€explained€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€had€their€own€rules€and€methods€of€enforcingÐ …Õ  Ðthose€rules.€€He€stated€that€the€punishments€for€violating€Gangster€Disciple€rules€ranged€fromÐ n¾  Ðmonetary€fines€to€death.€€Walker€testified€that€other€forms€of€punishment€included€various€degreesÐ W§  Ðof€beatings,€such€as€€a€mouth€shot,€a€three„minute€beating,€a€six„minute€beating,€or€a€ð ðpumpkin€headÐ @ Ðdeluxe,ðð€depending€upon€the€severity€of€the€violation.€€All€of€these€beating€punishments€involvedÐ )y Ðthe€use€of€fists€only,€no€weapons.€€The€ð ðpumpkin€head€deluxeðð€involved€putting€the€victim€in€a€fullÐ b Ðnelson€and€allowing€other€members€to€beat€his€head€for€six€minutes€until€his€head€was€the€size€ofÐ ûK Ða€pumpkin.€€Walker€explained€that€these€beatings€could€be€ordered€by€the€overseer,€the€chiefs€ofÐ ä4 Ðsecurity,€the€floating€regent,€the€governors,€or€the€neighborhood€coordinators.€€Walker€testified€thatÐ Í Ðthe€punishment€of€death€was€referred€to€as€ð ðeradicationðð€in€Gangster€Disciple€terminology€and€couldÐ ¶ Ðonly€be€ordered€by€the€overseer.€€Walker€stated€that€a€governor€may€ask€the€overseer€for€permissionÐ Ÿï Ðto€kill€a€member€in€his€region,€and€if€he€receives€permission,€the€governor€may€carry€out€theÐ ˆØ Ðð ðeradication.ðð€€He€explained€that€death€punishments€were€reserved€for€more€serious€violations€ofÐ qÁ ÐGangster€Disciple€rules,€such€as€shooting€at€other€Gangster€Disciples,€not€following€orders,Ð Zª Ðdisrespecting€an€authority€figure€within€the€gang,€and€breaking€ð ð19/19,ðð€the€code€of€silence,€byÐ C“ Ðtalking€with€police€or€testifying.Ð ,| ÐÌà  àWalker€further€explained€that€Gangster€Disciples€use€different€methods€of€killing€in€orderÐ þN Ðto€convey€messages€to€other€Gangster€Disciples€and€deter€them€from€violating€gang€rules.€€HeÐ ç 7 Ðtestified€that€some€of€the€symbolic€methods€of€ð ðeradicationðð€included€ð ð[s]even€times€in€the€chest,Ð Ð!   Ðone€time€up€the€butt,€.€.€.€cut€your€penis€off.ðð€€Walker€explained€that€these€symbolic€methods€wereÐ ¹" ! Ðused:€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà8  àJust€to€let€a€person€know,€you€know,€he€did€this€so€if€you€do€it,€this€is€whatððs€goingÐ t%Ä $ Ðto€happen€to€you,€you€know.€€Shoot€him€up€the€butt€and€let€everybody€know,€youÐ ]&­!% Ðknow,€he€was€disobedient€to€this€organization.€€So€he€a€punk€in€this€organization.€Ð F'–"& ÐHe€a€punk€in€his€death.€€You€know,€cut€his€penis€off,€you€know,€he€did€somethingÐ /(#' Ðwrong,€he€told€on€this€organization.€€So€you€tell€on€this€organization,€this€whatððsÐ )h$( Ðgoing€to€happen€to€you.Ð*Q%)Ð Ð  ÐÌWalker€explained€that€death€sentences€were€carried€out€in€remote€locations€and€that€any€GangsterÐ Ó+#'+ ÐDisciple,€regardless€of€rank,€may€take€part€in€the€death€sentence.€€He€stated€that€outstandingÐ ° Ðmembers€would€often€want€to€participate€in€ð ðeradicationsðð€in€order€to€impress€higher€rankingÐ ™é ÐGangster€Disciples€and€advance€in€rank€themselves.€€Walker€also€explained€that€an€ð ðOG,ðð€orÐ ‚Ò Ðð ðOriginal€Gangster,ðð€was€a€Gangster€DiscipleÔ#†X54XX X[¤K(#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€member€who€had€ð ðbeen€in€it€is€so€long€he€knowÐ k» Ðeverything€about€it€just€byð!ðso€it€ainððt€no€way€for€him€to€get€out.ðð€€He€stated€that€the€only€way€forÐ T¤ Ðan€ð ðOriginal€Gangsterðð€to€get€out€of€the€Gangster€Disciple€organization€was€by€death.ò òÐ =  ÐÌÓ  ÓB.€€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridgeððs€Violations€of€the€Gangster€Disciple€RulesÐ  ` ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óVeronica€Johnson,€a€Gangster€Disciple€member€in€1997,€testified€that€Shipp€was€an€ð ðOriginalÐ ä 4  ÐGangsterðð€member€of€the€Gangster€Disciples€because,€at€thirty„one€years€old,€he€was€older€than€mostÐ Í   ÐGangster€Disciples.€€She€explained€that€ð ðitððs€an€older€crowd€and€itððs€a€younger€crowd.€.€.€.€The€olderÐ ¶  Ðcrowd€[is]€level€headed,€theyððre€level€heads.€€The€younger€crowd€is€about€robbing,€stealing,€killing,Ð Ÿï  Ðand€beating€people.ðð€€Johnson€testified€that€Shipp,€as€an€ð ðOGðð€Gangster€Disciple,€attempted€to€teachÐ ˆØ  Ðthe€younger€Gangster€Disciples€and€ð ðtried€to€tell€them€right€from€wrong.ððÔ#†X54XX X[¤98#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€€ò òó óSharon€Grafton,€aÐ qÁ  Ðchildhood€friend€of€Shipp,€testified€that€she€got€reacquainted€with€Shipp€in€March€of€1997€becauseÐ Zª  Ðshe€began€dating€Shippððs€best€friend,€Patrick€Owens.€€Grafton€testified€that€she€had€a€ð ðsocialÐ C“ Ðconversationðð€with€Shipp€about€a€month€prior€to€his€murder,€and€the€Defendantððs€counselÐ ,| Ðimmediately€asked€for€a€bench€conference€and€objected€to€this€testimony€as€hearsay.€€During€theÐ e Ðbench€conference,€the€State€argued€that€Graftonððs€testimony€ð ðclearly€[went]€to€[Shippððs]€state€ofÐ þN Ðmind,ðð€and€defense€counsel€countered€by€arguing€that€there€was€not€ð ða€close€enough€nexusðð€betweenÐ ç7 Ðthe€statement€and€the€incidents€leading€up€to€the€murder.€€The€trial€court€allowed€the€testimony,Ð Ð  Ðexplaining:Ð ¹  ÐÌà8  àI€think€given€the€sort€of€regularity€of€these€incidents,€this€statement€made€on€one€day,Ð ‹Û Ðtwo€weeks€later€one€incident,€a€week€after€that€a€second€incident,€a€week€after€heððsÐ tÄ Ðkilled.€€That€is€all,€I€think,€very€consistent€with€his€state€of€mind€and€sort€ofÐ ]­ Ðunderscores€his€overall€frame€of€mind€.€.€.€.ðð€€ÐF–Ð Ð  ÐÌFollowing€this€ruling,€Grafton€testified€that€Shipp€told€her€that€ð ðhe€was€tired€of€the€lifestyle€and€theÐ h Ðenvironment€that€he€was€inðð€and€that€ð ð[h]e€€wanted€to€get€outðð€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.Ð  Q ÐÌà  àJohnson€testifiedÔ#†X54XX X[¤ÿ<#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€about€an€altercation€between€the€Gangster€Disciples€and€ShippÔ#†X54XX X[¤C#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€thatÐ Ó!#  Ðoccurred€at€the€L€&€B€Lounge€during€her€birthday€party€on€August€29,€1997,€which€was€attendedÐ ¼" ! Ðby€some€Gangster€Disciples,€including€Shipp€and€his€girlfriend,€Cheryl€Patrick.€€Patrick,€a€GangsterÐ ¥#õ" ÐDisciple,€was€also€Johnsonððs€roommate€and€close€friend.€€In€addition€to€Gangster€Disciples,€JohnsonÐ Ž$Þ# Ðstated€that€Devin€Haywood,€a€mentally€handicapped€man€whom€ð ðneighborhood€people€looked€afterÐ w%Ç $ Ðall€the€time,ðð€also€attended€her€birthday€party.€Ô#†X54XX X[¤ D#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ÔÐ `&°!% ÐÌà  àJohnson€testified€thatÔ#†X54XX X[¤wF#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€at€some€point€during€the€evening,€she€saw€Haywood€on€his€knees€inÐ 2(‚#' Ðthe€middle€of€Third€Street€being€held€at€gunpoint€by€nine€or€ten€Gangster€Disciple€members.€€SheÐ )k$( Ðstated€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€started€to€beat€Haywood€with€their€guns.€€She€reported€that€theÐ *T%) ÐDefendant€associated€with€several€of€the€Gangster€Disciples€involved€in€the€beating,€though€theÐ í*=&* ÐDefendant€was€not€present€at€this€incident.€€Johnson€testified€that€once€Shipp€saw€Haywood€gettingÐ Ö+&'+ Ðseverely€beaten,€Shipp€ran€out€to€the€group€of€Gangster€Disciples€and€attempted€to€push€them€offÐ ° ÐHaywood.€€Johnson€stated€that€Christopher€Smith,€assistant€governor€of€the€Gangster€Disciples€ofÐ ™é ÐSouth€Memphis,€ð ðtold€[Shipp]€that€he€was€interfering€in€GD€business.ðð€€Johnson€testified€that€ShippÐ ‚Ò Ðð ðkept€telling€them€to€get€off€[Haywood]€and€pushing€them€off€of€him.ðð€€She€stated€that€in€responseÐ k» Ðto€Shippððs€actions,€Smith€ð ðtold€[Shipp]€he€just€signed€his€death€certificate.ðð€€Johnson€testified€thatÐ T¤ Ðonce€the€group€of€Gangster€Disciples€surrounding€Haywood€dispersed,€she€knelt€down€besideÐ =  ÐHaywood€and€held€his€hand€as€they€waited€for€the€ambulance.€€Johnson€explained,€ð ð[Haywoodððs]Ð & v Ðface€was€real€swollen.€€His€eye€was€like,€you€know,€huge€like€it€was€going€to€burst€or€something.ðð€ò òÐ  _ Ðó óJohnson€testified€that€she€quit€the€Gangster€Disciples,€or€ð ðdropped€her€flag,ðð€in€September€of€1997.Ð ø H ÐÌà  àCheryl€Patrick€testified€that€she€was€living€with€her€friend€Veronica€Johnson€and€datingÐ Ê   ÐShipp€in€1997.€€Patrick€stated€that€on€September€11,€1997,€she€and€a€friend€walked€to€meet€ShippÐ ³  Ðat€the€L€&€B€Lounge.€€She€reported€that€once€they€arrived€at€the€lounge,€she€saw€Shipp€and€CarlosÐ œì  ÐBean,€another€Gangster€Disciple,€arguing€in€front€of€the€lounge.€€Patrick€testified€that€ð ð[Bean]€wasÐ …Õ  Ðtelling€[Shipp]€he€wasnððt€GD€no€more€and€he€had€some€guys€that€wanted€to€do€him.€.€.€.ðð€€She€statedÐ n¾  Ðthat€Shipp€replied,€ð ðJust€go€on,ðð€and€then€he€crossed€the€street.€€Patrick€testified€that€Bean€followedÐ W§  ÐShipp€across€the€street,€and€ð ð[Bean]€was€just€cussing,€calling€out€his€name,€telling€[Shipp]€that€heÐ @ Ðwasnððt€GD€.€.€.€and€[saying,]€ððI€got€some€nigger€that€want€to€do€you€anyway.ðððð€Patrick€reported€thatÐ )y ÐShipp€did€not€respond€to€Bean€except€to€tell€him,€ð ðGo€on€Carlos.€€I€donððt€want€to€hear€that.ðð€€SheÐ b Ðstated€that€Bean€then€shoved€Shipp,€and€Shipp€responded€by€grabbing€Bean€and€pushing€him€away,Ð ûK Ðtelling€him€to€ð ðgo€on.ðð€€Thereafter,€Patrick€testified€that€the€altercation€escalated€and€Bean€andÐ ä4 Ðseveral€others€holding€pool€sticks€surrounded€Shipp.€€She€stated€that€the€Defendant€was€not€presentÐ Í Ðduring€this€altercation.€€Patrick€testified€that€Shippððs€sister€then€pulled€up€in€her€car€with€ShippððsÐ ¶ Ðcousin€Ricky€Aldridge€and€another€cousin,€Marcus€ð ðScuttðð€Aldridge.€€She€reported€that€RickyÐ Ÿï ÐAldridge€got€out€of€the€car€and€began€shooting€into€the€air,€which€immediately€dispersed€the€crowd.ò òÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àó óRicky€Aldridge,€Shippððs€cousin,€testified€that€he€joined€the€Gangster€Disciples€while€at€theÐ [« ÐShelby€County€Correctional€Center€in€1996€and€continued€his€affiliation€with€the€gang€when€he€wasÐ D” Ðreleased€in€March€of€1997.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€in€1997,€Shipp€was€not€interacting€with€theÐ -} Ðyounger€members€of€the€Gangster€Disciples€and€did€not€attend€gang€meetings.€€He€testified€that€onÐ f ÐSeptember€11,€1997,€he€was€at€his€cousinððs€house€a€block€away€from€the€L€&€B€Lounge€whenÐ ÿO ÐShippððs€sister€came€by€the€house€and€told€him€that€ð ð[Shipp]€was€into€it€with€some€guys€up€on€theÐ è 8 Ðhill.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€reported€that€he€got€in€the€car€with€Shippððs€sister€and€his€cousin€MarcusÐ Ñ!!  ÐAldridge€€and€drove€up€the€hill€to€see€what€was€going€on€at€the€lounge.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated,€ð ðweÐ º" ! Ðmade€it€up€there€and€we€seen€some€guys€have€[Shipp]€surrounded.€€So€I€jumped€out€of€the€car€andÐ £#ó" Ðshot€up€in€the€air€two€times€and€broke€the€crowd€up€and€everybody€just€scattered.ðð€€He€testified€thatÐ Œ$Ü# Ðafter€the€crowd€dispersed,€he€got€back€into€the€car€and€they€drove€away€from€the€lounge.€€RickyÐ u%Å $ ÐAldridge€stated€that€Shipp€ran€away€from€the€scene€after€the€shots€were€fired.ò òÐ ^&®!% ÐÌÓ  ÓC.€€Gangster€Disciplesðð€Punishment€of€Shipp€and€Ricky€AldridgeÐ 1(#' ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óFollowing€the€two€incidents€at€the€L€&€B€Lounge€involving€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge,Ð *U%) ÐWalker€testified€that€various€Gangster€Disciple€leaders€discussed€what€should€be€done€with€ShippÐ î*>&* Ðand€Ricky€Aldridge€regarding€these€violations€of€gang€rules.