ÿWPC ÒÜ™£^Ì Þ©Ö¤Ãgÿ…Y [==GvaàÈ‘› )'1ðS×l†‰¤Í;jÑ•qCÐå%²›Q,cÍsó ¥[?¹­ ö°ì$TÌàHõeí'ü܉sJœ½.Î6…?çi»):0¥ˆíO 98Ômb¯’=†7Ô˹T ó|ÄÑΆ¹QÎõcåHPïpG›Î*Rç ´k©Ãæ…³†q)4n⡵GP3Ð$‘Õ32XYÈ‹N"zŠ…?ž,™ÉÞ´,­ûu¨‹@`Ká‚QnÙ°!k\!Ôéì“Íòi j±nYdï‚ï„DO2 5aTdà«#ÂIÆ«n ±&ÕÚH†ýö5a …lÆÄXŽ“•xçXaæ á÷2ë¿åYeò‰Æ_žo£ ­ØO«»«­‚´þäUê$¤µgl;à xÕœ–q+“üe’øN MD"!„ÌDù6çÚ.¾pІò€¡ž¨±b:JÄöËd[fø©G°‚† ؼ›-¤Ùù«k˜…-OÛÝ.¼¥¬í1üFêšÍ•,‚B>Æ{~ÀËЃB¨@šÂžïÉŒú-Áp+¬b@çÄ­ã7µtR’æ`ÿþIã»oS£^H@‹I¶h>·/懇Ó=0b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz U N‘ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1÷NÿÿÿEb 0ë     Böö 0¤ D3· D-ê 0K ASbƵ 0¤{ 0D A«c˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»–p+â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo†)l]§k1p© ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 - ù-(|G2ÂÀ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôãò»»Ô d(|3x$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3x$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M%»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼M%»»»ÔÑ8€IXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îBM%ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼M%»îîB #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€July€11,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡XIX»¼M%ÔÌò òÔ#†¼M%»XXI#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€REGINALD€HENDERSONòòóóÔ‡XIX»¼M%Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€96„12801€€€€€€W.€Fred€Axley,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„00607„CCA„R3„CD€€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€Filed€August€10,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òó óÔ‡ XIXXXIÔThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€second€degree€murder€for€a€shooting€which€occurred€during€aÐ xÈ  Ðbirthday€outing€at€a€nightclub€and€was€sentenced€to€confinement€for€twenty€years.€€He€appealed,Ð d´ Ðraising€as€issues,€that€the€trial€court€erred:€(1)€€in€not€correctly€instructing€the€jury€as€to€reasonableÐ P  Ðdoubt;€(2)€in€admitting€proof€of€another€bad€act€of€the€defendant;€(3)€in€not€allowing€impeachmentÐ <Œ Ðwith€prior€convictions€of€a€prosecution€witness;€(4)€in€allowing€proof€as€to€a€prior€consistentÐ (x Ðstatement;€and€(5)€in€requiring€the€defendant€to€show€his€teeth€to€the€jury.€€Based€upon€our€review,Ð d Ðwe€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction€of€the€trial€court.Ð P ÐÔ#†XIXX XIí#ÔÔ#†¼M%»XXI–#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼M%ÔÓÛÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼M%»àXIe#ÔÔ‡XIX.¼M%ÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòJerry€L.Ð ° ÐSmith,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð œì ÐÌChristine€W.€Stephens€(on€appeal)€and€Howard€L.€Wagerman€(at€trial),€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€theÐ tÄ Ðappellant,€Reginald€Henderson.Ð `° ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Patricia€C.€Kussmann,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ 8!ˆ  ÐGeneral;€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€William€Bond,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ $"t! ÐGeneral;€and€Stephen€P.€Jones,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€ofÐ #`" ÐTennessee.Ð ü#L# ÐÓ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼M%»XXI1 #ÔÔ‡XIX»¼M%ÔÐ Ô%$!% ÐÌò òòòBACKGROUNDó óóóÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÔ#†¼M%»XXIi #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XIX»¼M%ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔà  àThe€defendant,€Reginald€Henderson,€was€convicted€for€the€shooting€death€of€Larry€Wood,Ð ˜(è#( Ðwhich€occurred€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€October€19,€1996,€at€the€Ten€Plus€One€Club€inÐ „)Ô$) ÐMemphis.€€In€his€appeal,€he€raises€the€following€issues:Ð p*À%* ÐÌÓ*°,XƒX× –X°œX*Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI.à0× ` x` xàWhether€the€trial€judge€correctly€instructed€the€jury€as€toÐ H,˜', Ðð ðreasonable€doubt.ððÐ#4-„(-× x× xý #Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àII.à0× ` x` xàWhether€it€was€error€to€allow€the€Stateððs€witness,€Tonja€Beverly,Ð ° Ðto€testify€that€the€defendant€previously€had€pulled€a€gun€on€herÐ œì Ðboyfriend.ЈØ× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIII.à0× ` x` xàWhether€it€was€error€not€to€allow€the€defendant€to€impeach€theÐ `° ÐStateððs€witness,€Brenda€Shields,€as€to€her€four€previousÐ L œ Ðdisorderly€conduct€convictions€and€one€theft€of€propertyÐ 8 ˆ Ðconviction.Ð$ t× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIV.à0× ` x` xàWhether€it€was€error€to€allow€the€State€to€utilize€a€priorÐ ü L  Ðconsistent€statement€of€its€witness€Eric€Harris.Ðè 8 × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àV.à0× ` x` xàWhether€it€was€error€to€require€that€the€defendant€exhibit€hisÐ À  Ðteeth€to€the€jury.Ьü × x× x ÐÌà@¥¥(ìàòòò òFACTSó óóóˆÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àA€number€of€witnesses€testified€for€the€State€as€to€the€events€at€the€Ten€Plus€One€Club,€whichÐ \¬ Ðculminated€in€the€death€of€the€victim,€Larry€Wood.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àTonja€Beverly€testified€that€she€had€arrived€at€the€club€at€about€7€p.m.€on€October€18,€1996.Ð  p ÐLater,€she€was€joined€by€her€friend€Mildred€Shields,€who€was€celebrating€her€birthday€that€day,€asÐ  \ Ðwell€as€by€Brenda€Shields,€Jemal€Duncan,€who€was€Brendaððs€fianc,€and€Jemalððs€cousin,€LarryÐ øH ÐWood.€€She€described€what€occurred,€when€the€defendant,€whom€she€called€ð ðLittle€Reggie,ððÐ ä4 Ðapproached€the€table€where€her€group€was€sitting:Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à × àLittle€Reggie€came€and€he€was€standing€in€front€of€the€door,Ð ¨ø Ðwhich€is€right€there€by€the€table€we€was€sitting€at.€€And€he€saidÐ ”ä Ðsomething€to€Andrea.€€Andrea€was€sitting€in€front€of€me.