WPC+ &phK?W,)ШΆhDQFNқ[ Q`KFR5GQPR*hrMay/\3tZ#{_n7qw0ۤV ^Uu88MZjc_?AkDx[UMh^2]Pld_l뾊ņh2H4pZ 'FPnmuWƄ<3 Gk :TB`-Nnm/ 4ტӪۢwH55$L5) %>w@D 0U:`4 0  0DU!:! [ Xv GU:U: AQ (i"#U:(((((((( B(( 0D) 0D) 0D=*=* D/** B* D3*X CDDEDFGEHIDJKӀW(`$TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7GXXdXXd7  ,cAZ"Arial Regularn~<$(+3|xW((3!$ `!TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7XXdd7    `   0  (#$  0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular  X#XXX  X X# !@T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7XXdd7 @  `   1    #3   #   3TheappellantsconvictionstemsfromtheFebruary1983murderofseventytwoyearold  RussellTarver.Hisconvictionwasaffirmedonappealtothiscourt.SeeStatev.Herron,C.C.A.  No.7(Tenn.Crim.App.atJackson,Apr.10,1985).Thecourtalsodeniedtheappellantspriorpetitionforhabeascorpusrelief.SeeHerronv.State,No.02C019502CC00033(Tenn.Crim. ` X App.atJackson,Jul.19,1995),perm.toappealdenied,(Tenn.Nov.27,1995).#3   f#   3 XCpXXXX XCp  `   6    ݀#  # Wenotethat#  # theelementofdeliberationhasbeenrepealed.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.  3913201(b)(2)(deleted1995). l XCpXXX X XCp  `   3    #  #  Thecommonlawoffenseofmurderis whereapersonofsoundmindanddiscretion,  unlawfullykilleth,anyreasonablecreature,underthekingspeace,withmaliceaforethought,eitherexpressorimplied.Fields,9Tenn.(1Yer.)at159(citationomitted).#  #  Homicide,at  commonlaw,wasseparatedfrommanslaughterbymaliceaforethought;murderwasahomicidecommittedwithstatedmalice.See2WayneR.LaFave&AustinW.Scott,Jr.,Substantive (  CriminalLaw7.12n.1(1986).#  # = XCpXXX X XCp  `   4    #  #  See#  #  ԀRiddlev.State,50Tenn.(3Heisk.)401,40405(1871);Boydv.State,47Tenn.(7  Cold.)69(1869)#  #;  Warrenv.State,44Tenn.(4Cold.)130(1867).#  #,  AZ"Arial Regular  XXXX X X @T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7XXdd7 @  `   2    # # ԀSubjectmatterjurisdictionisthepowerofthecourttohearanddecideaparticulartype  ofaction.# f# Statev.Nixon,No.02C019612CC00484(Tenn.Crim.App.atJackson,Dec.3,  1997),perm.toappealdenied,(Tenn.June6,1998).# $# Inreferencetoobjectionsallegingfailureto | stateanoffense,therationaleisthatiftheindictmentfailstoincludeanessentialelementoftheoffense,nocrimeischargedandtherefore,nooffenseisbeforethecourt.SeeStatev.   Perkinson,867S.W.2d1,56(Tenn.Crim.App.1992)# # Ԁ.Thedefendanthasnopowertowaive   thetrialcourtslackofsubjectmatterjurisdiction.# ު# Statev.Seagraves,837S.W.2d615,628 | t (Tenn.Crim.App.1992).# c#  : 2 # #  ` ,cAZ"Arial Regular !"#%C<< C  XCpXXX X XCp  `   5    #  #  SeeStatev.Shelton,854S.W.2d116(Tenn.Crim.App.1992);Wilsonv.State,574  S.W.2d52(Tenn.Crim.App.1978)(killingnotcommittedwithmaliceismanslaughter);Smithson  v.State,124Tenn.218,137S.W.487(1910)(describingdistinctionbetweenmurder,eitherin  firstorseconddegree,andmanslaughterisattributabletonecessaryelementofmalice).  XCpXXX X XCp  `   6    ݀#  #  Wenotethat#  #  theelementofdeliberationhasbeenrepealed.