€€Walker€testified€that€following€theÐ ×+''+ Ðincident€at€the€L€&€B€Lounge€on€August€29,€1997,€Mickens,€governor€of€South€Memphis,€visitedÐ ° ÐPhillips,€the€overseer,€at€his€residence€to€discuss€Shipp.€€Walker€stated€that€as€chief€of€security,€heÐ ™é Ðwas€present€during€this€meeting€and€heard€Mickens€tell€Phillips€that€ð ðhe€got€a€brother€beingÐ ‚Ò Ðrebellious,€you€know,€and€he€asked€[Phillips]€what€to€do.€€[Phillips]€told€him€to€deal€with€it.ðð€Ð k» ÐWalker€stated€that€Mickens€returned€to€Phillipsððs€residence€after€the€September€11,€1997€incidentÐ T¤ Ðin€front€of€the€L€&€B€Lounge.€€Walker€testified€that€Mickens€again€expressed€concern€over€ShippÐ =  Ðbeing€a€ð ðrebellious€brother.ðð€€Walker€reported€that€Phillips€ð ðasked€[Mickens]€why€[Shipp]€€was€stillÐ & v Ðhere,€you€know.€€He€already€told€him€to€deal€with€it.€€So,€you€know,€[Mickens]€can€do€whatever€heÐ  _ Ðsees€fit€to€do€with€it.ðð€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àWalker€stated€that€Mickens€returned€to€Phillipsððs€residence€a€third€time€on€September€15,Ð Ê   Ð1997,€the€date€Shipp€suffered€the€beating€which€led€to€his€death.€€Walker€testified€that€at€thisÐ ³  Ðmeeting,€Phillips€was€upset€with€Mickens€because€Mickens€had€failed€to€take€care€of€the€ð ðrebelliousÐ œì  Ðbrotherðð€Shipp.€€Walker€stated€that€Phillips€ð ðasked€[Mickens]€why€[Shipp€was]€still€living.€[Phillips]Ð …Õ  Ðalready€gave€[Mickens]€the€authority€to€do€whatever€he€wanted€to€do.€€If€this€brother€beingÐ n¾  Ðrebellious,€why€is€he€still€around?ðð€€Walker€testified€that€Phillips€received€a€phone€call€during€thisÐ W§  Ðmeeting€with€Mickens€from€a€Gangster€Disciple€in€South€Memphis.€€Walker€stated€that€he€heardÐ @ ÐPhillips€say€ð ðgo€ahead€and€kill€him€but€hold€up.ðð€€Walker€reported€that€Phillips€looked€at€Mickens,Ð )y Ðand€then€Mickens€got€up€and€left€to€go€to€South€Memphis,€where€the€killing€was€to€take€place.€Ð b ÐWalker€explained,€ð ðIf€[the€execution€is]€carried€out,€you€know,€[Mickens]€got€to€be€there.€€He€canÐ ûK Ðeither€stop€it€or€he€can€let€it€be€carried€out.€€You€know,€thatððs€his€land.€€He€just€got€to€approve€it€toÐ ä4 Ðdo€what€he€wanted€to€do.ðð€€Also€at€this€third€meeting,€Walker€testified€that€Mickens€and€PhillipsÐ Í Ðdiscussed€whether€to€kill€Shippððs€cousins,€Ricky€Aldridge€and€Marcus€Aldridge.€€Walker€explainedÐ ¶ Ðthat€they€had€planned€on€killing€Shippððs€cousins,€but€Mickens€refused€to€approve€the€killingsÐ Ÿï Ðbecause€he€believed€that€they€would€not€say€anything€to€police.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€after€the€incident€on€August€29,€1997,€the€Gangster€DisciplesÐ Zª Ðof€South€Memphis€held€a€meeting€at€Mickensððs€residence€to€discuss€Shipp€because€he€hadÐ C“ Ðð ðdisrespect[ed]€the€assistant€governor.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€Mickens€asked€him€if€knewÐ ,| Ðabout€this€particular€incident,€and€he€replied€that€he€did€not€know€anything€about€it.€€Ricky€AldridgeÐ e Ðtestified€that€Mickens€said€ð ðhe€was€going€to€have€to€get€a€hold€of€[Shipp]€and€see€what€was€goingÐ þN Ðon.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€further€testified€that€on€September€15,€1997,€he€walked€to€Mickensððs€apartmentÐ ç 7 Ðbecause€Mickens€wanted€to€talk€with€him.€€He€stated€that€he€met€with€Mickens,€Matrin€Becton,Ð Ð!   ÐCarlos€Bean,€and€another€Gangster€Disciple€in€the€parking€lot€of€the€apartment€complex.€€RickyÐ ¹" ! ÐAldridge€testified€that€Mickens€said,€ð ðI€got€a€incident€report€on€you€from€Third€and€Parkway€thatÐ ¢#ò" Ðyou€were€shooting€at€another€gangster.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€denied€the€incident€and€told€him€that€heÐ ‹$Û# Ðdid€not€do€it.€€He€testified€that€Becton€then€told€him€that€if€he€was€found€guilty€of€these€charges,€heÐ t%Ä $ Ðcould€ð ðbe€put€in€violation.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€Mickens€told€him€that€they€would€ð ðget€backÐ ]&­!% Ðwith€me€later€on.€€They€[were]€fixing€to€go€catch€up€with€[Shipp].ðð€€He€testified€that€after€talkingÐ F'–"& Ðwith€Mickens€and€the€others,€he€ð ðknew€it€could€be€some€trouble€so€I€called€over€[to]€my€cousinððsÐ /(#' Ðhouse€trying€to€catch€up€with€[Shipp].€€I€couldnððt€catch€up€with€him.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€thatÐ )h$( Ðhe€then€went€to€a€friendððs€front€porch€and€drank€a€beer€as€he€waited.Ð *Q%) ÐÌà  àÔ#†X54XX X[¤ñF#ÔPatrick€testified€that€on€September€15,€1997,€Shipp€drove€his€car€to€the€L€&€B€Lounge€withÐ Ó+#'+ ÐPatrick€and€two€of€her€friends,€Samantha€and€ð ðWolf,ðð€€as€passengers.€€Patrick€stated€that€when€ShippÐ ° Ðparked€his€car€near€the€lounge,€ð ð[t]wo€people€was€running€to€[Shippððs]€car€telling€him€that€someÐ ™é Ðniggers€wanted€to€talk€to€him.ðð€€She€testified€that€when€Shipp€asked€them€where€these€individualsÐ ‚Ò Ðwere€located,€they€pointed€across€the€street€to€a€group€of€about€fifteen€people.€€Patrick€stated€thatÐ k» Ðas€Shipp€walked€across€the€street€to€the€group€of€people,€Matrin€Becton,€the€regent€for€the€SouthÐ T¤ ÐMemphis€Gangster€Disciples,€told€Shipp,€ð ðWe€need€to€holler€at€you€for€a€minute€about€a€small€littleÐ =  Ðincident€that€happened.ðð€€Johnson€stated€that€Shipp€responded,€ð ðLike€you€need€to€holler€at€me€aboutÐ & v Ðwhat?€€About€what?ðð€€She€reported€that€Becton€replied,€ð ðWe€canððt€talk€right€here.€€We€need€to€goÐ  _ Ðsomewhere€else€and€talk.ðð€€Patrick€stated€that€when€Shipp€objected€and€asked€why€they€could€notÐ ø H Ðtalk€right€there,€another€Gangster€Disciple,€Choncey€Jones,€stepped€in€and€said,€ð ðWell,€this€is€whatÐ á 1  Ðweððre€going€to€do.€€Youððre€going€to€ride€in€this€car€right€here,ðð€pointing€to€Jonesððs€1998€burnt€orangeÐ Ê   ÐOldsmobile.€€Patrick€testified€that€Shipp€responded,€ð ðIððm€not€fixing€to€ride€in€that€car€with€you.€€IððveÐ ³  Ðgot€my€own€car.€€No,€Iððm€not€fixing€to€ride.€€You€know,€they€was€cussing€and€there€was€a€lot€ofÐ œì  Ðcommotion.ðð€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àShe€stated€that€Becton€told€Shipp€to€pick€two€people€to€ride€with€him€in€his€car,€and€ShippÐ W§  Ðpicked€Becton€and€Matthew€Dixon,€another€Gangster€Disciple.€€Patrick€stated€that€Jones€told€DixonÐ @ Ðto€ride€with€him,€so€Becton€and€another€Gangster€Disciple€walked€with€Shipp,€Patrick,€and€PatrickððsÐ )y Ðfriend€over€to€Shippððs€car.€€Patrick€testified€that€she€saw€that€Becton€had€a€black€automatic€handgunÐ b Ðtucked€into€the€back€of€the€waistband€of€his€pants.€€She€stated€that€they€all€got€into€Shippððs€car,€withÐ ûK ÐShipp€in€the€driverððs€seat,€Patrick€in€the€front€passenger€seat,€Becton€behind€the€passenger€seat,Ð ä4 ÐPatrickððs€friend€Samantha€in€the€middle,€and€the€other€Gangster€Disciple€behind€Shipp.€€PatrickÐ Í Ðtestified€that€once€they€got€into€the€car,€Becton€reached€in€the€back€of€his€pants€and€put€his€gun€inÐ ¶ Ðhis€lap.€€Patrick€reported€that€as€Shipp€drove€away€from€the€L€&€B€Lounge,€he€appeared€to€be€scared.€Ð Ÿï ÐPatrick€stated€that€Shipp€drove€to€her€home,€and€she€and€Samantha€got€out€of€the€car.€€Thereafter,Ð ˆØ ÐPatrick€testified€that€Becton€got€into€the€front€seat€next€to€Shipp€and€then€Shipp€drove€off.€€SheÐ qÁ Ðstated€that€Jonesððs€orange€Oldsmobile€was€following€Shippððs€car.€€Patrick€testified€that€she€wasÐ Zª Ðconcerned€about€Shipp€ð ð[b]ecause€I€didnððt€feel€right.€€Then€I€had€seen€that€gun.€€Then€Iððm€like,€allÐ C“ Ðof€these€guys,€I€just€didnððt€feel€right.€€I€had€a€funny€feeling.ðð€€She€stated€that€because€of€her€fears,Ð ,| Ðshe€woke€up€Patrick€Owens,€Graftonððs€boyfriend€and€Shippððs€best€friend,€who€was€sleeping€at€herÐ e Ðresidence€when€Shipp€dropped€them€off.€€Patrick€testified€that€Owens€and€Grafton€left€in€GraftonððsÐ þN Ðcar€to€go€look€for€Shipp.Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€he€waited€on€his€friendððs€porch€ð ð[f]or€some€hoursðð€until€fourÐ ¹" ! ÐGangster€Disciples€approached€him€in€the€early€evening€and€told€him€that€Mickens€ð ðneeded€to€hollerÐ ¢#ò" Ðat€me.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€at€least€one€of€the€Gangster€Disciples€who€approached€him€wasÐ ‹$Û# Ðcarrying€a€gun€under€his€shirt.€€He€reported€that€he€and€his€older€brother,€Timothy€ð ðPillðð€Aldridge,Ð t%Ä $ Ðleft€with€the€four€men€to€go€to€Mickensððs€apartment.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€once€they€arrivedÐ ]&­!% Ðat€Mickensððs€apartment,€he€saw€about€twenty€South€Memphis€Gangster€Disciples€sitting€around€andÐ F'–"& Ðtalking€in€the€living€room,€including€Shipp,€his€cousin.€€He€reported€that€several€of€the€GangsterÐ /(#' ÐDisciples€were€carrying€weapons€such€as€automatic€handguns€and€pistols.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testifiedÐ )h$( Ðthat€he€walked€into€the€room€and€ð ðsat€down€in€the€corner€on€a€bucket.ðð€€He€testified€that€Shipp€wasÐ *Q%) Ðwearing€a€yellow€shirt,€a€herringbone€necklace,€and€a€ring.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€he€saw€theÐ ê*:&* ÐDefendant€at€this€Gangster€Disciple€meeting,€though€he€did€not€know€the€Defendant€personally€thatÐ Ó+#'+ Ðnight.€€He€testified€that€once€he€entered€the€room€and€sat€down,€the€conversation€changed:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àWell,€somebody€said,€ððLetððs€get€down€to€the€business,€folks,ðð€and€then€jumpedÐ ‚Ò Ðonð!ðthe€conversation€jumped€to€.€.€.€talking€about€what€kind€of€violation€we€shouldÐ k» Ðget.€€Some€said€everybody€in€the€room€voice€their€opinions€and€say€somethingÐ T¤ Ðwhether€it€was€a€three„minute€violation€or€a€six„minute€violation.€€They€was€talkingÐ =  Ðabout€what€kind€of€violation€they€think€we€should€get.€€And€some€said€three„minuteÐ & v Ðand€some€said€six„minutes.Ð _Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€everyone€in€the€room,€including€the€Defendant,€stated€theirÐ á 1  Ðopinions€as€to€what€his€and€Shippððs€punishment€should€be.€€He€stated€that€after€these€opinions€wereÐ Ê   Ðgiven,€Mickens,€Smith,€and€Becton€started€to€discuss€what€should€be€done€with€him€and€Shipp.€Ð ³  ÐRicky€Aldridge€reported€that€Mickens€ð ðsaid€he€knew€me,€he€knew€[Shipp],€he€wasnððt€going€to€showÐ œì  Ðno€favoritism.€€Since€it€happened€on€[Smith€and€Bectonððs]€land,€he€going€to€let€them€handle€it.ðð€Ð …Õ  ÐFollowing€this€conversation,€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€one€of€them€said,€ð ðThatððs€the€business,€folksÐ n¾  Ð.€.€.€Letððs€roll,ðð€and€then€everybody€in€the€room€left€Mickensððs€apartment.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€thatÐ W§  Ðhe€and€Shipp€had€to€go€with€the€other€Gangster€Disciples.€€He€explained,€ð ðI€[didnððt]€want€toð!ðI€wasÐ @ Ðin€fear€for€my€life.€€I€didnððt€want€to€jeopardize€my€family.€€I€didnððt€want€to€bring€no€heat€to€[their]Ð )y Ðhouse.€€Thatððs€why€I€went.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€had€determinedÐ b Ðthat€he€was€in€violation€of€gang€rules€and€should€be€punished.€€He€stated€that€all€the€GangsterÐ ûK ÐDisciples€left€Mickensððs€apartment€except€Mickens€and€a€few€others.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€thatÐ ä4 Ðhe€got€into€the€back€of€the€orange€Oldsmobile€with€Jones,€Dixon,€and€another€Gangster€Disciple.€Ð Í ÐRicky€Aldridge€stated€that€Shipp€returned€to€his€car€along€with€Timothy€Aldridge€and€some€otherÐ ¶ ÐGangster€Disciples,€while€other€Gangster€Disciples€got€into€a€black€Ford€F„150€pickup€truck.€€HeÐ Ÿï Ðtestified€that€the€black€pickup€led€the€caravan,€followed€by€Shippððs€car€and€Jonesððs€car.€€TimothyÐ ˆØ ÐAldridge€testified€that€he€drove€Shippððs€car€after€another€Gangster€Disciple€ordered€him€to.