€€What€heÐ €Ð Ðsaid€to€her,€I€donððt€know,€but€I€know€Larry€told€Little€Reggie,€he€said,Ð l¼ ÐDonððt€talk€to€my€sister€like€that.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€they€got€to€arguing€and€Little€Reggie,€you€know,€tellingÐ 0"€  Ðhim,€You€donððt€know€me,€and€all€this.€€And€then€Little€Reggie,€heÐ #l! Ðkinda€looked€at€me€and€told€him,€said,€You€need€to€tell€thisÐ $X" Ðmotherfucker€who€I€am,€you€know€what€Iððm€saying.€€Better€tell€thisÐ ô$D # Ðnigger€who€I€am.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàNow,€who€said€that€to€you?и'#&× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàLittle€Reggie.€€I€call€him€Little€Reggie.Ð)à$(× x× x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàOkay.€€When€you€say€ð ðLittle€Reggieðð,€do€you€know€his€real€ð!ð€hisÐ ° Ðâ âfull€name?Мì× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàReginald€Henderson.ÐtÄ× x× x ÐÌà  àMs.€Beverly€later€testified€regarding€a€prior€confrontation€with€the€defendant:Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàWho€did€he€want€you€to€tell?Ð$ t× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàI€guess€he€wanted€me€to€tell€Larry,€you€know,€tell€him€becauseÐ ü L  Ðthatððs€who€he€arguing€with.€€And€ð!ðÐè 8 × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàWhy€did€he€point€at€you€and€what€did€he€want€you€to€tell€him?ÐÀ × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàI€donððt€know.€€I€know€this€one€incident€before€all€this€happenedÐ ˜è  Ðwhen€me€and€my€baby€daddy,€his€nameððs€Lemoyne€RuttleyÐ „Ô  Ð(phonetic),€we€was€at€this€other€club€called€Shaky.€€And€I€donððtÐ pÀ Ðknow€what€happened€but€I€know€when€me€and€my€baby€daddyÐ \¬ Ðwas€leaving€out€the€club€ð!ðÐH˜× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€WAGERMAN:€€Judge,€I€renew€my€objection€from€earlier.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€All€right,€sir.€€The€rulingððs€the€same.€€You€mayÐ øH Ðproceed.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àòòBY€MR.€JONESóó:м ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàSo€you€say€your€babyððs€daddy€was€Lemoyne?Дä× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYeah.€€His€nameððs€Lemoyne.€€They€call€him€Mon€(phonetic).€Ð l¼ ÐAnd€we€was€leaving€this€club€called€Shaky.€€And€Mon€wasÐ X ¨ Ðtalking€to€his€friend€named€Bird€and€Little€Reggie€came€out.€€IÐ D!” Ðdonððt€know€if€Mon€and€Little€Reggie€had€some€words€or€not,€butÐ 0"€  ÐI€know€he€pulled€a€gun€on€my€baby€daddy.€€He€cocked€it,€youÐ #l! Ðknow€what€Iððm€saying,€he€told€me€the€same€thing€he€told€me€thatÐ $X" Ðnight€he€told€Larry,€you€know€what€Iððm€saying,€I€better€get€thisÐ ô$D # Ðmother€fucker€away€from€down€here.€€Reggieððs€talking€about€myÐ à%0!$ Ðbaby€daddy.ÐÌ&"%× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàOkay.€€When€you€say€he€pulled€the€gun€on€your€babyððs€daddy,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðwhoððs€the€ð ðheðð€youððre€talking€about?Ð)à$(× x× x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàLittle€Reggie,€Reginald€Henderson,€he€pulled€a€gun€on€my€babyÐ ° Ðâ âfather.Мì× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€is€that€what€was€going€through€your€mind€when€he€pointedÐ tÄ Ðat€you€and€said,€You€better€tell€him€who€I€am?Ð`°× x× x Ðà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYes,€thatððs€what€I€believed€because,€I€mean,€I€know€him€far€asÐ 8 ˆ Ðlike€being€at€the€club€but,€you€know,€I€ainððt€never€just€kickedÐ $ t Ðwith€him,€you€know,€but€thatððs€the€only€thing€that€I€couldÐ  ` Ðindicate,€that€he€was€telling€me€I€better€tell€this€nigger,€you€knowÐ ü L  Ðwhat€Iððm€saying,€who€I€am.Ðè 8 × x× x ÐÌà  àAs€the€victim€and€the€defendant€began€fighting,€and€were€joined€by€others,€Ms.€Beverly€leftÐ À  Ðthe€immediate€area€and€went€to€the€back€of€the€club.€€She€heard€three€shots€and€returned€to€the€areaÐ ¬ü  Ðof€the€club€where€she€had€been€before€and€saw€the€victim€lying€on€the€floor.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àBeverly€Mason€testified€that€she€had€gone€to€the€club€with€the€victim€to€help€Mildred€ShieldsÐ pÀ Ðcelebrate€her€birthday.€€She€was€at€the€bar,€watching€three€men€at€the€pool€table,€when€she€heardÐ \¬ Ðthree€shots.€€She€did€not€see€with€whom€the€victim€was€fighting,€nor€did€she€see€anyone€with€a€gun.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àMildred€Shields€testified€that€she€had€been€at€the€Ten€Plus€One€Club€on€October€19,€1996,Ð  p Ðcelebrating€her€birthday.€€Larry€Wood€and€another€man€began€arguing,€both€using€profanities,€andÐ  \ Ðshe€went€to€another€part€of€the€club€to€avoid€the€argument.€€She€heard€shots€and€saw€the€victim€onÐ øH Ðthe€floor.€€However,€she€did€not€see€who€had€shot€him.€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àBrenda€Shields,€the€sister€of€Mildred€Shields,€observed€the€argument€and€described€whatÐ ¼  Ðhappened€after€the€victim€had€objected€to€the€defendantððs€treatment€of€one€of€the€female€patrons€atÐ ¨ø Ðthe€club:Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àLittle€Reggie.€€Little€Reggie€replied€to€Larry,€Who€the€fuck€you€thinkÐ l¼ Ðyou€talking€to?€€You€donððt€know€nothing€about€me.€€And€then€LarryÐ X ¨ Ðsaid,€Man,€Iððm€just€saying,€man,€you€know€you€ainððt€got€to€beÐ D!” Ðdisrespecting€the€lady€like€that,€you€know.€€And€Little€Reggie€like,Ð 0"€  ÐYou€donððt€tell€me€what€mother€fucking€thing€to€do,€you€donððt€tell€meÐ #l! Ða€goddamn€thing.€€And€I€told€Larry,€I€said,€Larry,€I€said,€just€leave€itÐ $X" Ðalone,€you€know.€€We€just,€you€know,€we€enjoying€the€party.€€SoÐ ô$D # ÐLarry€reached€out€and€asked€Little€Reggie,€you€know,€to€shake€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðhand.€€And€Little€Reggie,€Iððm€not€shaking€your€mother€fucking€hand,Ð Ì&"% ÐIððm€not€shaking€your€mother€fucking€hand.€€Man,€you€got€me€fuckedÐ ¸'#& Ðup.