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.  3913201(b)(2)(deleted1995).  !"  X,XXX/[ XX,   Ad FILEDX,X /[   October19,1998  CecilCrowson,Jr.3 XX,AppellateCourtClerk   XCpXXX X XCp  `   7    #  #  Malice,asdefinedwithinthemurderstatute,isanintenttoinflictinjuryuponanotheror  ratheradesignformedwithinthemindofdoingmischieftoanother.Statev.Taylor,668S.W.2d  681,683(Tenn.Crim.App.1984).Itincludesanyintentionofdoinganunlawfulactwhichmaypossiblyresultinthepartysdeath.Humphreyv.State,531S.W.2d127(Tenn.Crim.App.1975), ` X oran evildesigningeneral,thedictatesofawicked,depraved,andmalignantheart.Baileyv. (  State,479S.W.2d829(Tenn.Crim.App.1972);Warren,44Tenn.(4Cold.)at13537.Express   maliceisthatmalicetowardthepartykilledinwhichthedefendant contemplatestheinjuryorwrongheinflicts.Foxv.State,441S.W.2d491,495(1968).Impliedmaliceissimplymalicein  x general,notagainstanyparticularparty,buttheresultof awicked,depravedandmalignantspirit.Id.at496.,cAZ"Arial Regular dLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !  (3$ !  ($$   1  ''' dxdP Pd'dxd `!TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7,XXdXXd7    WKr(<,(j 8` `@E ` ttx$ rKWWW@. . INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEEWW@**)ATJACKSONWt(>.*jxxE` `@E@% ` ttx$x4  tW@$OCTOBERSESSION,1998ISEAEFSFACLYDELLHERRON,  ) | t  `     h   )  No.02C019805CC00153 h`  ` Appellant   h   ) TL   `     h   )  LAKECOUNTY @8  vs. `     h   ) ,$   `     h   )  Hon.R.LeeMoore,Jr.,Judge   FREDRANEY,WARDEN,  )    `     h   )  (WritofHabeasCorpus)    ` Appellee   h   )    FortheAppellant:   h     FortheAppellee: zr  IsGaGHsHacLydellHerron,ProSe     JohnKnoxWalkup  F> NorthwestCorrectionalComplex    AttorneyGeneralandReporter 2* Route1,Box660    Tiptonville,TN38079 h     PeterM.Coughlan    `     h     AssistantAttorneyGeneral  (#    `     h     CriminalJusticeDivision `     h     425FifthAvenueNorth `     h     2dFloor,CordellHullBuilding `     h     Nashville,TN372430493 x   (#  !z  `  `     h      `     h     C.PhillipBivens  4$,   `     h     DistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h     P.O.DrawerE `     h     Dyersburg,TN38024 `     h     OPINIONFILED:򀀀 P,H%) AFFIRMED DavidG.Hayes  1*/ Judge  2+09  X#XXX@+ OPINION    ` Theappellant,IsIaIJsJacLydellHerron,appealstheLakeCountyCircuitCourtsdismissalofhisprosepetitionforwritofhabeascorpus.Theappellantwas tl originallyindictedbytheShelbyCountyGrandJuryforseconddegreemurder.Ajuryconvictedtheappellantasindictedand,onFebruary13,1984,hewassentencedtoseventytwoyearsintheDepartmentofCorrection.   #  1      ׀Theinstant   petitionwasfiledonApril6,1998.Inseekingissuanceofthewritofhabeascorpus,theappellantcontendsthejudgmententeredagainsthimisvoidbecausetheseconddegreemurderstatuteisunconstitutionallyvagueviolatingdueprocessundertheFifthandFourteenthAmendmentstotheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thetrialcourtdismissedtheappellantspetitionfindingthattheallegationsconcerningthestatutearenotcognizableinhabeascorpusproceedings.Theappellantappealsthetrialcourtsruling.  