€€TimothyÐ qÁ ÐAldridge€stated€that€the€Defendant€drove€the€black€pickup€while€other€Gangster€Disciples€rode€inÐ Zª Ðthe€cab€and€in€the€back€of€it.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€explained€that€while€he€and€Shipp€were€in€their€respective€cars,€they€wereÐ e Ðunder€ð ðGangster€Disciple€arrestðð€and€were€not€allowed€to€leave€the€cars.€€He€stated€that€the€caravanÐ þN Ðpulled€into€an€Amoco€Station€and€everybody€but€Ricky€Aldridge€and€Shipp€exited€the€vehicles.€Ð ç 7 ÐTimothy€Aldridge€testified€that€Antonio€ð ðT„Murderðð€Sykes,€a€Gangster€Disciple,€ð ðcame€to€the€backÐ Ð!   Ðdoor€where€my€cousin€[Shipp]€was€sitting€in€the€back€seat€and€told€him,€ððTake€off€your€jewelry,ðð€.Ð ¹" ! Ð.€.€.€My€cousin€[Shipp]€took€off€his€jewelry€and€handed€it€to€him.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€thatÐ ¢#ò" ÐSykes€approached€the€Oldsmobile€he€was€riding€in€and€ð ðsaid€he€needed€everything€out€of€myÐ ‹$Û# Ðpockets.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€emptied€his€pockets€of€some€money€and€handed€it€to€Sykes,€who€placedÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€money€into€his€pocket.€€Ricky€Aldridge€noticed€that€Sykes€was€wearing€Shippððs€herringboneÐ ]&­!% Ðnecklace€and€ring.€€Both€Ricky€Aldridge€and€Timothy€Aldridge€testified€that€the€caravan€of€GangsterÐ F'–"& ÐDisciples€left€the€Amoco€station€and€went€to€DeSoto€Park€in€Memphis,€with€the€black€pickup€drivenÐ /(#' Ðby€the€Defendant€leading€the€way.Ð )h$( ÐÌà  àOfficer€D.H.€Rowe,€a€crime€scene€investigator€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€testifiedÐ ê*:&* Ðthat€he€was€assigned€to€investigate€Shippððs€murder.€€Officer€Rowe€stated€that€he€inspected€the€crimeÐ Ó+#'+ Ðscene€at€DeSoto€Park€on€September€16,€1997,€the€day€after€the€murder.€€He€described€the€crimeÐ ° Ðscene€as€an€ð ðIndianðð€mound€overlooking€the€Mississippi€River,€and€the€State€introduced€severalÐ ™é Ðaerial€photographs€of€the€crime€scene.€€He€explained,€ð ðItððs€a€very€secluded€location.€€The€actualÐ ‚Ò Ðscene€when€you€drive€up€is€just€a€high€mound€from€the€street.ðð€€Officer€Rowe€testified€that€theÐ k» Ðð ðIndianðð€mound€had€a€large€hollowed„out€depression€in€the€middle€of€it€which€gradually€droppedÐ T¤ Ðeight€to€ten€feet€from€the€outer€rim€of€the€mound€and€contained€a€tree€in€the€middle€of€thisÐ =  Ðdepression.€€Officer€Rowe€stated€that€the€inside€of€the€mound€could€not€be€seen€from€the€street€levelÐ & v Ðbecause€the€outer€rim€of€the€mound€concealed€it.€€He€also€stated€that€he€could€not€hear€what€peopleÐ  _ Ðwere€saying€on€the€inside€of€the€mound€when€he€was€standing€at€the€street€level.Ð ø H ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€the€three€Gangster€Disciple€vehicles€parked€on€the€opposite€sideÐ Ê   Ðof€the€street€from€DeSoto€Park.€€€He€stated€that€it€was€dark€when€they€arrived,€with€ð ðno€light€but€aÐ ³  Ðstreet€light€.€.€.€wasnððt€nothing€but€the€reflection€of€the€moon€shining.ðð€€Once€the€vehicles€parked,Ð œì  ÐRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€everybody€got€out€and€walked€across€the€street€to€the€park.€€TimothyÐ …Õ  ÐAldridge€testified€that€once€the€group€reached€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound,€ð ð[w]e€was€lining€up€around€theÐ n¾  Ðhill,€the€top€of€the€hill€and€.€.€.€one€guy€had€my€cousin€[Shipp]€by€the€back€of€his€pants€and€one€guyÐ W§  Ðhad€my€little€brother€[Ricky€Aldridge]€by€the€back€of€his€pants.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€DixonÐ @ Ðgrabbed€the€back€of€his€pants€and€walked€him€up€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound€and€then€down€into€the€centerÐ )y Ðof€the€mound.€€He€stated€that€another€Gangster€Disciple€was€holding€Shipp€in€a€similar€fashion€asÐ b Ðhe€walked€Shipp€into€the€center€of€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€he€stood€rightÐ ûK Ðnext€to€Shipp€once€they€were€in€the€center€of€the€mound,€and€the€rest€of€the€Gangster€Disciples,Ð ä4 Ðapproximately€fifteen,€surrounded€them.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€the€Defendant€was€one€of€theÐ Í ÐGangster€Disciples€who€surrounded€them.€€He€testified€that€Jones€came€down€into€the€moundÐ ¶ Ðholding€some€iron€crowbars,€baseball€bats,€and€some€other€items.€€At€that€point,€Ricky€AldridgeÐ Ÿï Ðstated€that€Shipp€asked€Becton,€ð ðððCan€I€holler€at€you,€man?ðð€€And€[Becton]€said,€ððAinððt€nothing€elseÐ ˆØ Ðto€talk€about.€€Iððm€fixing€to€take€your€G,ðððð€which€meant€that€he€was€going€to€end€ShippððsÐ qÁ Ðmembership€in€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€when€he€saw€Jones€carryingÐ Zª Ðall€those€weapons€down€into€the€mound,€ð ðI€seen€my€life.€€I€thought€I€was€fixing€to€die.€€I€thought€weÐ C“ Ðwas€going€to€die.ðð€€Ð ,| ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€stated€that€they€then€told€him€to€come€out€of€the€center€of€the€mound.€€HeÐ þN Ðstated€that€once€he€reached€the€rim€of€the€mound,€ð ðthen€they€started€serving€[Shipp]€violation€andÐ ç 7 Ðhe€started€fighting€back.€€And€thatððs€when€that€big€dude€right€there€[the€Defendant]€grabbed€himÐ Ð!   Ðfrom€behind.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€when€Shipp€started€to€fight€back,€the€Defendant€grabbedÐ ¹" ! ÐShipp€and€held€him€as€the€other€Gangster€Disciples€beat€him.€€He€testified€that€ð ð[w]hen€[theÐ ¢#ò" ÐDefendant]€grabbed€[Shipp]€somebody€hit€him€with€something€and€thatððs€when€he€went€down.€€AndÐ ‹$Û# Ðthey€was€just€beating€him,€beating€him€with€them€irons€and€bats€and€stuff.€€Just€beating€him.ðð€€RickyÐ t%Ä $ ÐAldridge€stated€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€who€were€beating€Shipp€ð ðact[ed]€like€they€was€enthusedÐ ]&­!% Ðabout€it.€.€.€.€They€was€laughing.ðð€€Timothy€Aldridge€stated€that€he€did€not€want€to€beat€either€ShippÐ F'–"& Ðor€his€little€brother,€so€he€pretended€like€he€was€hitting€Shipp€after€being€pressured€by€Smith.€Ð /(#' ÐTimothy€Aldridge€testified€that€he€saw€the€Defendant€beating€Shipp€and€that€the€Defendant€hadÐ )h$( Ðð ðsomethingðð€in€his€hand€as€he€beat€Shipp.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€it€was€hard€to€look€at€ShippÐ *Q%) Ðbeing€beaten,€so€he€would€look€for€a€minute€and€then€put€his€head€back€down.€€He€testified€that€afterÐ ê*:&* Ða€few€minutes€of€beating€Shipp,€the€Gangster€Disciples€told€Ricky€Aldridge€to€ð ðcome€in€the€circle.ðð€Ð Ó+#'+ ÐOnce€he€got€into€the€circle,€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€ð ð[t]hey€started€serving€my€violation.ðð€€HeÐ ° Ðstated€that€six€Gangster€Disciples€beat€him€with€fists€only,€no€weapons.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€thatÐ ™é Ðwhile€he€was€getting€beaten€with€fists,€other€Gangster€Disciples€continued€to€beat€Shipp€with€tireÐ ‚Ò Ðirons€and€bats.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€his€fists„only€beating€lasted€six€minutes€and€then€stopped.€Ð k» ÐAfter€the€beating€ended,€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€he€saw€Shipp€laying€under€the€tree€in€theÐ T¤ Ðmiddle€of€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound,€and€he€thought€Shipp€was€dead.€€He€stated€that€Sykes€then€went€upÐ =  Ðto€Shipp,€ð ðripped€his€clothes€off€of€him,€took€his€shoes€off€his€feet,€and€then€shot€him.ðð€€HeÐ & v Ðexplained€that€he€did€not€actually€witness€Sykes€shoot€Shipp,€but€he€heard€the€shot€once€he€climbedÐ  _ Ðdown€the€mound.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€Timothy€Aldridge€helped€him€walk€out€of€the€moundÐ ø H Ðtowards€Shippððs€car.€€Timothy€Aldridge€testified€that€he€drove€Shippððs€car€away€from€the€crimeÐ á 1  Ðscene€with€Ricky€Aldridge€in€the€passenger€seat€and€another€Gangster€Disciple,€Joe€Brown,€in€theÐ Ê   Ðback.€Ð ³  ÐÌà  àRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€after€the€beating€at€DeSoto€Park,€he€met€with€Patrick€Owens,Ð …Õ  Ðand€Owens€drove€Graftonððs€car€back€to€the€park.€€Ricky€Aldridge€explained:Ð n¾  ÐÌà8  àWe€parked€on€the€same€side€of€the€street€the€park€on,€went€back€in€the€mound,€pickedÐ @ Ð[Shipp]€up€and€he€was€mumbling€some€words,€so€we€picked€him€up.€€[Shipp]€wasÐ )y Ðtrying€to€walk€a€little€bit€and€then€he€fell€as€we€were€going€up€the€hill.€€So€I€grabbedÐ b Ðhim€from€the€back€and€[Owens]€had€his€legs€and€we€tote€him€over€the€hill€and€downÐ ûK Ðthe€hill€and€put€him€on€the€back€seat€of€the€car.Ðä4Ð Ð  ÐÌHe€stated€that€Shipp€was€still€alive€but€he€looked€ð ð[b]ad.€€Beat€up.€.€.€.€Wounds€on€his€head,€eyes€andÐ ¶ Ðback€of€his€head,€blood€all€over.ðð€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€he€was€covered€in€Shippððs€bloodÐ Ÿï Ðafter€carrying€him€to€the€car€with€Owens.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€once€Owens€drove€to€PatrickÐ ˆØ Ðand€Johnsonððs€house,€he€ran€away€from€car.€€Patrick€testified€that€when€Owens€pulled€up€in€the€carÐ qÁ Ðwith€Shipp,€ð ð[Owens]€was€hollering€and€crying,€€ððCallð!ðdial€9„1„1.€€He€alive.€€I€got€Pokey.€€I€gotÐ Zª ÐMarshall.€€He€alive.€€He€alive.€.€.€.ðððð€€Patrick€stated€that€Johnson€called€9„1„1.€€She€reported€thatÐ C“ ÐShipp€did€not€respond€to€her€when€she€tried€to€speak€to€him.€€Wilma€Shipp,€Shippððs€mother,€testifiedÐ ,| Ðthat€she€received€several€phone€calls€on€the€night€of€September€15,€1997€at€around€11:30€P.M.,€andÐ e Ðthe€female€voices€said,€ð ðPokey€is€dead,€Pokey€is€dead.ðð€€Wilma€Shipp€stated€that€she€and€herÐ þN Ðdaughter€Kimberly€Shipp€started€driving€and€looking€for€Shipp.€€She€testified€that€she€found€her€sonÐ ç 7 Ðin€the€back€of€a€gray€car€in€front€of€Patrick€and€Johnsonððs€house.€€She€stated€that€Shipp€was€ð ðbeatÐ Ð!   Ðvery€badly.€€He€was€bloody€and€beat€all€in€his€head,€all€in€his€face,€all€in€his€arm,€and€on€his€leg.ðð€Ð ¹" ! ÐWilma€Shipp€stated€that€every€time€she€tried€to€talk€to€her€son,€he€would€moan€and€kick.€€SheÐ ¢#ò" Ðtestified€that€the€ambulance€came€and€took€Shipp€to€the€hospital.€€She€reported€that€she€stayed€withÐ ‹$Û# Ðher€son€in€the€hospital€until€he€died€on€September€17,€1997,€and€that€during€those€two€days,€he€neverÐ t%Ä $ Ðregained€consciousness.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àDr.€Thomas€Deering,€Assistant€Medical€Examiner€for€the€Shelby€County€Forensic€Center,Ð /(#' Ðtestified€as€an€expert€in€forensic€pathology€at€the€Defendantððs€trial.€€Dr.€Deering€testified€that€heÐ )h$( Ðperformed€the€autopsy€of€Shippððs€body€and€found€multiple€lacerations€over€various€places€on€theÐ *Q%) Ðhead,€including€the€back€of€the€head,€the€front,€the€ears,€the€mouth,€and€over€the€eyes.€€He€stated€thatÐ ê*:&* Ðthere€was€a€gunshot€wound€in€the€left€buttock€and€multiple€lacerations€and€abrasions€all€over€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðbody.€€Dr.€Deering€testified€ð ðthat€death€was€due€to€severe€blunt€trauma€to€the€head€with€multiple€skinÐ ° Ðlacerations€and€injury,€swelling€and€bleeding€of€the€brain.€€And€this€was€aggravated€by€a€gunshotÐ ™é Ðwound€to€the€pelvis€with€bleeding€and€blunt€trauma€to€the€lower€legs.ððÐ ‚Ò ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€Defendantððs€counsel€made€a€motion€for€judgment€ofÐ T¤ Ðacquittal,€which€the€trial€court€denied.€€Thereafter,€the€Defendant€testified€in€his€own€behalf.€€TheÐ =  ÐDefendant€testified€that€he€joined€the€South€Memphis€Gangster€Disciples€in€March€of€1997€and€quitÐ & v Ðthe€gang€in€September€of€that€same€year.€€He€stated€that€when€he€joined€the€Gangster€Disciples,€heÐ  _ Ðwas€an€outstanding€member€and€did€not€hold€a€position€of€rank.€€He€explained€that€he€joined€theÐ ø H ÐLauderdale€neighborhood€Gangster€Disciples€and€was€not€familiar€with€Gangster€Disciples€fromÐ á 1  Ðother€neighborhoods.