€€And€he€turned€back€around€to€Tonja€Beverly,€which€was€anotherÐ ¤(ô#' Ðlady,€she€was€at€the€club€also.€€When€we€got€there,€we€was€sitting€atÐ )à$( Ðthe€same€table€together.€€Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àShe€then€told€of€the€fight€between€the€victim,€the€defendant,€and€their€friends,€and€the€ensuingÐ ° Ðshooting€of€the€victim€by€the€defendant:Ð œì ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àHe€was€ð!ð€it€was€Jemal,€Larry,€and€Tony€Saulsberry€on€the€sideÐ tÄ Ðof€the€wall,€which€is€the€wall€ð!ð€from€where€Iððm€standing€itððs€like€rightÐ `° Ðhere.€€You€know,€only€thing€in€between€that€wall€is€the€hallway.€€SoÐ L œ Ðthey€wasnððt€that€way.€€They€was€right€here€and€I€was€right€here.€€AndÐ 8 ˆ Ðthey€was€on€the€side€of€the€wall€right€here€fighting.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€where€Little€Reggie€came€from,€I€do€not€know,€from€whenÐ ü L  Ðhe€got€up€off€that€ground.€€Because€they€was€over€there€on€Tony€andÐ è 8  Ðmy€attention€was€focused€over€there€where€my€fiancee€was€in€it€withÐ Ô$  ÐTony€and€them.€€And€Little€Reggie€came€behind€Larry€and€shot€him.€Ð À  ÐThen€the€club€got€black.€€And€thatððs€when€I€hid€under€the€table.€€AndÐ ¬ü  Ðwhere€Little€Reggie€went€and€everybody€else€went,€I€donððt€know.€€ButÐ ˜è  Ðwhen€them€lights€came€on,€Little€Reggie€ð!ð€I€saw€Little€Reggie€cameÐ „Ô  Ðright€up€behind€Larry€and€pulled€the€gun,€boom,€boom,€shot€him€twoÐ pÀ Ðmore€times€in€his€back,€and€Larry€just€fell€completely€down€on€theÐ \¬ Ðground.€€ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà  àJemal€Duncan,€who€was€involved€in€the€fight,€also€testified€that€he€saw€the€defendant€shootÐ  p Ðthe€victim€three€times:Ð  \ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àWell,€me€and€my€cousin€had€put€some€tables€together,€and€theÐ ä4 Ðwomen€had€came€in,€they€sat€down€at€the€table.€€And€me€and€myÐ Ð  Ðgirlfriend€start€dancing.€€And€then€after€a€while€a€song€went€off,€sheÐ ¼  Ðwas€headed€onto€the€dance€floor.€€I€stayed€on€the€dance€floor€talkingÐ ¨ø Ðto€another€guy€that€was€in€the€club.€€I€donððt€just€know€his€name.Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€then€I€see€a€struckus€(sic)€had€broke€out.€€And€then€when€myÐ l¼ Ðgirlfriend€came€over€there€and€she€told€me€it€was€my€cousin.€€So€I€ranÐ X ¨ Ðover€there€and€there€was€a€guy€on€my€cousinððs€back.€€So€I€grabbedÐ D!” Ðthat€guy€and€threw€him€off€of€my€cousinððs€back€and€he€hollered€at€theÐ 0"€  Ðguy€and€told€him,€Little€Reggie,€weððll€be€back.€€And€he€went€in€theÐ #l! Ðother€room.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€all€of€ð!ð€it€was€a€whole€lot€of€guys€came€running€in€the€room.€Ð à%0!$ ÐSo€I€jumped€up€in€the€hallway€and€start,€you€know,€getting€them€guysÐ Ì&"% Ðback.€€Everybody€was€trying€to€come€in€there€and€jump€us€then.€€AndÐ ¸'#& Ðwhile€my€cousin€was€whipping€the€guy€named€Reggie€that€was€on€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðground€who€he€had€the€fight€with,€another€guy€had€jumped€on€hisÐ )à$( Ðâ âback.€€And€my€cousin€jumped€up€and€started€fighting€that€guy€and€hadÐ |*Ì%) Ðhim€up€against€the€wall,€and€thatððs€when€the€guy€that€was€on€theÐ ° Ðground€named€Reginald€jumped€up€and€shot€him€in€the€back.Мì` x` x Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€my€cousin€was€falling€to€the€ground€and€as€he€was€fallingÐ tÄ Ðtowards€me€and€the€lights€had€went€out€for€some€reason.€€And€he€wasÐ `° Ðð!ð€my€cousin€was€falling€down€to€the€ground,€he€was€falling€towardsÐ L œ Ðme.€€And€Reginald€had€ran€up€on€him€again€and€shot€him€two€moreÐ 8 ˆ Ðtimes€while€he€was€on€the€ground.€€And€by€that€time€I€was€runningÐ $ t Ðbehind€the€bar€trying€to€get€out€the€way.€Ð `` x` x ÐÌà  àAfter€the€State€had€rested€its€case,€the€defense€rested€without€presenting€proof.Ð è 8  ÐÌà@òò&ìàòòò òANALYSISó óóóˆÐ À  ÐÌÓ  Óò òI.€€à0 @ àReasonable€Doubt€Instructionó óÐ ˜è  ÐÓeDÓÌà  àAs€to€ð ðreasonable€doubt,ðð€the€trial€court€utilized€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03(a)€which€provides€asÐ pÀ Ðfollows:Ð \¬ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àA€reasonable€doubt€is€a€doubt€based€upon€reason€and€commonÐ 4„ Ðsense€after€careful€and€impartial€consideration€of€all€the€evidence€inÐ  p Ðthis€case.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àIt€is€not€necessary€that€the€defendantððs€guilt€be€proved€beyond€allÐ ä4 Ðpossible€doubt,€as€absolute€certainty€of€guilt€is€not€demanded€by€theÐ Ð  Ðlaw€to€convict€of€any€criminal€charge.м ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àA€reasonable€doubt€is€just€thatð!ða€doubt€that€is€reasonable€after€anÐ ”ä Ðexamination€of€all€the€facts€of€this€case.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àIf€you€find€the€state€has€not€proven€every€element€of€the€offenseÐ X ¨ Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€then€you€should€find€the€defendant€notÐ D!” Ðguilty.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€this€instruction€is€deficient€because€it€does€not€include€the€phraseÐ $X" Ðð ðmoral€certainty,ðð€as€does€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03.€€The€comment€to€the€latter€section€explains€why,€at€theÐ ô$D # Ðtime€of€the€1995€printing€of€the€fourth€edition€of€the€Tennessee€Pattern€Jury€Instructions,€there€wereÐ à%0!$ Ðalternative€instructions€as€to€ð ðreasonable€doubt:ððÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€use€of€the€term€ð ðmoralÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcertaintyðð€in€the€jury€charge€on€reasonable€doubt€may€be€reversibleÐ )à$( Ðerror€under€òòCage€v.€Louisianaóó,€498€U.S.€39,€111€S.€Ct.€328,€112€L.Ð |*Ì%) ÐEd.€2d€339€(1990).€€Therefore,€the€Committee€has€written€anÐ h+¸&* Ðalternative€instruction,€T.P.I.ð!ðCRIM.€2.03(a),€Reasonable€Doubt.€Ð ° ÐHowever,€as€of€the€time€of€publication€of€this€edition,€the€Court€ofÐ œì ÐCriminal€Appeals€had€approved€the€use€of€the€term€ð ðmoral€certaintyððÐ ˆØ Ðin€this€instruction.