4!, @I.GroundsforHabeasCorpusRelief  ` Tennesseelawiswellestablishedthathabeascorpusreliefisonlyavailablewhenaconvictionisvoidbecausetheconvictingcourtwaswithoutjurisdictionorauthoritytosentenceadefendant,orthatadefendantssentencehasexpiredandthepetitionerisbeingillegallyrestrained.Archerv.State,851S.W.2d157,164 40,), (Tenn.1993);seealsoPassarellav.State,891S.W.2d619,626(Tenn.Crim.App. 2 +. 1994).Avoidjudgmentisonewhichshows uponthefaceofthejudgmentorthe 3,0 recordoftheproceedingsuponwhichthejudgmentisrenderedthattheconvicting (4 -2 courtwaswithoutjurisdiction.Archer,851S.W.2dat161.   `  ` InDykesv.State,No.02S019711CC00105(Tenn.atNashville,Sep.21,   1998)(forpublication),oursupremecourtheld,inahabeascorpusproceeding,thevalidityofanindictmentanditsresultingconvictionmaybechallengedifitfailstoproperlychargeanoffenseortheconvictingcourtwaswithoutjurisdiction.  #  2      ׀   ̀ ` Here,theappellantchallengestheconstitutionalityofthe1982second   degreemurderstatute.Ifthestatutewereunconstitutional,itwouldbevoidfromitsdateofenactment.SeeCapriAdultCinemav.State,537S.W.2d896,900(Tenn. 4, 1976).Thus,thetrialcourtwouldhavelackedthesubjectmatterjurisdictiontoheartheappellantscaserenderinghisjudgmentofconvictionvoid.Therefore,weconcludetheappellantdidpresentacognizableclaimforahabeascorpusproceeding.@== II.ConstitutionalityoftheStatute 󀀈 #   ` TheappellantcontendsTenn.CodeAnn.392211(a)(1982), [a]llotherkindsofmurdershallbedeemedmurderintheseconddegree,isconstitutionallyvaguebaseduponthefollowinggrounds:8 ` 1)failuretodefinespecificprohibitedconductwherebymenofcommonintelligencemustnecessarilyguessthemeaningofthestatute; ` !` ! 8 ` 2)failuretogivereasonableopportunitytoknowwhatconductisforbiddenresultinginarbitraryanddiscriminatoryenforcement; ` !` ! 8 ` 3)failuretodefineseparatedegreesofmurder;N1F*/` !` ! 8 ` 4)failuretoallegetherequisitemensrea; ` !` ! 8 ` 5)failuretoallegetheelementsconstitutingtheoffensedistinguishingitfromotherkindsofmurder. ` !` ! ),)),) `  ` Initially,wenotethat,whenreviewingastatuteforapossibleconstitutionalinfirmity,wearerequiredtoindulgeeverypresumptionandresolveeverydoubtinfavoroftheconstitutionalityofthestatute.PetitionofBurson,909S.W.2d768,775 80  (Tenn.1995).Inordertosurviveachallengeforvagueness, [apenal]statutemustgivethepersonofordinaryintelligenceareasonableopportunitytoknowwhatisprohibited,sothathemayactaccordingly.Statev.Lakatos,900S.W.2d699,701  (Tenn.Crim.App.1994),perm.toappealdenied,(Tenn.1995)(citingGraynedv.  