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€became€aware€of€the€September€11,€1997Ð Ê   Ðincident€between€Shipp,€Bean€and€Ricky€Aldridge€on€September€15,€1997€at€the€afternoon€meetingÐ ³  Ðat€Mickensððs€apartment.€€He€testified€that€at€the€meeting€at€Mickensððs€apartment,€Bean€explainedÐ œì  Ðto€the€group€what€happened€on€September€11,€1997,€and€then€Ricky€Aldridge€told€his€side€of€theÐ …Õ  Ðstory.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€Mickens€decided€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€should€not€decideÐ n¾  Ðanything€until€Shipp€was€present€at€the€meeting.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€later€that€evening,€atÐ W§  Ðabout€11:00€P.M.,€he€received€a€call€from€Irvin€Brooks,€the€coordinator€for€the€LauderdaleÐ @ Ðneighborhood€Gangster€Disciples.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€ð ðIrvin€said€that€they€had€found€[Shipp]Ð )y Ðand€they€were€ready€to€get€up€with€us.ðð€€After€receiving€the€call,€the€Defendant€testified€thatÐ b Ðð ðunfortunatelyðð€he€found€a€ride€to€pick€up€Brooks€and€then€they€went€to€Mickensððs€apartmentÐ ûK Ðcomplex€for€the€meeting€about€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€he€did€not€attend€the€meeting€at€Mickensððs€apartment,€rather€heÐ ¶ Ðstayed€outside€the€apartment€complex.€€He€testified€that€once€the€meeting€adjourned,€he€got€into€theÐ Ÿï Ðback€of€a€black€pickup€truck€with€ð ða€lot€of€peopleðð€and€did€not€drive€the€pickup.€€The€DefendantÐ ˆØ Ðtestified€that€he€did€not€know€either€Shipp€or€Ricky€Aldridge€and€did€not€speak€to€them€that€night.€Ð qÁ ÐHe€explained€that€the€caravan€left€Mickensððs€apartment€complex,€with€the€black€truck€in€front,Ð Zª Ðfollowed€by€the€two€cars.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€the€Gangster€Disciple€caravan€drove€first€toÐ C“ ÐCarlos€Beanððs€house,€but€when€they€could€not€find€him,€they€went€to€an€Amoco€station€on€ElvisÐ ,| ÐPresley€Boulevard.€€At€the€Amoco€station,€the€Defendant€said€he€jumped€out€of€the€truck€and€thenÐ e Ðstood€next€to€it.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€have€a€gun€that€night€and€was€not€standing€guard€to€makeÐ þN Ðsure€Shipp€or€Ricky€Aldridge€did€not€get€out€of€their€vehicles.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€andÐ ç 7 Ðthe€other€Gangster€Disciples€got€back€into€the€bed€of€the€pickup,€and€the€three€vehicles€drove€toÐ Ð!   ÐDeSoto€Park.€€The€Defendant€explained€what€he€thought€the€group€was€going€to€do€at€the€park:Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà8  àWell,€evidently€we€was€coming€to€discuss€the€incident€about€Carlos€[Bean],€butÐ ‹$Û# Ðseeing€how€Carlos€wasnððt€there€and€they€had€some€business€to€take€care€of,€someÐ t%Ä $ Ðpersonal€issues€on€their€own€count€and€that€was€our€only€ride€back€home,€we€had€toÐ ]&­!% Ðgo€for€the€ride.€€We€had€to€roll€with€them€until€they€get€through€taking€care€of€theirÐ F'–"& Ðbusiness.€.€.€.€I€was€familiar€about€the€incident€with€[Ricky€Aldridge],€but€I€guessÐ /(#' Ðthey€had€some€personal€business€about€[Shipp]€which€they€didnððt€never€discuss€withÐ )h$( Ðus.€.€.€.€They€had€never€came€to€a€conclusion€about€a€violation€yet€because€[Shipp]Ð *Q%) Ðwas€not€present€the€first€time.€€The€second€time€we€went€we€was€going€to€talk€aboutÐ ê*:&* Ða€violation,€not€saying€that€a€violation€was€going€to€be€served,€because€Irvin€didnððtÐ Ó+#'+ Ðhave€to€agree€to€it.€€But€we€was€going€to€talk€about€it,€about€what€they€are€planningÐ ° Ðto€do€about€Carlos.ЙéÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€once€the€group€got€to€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound,€he€heard€Becton€tellÐ k» ÐShipp,€ð ðIððm€going€to€take€your€G.ðð€€The€Defendant€explained€that€Becton€meant€that€ð ð[h]e€wasÐ T¤ Ðtaking€[Shippððs]€membershipðð€from€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€see€any€batsÐ =  Ðor€tire€irons€at€first,€but€ð ð[n]ext€thing€I€know€they€coming€over€the€hill€withð!ðall€I€seen€was€a€bat.€€TheÐ & v Ðother€objects€was€black.ðð€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€know€most€of€the€other€GangsterÐ  _ ÐDisciples€in€the€park.€€He€stated€that€Ricky€Aldridge€was€served€a€ð ðtwo„minute€violationðð€with€fistsÐ ø H Ðonly,€but€Shipp€€was€served€a€violation€using€the€various€bats€and€irons.€€The€Defendant€denied€thatÐ á 1  Ðhe€held€Shipp€as€the€group€beat€him€and€denied€that€he€ever€hit€Shipp€during€the€beating.€€AskedÐ Ê   Ðwhether€he€ever€hit€Shipp,€he€stated,€ð ðNo,€maððam.€€Iððm€not€a€monster.ðð€€The€Defendant€testified€thatÐ ³  Ðhe€saw€other€Gangster€Disciples€beating€Shipp€with€ð ðsomething,ðð€but€he€did€not€attempt€to€stop€themÐ œì  Ðfrom€beating€Shipp.€€He€explained:Ð …Õ  ÐÌà8  àI€couldnððt.€.€.€.€For€one,€.€.€.€I€donððt€have€any€rank.€€I€canððtð!ðfor€one,€thatððs€calledÐ W§  Ðinterrupting€the€organization€structure€and€I€donððt€have€no€kind€of€rank€to€stop€anyÐ @ Ðindividualð!ðand€plus€he€wasð!ðthat€was€a€individual€off€another€count.€€Me€or€IrvinÐ )y Ðcouldnððt€have€did€nothing€about€what€they€were€doing€to€them.€€That€was€somethingÐ b Ðpersonal.ÐûKÐ Ð  ÐÌThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€could€have€walked€away,€ð ðbut€it€would€have€been€someÐ Í Ðconsequences€behind€it,ðð€such€as€a€beating€similar€to€the€ones€Ricky€Aldridge€or€Shipp€received.€Ð ¶ ÐHe€explained€that€if€he€walked€away,€it€would€have€been€a€breach€of€trust,€which€he€could€beÐ Ÿï Ðpunished€for.€€He€stated€that€after€the€beating,€he€returned€to€the€truck,€heard€two€gunshots,€and€thenÐ ˆØ Ðsaw€Sykes€come€out€of€the€Indian€mound.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€after€everybody€got€back€intoÐ qÁ Ðthe€pickup,€they€left€the€crime€scene€and€went€to€Texas€Court€apartments.€€The€Defendant€stated€thatÐ Zª Ðhe€did€not€go€to€DeSoto€Park€to€punish€Shipp€or€Ricky€Aldridge,€he€did€not€participate€in€theÐ C“ Ðbeatings,€and€he€did€not€drive€the€pickup.Ð ,| ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€denied€seeing€Sykes€taking€Shippððs€necklace€and€ringÐ þN Ðfrom€him€at€the€Amoco€station.€€Asked€why€he€accompanied€the€other€Gangster€Disciples€to€DeSotoÐ ç 7 ÐPark,€the€Defendant€responded,€ð ðThat€was€my€ride.€€I€mean,€what€I€suppose€to€do,€just€start€walking?Ð Ð!   Ð.€.€.€I€mean,€I€never€even€thoughtð!ðI€mean,€I€never€even€imagined€they€were€fixing€to€go€to€the€parkÐ ¹" ! Ðand€do€what€they€did.€€I€mean,€that€thought€never€came€to€my€head.ðð€€However,€the€DefendantÐ ¢#ò" Ðadmitted€that€he€knew€the€group€was€going€to€serve€violations€on€Ricky€Aldridge€and€Shipp,€because€Ð ‹$Û# Ðð ðthey€always€go€to€somewhere€thatððs€open€and€away€from€everybody€elseðð€to€serve€violations.€€TheÐ t%Ä $ ÐDefendant€testified€that€he€witnessed€the€beatings€from€the€top€of€the€mound€near€the€rim€and€neverÐ ]&­!% Ðleft€that€area€during€the€beatings.€€He€stated€that€he€walked€around€the€rim€during€the€beatingsÐ F'–"& Ðð ðbecause€I€didnððt€want€to€see€what€they€was€doing.ðð€€The€Defendant€explained€that€he€did€not€leaveÐ /(#' Ðthe€ð ðIndianðð€mound€and€return€to€the€pickup€truck€ð ð[b]ecause€thatððs€called€breaking€the€circle.€.€.€.Ð )h$( ÐIfð!ðif€I€would€have€broke€itð!ðI€mean,€I€was€scared.€€I€was€afraid€that€night.€.€.€.€I€mean,€Iððm€aroundÐ *Q%) Ðbrothers€that€I€.€.€.€never€knew€before€and€they€start€acting€like€they€crazy€or€losing€their€mind.ðð€€TheÐ ê*:&* ÐDefendant€stated€that€the€beating€of€Shipp€ð ðwas€terrible.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€walked€around€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðmound€with€his€head€down€during€the€beating,€looking€up€occasionally.€€Following€the€DefendantððsÐ ° Ðtestimony,€the€Defendant€rested€his€case.Ð ™é ÐÌÓ  Óò òII.€€Motion€to€SuppressÐ k» ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óThe€Defendant€argues€on€appeal€ò òó óthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€motion€to€suppressÐ ?  Ðthe€pre„trial€identification€of€the€Defendant€made€by€Ricky€Aldridge€and€by€limiting€cross„Ð ( x Ðexamination€of€Ricky€Aldridge€regarding€this€identification.ò ò€€ó óFirst€we€will€address€the€DefendantððsÐ  a Ðissue€regarding€the€motion€to€suppress.€€The€standard€of€review€for€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€factÐ ý M Ðand€conclusions€of€law€in€a€suppression€hearing€was€established€in€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18Ð æ 6  Ð(Tenn.€1996).€€Ô‡X54XXX54ÔWhen€the€trial€court€makes€findings€of€fact€at€the€conclusion€of€a€suppression€hearing,Ð Ï   Ðthe€facts€are€accorded€the€weight€of€a€jury€verdict.ò òó ó€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.Ð ¸  Ð1994).€€The€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€ð ðpresumptively€correct€on€appealðð€and€are€binding€uponÐ ¡ñ  Ðthis€Court€unless€the€evidence€in€the€record€preponderates€against€them.€€òòÔ#†X54XXX54¸á#ÔState€v.€Randolphóó,€74Ð ŠÚ  ÐS.W.3d€330,€333€(Tenn.€2002);Ô‡X54XXX54Ô€òòState€v.€Henningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998);€òòOdomóó,€928Ð sà  ÐS.W.2d€at€23.€€Ô#†X54XXX54ä#ÔThe€prevailing€party€in€the€trial€court€is€ð ðentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€ofÐ \¬  Ðthe€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferencesÐ E• Ðthat€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.ðð€€òòOdomóó,€òòóó928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€Furthermore,€ð ð[q]uestions€ofÐ .~ Ðcredibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€theÐ g Ðevidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.ðð€€òòId.óó€€However,€this€CourtÐ P Ðreviews€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€òòdeóó€òònovoóó,€without€any€deference€to€theÐ é9 Ðdeterminations€of€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,€41€S.W.3d€75,€81€(Tenn.€2001).€€Ð Ò" ÐÌà  àA€Ô‡X54XXX54Ôpre„trial€identification€violates€due€process€when€it€is€so€suggestive€that€it€gives€rise€to€ð ðððaÐ ¤ô Ðvery€substantial€likelihood€of€irreparable€Ô% ‡U ÔÔ#†X54XXX54#è#ÔÔ%†UèèÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ômisidentification.ðððð€€Ô#†X54XXX54)é#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Stricklandòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54Šé#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€885€S.W.2d€85,Ð Ý Ð88€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(quoting€Ô#†X54XXX54ïé#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóSimmons€v.€United€Statesòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54|ê#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€390€U.S.€377,€384€(1968)).€€AsÐ vÆ Ðsuch,€the€focus€of€the€inquiry€is€the€reliability€of€the€identification€rather€than€the€suggestive€natureÐ _¯ Ðof€the€procedure.€€òòÔ#†X54XXX54æê#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54ÔState€v.€Philpottòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54ðë#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€882€S.W.2d€394,€400€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Out„of„courtÐ H˜ Ðand€in„court€identifications€may€still€be€admissible€even€when€Ô#†X54XXX54Mì#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôpre„trial€identification€procedures€areÐ 1 Ðfound€to€be€suggestive.€Ô#†X54XXX54í#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€òòóóId.òòóóÔ#†X54XXX54·í#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€at€400.€€In€determining€the€effect€the€procedure€had€on€the€reliability€ofÐ j Ðthe€identification,€each€case€must€be€considered€on€its€own€facts.