€€òòState€v.€Hallockóó,€875€S.W.2d€285€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð tÄ ÐApp.€1993),€òòappeal€deniedóó€(Feb.€28,€1994).Ð`°` x` x ÐÌT.P.I.„Crim.€2.03€Cmts.€2.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Ronald€D.€Correllóó,€No.€03C01„9809„CC„00318,€1999€WL€812454,€at€*8€(Tenn.Ð  ` ÐCrim.€App.€Oct.€8,€1999),€òòperm.óó€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€Apr.€24,€2000),Ô#†XIXX XI #ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔ€this€court€reviewed€theÐ ü L  Ðcases€in€which€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03(a)€had€been€upheld:Ð è 8  Ðà  àà ` àÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThis€court€has€held€that€T.P.I.€Crim.€No.€2.03(a)€is€consistent€withÐ À  Ðprinciples€of€due€process.€òòState€v.€Saulsberryóó,€No.Ð ¬ü  Ð02C01-9710-CR-00406,€1998€WL€892281,€at€*13-14€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ˜è  ÐApp.€at€Jackson,€December€21,€1998);€òòState€v.€Whiteóó,€No.Ð „Ô  Ð02C01-9710-CR-00384,€1998€WL€376352,€at€*1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð pÀ Ðat€€Jackson),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(€Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Henningóó,Ð \¬ ÐNo.€02C01-9703-CC-00126,€1997€WL€661455,€at€*9€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð H˜ ÐApp.€at€Jackson,€October€24,€1997).€€Ð4„` x` x ÐÌòòóóà  àIn€òòState€v.€Melvin€Edward€Henningóó,€No.€02C01-9703-CC-00126Ô#†XIXX XIO#ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔ,€1997€WL€661455,€at€*9Ð  \ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Oct.€24,€1997)€(footnote€omitted)Ô#†XIXX XIjS#ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔòòóó,€we€rejected€a€challenge€that€2.03(a)€wasÐ øH Ðdeficient€because€it€did€not€contain€the€phrase€ð ðto€a€moral€certaintyðð:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àTennessee€Pattern€Instruction€2.03(a)€tracks€virtually€identicalÐ ¼  Ðlanguage€of€pattern€reasonable€doubt€instructions€approved€by€aÐ ¨ø Ðmajority€of€the€federal€circuits.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Velasquezóó,Ð ”ä Ð980€F.2d€1275,€1278€(9th€Cir.1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€508€U.S.€979,€113Ð €Ð ÐS.€Ct.€2979€(1993);€òòUnited€States€v.€Campbellóó,€874€F.2d€838,€841€(1stÐ l¼ ÐCir.€1989);€òòUnited€States€v.€Hallóó,€854€F.2d€1036,€1039€(7th€Cir.Ð X ¨ Ð1988);€òòUnited€States€v.€Kirbyóó,€838€F.2d€189,€191-192€(6th€Cir.€1988);Ð D!” ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Colonóó,€835€F.2d€27,€31-32€(2nd€Cir.€1987),€òòcert.Ð 0"€  Ðdeniedóó,€€485€U.S.€980,€108€S.€Ct.€1279,€99€L.€Ed.€2d€490€(1988);Ð #l! ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Dilgóó,€700€F.2d€620€(11th€Cir.€1983);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð $X" ÐAlonzoóó,€681€F.2d€997,€1002€(5th€Cir.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€459€U.S.€1021,Ð ô$D # Ð103€S.€Ct.€386,€74€L.€Ed.€2d€517€(1982);€òòUnited€States€v.€Robertsonóó,Ð à%0!$ Ð588€F.2d€575,€579€(8th€Cir.€1978),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€441€U.S.€945,€99€S.Ð Ì&"% ÐCt.€2166,€60€L.€Ed.€2d€1048€(1979).€€Moreover,€the€questionedÐ ¸'#& Ðlanguage€ð ðbased€upon€reason€and€common€senseðð€and€ð ðabsoluteÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcertainty€is€not€requiredðð€has€repeatedly€been€upheld€as€passingÐ )à$( Ðconstitutional€muster.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€United€States€v.€Kimeóó,€99€F.3d€870Ð |*Ì%) Ð(8th€Cir.€1996),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„„€U.S.€„„„,€117€S.€Ct.€1015€(1997);Ð h+¸&* ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Milleróó,€84€F.3d€1244€(10th€Cir.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„„€U.S.Ð ° Є„„,€117€S.€Ct.€443€(1996)€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€by€UnitedÐ œì ÐStates€v.€Hollandóó,€116€F.3d€1353€(10th€Cir.€1997);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð ˆØ ÐCampbellóó,€61€F.3d€976,€980-981€(1st€Cir.€1995),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€---€U.S.Ð tÄ Ð----,€116€S.€Ct.€1556€(1996);€òòHallóó,€854€F.2d€at€1038-1039;€òòUnitedÐ `° ÐStates€v.€Rahmóó,€993€F.2d€1405,€1412€(9th€Cir.€1993).ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àWe€do€not€find€that€the€instruction€taken€separately€renders€theÐ $ t Ðreasonable€doubt€instruction€constitutionally€deficient.€€Additionally,Ð  ` Ðconsidering€this€language€in€the€context€of€the€full€charge,€we€find€noÐ ü L  Ðreasonable€likelihood€that€the€jury€understood€the€instruction€toÐ è 8  Ðpermit€conviction€after€anything€but€a€process€of€careful€deliberationÐ Ô$  Ðor€upon€less€than€proof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€This€issue€isÐ À  Ðwithout€merit.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌWe€conclude€that€the€reasonable€doubt€instruction€was€adequate.Ð „Ô  ÐòòóóÌò òÓ  ÓII.€€Testimony€As€To€Prior€Bad€Act€of€the€Defendantó óÐ \¬ ÐÓ‹`ÓÌà  àPrior€to€the€trial,€the€State€advised€the€court€and€defense€counsel€that€Tonja€Beverly€wouldÐ 4„ Ðtestify€that€previously€the€defendant€had€pulled€a€pistol€on€her€boyfriend:Ð  p ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JONES:€€And€what€we€expect€Ms.€Beverly€to€testify€to€is€theÐ øH Ðfact€that€the€defendant€told€her,€told€our€witness,€You€better€tell€him,Ð ä4 Ðthe€victim,€who€I€am.€€And€she€used€ð!ð€he€used€some€expletives.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€the€purpose€of€introducing€that€statement€ð!ð€and€Iððm€goingÐ ¨ø Ðto€ask€the€witness€what€she€ð!ð€what€that€meant€ð!ð€and€the€fact€that€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendant€was€asking€her,€because€the€defendant€knew€that€theÐ €Ð Ðwitness€had€seen€the€defendant€pull€a€gun€on€a€boyfriend€of€theÐ l¼ Ðwitness,€the€father€of€ð!ðÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Okay.€€Her€boyfriend.€€Yeah.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JONES:€€She€saw€the€defendant€pull€a€gun€on€her€boyfriend€atÐ $X" Ðthe€time€and€the€defendant€telling€her,€You€better€tell€the€victim€whoÐ ô$D # ÐI€am€ð!ð€Iððm€paraphrasing€ð!ð€that€is€relevant€to€the€defendantððs€state€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðmind.€€Itððs€a€non„character€issue.€€Itððs€relevant€to€the€state€of€mind€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€defendant,€which€is€at€issue€here.€€It€goes€to€his€intent,€the€mensÐ ¸'#& Ðrea€requirement€for€the€charged€offense,€and€the€probative€value€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€does€substantially€outweigh€any€prejudicial€value€of€the€prior€badÐ )à$( Ðact€that€weððre€seeking€the€witness€to€testify€to.Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àSo€the€fact€that€he€made€this€statement€of,€you€better€tell€theÐ ° Ðvictim€who€I€am,€is€relevant€to€the€defendantððs€state€of€mind€at€theÐ œì Ðtime€in€very€close€proximity€to€the€actual€murder.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà  àBased€upon€this€representation,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€the€testimony€was€admissible:€Ð `° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àAnd€Iððm€sitting€here€thinking,€itððs€either€a€knowing€killing€or€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðkilling€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€ð!ð€Thatððs€whatÐ $ t Ðthe€jury€is€going€to€be€looking€at,€a€material€element€of€theÐ  ` Ðaccusation.Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àWell,€taking€the€State€as€an€officer€of€the€court€that€it€goesÐ ¬ü  Ðtoward€state€of€mind,€thatððs€their€purpose€for€this,€Iððm€going€to€let€itÐ ˜è  Ðin,€subject€to€cross„examination,€whatever€you€want€to€do€with€it.Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€witnessððs€subsequent€testimony€as€to€the€prior€incident€was€as€follows:Ð \¬ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàSo€you€say€your€babyððs€daddy€was€Lemoyne?Ð4„× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYeah.€€His€nameððs€Lemoyne.€€They€call€him€Mon€(phonetic).€Ð  \ ÐAnd€we€was€leaving€this€club€called€Shaky.€€And€Mon€wasÐ øH Ðtalking€to€his€friend€named€Bird€and€Little€Reggie€came€out.€€IÐ ä4 Ðdonððt€know€if€Mon€and€Little€Reggie€had€some€words€or€not,€butÐ Ð  ÐI€know€he€pulled€a€gun€on€my€baby€daddy.€€He€cocked€it,€youÐ ¼  Ðknow€what€Iððm€saying,€he€told€me€the€same€thing€he€told€me€thatÐ ¨ø Ðnight€he€told€Larry,€you€know€what€Iððm€saying,€I€better€get€thisÐ ”ä Ðmother€fucker€away€from€down€here.€€Reggieððs€talking€about€myÐ €Ð Ðbaby€daddy.Ðl¼× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàOkay.€€When€you€say€he€pulled€the€gun€on€your€babyððs€daddy,Ð D!” Ðwhoððs€the€ð ðheðð€youððre€talking€about?Ð0"€ × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàLittle€Reggie,€Reginald€Henderson,€he€pulled€a€gun€on€my€babyÐ $X" Ðfather.Ðô$D #× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€is€that€what€was€going€through€your€mind€when€he€pointedÐ Ì&"% Ðat€you€and€said,€You€better€tell€him€who€I€am?и'#&× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYes,€thatððs€what€I€believed€because,€I€mean,€I€know€him€far€asÐ )à$( Ðlike€being€at€the€club€but,€you€know,€I€ainððt€never€just€kickedÐ |*Ì%) Ðwith€him,€you€know,€but€thatððs€the€only€thing€that€I€couldÐ h+¸&* Ðindicate,€that€he€was€telling€me€I€better€tell€this€nigger,€you€knowÐ ° Ðwhat€Iððm€saying,€who€I€am.Ô#†XIXX XI T#ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIԀМì× x× x ÐÌThe€defense€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€this€testimony€as€to€a€prior€bad€act€of€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant.Ð `° ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Duckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889,€896€(Tenn.€2000),Ô#†XIXX XIùt#ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔ€òòcert.óó€òòdeniedóó,€___€U.S.€___,€121€S.€Ct.Ð 8 ˆ Ð1202,€149€L.€Ed.€2d€116€(2001),€our€supreme€court€explained€the€elements€of€second€degree€murder:€Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAn€example€of€a€result-of-conduct€offense€is€second€degree€murder,Ð ü L  Ðwhich€is€defined€as€a€ð ðknowing€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ è 8  ÐAnn.ðð€39-13-210(a)(1).€€In€second€degree€murder,€the€result€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðconduct€is€the€sole€element€of€the€offense.€€The€ð ðnature€of€theÐ À  Ðconductðð€that€causes€death€or€the€manner€in€which€one€is€killed€isÐ ¬ü  Ðinconsequential€under€the€second€degree€murder€statute.€€The€statuteÐ ˜è  Ðfocuses€purely€on€the€result€and€punishes€an€actor€who€knowinglyÐ „Ô  Ðcauses€anotherððs€death.€€The€intent€to€engage€in€conduct€is€not€anÐ pÀ Ðexplicit€element€of€the€stateððs€case€in€second€degree€murder.€Ð \¬ ÐAccordingly,€a€result-of-conduct€crime€does€not€require€as€an€elementÐ H˜ Ðthat€an€actor€engage€in€a€specified€course€of€conduct€to€accomplishÐ 4„ Ðthe€specified€result.Ð p` x` x ÐÌòòóóà  àAll€that€was€shown€by€the€sketchy€description€of€the€defendantððs€pulling€a€pistol€on€theÐ øH Ðwitnessððs€boyfriend,€was€that,€when€angered€on€a€prior€occasion,€the€defendant€produced€a€pistol.Ð ä4 ÐIt€is€clear€that€this€testimony€delves€substantially€into€the€proscribed€area€of€propensity€evidence,Ð Ð  Ðwhich€is€not€allowed€by€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€404(b).€While€it€can€be€argued€that€thisÐ ¼  Ðinformation€was€necessary€because€of€the€defendantððs€instruction€that€the€victim€be€told€ð ðwhoðð€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€was,€such€an€explanation€simply€is€too€speculative€to€allow€testimony€that€at€some€timeÐ ”ä Ðin€the€past,€the€defendant€appeared€to€be€angered€easily€and€produced€a€pistol.