CityofRockford,408U.S.104,108,92S.Ct.2294,2298(1972)). Noonemaybe  requiredatperiloflife,liberty,orpropertytospeculateastothemeaningofpenalstatutes.Allareentitledtobeinformedastowhatthestatutecommandsorforbids.Lanzettav.StateofNewJersey,306U.S.451,453,59S.Ct.618,619 8"0 (1939).Moreover,thestatuteshouldnotencouragearbitraryordiscriminatoryenforcement.Lakatos,900S.W.2dat701;seealsoDavisKiddBooksellers,Inc.v. %! McWherter,866S.W.2d520,532(Tenn.1993).Finally,thestandardofcertainty ' # requiredincriminalstatutesisgenerallymoreexactingthaninnoncriminalstatutes.Leechv.AmericanBooksellersAssn.Inc.,582S.W.2d738,746(Tenn.1979). +$'  ` IninterpretingTenn.CodeAnn.392211,ourprimaryroleistoascertainandgiveeffecttothelegislativeintentwithoutundulyrestrictingorexpandingthestatutescoveragebeyonditsintendedscope.SeeRosemanv.Roseman,890 3,/ S.W.2d27,29(Tenn.1994)(citationsomitted).Ifthelegislativeintentisunclearfromthefaceofthequestionedstatute,thosestatutesrelatingtothesamesubjectmatter,orinparimateria,mustbeconstruedtogether,thelanguageofsome 815 provisionsaidingtheinterpretationoftheother,andviewingthestatutesasawholeconsistentwiththeirlegislativepurpose.Statev.Blouvett,904S.W.2d111,113  (Tenn.1995);Lyonsv.Rasar,872S.W.2d895,897(Tenn.1994);Laneyv.State,   826S.W.2d117,118(Tenn.1992). ` TheStatecontendstheseconddegreemurderstatutemustbereadinconjunctionwiththegeneralmurderstatute.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.392201 H@  (1982)( Ifanypersonofsoundmemoryanddiscretion,unlawfullykillanyreasonablecreatureinbeing,andunderthepeaceofthestate,withmalice  aforethought,eitherexpressorimplied,suchpersonshallbeguiltyofmurder.)  (emphasisadded).WeagreewiththeStatescontention. ` Theoffenseofmurderisacrimewhichhasitsoriginsinthecommonlaw.SeeFieldsv.State,9Tenn.(1Yer.)156(1829).   #  3      ׀Allformsofmurder,orfelonious h` homicide,wereincludedinthisdefinitionunlessadequateprovocationexistedtomitigatetheoffensetomanslaughter.Mitchellv.State,16Tenn.(8Yer.)514 (#  (1835).Usingthelanguageoftheearly1800's,Section201andthecommonlawdefinitionofmurderaredistinctlysimilar.Thestatutesdividedmurderintotwoclassesmurderinthefirstdegreeandseconddegree@  #  4      ׀ofwhichtheexpress (!$ purposeforthedivisionisthegraduationofpunishment. `  ` Underthepre1989CriminalCodeandatthetimeoftheinstantoffense,thehomicideportionofthecodeconsistedofonlytwotypesofmurder,firstandsecond H0@), degree.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.392202and211.Theformercodedidnot  considermanslaughter,voluntaryorinvoluntary, murder;thedistinctivedifferencebetweenthetwobeingthatmalicewasrequiredformurderbutnotmanslaughter  #  5      .   SeeTenn.CodeAnn.392221to223(1982).Tennesseelawhaslong   recognizedthatonceahomicidehasbeenestablished,thepresumptionofmurderintheseconddegreearises.Statev.Brown,836S.W.2d530,543(Tenn.1992); h`  Shanklinv.State,491S.W.2d97,98(Tenn.Crim.App.1972). H@   `  ` Asdefinedbystatute,firstdegreemurderis8 ` [e]verymurderperpetratedbymeansofpoison,lyinginwait,orbyotherkindofwillful,deliberate,malicious,andpremeditatedkilling,orcommittedintheperpetrationof,orattempttoperpetrate,anymurderinthefirstdegree,arson,rape,robbery,burglary,larceny,kidnapping,aircraftpiracy,ortheunlawfulthrowing,placingordischargingoradestructivedeviceorbomb,ismurderinthefirstdegree. ` !