€€Ô#†X54XXX54 î#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóSimmonsòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54õî#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€390€U.S.€at€384.Ð  S ÐÐ Ѐà  àThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€set€forth€a€five„factor€analysis€for€determining€whether€aÐ Õ!%  Ðsuggestive€identification€may€be€admitted€into€evidence:Ð ¾"! ЀÐ Ðà8  à(1)€the€opportunity€of€the€witness€to€view€the€criminal€at€the€time€of€the€crime,€(2)Ð $à# Ðthe€witnessðð€degree€of€attention€[at€the€time€of€the€crime],€(3)€the€accuracy€of€theÐ y%É $ Ðwitnessðð€prior€description€of€the€criminal,€(4)€the€level€of€certainty€demonstrated€byÐ b&²!% Ðthe€witness€at€the€confrontation,€and€(5)€the€length€of€time€between€the€crime€and€theÐ K'›"& Ðconfrontation.€Ð4(„#'Ð Ð  ÐÐ ÐÔ#†X54XXX54Nï#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóNeil€v.€Biggersòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54–ò#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€409€U.S.€188,€199„200€(1972);€òòÔ#†X54XXX54÷ò#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôseeòòóó€òòóóalsoòòóó€òòóóPhilpottòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54[ó#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€882€S.W.2d€at€400.€€ð ðThe€degreeÐ *V%) Ðof€reliability€of€the€identification,€as€indicated€by€these€factors,€should€be€assessed€in€light€of€theÐ ï*?&* Ðsuggestiveness€of€the€identification€procedure€and€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€to€determineÐ Ø+('+ Ðwhether€a€violation€of€due€process€has€occurred.ðð€€Ô#†X54XXX54Ðó#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóStricklandòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54uõ#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€885€S.W.2d€at€Ô#†X54XXX54Ñõ#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô88.€€Due€process€isÐ ° Ðviolated€where€the€suggestiveness€of€the€identification€process€creates€the€likelihood€ofÐ ™é Ðmisidentification.€€Ô#†X54XXX54"ö#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóNeilòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54÷#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€409€U.S.€at€198.Ð ‚Ò ÐÔ#†X54XXX54g÷#Ôò òÌà  àó óAt€the€suppression€hearing€on€July€25,€2001,€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€during€the€twoÐ U¥ Ðweeks€following€Shippððs€murder,€he€talked€with€Memphis€homicide€detectives€about€the€beatingsÐ > Ž Ðand€identified€the€perpetrators€of€the€murder€and€kidnapping.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€onÐ ' w ÐSeptember€28,€1997,€detectives€showed€him€a€photo€spread€containing€six€numbered€mug€shots.€€HeÐ  ` Ðtestified€that€he€picked€the€Defendant€from€the€photo€spread€as€ð ðNo.€2,ðð€though€he€did€not€know€theÐ ù I ÐDefendantððs€name€at€that€time.€€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€he€recognized€the€Defendant€ð ð[f]romÐ â 2  Ð[Mickensððs]€house€and€at€the€park.ðð€€He€stated€that€after€picking€out€the€Defendant€as€ð ðNo.€2,ðð€heÐ Ë   Ðwas€presented€with€a€photograph€that€matched€ð ðNo.€2ðð€on€the€photo€spread.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testifiedÐ ´  Ðthat€he€wrote€the€following€note€on€the€back€of€the€ð ðNo.€2ðð€photo:€ð ðððThis€is€the€guy€holding€PokeyÐ í  Ðwhile€being€beat,ðð€and€my€signature€and€the€time€and€the€date.ðð€€He€stated€that€he€was€shown€theÐ †Ö  Ðsame€photo€spread€again€on€September€29,€1997,€and€he€picked€out€the€Defendant€as€ð ðNo.€2ðð€again.€Ð o¿  ÐRicky€Aldridge€testified€that€he€was€presented€with€another€photo€that€matched€ð ðNo.€2,ðð€and€heÐ X¨  Ðsigned€the€back€of€the€photo€with€the€notation:€ð ðAt€the€park€and€Tombstoneððs€house.ðð€€On€cross„Ð A‘ Ðexamination,€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€he€was€presented€with€ð ða€stack€of€pictures,ðð€and€he€pickedÐ *z Ðthe€Defendantððs€photo€out€of€this€stack.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€courtÐ c Ðquestioned€Ricky€Aldridge€as€follows:Ð üL ÐÌà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àOkay.€€Now,€on€September€28òòthóó,€you€were€shown€both€of€these.€€Which€oneÐ Î Ðof€these€did€you€see€first?з` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àSeen€the€cardboard.Рð` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àThe€photo€spread€withð!ðthe€cardboard€photo€spread€with€the€six€photographs?ЉÙ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.ÐrÂ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àThatððs€what€you€saw€first?Ð[«` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.ÐD”` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àAnd€then€after€you€saw€that,€you€signed€this€[the€single€photo]?Ð-}` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.Ðf` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àNow,€you€said€something€about,€in€cross„examination,€about€there€being€aÐ ÿO Ðstack€of€photographs.€€When€was€that?Ðè 8` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àUp€in€homicide.ÐÑ!! ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àWas€that€before€you€were€shown€this€or€after€were€you€were€shown€this?к" !` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àThat€was€before,€you€know,€when€I€first€was€questioned,€they€were€showingÐ £#ó" Ðme€a€whole€lot€of€different€pictures€of€different€guys€and€stuff,€and€I€was€justÐ Œ$Ü# Ðbasically€picking€the€ones€out€who€had€something€to€do€with€it€out€of€picturesÐ u%Å $ Ðthey€were€just€showing€me€in€homicide.Ð^&®!%` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àJust€large€stacks€of€photographs?ÐG'—"&` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.Ð0(€#'` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àBut€not€set€up€in€photo€spreads€like€this€or€anything€of€that€sort?Ð)i$(` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àSome€was€in€photo€spreads€and€some€was€just€loose€picturesð!ðthey€were€justÐ *R%) Ðshowing€them.Ðë*;&*` Ð ` Ð  ÐÐ Ô+$'+ Ðà8  à*€*€*€Ð°Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àAnd€.€.€.€youððve€pointed€to€Mr.€Heard€today€in€court.€€In€identifying€himÐ ‚Ò Ðtoday€in€court,€as€one€of€the€individuals€involved€in€thisð!ð€Ðk»` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.ÐT¤` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àDo€you€.€.€.€remember€him,€in€looking€at€him€today,€as€being€one€of€theÐ =  Ðindividuals€involved€in€this?Ð& v` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.Ð _` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àIs€your€memory€today€based€on€what€you€remember€happening€out€there€thatÐ ø H Ðnight€when€your€cousin€was€killedð!ð€Ðá 1 ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÓ€ X(š½83SÓà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.ÐÊ  ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:€à0` Ð Ð àð!ðor€based€on€seeing€these€photographs?г ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:€à0` Ð Ð àBased€on€that€night.Мì ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress.€Ð n¾  ÐThe€trial€court€did€not€make€specific€findings€of€fact€in€either€the€transcript€of€the€suppressionÐ W§  Ðhearing€or€its€order€denying€the€motion€to€suppress.€€Accordingly,€the€standard€of€review€set€forthÐ @ Ðin€òòOdomóó,€Ô‡X54XXX54Ô928€S.W.2d€at€23,€regarding€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€will€not€apply,€and€Ô#†X54XXX54 #Ôour€reviewÐ )y Ðof€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppress€in€this€instance€will€be€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€€òòState€v.Ð b ÐDoughertyóó,€930€S.W.2d€85,€86€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€Ô‡X54XXX54ÔAfter€thoroughly€reviewing€the€transcriptÐ ûK Ðof€the€suppression€hearing,€Ô#†X54XXX54†#Ôthe€trial€transcript€and€exhibits,€we€conclude€that€the€pre„trialÐ ä4 Ðidentification€of€the€Defendant€by€Ricky€Aldridge€was€not€conducted€in€an€impermissibly€suggestiveÐ Í Ðmanner€that€would€Ô‡X54XXX54Ôgive€rise€to€a€very€substantial€likelihood€of€irreparable€Ô#†X54XXX54#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ômisidentification.€€TheÐ ¶ Ðevidence€indicates€that€Ricky€Aldridge€first€picked€the€Defendantððs€photo€out€of€a€photo€spread€andÐ Ÿï Ðthen€signed€the€back€of€the€Defendantððs€photo€on€September€28,€1997.€€Moreover,€Ricky€AldridgeÐ ˆØ Ðtestified€that,€on€the€next€day,€police€officers€showed€him€the€same€photo€spread€and€he€again€pickedÐ qÁ Ðout€the€Defendantððs€photo€and€signed€the€back€of€it.€€Furthermore,€Ricky€Aldridge€stated€that€heÐ Zª Ðremembered€the€Defendant€as€being€involved€at€both€the€meeting€at€Mickensððs€apartment€and€theÐ C“ Ðbeatings€at€DeSoto€Park.Ô#†X54XXX54}#ÔÐ ,| Ðò òÌà  àó óWe€will€now€address€the€Defendantððs€contention€that€the€trial€court€erred€ò òó óby€limiting€cross„Ð ÿO Ðexamination€of€Ricky€Aldridge€regarding€his€pre„trial€identification€of€the€Defendant.€€ð ðGenerallyÐ è 8 Ðspeaking,€a€denial€of€the€right€to€an€effective€cross„examination€is€ððconstitutional€error€of€the€firstÐ Ñ!!  Ðmagnitude€and€amounts€to€a€violation€of€the€basic€right€to€a€fair€trial.ðððð€€òòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔóóòòState€v.€Dishmanóó,€915Ð º" ! ÐS.W.2d€458,€463€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)Ô#†X54XXX54K#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôòò€óó(quoting€òòòòóóState€v.€Hillòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54ç#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€598€S.W.2d€815,€819€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð £#ó" ÐApp.€1980)).€€Ô#†X54XXX54Y#ÔWhile€a€defendant€has€a€constitutional€right€to€confront€witnesses,€the€defendantððsÐ Œ$Ü# Ðright€to€confrontation€ð ðdoes€not€preclude€a€Ô‡X54XXX54Ôtrial€court€from€imposing€limits€upon€Ô#†X54XXX54y#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôcross„examinationÐ u%Å $ Ðwhich€take€into€account€such€factors€as€harassment,€prejudice,€issue€confusion,€witness€safety,€orÐ ^&®!% Ðmerely€repetitive€or€marginally€relevant€interrogation.ðð€€Ô#†X54XXX54á#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Reidòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€882€S.W.2d€423,€430€(Tenn.Ð G'—"& ÐCrim.€App.€1994).€This€Court€has€explained€that€ð ð[t]he€propriety,€scope,€manner,€and€control€of€theÐ 0(€#' ÐÔ#†X54XXX54_#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôcross„examination€of€witnesses€.€.€.€rests€within€the€sound€Ô#†X54XXX54L#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôdiscretion€of€the€Ô#†X54XXX54Ê#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôtrial€court.ðð€Ô#†X54XXX54#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóDishmanòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54t#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54ÔÐ )i$( Ð915€S.W.2d€at€463.Ô#†X54XXX54Í#Ôò òÐ *R%) ÐÌà  àó óDuring€direct€examination,€Ricky€Aldridge€identified€the€Defendant€in€the€courtroom€as€theÐ Õ+%'+ Ðperson€who€drove€the€black€pickup€and€participated€in€the€beating€of€Shipp.€€The€State€inquired€asÐ ° Ðto€Ricky€Aldridgeððs€pre„trial€identifications€of€the€Defendant€and€introduced€the€photo€spread€andÐ ™é Ðthe€two€single€photographs€of€the€Defendant€as€exhibits.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€about€theÐ ‚Ò Ðhomicide€detectivesðð€procedure€for€photo€spreads.