€€This€testimony€wasÐ €Ð Ðnot€relevant€to€an€element€of€the€charged€offense.€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€it€was€error€to€allow€theÐ l¼ Ðtestimony.Ð X ¨ Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  àWe€must€next€determine€whether€the€error€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment.€Ð 0"€  ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).€€Because€the€issue€here€is€primarily€an€evidentiary€one,€the€effect€of€aÐ #l! Ðruling€in€violation€of€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€404(b)€is€weighed€by€the€same€standard€as€otherÐ $X" Ðnonconstitutional€evidentiary€errors:€€The€defendant€must€show€that€the€error€probably€affected€theÐ ô$D # Ðjudgment€before€reversal€is€appropriate.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Mooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€235,€242€(Tenn.1999)€(statingÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€severance€of€offenses€is€primarily€an€evidentiary€question€and,€as€such,€error€must€be€shown€toÐ Ì&"% Ðhave€probably€affected€the€judgment)€(citing€òòState€v.€Burchfieldóó,€664€S.W.2d€284,€286€(Tenn.Ð ¸'#& Ð1984)).Ð ¤(ô#' Ðâ âÐ )à$( Ðà  àIn€view€of€the€testimony€of€multiple€witnesses€as€to€the€defendantððs€violently€aggressiveÐ ° Ðbehavior€and€of€two€witnesses€that€he€shot€the€victim€three€times€in€the€back,€we€cannot€concludeÐ œì Ðthat€this€testimony€of€a€prior€bad€act€affected€the€verdict€in€the€instant€case.Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌÓ  Óò òIII.€€à0 @ àNot€Allowing€Impeachment€as€to€Prior€Disorderly€Conduct€Ð `° Ðand€Theft€Convictions€of€Stateððs€Witnessó óÐ L œ ÐÌÓD„Óà  àThe€trial€of€this€matter€occurred€in€2000.€€In€1986,€the€Stateððs€witness,€Brenda€Shields,€hadÐ $ t Ðbeen€convicted€four€times€of€shoplifting€and€one€time€for€theft.€€The€trial€court€refused€to€allow€theÐ  ` Ðdefense€to€impeach€the€witness€through€use€of€these€convictions,€and€this€had€been€assigned€as€error.€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àInitially,€the€trial€court€took€under€advisement€the€defendantððs€request€that€he€be€allowed€toÐ Ô$  Ðimpeach€Shields€with€these€convictions,€stating€that€ð ð[i]f€in€the€course€of€direct€examination€she€Ð À  Ðsays€something€that€could€open€the€door€to€your€pursing€it,€I€would€allow€you€to€do€it€then.ððÐ ¬ü  ÐFollowing€the€testimony€of€this€witness,€the€trial€court€stated,€€ð ðIððve€heard€nothing€either€on€directÐ ˜è  Ðor€cross€that€would€cause€this€Court€to€let€you€ask€that€question.ðð€€The€defense€argues€that€all€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðconvictions€involved€dishonesty€and,€thus,€were€relevant€as€to€the€credibility€of€the€witness.€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àRegarding€impeachment€by€evidence€of€a€prior€conviction,€Tennessee€Rule€of€EvidenceÐ H˜ Ð609(b)€provides:Ð 4„ ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTime€Limit.€ð!ð€Evidence€of€a€conviction€under€this€rule€is€notÐ  \ Ðadmissible€if€a€period€of€more€than€ten€years€has€elapsed€between€theÐ øH Ðdate€of€release€from€confinement€and€commencement€of€the€action€orÐ ä4 Ðprosecution;€€if€the€witness€was€not€confined,€the€ten-year€period€isÐ Ð  Ðmeasured€from€the€date€of€conviction€rather€than€release.€€EvidenceÐ ¼  Ðof€a€conviction€not€qualifying€under€the€preceding€sentence€isÐ ¨ø Ðadmissible€if€the€proponent€gives€to€the€adverse€party€sufficientÐ ”ä Ðadvance€notice€of€intent€to€use€such€evidence€to€provide€the€adverseÐ €Ð Ðparty€with€a€fair€opportunity€to€contest€the€use€of€such€evidence€andÐ l¼ Ðthe€court€determines€in€the€interests€of€justice€that€the€probative€valueÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€conviction,€supported€by€specific€facts€and€circumstances,Ð D!” Ðsubstantially€outweighs€its€prejudicial€effect.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌÓ ŠÓÓ  Óà  àThese€convictions€occurred€approximately€fourteen€years€prior€to€the€trial€in€this€matter.€€InÐ $X" Ðdetermining€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€allowing€impeachment€by€these€convictions,€we€willÐ ô$D # Ðapply€the€abuse€of€discretion€standard,€as€explained€in€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649,€652€(Tenn.Ð à%0!$ Ð1997)€(footnotes€omitted):Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€standard€of€review€where€the€decision€of€the€trial€judge€is€basedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðon€the€relevance€of€the€proffered€evidence€under€Rules€40l€and€402Ð )à$( Ðis€abuse€of€discretion.€€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€ofÐ |*Ì%) ÐEvidence€óóðð€401.5€at€86-87€(3d€ed.€1995);€òòDockery€v.€Board€ofÐ h+¸&* ÐProfessional€Responsibilityóó,€937€S.W.2d€863,€866€(Tenn.€1996);€òòcf.€óóÐ ° ÐòòState€v.€Porterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€441,€450€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€€486Ð œì ÐU.S.€1017,€108€S.€Ct.€1756,€100€L.€Ed.€2d€218€(1988).€ÐˆØ` x` x ЀÌà  àImplicit€in€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€was€its€belief€that€the€probative€value€of€theseÐ `° Ðconvictions€were€outweighed€by€the€prejudice€which€would€result€from€their€use.€€In€view€of€theÐ L œ Ðnature€of€and€substantial€passage€of€time€since€the€convictions,€as€well€as€the€nature€of€the€testimonyÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€witness€to€be€impeached€in€relation€to€the€other€evidence€presented€by€the€State,€we€cannotÐ $ t Ðconclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€not€allowing€impeachment€by€use€of€these€priorÐ  ` Ðconvictions.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð Ô$  ÐÌÓ  Óò òIssue€IV.