` ! Tenn.CodeAnn.392202(1982). ` WithouttheadditionalelementofpremeditationanddeliberationDDD D  #  6      ,themurder H!@ failstobeafirstdegreemurder,andfallsundertheseconddegreemurderstatute.Thus,seconddegreemurderisdefinedbyexclusion.Seee.g.,Brown,836S.W.2d %  at543;Statev.West,844S.W.2d144(Tenn.1992);Griffinv.State,578S.W.2d &" 654,656(Tenn.Crim.App.1978);Warren,44Tenn.(4Cold.)at130.Therefore, (!$ priortotheadoptionofthe1989Code,seconddegreemurderinthestateofTennesseewaseither1)theintentionalkillingofanotherwithmaliceabsenttheelementsofpremeditationanddeliberation,i.e.,expressmalice,Grayv.State,63 h.`'* Tenn.(4Baxt.)331(1874);or2)theunintentionalkillingofanotherwithmalicewherethedeathwasattributableto consciousandwillfulrecklessness,@@;;??;i.e;??;.;<;;<=,implied (2 +. malice=>=,=>DD.BBAACCGriffin,578S.W.2dat656.  ̀ ` Theappellantattacksthestatuteforvaguenessforitsfailuretoallegea   mensreaoraspecificintentrequirementcitingColauttiv.Franklin,439U.S.379,   396,99S.Ct.675,683(1979).Thechallenged1982seconddegreemurderstatute,acodificationofthecommonlaw,wasageneralintentcrimewhichrequirednointentotherthanthatevidencedbythedoingoftheactsconstitutingtheoffense.Seee.g.,Statev.Dison,No.03C019602CC00051(Tenn.Crim.App.atKnoxville, (  Jan.31,1997),perm.toappealdenied(Tenn.Dec.1,1997)(citingUnitedStatesv.  Garrett,984F.2d1402,1415(5thCir.1993)andTallmanv.UnitedStates,465F.2d  282(7thCir.1972).Accordingly,thisissueiswithoutmerit. ` TheappellantcontendsSection211is voidforvaguenessbecauseitfailstoallegetheelementsconstitutingtheoffenseofseconddegreemurder.Datingbacktothelate1800's,theelementsofseconddegreemurderhavealwaysbeenclearlydefined.Inordertosustainaconviction,theproofmustdemonstratethekillingwasunlawfulandmalicious.Statev.Pride,667S.W.2d102,104(Tenn.Crim.App. %  1983);Statev.Estes,655S.W.2d179(Tenn.Crim.App.1983);Gray,63Tenn.(4 &" Baxt.)at334.Maliceaforethought  #  7      ,withoutadequateprovocationand (!$ disconnectedtoanypreviouslyformeddesigntokill,isanessentialelementoftheoffense.Layv.State,501S.W.2d820(Tenn.Crim.App.1973);Smithv.State,212 ,%( Tenn.510,370S.W.2d543(1963);Gray,63Tenn.(4Bax.)at334;Hollyv.State, h.`'* 29Tenn.(10Hum.)141,142(1849).Thiscontentionisalsowithoutmerit. H0@), Ї `    ` ReadinparimateriawithTenn.CodeAnn.392201,seconddegree  murderisa killingofanyreasonablecreatureinbeing...withmaliceaforethought.Themurderstatutes,Sections201,202,and211,read,asawholeandinconjunction,clearlyestablishthatseconddegreemurderisanymurderbyexclusionwhichisnotfirstdegreemurder.Therefore,weconcludetheseconddegreemurderstatuteisnot voidforvaguenessforanyofthechallengedreasons. `  ` Basedupontheabovereasons,thejudgmentofthetrialcourtdenyingtheappellantspetitionforwritofhabeascorpusisaffirmed.#XXX XCp # `     h   ____________________________________ `     h   DAVIDG.HAYES,JudgeCONCUR:___________________________________JOHNH.PEAY,Judge___________________________________L.T.LAFFERTY,SpecialJudge