€€The€Defendant€wanted€to€cross„examine€RickyÐ k» ÐAldridge€with€his€statements€from€the€suppression€hearing€concerning€a€ð ðstack€of€photosðð€fromÐ T¤ Ðwhich€he€picked€out€the€Defendantððs€picture.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantððs€request€toÐ =  Ðimpeach€the€witness€using€those€statements€from€the€suppression€hearing€because€the€trial€court€wasÐ & v Ðð ðabsolutely€and€positively€convinced€that€this€witness€was€confused€after€the€examination€duringÐ  _ Ðthe€suppression€hearing.ðð€€The€trial€court€explained:Ð ø H ÐÌà8  àThis€is€an€important€witness,€obviously,€the€most€important€witness€in€the€trial.€€AndÐ Ê   ÐIððm€reluctant€to€do€this,€but€Iððm€justð!ðI€am€absolutely€convinced€that€it€would€beÐ ³  Ðunfair€to€the€witness€toð!ðbecause€of€the€context€in€which€that€question€on€page€20€wasÐ œì  Ðasked,€to€allow€you€to,€quote,€impeach€him€today€with€those€statements€from€thatÐ …Õ  Ðtranscript.€.€.€.€Because€I€think€what€heððs€testified€to€today€has€been€entirely€andÐ n¾  Ðcompletely€consistent,€entirely€and€completely€with€his€responses€to€me,€in€my€voirÐ W§  Ðdire€of€him€at€the€suppression€hearing.Ð@Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€limiting€the€cross„examinationÐ b Ðof€Ricky€Aldridge€in€this€manner.€€However,€we€note€that€the€better€trial€practice€would€have€beenÐ ûK Ðto€allow€the€Defendant€an€opportunity€to€impeach€Ricky€Aldridge€with€the€prior€allegedlyÐ ä4 Ðinconsistent€statements€from€the€suppression€hearing,€thus€giving€the€jury€the€opportunity€toÐ Í Ðdetermine€if€the€prior€statements€were€inconsistent€and,€if€so,€to€determine€the€effect€of€suchÐ ¶ Ðstatements€on€the€credibility€of€the€witness.€€Even€if€we€were€to€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ Ÿï Ðby€limiting€the€cross„examination,€we€conclude€that€such€error€would€be€harmless€beyond€aÐ ˆØ Ðreasonable€doubt.ò ò€€ó óòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Saylesóó,€49€S.W.3d€275,€280€(Tenn.€2001).€€To€determine€whether€aÐ qÁ Ðconstitutionally€improper€denial€of€a€defendantððs€opportunity€to€impeach€a€witness€is€harmless,€theÐ ]­ ÐTennessee€Supreme€Court€explained€that:Ð F– ÐÐ Ðà8  à[T]he€correct€inquiry€is€whether,€assuming€that€the€damaging€potential€Ô% ‡b ÔÔ%†by)ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôof€the€cross„Ð h Ðexamination€were€fully€realized,€a€reviewing€court€might€nonetheless€say€that€theÐ  Q Ðerror€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Whether€such€an€error€is€harmlessÐ ê : Ðin€a€particular€case€depends€upon€a€host€of€factors,€all€readily€accessible€to€reviewingÐ Ó!#  Ðcourts.€€These€factors€include€the€importance€of€the€witnessðð€testimony€in€theÐ ¼" ! Ðprosecutionððs€case,€whether€the€testimony€was€cumulative,€the€presence€or€absenceÐ ¥#õ" Ðof€evidence€corroborating€or€contradicting€the€testimony€of€the€witness€on€materialÐ Ž$Þ# Ðpoints,€the€extent€of€cross„examination€otherwise€permitted,€and,€of€course,€theÐ w%Ç $ Ðoverall€strength€of€the€prosecutionððs€case.€Ô#†X54XXX54—)#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54ÔÐ`&°!%Ð Ð  ÐÌòòSaylesóó,€49€S.W.3d€at€280€(quoting€òòDelaware€v.€Ô#†X54XXX54þ,#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔóóVan€Arsdallòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54š-#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€475€U.S.€673,€684,(1986)).Ô#†X54XXX54ô-#ÔÔ‡ôJçòXX54ÔÔ‡ôJçòòôJçÔ€€Ô#†ôJçòòôJçp.#ÔÔ#†X54XòôJçQ.#ÔConsideringÐ 2(‚#' Ðthe€factors€set€forth€in€òòSaylesóó,€we€conclude€that€the€error€would€be€harmless€in€this€case€because€theÐ )k$( Ðevidence€overwhelmingly€supports€the€Defendantððs€convictions,€and€the€trial€court€otherwiseÐ *T%) Ðpermitted€defense€counsel€to€fully€cross„examine€Ricky€Aldridge€and€all€other€witnesses€at€the€trial.ò òó óÐ í*=&* Ðò òÐ Ö+&'+ ÐÓ  ÓIII.€€Prosecutorððs€Opening€StatementÐ ° ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óNext,€the€Defendant€argues€thatò òó óÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€the€assistant€district€attorney€improperly€commented,€to€theÐ „Ô Ðprejudice€of€the€Defendant,Ô#†X54XX X[¤ 1#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€on€the€state€of€mind€of€the€victim,€Shipp,€and€a€co„defendant,Ð m½ ÐChristopher€Smith,€during€his€opening€statement.€€However,€the€Defendant€fails€to€include€anyÐ V¦ Ðcitations€to€authorities€to€support€his€argument€in€his€appellate€brief.€€Ô#†X54XX X[¤»1#ÔTennessee€Court€of€CriminalÐ ?  ÐAppeals€Rule€10(b)€states€that€ð ð[i]ssues€which€are€not€supported€by€argument,€citation€to€authorities,Ð ( x Ðor€appropriate€references€to€the€record€will€be€treated€as€waived€in€this€court.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€Tenn.€R.Ð  a ÐApp.€P.€27(a)(7).€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€Defendant€has€waived€this€issue.€€Ð ú J ÐÌà  àEven€if€we€were€to€conclude€that€this€issue€was€not€waived,€this€issue€was€without€merit.€Ð Ì   ÐThe€assistant€district€attorney€made€the€following€comments€in€his€opening€statement:Ð µ  ÐÌà8  àAnd€during€the€course€of€this€party€there€is€a€young€man€there€Devon€Haywood.€Ð ‡×  ÐAnd€you€will€hear€the€witnesses€describe€him€and€in€their€words€as€sort€of€slow,Ð pÀ  Ðretarded,€kind€of€a€pitiful€figure€in€that€area.€€People€take€him€in€and€kind€of€look€outÐ Y©  Ðfor€him,€give€him€things€to€eat€and€heððs€at€the€party.€€And€at€some€point€VeronicaÐ B’ Ðwalks€out€and€she€sees€he€is€down€on€his€knees€being€viciously€beaten€and€pistolÐ +{ Ðwhipped€by€a€group€of€Gangster€Disciples€being€led€by€Christopher€Smith€who€is€theÐ d Ðassistant€governor€now,€of€all€south€Memphis.€€Marshall€Shipp€sees€this€too€and€heÐ ýM Ðintervenes.€€He€tries€to€break€up€the€beating€and€Christopher€Smith€looks€at€him€andÐ æ6 Ðsays,€ððthis€is€GD€business€and€that€means€you€better€get€out.ðð€€But€Marshall€ShippÐ Ï Ðwonððt€get€out.€€He€says€he€doesnððt€care€whose€business€it€is,€youððre€not€going€to€beatÐ ¸ Ðhim€up.€€And€Christopher€Smith,€at€that€point€the€assistant€governor€of€southÐ ¡ñ ÐMemphis,€has€had€it.€€He€walks€up€to€Marshall€Shipp€and€says,€ððYou€just€signed€yourÐ ŠÚ Ðdeath€warrant.ððððÐsÃÐ Ð  ÐÌWe€note€that€the€assistant€district€attorneyððs€comments€during€his€opening€statement€regarding€whatÐ E• Ðtranspired€at€the€L€&€B€Lounge€on€August€29,€1997,€was€an€accurate€account€of€Veronica€JohnsonððsÐ .~ Ðtestimony€at€trial.€€Johnson€testified€that€Christopher€Smith€told€Shipp€that€he€was€interfering€inÐ g ÐGangster€Disciple€business€and€that€he€ð ðjust€signed€his€death€certificate.ðð€€Furthermore,€when€theÐ  P ÐDefendant€objected€to€these€comments€by€the€assistant€district€attorney,€the€trial€court€found€that€theÐ é 9 Ðstatements€constituted€excited€utterances.€We€conclude€that€the€above€comments€that€were€includedÐ Ò!"  Ðin€the€opening€statement€by€the€assistant€district€attorney€were€appropriate€based€upon€the€evidenceÐ »" ! Ðpresented€at€trial€and,€therefore,€did€not€prejudice€the€Defendant.€ò òÐ ¤#ô" ÐÌÓ  ÓIV.€€Hearsay€Statement€of€the€VictimÐ w%Ç $ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óThe€Defendant€also€argues€Ô‡ X[¤XXX54Ôthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€Grafton€to€testify€as€to€theÐ K'›"& Ðvictimððs€state€of€mind€concerning€the€Gangster€Disciples€about€a€month€prior€to€his€murder.€€Ô#†X54XX X[¤ë>#Ôò òó óÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ÔGraftonÐ 4(„#' Ðtestified€that€she€had€a€ð ðsocial€conversationðð€with€Shipp€about€a€month€prior€to€his€murderÔ#†X54XX X[¤ë?#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ô€.€€SheÐ )m$( Ðstated€that€Shipp€told€her€that€ð ðhe€was€tired€of€the€lifestyle€and€the€environment€that€he€was€inðð€andÐ *V%) Ðthat€ð ð[h]e€€wanted€to€get€outðð€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€Ô#†X54XX X[¤ª@#ÔThe€Ô‡X54XXX54Ôadmissibility€of€Ô#†X54XXX54ÎA#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôevidence€is€a€matterÐ ï*?&* Ðwithin€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€and€will€be€overturned€only€when€there€is€an€abuse€of€thatÐ Ø+('+ Ðdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Jamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€751,€760€(Tenn.€2002);€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649,€652Ð ° Ð(Tenn.€1997);€Ô#†X54XXX54!B#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóOtis€v.€Cambridge€Mut.€Fire€Ins.€Co.òòóóóó,òòÔ#†X54XXX54˜C#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€850€S.W.2d€439,€442€(Tenn.€1993)Ô#†X54XXX54D#Ôòòóó.€€ð ð[A]nÐ ™é Ðappellate€court€should€find€an€abuse€of€discretion€when€it€appears€that€the€trial€court€applied€anÐ ‚Ò Ðincorrect€legal€standard,€or€reached€a€decision€which€is€against€logic€or€reasoning€that€caused€anÐ k» Ðinjustice€to€the€party€complaining.ðð€€òòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Jamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€760€(quoting€Ô#†X54XXX54·E#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôòò€State€v.€Stevensòòóóóó,òòÔ#†X54XXX54,F#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€78Ð T¤ ÐS.W.3d€817,€832€(Tenn.€2002)).Ô#†X54XXX54’F#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ÔÐ =  ÐÌà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€801(c)€defines€hearsay€as€ð ða€statement,€other€than€one€made€byÐ  _ Ðthe€declarant€while€testifying€at€the€trial€or€hearing,€offered€in€evidence€to€prove€the€truth€of€theÐ ø H Ðmatter€asserted.ðð€€A€hearsay€statement€is€inadmissible€at€trial€unless€the€statement€falls€under€aÐ á 1  Ðhearsay€exception€set€forth€in€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€803€or€804.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€802.€Ð Ê   ÐWe€conclude€that€Graftonððs€statement€was€hearsay,€because€it€was€offered€to€prove€the€truth€of€theÐ ³  Ðmatter€asserted:€that€Shipp€was€tired€of€the€gangster€lifestyle€and€wanted€to€get€out€of€the€gang.Ð œì  ÐÌà  àHowever,€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(3)€provides€a€hearsay€exception€for€a€statementÐ n¾  Ðof€the€declarantððs€ð ðthen€existing€state€of€mind,€emotion,€sensation,€or€physical€condition€(such€asÐ W§  Ðintent,€plan,€motive,€design,€mental€feeling,€pain,€and€bodily€health).€.€.€.ðð€€This€exception€does€notÐ @ Ðinclude€ð ða€statement€of€memory€or€belief€to€prove€the€fact€remembered€or€believed€unless€it€relatesÐ )y Ðto€the€execution,€revocation,€identification,€or€terms€of€declarantððs€will.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3).€Ð b ÐThe€Advisory€Commission€Comments€of€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(3)€explains€that€ð ðonlyÐ ûK Ðthe€declarantððs€conduct,€not€some€third€partyððs€conduct,€is€provable€by€this€hearsay€exception.ðð€€TheÐ ä4 ÐDefendant€admits€that€the€testimony€ð ðdoes€demonstrate€a€state€of€mind€of€the€declarant,ðð€but€arguesÔ#†X54XX X[¤ G#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ÔÐ Í Ðthat€the€statement€is€not€relevant€given€the€lapse€of€time€from€when€the€statement€was€made€to€theÐ ¶ Ðvictimððs€death.€€The€Defendant€further€argues€that€the€testimony€was€highly€prejudicial€and€thatÐ Ÿï Ðestablishing€the€state€of€mind€of€the€victim€ð ðdid€not€provide€any€assistance€to€the€jury€in€determiningÐ ˆØ Ðthe€actions€or€state€of€mind€of€the€Defendant.ðð€€The€trial€court€allowed€the€testimony,€explaining:Ð qÁ ÐÌà8  àI€think€given€the€sort€of€regularity€of€these€incidents,€this€statement€made€on€one€day,Ð C“ Ðtwo€weeks€later€one€incident,€a€week€after€that€a€second€incident,€a€week€after€heððsÐ ,| Ðkilled.