€€Reference€to€Prior€Statement€of€Prosecution€Witnessó óÐ ¬ü  ÐÓp•ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€prosecution,€in€asking€its€witness€Eric€Harris€if€he€had€told€theÐ „Ô  Ðpolice,€as€he€had€just€testified,€that€the€defendant€came€to€his€house€following€the€robbery,Ð pÀ Ðimproperly€bolstered€its€witness€by€utilizing€a€prior€consistent€statement.€€The€State€disagrees€withÐ \¬ Ðthis€characterization,€stating€that€the€witness€was€merely€asked€if€he€had€made€a€statement€to€theÐ H˜ Ðpolice€telling€them€of€the€defendantððs€visit€to€the€house.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àHarris€testified€on€direct€examination€that€he€had€been€at€the€Ten€Plus€One€Club€the€nightÐ  \ Ðof€the€shooting€and€had€seen€the€defendant€fighting€with€another€man,€whom€he€believed€to€theÐ øH Ðvictim.€€As€others€crowded€around,€he€heard€a€shot€but€did€not€see€who€fired€it.€€As€he€ran€out€theÐ ä4 Ðdoor,€he€heard€two€more€shots.€While€waiting€in€the€parking€lot€for€his€companions,€he€saw€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendant,€who€appeared€to€be€mad,€leave€the€club.€€He€did€not€see€anything€in€the€defendantððs€hand.Ð ¼  ÐAbout€an€hour€later,€while€Harris€was€at€the€house€of€his€companions,€the€defendant€came€by€andÐ ¨ø Ðsaid€that€a€ð ðdude€hit€him€in€his€head€so€he€took€care€of€that.ðð€€Shortly€thereafter,€the€defendant€left,Ð ”ä Ðand€the€police€arrived€sometime€later,€arresting€Harris€and€his€companions.€€The€series€of€questionsÐ €Ð Ðand€responses€which€prompted€the€bolstering€the€witness€objection€occurred€when€Harris€told€of€hisÐ l¼ Ðbeing€questioned€while€in€police€custody:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàDuring€that€time€did€the€police€talk€to€you€and€they€take€yourÐ 0"€  Ðstatement€about€the€incident?Ð#l!× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYes,€sir.Ðô$D #× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€did€you€tell€them€about€Reggie€coming€by€the€house?ÐÌ&"%× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€WAGERMAN:€€Judge,€I€object.€€I€submit€a€prior.€.€.€.€.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€trial€court€concluded€that€Harrisððs€statement€that€he€had€told€the€police€of€the€defendantððsÐ ° Ðâ âvisit€and€statement€was€not€the€same€as€his€relating€the€contents€of€a€prior€consistent€statement€andÐ œì Ðoverruled€the€defense€objection.€Harris€then€testified:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàMr.€Harris,€did€you€report€to€the€police€about€Mr.€HendersonÐ `° Ðcoming€by€the€house?ÐL œ× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàAt€what€time?Ð$ t× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàWhen€they€took€your€statement€from€you.Ðü L × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYeah,€down€here.€€Uh„huh.ÐÔ$ × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€did€you€tell€them€the€essence€of€what€he€said?Ьü × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYes,€sir.Ð„Ô × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàDid€they€also€show€you€a,€what€we€call€a€photo€lineup?€€A€ð!ð€itððsÐ \¬ Ða€copy€of€six€photographs€of€male€blacks€and€ask€you€if€youÐ H˜ Ðcould€identify€anyone?Ð4„× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYes,€sir.Ð \× x× x ÐÌà  àWe€agree€with€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€and€the€Stateððs€analysis€of€the€evidentiary€flow€ofÐ ä4 Ðthis€matter.€€Harris€did€not€relate€both€what€occurred€when€the€defendant€came€to€the€houseÐ Ð  Ðfollowing€the€shooting€and€then€relate€exactly€what€he€had€told€the€police€in€this€regard.€€Instead,€heÐ ¼  Ðsimply€testified€that€he€had€told€the€police,€as€he€had€testified€in€court,€of€the€defendantððs€visit.€€HisÐ ¨ø Ðstatement€that€he€had€told€these€facts€to€the€police€also€explained€why€they€then€showed€him€aÐ ”ä Ðphotographic€lineup,€which€included€a€photograph€of€the€defendant.€€The€circumstances€under€whichÐ €Ð Ða€prior€consistent€statement€can€be€utilized€was€explained€in€òòState€v.€Hodgeóó,€989€S.W.2d€717,€725Ð l¼ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998):Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€It€is€true€that€ordinarily€prior€consistent€statements€of€a€witness€areÐ 0"€  Ðnot€admissible€to€bolster€the€witnessðð€credibility.€€òòState€v.€Braggsóó,€604Ð #l! ÐS.W.2d€883,€885€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).€€However,€ð ðpriorÐ $X" Ðconsistent€statements€may€be€admissible€.€.€.€to€rehabilitate€a€witnessÐ ô$D # Ðwhen€insinuations€of€recent€fabrication€have€been€made,€or€whenÐ à%0!$ Ðdeliberate€falsehood€has€been€implied.€€òòState€v.€Bentonóó,€759€S.W.2dÐ Ì&"% Ð427,€433€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€Before€prior€consistentÐ ¸'#& Ðstatements€may€be€admissible,€the€witnessðð€testimony€must€have€beenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðassailed€or€attacked€to€the€extent€that€the€witnessðð€testimony€needsÐ )à$( Ðrehabilitating.€€òòBentonóó,€759€S.W.2d€at€434.€€In€the€matter€òòsub€judiceóó,Ð |*Ì%) Ðduring€cross-examination,€the€defense€repeatedly€asked€Ms.€MullinexÐ h+¸&* Ðwhether€she€ever€told€anyone€of€the€abuse€and€whether€she€told€all€theÐ ° Ðdetails€she€related€at€trial€to€the€people€she€told€earlier.€€The€testimonyÐ œì Ðof€Mr.€Townsend€and€Ms.€Hughes€was€properly€admitted€to€show€thatÐ ˆØ ÐTina€Helton€Mullinex€did€tell€about€the€abuse.€€ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà  àAs€noted€in€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€ðð€801.8,€at€499,€(4th€ed.€2000),Ð L œ Ða€prior€consistent€statement€is€not€hearsay,€for€it€is€admitted€to€rehabilitate€the€witness,€not€ð ðto€proveÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€truth€of€the€matter€asserted€in€the€statement.ðð€€Here,€however,€the€witness€was€questioned€onlyÐ $ t Ðas€to€whether€such€a€statement€had€been€made,€not€its€contents.