€€That€is€all,€I€think,€very€consistent€with€his€state€of€mind€and€sort€ofÐ e Ðunderscores€his€overall€frame€of€mind€.€.€.€.€Obviously,€a€lot€of€testimony€comes€inÐ þN Ðand€goes€to€the€events€leading€up€to€the€death€and€then€the€events€surrounding€theÐ ç 7 Ðdeath€and€everything€that€comes€in€doesnððt€necessarily€directly€tie€in€[theÐ Ð!   ÐDefendant].€€And€so€all€of€the€larger€picture€that€is€being€painted€in€order€to€establishÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€death.€€And€so,€obviously,€there€is€no€necessity€that€every€single€statementÐ ¢#ò" Ðinclude€[the€Defendant].€.€.€.€Ð‹$Û#Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€State€argues€that€the€statement€was€relevant€to€explaining€the€motive€for€the€attack€on€theÐ ]&­!% Ðvictim,€because€its€theory€was€that€the€beating€of€Shipp€was€a€form€of€punishment€for€his€actionsÐ F'–"& Ðagainst€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€We€disagree€with€the€Stateððs€argument€because€the€state€of€mindÐ /(#' Ðhearsay€exception€may€not€be€used€to€prove€some€third€partyððs€conduct.€€Accordingly,€we€concludeÐ )h$( Ðthat€this€testimony€was€not€relevant€to€prove€the€Gangster€Disciplesðð€motive€for€the€attack€on€Shipp.Ô#†X54XX X[¤ N#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ԀР*Q%) ÐHowever,€we€conclude€that€Graftonððs€testimony€regarding€Shippððs€state€of€mind€was€relevant€toÐ ê*:&* Ðexplain€why€Shipp€acted€the€way€he€did€toward€other€gang€members€on€August€29,€1997,€andÐ Ó+#'+ ÐSeptember€11,€1997.€€Furthermore,€we€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€statement€was€madeÐ ° Ðsufficiently€close€in€time€to€the€August€29,€1997,€incident€to€be€relevant.€€Accordingly,€we€concludeÐ ™é Ðthat€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€admitting€this€testimony€into€evidence.Ð ‚Ò ÐÔ#†X54XX X[¤ V#Ôò òÌÓ  ÓV.€€Jury€InstructionsÐ U¥ ÐÌó óÓ  Óà  àNext,€the€Defendant€argues€ò òó óÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ôthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€the€Defendantððs€request€forÐ ) y Ða€special€jury€instruction€addressing€the€theories€of€duress€and€mere€presence.Ô#†X54XX X[¤/Y#Ô€€ð ð[A]€defendant€hasÐ  b Ða€constitutional€right€to€a€correct€and€complete€charge€of€the€law.ðð€€òòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔState€v.€Teelòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54‘Z#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€793€S.W.2d€236,Ð û K Ð249€(Tenn.€1990).€€The€trial€court€has€a€duty€ð ðto€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€theÐ ä 4  Ðfacts€of€the€case.ðð€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.€1986).€€Furthermore,€the€trialÐ Í   Ðcourt€must€describe€and€define€all€of€the€elements€of€each€offense.€€òòState€v.€Cravensóó,€764€S.W.2dÐ ¶  Ð754,€756€(Tenn.€1989).€€When€Ô#†X54XXX54êZ#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôjury€instructions€are€full,€fair,€and€accurate€statements€of€the€law,€aÐ Ÿï  ÐÔ% ‡] ÔÔ#†X54XXX54æ\#ÔÔ%†]a]ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôtrial€court€is€not€required€to€provide€special€instructions.€€Ô#†X54XXX54¢]#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Mannòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54%^#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€959€S.W.2d€503,€521€(Tenn.Ð ˆØ  Ð1997);€òòÔ#†X54XXX54„^#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54ÔState€v.€Kelleyòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54_#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€683€S.W.2d€1,€6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€Ô#†X54XXX54[_#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Chestnutòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54Ê_#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€643€S.W.2dÐ qÁ  Ð343,€352€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€It€is€not€error€for€a€trial€court€to€deny€a€request€for€specialÐ Zª  Ðinstructions€when€the€courtððs€instructions€on€a€matter€are€proper.€€Ô#†X54XXX54-`#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Vannòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54Pa#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€976€S.W.2d€93,€114Ð C“ Ð(Tenn.€1998).€Ô#†X54XXX54¯a#Ôò òÐ ,| ÐÌà  àó óFirst,€we€will€address€the€Defendantððs€contention€that€the€trial€court€should€have€granted€hisÐ ÿO Ðrequest€for€an€instruction€on€mere€presence.€€The€Defendant€admits€that€the€trial€court€supplementedÐ è8 Ðthe€criminal€responsibility€instruction€to€include€a€statement€regarding€mere€presence.€€The€trialÐ Ñ! Ðcourt€included€the€following€jury€instruction:Ð º  ÐÌÓ  Óà8 @ àCriminal€Responsibility€for€Conduct€of€AnotherÐ ŒÜ ÐÌÓ  Óà8  àà ` àThe€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€as€a€party€to€an€offense€if€the€offenseÐ ^® Ðwas€committed€by€the€defendantððs€own€conduct,€by€the€conduct€of€another€for€whichÐ G— Ðthe€defendant€is€criminally€responsible,€or€by€both.€€Each€party€to€the€offense€mayÐ 0€ Ðbe€charged€with€the€commission€of€the€offense.ÐiÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àMere€presence€at€the€scene€of€the€crime,€however,€would€not€in€and€of€itselfÐ ë ; Ðestablish€that€the€defendant€committed€the€crimes€charged.€€There€must€be€someÐ Ô!$  Ðevidence,€at€least€circumstantial,€that€he€participated€in€the€crimes.н" !Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offense€committed€by€theÐ $ß# Ðconduct€of€another€if,€acting€with€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€ofÐ x%È $ Ðthe€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€defendantÐ a&±!% Ðsolicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ÐJ'š"&Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€Defendant€argues€that€ð ðby€placing€the€instruction€in€the€middle€of€another€instruction,€the€fullÐ )l$( Ðimport€of€the€definition€was€diminished.ðð€€We€disagree.€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€gave€a€full,Ð *U%) Ðfair€and€accurate€statement€of€the€law€regarding€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€anotherÐ î*>&* Ðand€that€the€trial€court€properly€included€the€ð ðmere€presenceðð€instruction€in€this€instruction.€€BecauseÐ ×+''+ Ðthe€criminal€responsibility€instruction€was€a€complete€and€accurate€statement€of€the€law,€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt€did€not€err€by€denying€the€Defendantððs€request€for€a€separate€ð ðmere€presenceðð€instruction.ò ò€Ð ™é Ðó óFurthermore,€ò òó ówe€must€Ô‡X54XXX54Ôpresume€that€the€Ô#†X54XXX54l#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôjury€properly€followed€the€trial€courtððs€Ô#†X54XXX54Tl#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôinstructions€absentÐ …Õ Ðclear€and€convincing€proof€to€the€contrary.€€Ô#†X54XXX54Âl#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóSeeòòóó€òòóóState€v.€Smithòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54\m#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€893€S.W.2d€908,€923€(Tenn.€1994);Ð n¾ ÐÔ#†X54XXX54Ìm#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Woodsóó,òòòòóóÔ#†X54XXX54Hn#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€806€S.W.2d€205,€211€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990);€òòState€v.€Vanzantóó,€659€S.W.2d€816,Ð W§ Ð819€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983).Ô#†X54XXX54®n#Ô€ò ò€ó óThe€Defendant€has€failed€to€present€any€evidence€that€the€jury€in€thisÐ @  Ðcase€failed€to€follow€this€particular€instruction.ò òÐ , | ÐÌà  àó óThe€Defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€request€that€the€jury€beÐ ÿ O Ðinstructed€as€to€the€defense€of€duress.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„504€(1997)Ð è 8  Ðprovides€that:Ð Ñ !  ÐÌà8  à(a)€Ô‡X54XXX54ÔDuress€is€a€defense€to€Ô#†X54XXX54Gq#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôprosecution€where€the€person€or€a€third€person€isÐ £ó  Ðthreatened€with€harm€which€is€present,€imminent,€impending€and€of€such€a€nature€toÐ ŒÜ  Ðinduce€a€well„grounded€apprehension€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€if€the€act€isÐ uÅ  Ðnot€done.€€The€threatened€harm€must€be€continuous€throughout€the€time€the€act€isÐ ^®  Ðbeing€committed,€and€must€be€one€from€which€the€person€cannot€withdraw€in€safety.Ð G— ÐFurther,€the€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€must€clearly€outweigh,Ð 0€ Ðaccording€to€ordinary€standards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€be€preventedÐ i Ðby€the€law€proscribing€the€conduct.Ð R ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÔ% ‡_ ÔÔ#†X54XXX54 q#ÔÔ%†_ÁtÔÔ% ‡` ÔÔ%†`uÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô(b)€This€defense€is€unavailable€to€a€person€who€intentionally,€knowingly,€orÐ ½  Ðrecklessly€becomes€involved€in€a€situation€in€which€it€was€probable€that€the€Ô% ‡a ÔÔ#†X54XXX54 u#ÔÔ%†aíuÔÔ‡X54XXX54ÔpersonÐ ¦ö Ðwould€be€subjected€to€compulsion.Ð ß ÐÔ#†X54XXX54.v#ÔÐ Ð Ð  ÐThe€Defendant€contends€that€according€to€his€testimony€at€trial,€he€was€not€free€to€retreat€from€theÐ a± Ðbeatings€taking€place€in€DeSoto€Park€because,€if€had€simply€walked€away€from€the€beatings,€heÐ Jš Ðwould€have€been€ð ðin€violationðð€himself€and€may€have€received€a€beating€from€other€GangsterÐ 3ƒ ÐDisciples.€€Accordingly,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€including€a€juryÐ l Ðinstruction€on€the€defense€of€duress.€€The€trial€court€explained€why€it€did€not€include€a€special€juryÐ  U Ðinstruction€on€duress:Ð î > ÐÌà8  àThe€reluctance€I€have€in€charging€duress€is€that€it€states€that€the€defendant€isÐ À"! Ðthreatenedð!ðduress€is€a€defense€if€the€defendant€is€threatened€with€harm€which€isÐ ©#ù" Ðpresent,€imminent,€impending€and€of€such€a€nature€as€to€induce€a€well€grantedÐ ’$â# Ðapprehension€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€if€the€act€is€not€done.€€ThreatenedÐ {%Ë $ Ðharm€is€continuous€throughout€the€time€the€act€is€being€committed.€€And€theÐ d&´!% Ðtestimony€of€the€defendant€suggests€that€no€act€was€done.€€And€thatððs€my€problemÐ M'"& Ðwith€charging€duress.€.€.€.€And€I€just€donððt€think€that€thereððs€any€testimony€that€heÐ 6(†#' Ðwas€under€duress€to€do€anything€because€he€doesnððt€admit€in€his€testimony€to€havingÐ )o$( Ðdone€anything,€to€having€committed€an€act.€€And€so,€I€just€donððt€think€itððsÐ *X%) Ðappropriate.€€Now,€I€guess€you€could€argue€that€he€was€under€duress€to€not€walkÐ ñ*A&* Ðaway€or€something,€but€thatððs€not€what€is€contemplated€in€this€charge.€.€.€.€I€think€thisÐ Ú+*'+ Ðcharge€contemplates€committingð!ðthey€talked€about€it€in€each€element,€committingÐ ° Ðthe€act.€.€.€.€I€just€donððt€think€that€the€proof€rises€to€the€level€that€would€warrantÐ ™é Ðcharging€duress.ЂÒÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àWe€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€evidence€introduced€at€trial€does€not€support€a€specialÐ T¤ Ðjury€instruction€on€duress.€€Neither€the€Defendant€nor€the€State€introduced€any€testimony€that€theÐ =  ÐDefendant€was€under€duress€during€the€beatings€at€DeSoto€Park.€€To€the€contrary,€the€evidenceÐ & v Ðindicates€that€the€Defendant€voluntarily€accompanied€his€fellow€Gangster€Disciples€to€the€ð ðIndianððÐ  _ Ðmound€where€the€beatings€took€place,€and€the€Defendant€was€not€ð ðò òó óÔ‡X54XXX54Ôthreatened€with€harm€which€isÐ ø H Ðpresent,€imminent,€impending€and€of€such€a€nature€to€induce€a€well„grounded€apprehension€of€deathÐ á 1  Ðor€serious€bodily€injury€if€the€act€is€not€done.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„504(a).€€Ô#†X54XXX54#ÔIndeed,€theÐ Ê   ÐDefendant€testified€that€he€did€not€participate€in€the€beatings,€rather€he€just€watched€the€assault€onÐ ³  ÐShipp.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€denying€the€Defendantððs€requestÐ œì  Ðfor€a€special€jury€instruction€on€duress.Ð …Õ  Ðò òÌÓ  ÓVI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceÐ X¨  ÐÌó óÓ  Óà  àFinally,€the€Defendant€argues€Ô‡ X[¤XXX54Ôthat€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€for€aÐ ,| Ðrational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€Defendant€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ô#†X54XX X[¤ „#Ô€€When€an€accusedÐ e Ðchallenges€the€Ô% ‡Q ÔÔ%†Q5…ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôsufficiency€of€the€Ô#†X54XXX54S…#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôevidence,€an€appellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€afterÐ þN Ðconsidering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€factÐ ç7 Ðcould€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€€P.Ð Ð  Ð13(e);€Ô#†X54XXX54¨…#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóJackson€v.€Virginiaòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54>‡#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€Ô#†X54XXX54£‡#ÔòòòòóóÔ‡X54XXX54ÔState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€278€(Tenn.Ð ¹  Ð2000)Ô#†X54XXX54 ˆ#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô.€Ô#†X54XXX54‘ˆ#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,Ð ¢ò Ðor€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€Ô#†X54XXX54Õˆ#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Pendergrassòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54ɉ#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€13€S.W.3d€389,Ð ‹Û Ð392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ð tÄ ÐÐ Ѐà  àIn€determining€the€Ô#†X54XXX54/Š#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôsufficiency€of€the€Ô#†X54XXX54÷Š#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôevidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ F– Ðthe€evidence.€€Ô#†X54XXX54L‹#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Matthewsòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54ì‹#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€thisÐ / ÐCourt€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€Ô#†X54XXX54OŒ#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóState€v.€Buggsòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54=#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54ÔÐ h Ð995€S.W.2d€Ô% ‡ ÔÔ#†X54XXX54#ÔÔ%†ÜÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);€Ô#†X54XXX54Ž#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóLiakas€v.€Stateòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54yŽ#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956).€€QuestionsÐ  Q Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÐ ê : Ðfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€Ô#†X54XXX54ÚŽ#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóLiakasòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54!#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€286€S.W.2d€at€859.Ð Ó!#  ÐThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ ¼" ! Ðcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ô#†X54XXX54y#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔÐ ¥#õ" ÐòòóóState€v.€Evansòòóó,Ô#†X54XXX54º‘#ÔóóÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantÐ Ž$Þ# Ðremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalÐ w%Ç $ Ðdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyÐ `&°!% Ðverdict.€Ô#†X54XXX54/’#ÔòòÔ‡X54XXX54ÔòòóóId.Ô#†X54XXX54Г#ÔóóÐ I'™"& ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€the€following€offenses:€€Ô‡ X[¤XXX54Ô(1)€premeditated€first€degreeÐ )k$( Ðmurder€of€Marshall€Shipp;€(2)€first€degree€murder€of€Marshall€Shipp€during€the€perpetration€of€aÐ *T%) Ðkidnapping;€(3)€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€of€Marshall€Shipp;€and€(4)€especially€aggravatedÐ í*=&* Ðkidnapping€of€Ricky€Aldridge.Ô#†X54XX X[¤x”#Ô€€After€thoroughly€reviewing€the€record€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ Ö+&'+ Ðto€the€State,€we€conclude€that€a€Ô‡X54XXX54Ôrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÐ ° Ðcrimes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ô#†X54XXX54m–#Ô€€Ð ™é ÐÌà  àThe€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€both€premeditated€first€degree€murder€and€felonyÐ k» Ðmurder,€and€the€trial€court€merged€those€convictions.€€Therefore,€we€will€examine€the€record€toÐ T¤ Ðdetermine€whether€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€the€premeditated€first€degree€murderÐ =  Ðconviction€and€the€felony€murder€conviction.€€Premeditated€first€degree€murder€is€the€premeditatedÐ & v Ðand€intentional€killing€of€another.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1997).€€Premeditation€is€anÐ  _ Ðact€done€after€ð ðthe€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€€TheÐ ø H ÐStateððs€evidence€established€that€the€Defendant€was€present€at€the€meeting€at€Mickensððs€apartmentÐ á 1  Ðwhere€Gangster€Disciples€were€debating€what€punishments€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge€shouldÐ Ê   Ðreceive.€€The€evidence€further€established€Ó SÓthat€the€Defendant€drove€a€black€pickup€which€carriedÐ ³  Ðseveral€other€Gangster€Disciples€and€led€a€three€vehicle€caravan€to€DeSoto€Park.€€Once€the€GangsterÐ œì  ÐDisciples€arrived€at€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound€at€the€park,€the€Stateððs€evidence€established€that€theÐ …Õ  ÐDefendant€and€other€Gangster€Disciples€used€bats€and€crowbars€to€beat€Shipp.€€Ricky€AldridgeÐ n¾  Ðtestified€that€when€Shipp€started€to€fight€back,€the€Defendant€held€Shipp€from€behind€so€otherÐ W§  ÐGangster€Disciples€could€beat€him€with€their€weapons.€€Timothy€Aldridge€testified€that€he€saw€theÐ @ ÐDefendant€beating€Shipp€with€ð ðsomethingðð€in€his€hand.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€was€at€theÐ )y Ðð ðIndianðð€mound€when€the€beating€occurred,€but€he€did€not€participate€and€just€watched.€€TheÐ b Ðevidence€introduced€at€trial€overwhelmingly€indicates€that€the€beating€and€shooting€of€Shipp€wasÐ ûK Ða€calculated€act€by€the€group€of€Gangster€Disciples,€which€included€the€Defendant,€done€after€theÐ ä4 Ðexercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€The€evidence€established€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€intendedÐ Í Ðto€kill€Shipp€at€DeSoto€Park€by€beating€him€with€deadly€weapons€and€shooting€him€because€he€wasÐ ¶ Ða€ð ðrebellious€brotherðð€who€disrespected€ranking€Gangster€Disciples€and€fought€with€fellow€gangÐ Ÿï Ðmembers.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€establish€the€Defendantððs€guiltÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€premeditated€first€degree€murder€of€the€victim€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð qÁ ÐÌÓ€ M !"#(ÿÿ08XÓÔ% ‡Z ÔÔ%†Zr¢ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ôà  àFelony€first€degree€murder€is€ð ðÔ% ‡^ ÔÔ#†X54XXX54¢#ÔÔ%†^Ý¢ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô[a]€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€orÐ é9 Ðattempt€to€perpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€act€of€terrorism,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,Ð Ò" Ðkidnapping,€aggravated€child€abuse,€aggravated€child€neglect€or€aircraft€piracy.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð »  Ððð€39„13„202(a)(2).Ô#†X54XXX54£#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€€The€Defendant€was€convicted€of€Ô#†X54XXX54º¤#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54Ôfirst€degree€murder€of€Shipp€during€theÐ ¤ ô Ðperpetration€of€a€kidnappingÔ#†X54XX X[¤¥#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô.€€If€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€establish€theÐ !Ý ÐDefendantððs€guilt€concerning€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€of€Shipp,€then€the€evidenceÐ v"Æ  Ðwould€likewise€be€sufficient€to€establish€the€Defendantððs€guilt€of€felony€first€degree€murder€beyondÐ _#¯! Ða€reasonable€doubt.Ð H$˜" ÐÌà  àEspecially€aggravated€kidnapping€is€the€knowing,€unlawful€removal€or€confinement€ofÐ À&"$ Ðanother€ð ðso€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€otherððs€liberty,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€39„13„302(a)Ð ©'ù"% Ð(1997),€where€such€removal€or€confinement€is€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€where€theÐ ’(â#& Ðvictim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€39„13„305(a)(1)€and€(4)€(1997).€€TheÐ {)Ë$' ÐDefendant€was€convicted€for€the€especially€aggravated€kinappings€of€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge.€Ð d*´%( ÐThe€Stateððs€evidence€established€that€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge€were€forced€to€attend€the€GangsterÐ M+&) ÐDisciples€meeting€at€Mickensððs€apartment.€€The€evidence€established€that€Gangster€Disciples€armedÐ 6,†'* Ðwith€handguns€put€Shipp€and€Ricky€AldridgeÔ#†X54XXX54·¥#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€under€ð ðGangster€Disciple€arrestððÔ#†X54XXX54˪#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€andÔ#†X54XXX544«#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€escorted€themÔ#†X54XXX54z«#ÔÐ ° Ðto€the€meeting,€where€the€gang€members€debated€what€punishments€the€two€should€receive.€Ð ™é ÐFollowing€this€meeting,€the€evidence€indicated€that€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge€were€escorted€byÐ ‚Ò Ðarmed€Gangster€Disciples€to€the€cars€outside.€€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€once€he€and€Shipp€wereÐ k» Ðinside€the€cars,€they€were€not€allowed€to€exit€the€vehicles€because€they€were€under€ð ðGD€arrest.ðð€€TheÐ T¤ ÐStateððs€evidence€also€established€that€the€armed€Gangster€Disciples€drove€Shipp€and€Ricky€AldridgeÐ =  Ðto€the€remote€DeSoto€Park€and€forced€them€into€the€middle€of€an€ð ðIndianðð€mound.€€In€addition,€theÐ & v Ðevidence€showed€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€severely€beat€Shipp€with€bats€and€tire€irons€and€thenÐ  _ Ðshot€him,€which€led€to€his€death€two€days€later.€€The€evidence€established€that€Ricky€Aldridge€wasÐ ø H Ðbeaten€with€fists€in€the€ð ðIndianðð€mound.€€Further,€Ricky€Aldridge€testified€that€the€DefendantÐ á 1  Ðparticipated€in€the€meeting€at€Mickensððs€apartment,€drove€the€lead€vehicle€in€the€caravan€to€DeSotoÐ Ê   ÐPark,€and€actively€participated€in€the€beating€of€Shipp€by€holding€him€while€others€beat€him€withÐ ³  Ðbats€and€tire€irons.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€establish€theÐ œì  ÐDefendantððs€guilt€of€the€especially€aggravated€kidnappings€of€Shipp€and€Ricky€Aldridge€beyond€aÐ …Õ  Ðreasonable€doubt,€and,€by€extension,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððsÐ n¾  Ðverdict€for€the€felony€first€degree€murder€of€Shipp.€Ð W§  ÐÌò òà@FF#ìàVII.€Conclusionó óˆÐ Ï ÐÌà  àIn€accordance€with€the€forgoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€AFFIRM€the€trial€courtððsÐ H˜ Ðjudgments.Ð 1 ÐÔ‡X54XXX54ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€Ô#†X54XXX54޳#ÔÔ‡ X[¤XXX54ÔÐ ©ù Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð å5 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGEÔ#†X54XX X[¤&´#ÔÔ‡X54XXX54Ô€Ô#†X54XXX54xµ#Ô