€€While€the€relevance€is€questionableÐ  ` Ðof€the€fact€that€an€as€yet€unassailed€witness€made€a€prior€statement€consistent€with€the€witnessððs€trialÐ ü L  Ðtestimony,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402,€the€admissibility€of€evidence€is€a€matter€within€the€discretion€ofÐ è 8  Ðthe€trial€court€and€will€not€be€disturbed€on€appeal€absent€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ballardóó,Ð Ô$  Ð855€S.W.2d€557,€562€(Tenn.€1993).€€We€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€inÐ À  Ðthis€regard.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌòòóóÔ#†XIXX XI=v#ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔà  àThus,€we€conclude€that€in€affirming€that€he€had€made€a€consistent€statement€to€investigatingÐ „Ô  Ðofficers,€who€then€showed€the€witness€a€photograph€of€the€defendant,€the€witness€was€not€allowedÐ pÀ Ðto€improperly€bolster€his€testimony,€as€might€have€occurred€if€the€contents€of€the€prior€statement€hadÐ \¬ Ðbeen€related€to€the€jury.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àà ` àà × àò òIssue€V.€€Defendantððs€Displaying€His€Teeth€to€the€Juryó óÐ øH ÐÌà  àDuring€the€direct€examination€of€prosecution€witness€Tonja€Beverly,€after€she€had€describedÐ Ð  Ðthe€clothing€that€the€defendant€was€wearing€the€night€of€the€shooting,€she€gave€an€affirmativeÐ ¼  Ðresponse€when€asked€whether€the€defendant€had€gold€teeth.€€Later,€the€State€asked€that€the€defendantÐ ¨ø Ðstand€and€display€his€teeth€to€the€jury,€which€prompted€an€objection€by€defense€counsel.€The€trialÐ ”ä Ðcourt,€ruling€that€such€a€display€would€be€nontestimonial€in€nature,€ordered€that€the€defendant€standÐ €Ð Ðand€display€his€teeth.€The€defendant€has€assigned€this€action€as€error,€arguing€that€the€act€wasÐ l¼ Ðtestimonial€in€nature.€€We€disagree.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€circumscriptions€of€the€privilege€against€self-incrimination,€preventing€a€defendant€fromÐ 0"€  Ðbeing€required€to€perform€testimonial€acts,€do€not€permit€the€refusal€of€a€defendant€to€perform€anyÐ #l! Ðact€simply€because€it€aids€the€prosecution,€as€was€explained€in€òòSchmerber€v.€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.Ð $X" Ð757,€763„64,€86€S.€Ct.€1826,€1832,€16€L.€Ed.€2d€908,€916€(1966)€(citation€and€footnote€omitted):Ð ô$D # ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€is€clear€that€the€protection€of€the€privilege€[againstÐ Ì&"% Ðself-incrimination]€reaches€an€accusedððs€communications,€whateverÐ ¸'#& Ðform€they€might€take,€and€the€compulsion€of€responses€which€are€alsoÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcommunications,€for€example,€compliance€with€a€subpoena€toÐ )à$( Ðproduce€oneððs€papers.€€On€the€other€hand,€both€federal€and€stateÐ |*Ì%) Ðcourts€have€usually€held€that€it€offers€no€protection€againstÐ h+¸&* Ðcompulsion€to€submit€to€fingerprinting,€photographing,€orÐ ° Ðmeasurements,€to€write€or€speak€for€identification,€to€appear€in€court,Ð œì Ðto€stand,€to€assume€a€stance,€to€walk,€or€to€make€a€particular€gesture.€Ð ˆØ ÐThe€distinction€which€has€emerged,€often€expressed€in€different€ways,Ð tÄ Ðis€that€the€privilege€is€a€bar€against€compelling€ð ðcommunicationsðð€orÐ `° Ðð ðtestimony,ðð€but€that€compulsion€which€makes€a€suspect€or€accusedÐ L œ Ðthe€source€of€ð ðreal€or€physical€evidenceðð€does€not€violate€it.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌòòóóà  àThat€the€trial€court€has€discretion€to€allow€a€jury€to€ð ðview€certain€aspects€of€an€individualððsÐ  ` Ðphysical€appearance,€such€as€tattoo€or€scarsðð€is€recognized€in€3€òòWharton's€Criminal€Evidenceóó€ðð€16:20Ð ü L  Ð(15th€ed.€1999).€€Tennessee€courts€recognize€this€principle,€as€explained€in€òòState€v.€Hendersonóó,€623Ð è 8  ÐS.W.2d€638,€641€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981):Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àThe€only€other€matter€raised€on€appeal€concerns€the€defendant'sÐ ¬ü  Ðinsistence€that€the€ruling€of€the€trial€judge€which€forced€him€toÐ ˜è  Ðdisplay€to€the€jury€a€distinctive€tattoo€on€his€arm€violated€his€FifthÐ „Ô  ÐAmendment€right€against€self-incrimination.€€The€defendant€cites€noÐ pÀ Ðauthority€to€support€this€proposition,€and€we€conclude€that€the€law€isÐ \¬ Ðto€the€contrary.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€Black€v.€Stateóó,€479€S.W.2d€656,€658€(Tenn.Ð H˜ ÐCrim.€App.€1972).€€We€thus€find€no€error€in€connection€with€thisÐ 4„ Ðissue.Ð p` x` x ÐÌòòóóà  àIn€support€of€his€argument€that€it€was€improper€for€the€trial€court€to€order€that€he€exhibit€hisÐ øH Ðteeth€to€the€jury,€the€defendant€relies€upon€òòState€v.€Couryóó,€697€S.W.2d€373,€378€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ä4 Ð1985),€wherein€this€court€stated€that€requiring€a€defendant€to€exhibit€his€tattoo€would€be€a€testimonialÐ Ð  Ðact.€€The€accuracy€of€this€analysis€was€questioned€by€òòState€v.€Rodriguezóó,€752€S.W.2d€108,€111Ð ¼  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988),€which€noted€both€that€the€statement€regarding€the€tattoo€was€dicta€andÐ ¨ø Ðcontrary€to€the€previous€holding€of€this€court€in€òòHendersonóó.€We,€likewise,€decline€to€follow€thisÐ ”ä Ðholding€in€òòCouryóó.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àGiven€the€testimony€of€Tonja€Beverly,€it€is€clear€that€the€trial€court€was€correct€in€orderingÐ X ¨ Ðthe€defendant€to€display€his€teeth€to€the€jury,€for€the€act€was€nontestimonial.€€This€assignment€isÐ D!” Ðwithout€merit.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà@FF%ìàòòò òCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ $X" ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àÌÔ#†XIXX XIÙ±#ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔÌÔ#†XIXX XI‹Ç#ÔÌà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð )à$( Ðà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE