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opinion.wpt˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt†˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt’1î  J‰1\Pê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL6ÒV,,,,ÒV0 KÝ ƒRs„$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôûLò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€Many€of€the€witnesses€in€the€instant€case€share€a€surname.€€Accordingly,€for€clarity,€we€will€be€using€the€firstÐ ° Ðnames€of€the€witnesses.€€We€intend€no€disrespect€to€these€individuals.Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ây»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Ây»»»ÔÑ8€ˆcXXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡î.2ÂyÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@gg$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼Ây»îî.2 #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAugust€11,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XˆcX»¼ÂyÔÌò òÔ#†¼Ây»XXˆc#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€LIòòNDA€Ô_ÔHóóERRONÔ_ÔÔ‡XˆcX»¼ÂyÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€White€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€CR883€€€€€€Leon€Burns,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2003„00759„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€10,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Linda€Ô_ÔHerronÔ_Ô,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€in€the€White€County€Criminal€Court€of€secondÐ V¦  Ðdegree€murder.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€eighteen€years€incarceration€in€theÐ ? ÐTennessee€Department€of€Correction.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ (x Ðevidence€supporting€her€conviction€and€the€trial€courtððs€jury€instructions.€€Upon€review€of€the€recordÐ a Ðand€the€partiesðð€briefs,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð úJ ÐÓÍÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ Ì ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Ây»àXˆc©#ÔÔ‡XˆcX.¼ÂyÔNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,óó€andÐ Ÿï ÐòòRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌDavid€Brady€(on€appeal),€Joe€L.€Finley,€Jr.,€(at€trial€and€on€appeal),€and€John€B.€Ô_ÔNisbettÔ_Ô,€III,€(at€trialÐ Zª Ðand€on€appeal),€Ô_ÔCookevilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Linda€Ô_ÔHerronÔ_Ô.Ð C“ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Ô_ÔBledsoeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð e ÐWilliam€E.€Gibson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€William€M.€Locke€and€John€Moore,€AssistantÐ þN ÐDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ç 7  ÐÓ³ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Ây»XXˆcâ#ÔÔ‡XˆcX»¼ÂyÔÐ ¹" " ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Ây»XXˆcà #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XˆcX»¼ÂyÔà  àAt€the€appellantððs€trial,€the€proof€adduced€by€the€State€revealed€that€the€appellant€and€theÐ Œ$Ü$ Ðvictim,€her€husband,€Ô_ÔGillisÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHerronÔ_Ô,€had€a€tumultuous€relationship.€€Their€twenty„six€year€marriageÐ u%Å % Ðwas€ð ð[Ô_Ôr]oughÔ_Ô.€€It€was€rocky€and€[marked€by]€a€lot€of€jealousy,€possessiveness,€and€a€lot€of€fussing,Ð ^&®!& Ðmostly€on€his€part.ðð€€Several€witnesses€asserted€that€the€appellant€ð ðÔ_Ôdegrade[edÔ_Ô]€[the€victim]€and€putÐ G'—"' Ðhim€down€in€front€of€other€people.ðð€€Additionally,€there€was€conflicting€proof€at€trial€regarding€theÐ 0(€#( Ðvictimððs€physical€abuse€of€the€appellant.€€Some€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses€testified€that€the€appellantÐ )i$) Ðnever€appeared€bruised,€while€other€Stateððs€witnesses€stated€that€they€had€seen€the€appellant€bruised.€Ð *R%* ÐRegardless,€one€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses,€Everett€Daniels,€recalled€that,€approximately€four€to€sixÐ ë*;&+ Ðmonths€prior€to€the€offense,€the€appellant€told€him,€ð ðIððm€going€to€kill€that€son„of„a„bitch€[the€victim].€Ð Ô+$', ÐOne€of€these€days€Iððm€going€to€kill€him.ðð€€Ð ½, (- ÐÐ ¦-ö(.ý ÐÔ_ Ôà  àAt€approximately€6:30€p.m.€on€August€25,€2001,€the€day€of€the€offense,€Jason€Herron,€theÐ ° Ðson€of€the€appellant€and€the€victim,€and€Jasonððs€wife,€Jessica,€stopped€by€the€appellantððs€residence.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р™é ÐJason€borrowed€money€from€the€appellant€for€cigarettes,€and€he€returned€to€the€residence€withÐ ‚Ò Ðchange€at€approximately€8:30€p.m.€€The€appellant€came€outside€wearing€only€a€shirt€and€underwear.€Ð k» ÐThe€appellant€told€Jason€and€Jessica€that€the€victim€was€already€in€bed.€€Then,€she€ð ðfussedðð€withÐ T¤ ÐJason€because€she€wanted€Jason€to€leave€his€oldest€child€with€her€that€night.€€Jason€refused€becauseÐ =  Ðthe€child€had€to€attend€church€the€next€morning.€€Jason€and€Jessica€left€shortly€after€the€conversationÐ & v Ðwith€the€appellant.Ð  _ ÐÌà  àLater€that€night,€at€approximately€9:00€p.m.,€the€appellant€called€her€mother,€Mary€ElizabethÐ á 1  ÐHaston.€€The€appellant€told€her€mother,€ð ðCome€to€me,€Mama.€€And€hurry.€€Iððve€done€somethingÐ Ê   Ðstupid.ðð€€Mary€contacted€her€stepson,€Kenneth€Eugene€Haston,€to€drive€her€to€the€appellantððsÐ ³  Ðresidence.€€The€Hastons€arrived€at€the€appellantððs€residence€twenty€to€twenty„five€minutes€after€theÐ œì  Ðappellantððs€call.€€The€appellant€came€out€of€the€back€door€of€the€residence,€which€door€led€into€theÐ …Õ  Ðlaundry€room€then€to€the€kitchen.€€Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àKenneth€approached€the€house€and€saw€the€victim€sprawled€on€his€back€on€the€floor€of€theÐ @ Ðlaundry€room.€€ð ð[T]here€was€no€response€to€him.€€All€he€was€doing€was€just€laying€there€gurgling.ðð€Ð )y ÐThe€victimððs€head€was€surrounded€by€a€pool€of€blood.€€Additionally,€Kenneth€saw€what€he€believedÐ b Ðto€be€a€bullet€hole€in€the€victimððs€head,€and€he€also€saw€a€gun€on€the€washing€machine.€Ð ûK ÐÌà  àKenneth€encouraged€the€appellant€to€call€911€emergency€services€for€assistance.€€BecauseÐ Í Ðthe€appellant€did€not€have€a€telephone€in€the€house,€she€and€her€mother€went€to€a€Shell€serviceÐ ¶ Ðstation€that€was€located€one€and€one„half€miles€from€the€appellantððs€residence.€€The€appellantÐ Ÿï Ðforewent€going€to€the€residence€of€her€next„door€neighbor,€Officer€J.T.€King,€even€though€she€hadÐ ˆØ Ðused€Officer€Kingððs€telephone€in€the€past.€€Once€they€arrived€at€the€service€station,€the€appellantÐ qÁ Ðcalled€911€and€asked€to€speak€with€Regina€Adcock.€€When€the€appellant€was€advised€that€AdcockÐ Zª Ðwas€not€present,€the€appellant€requested€that€an€ambulance€be€sent€to€her€home.€€She€stated€thatÐ C“ Ðsomeone€had€been€hurt€after€falling€and€hitting€his€head.€€The€911€call€was€received€at€10:08€p.m.€Ð ,| ÐÌà  àWhen€emergency€medical€service€(EMS)€workers€arrived,€they€found€the€victim€lying€in€theÐ þN Ðfloor€of€the€laundry€room€and€discovered€that€he€had€been€shot€two€to€three€centimeters€above€hisÐ ç 7 Ðright€ear.€€A€large€amount€of€blood€circled€the€victimððs€head.€€From€the€color,€temperature,€andÐ Ð!   Ðcoagulation€of€the€blood€pool,€Michael€Scott€Selby,€one€of€the€EMS€workers,€estimated€that€theÐ ¹" ! Ðblood€had€been€present€for€at€least€fifteen€to€thirty€minutes.€€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àMichael€Selby€knew€that€Officer€King€was€the€appellantððs€next„door€neighbor.€€Accordingly,Ð t%Ä $ ÐSelby€requested€Officer€Kingððs€presence€at€the€scene,€and€he€also€contacted€the€911€dispatch€officeÐ ]&­!% Ðfor€additional€police€assistance.€€Selby€noted€that€the€appellant€was€not€hysterical€or€crying€at€thisÐ F'–"& Ðtime.€€Selby€did€not€detect€any€indication€that€first€aid€had€been€attempted€prior€to€the€arrival€ofÐ /(#' ÐEMS.€€The€victim€was€taken€to€Erlanger€Hospital€where€he€later€died.€€Ð )h$( Їà  àPolice€arrived€at€the€residence€shortly€before€EMS€left€with€the€victim.€€During€a€briefÐ ° Ðinspection€of€the€house,€Officer€Tony€Copeland€with€the€Sparta€Police€Department€found€a€gun€onÐ ™é Ðthe€bed€in€the€back€bedroom€of€the€house.€€Officer€Copeland€recalled€that€the€appellant€ð ðwas€veryÐ ‚Ò Ðapologetic.€€She€just€kept€telling€me€that€it€was€an€accident,€that€she€was€sorry.ðð€€Ð k» ÐÌà  àAllen€Selby,€an€investigator€with€the€Sparta€Police€Department,€arrived€at€the€scene€after€theÐ =  Ðvictim€was€taken€to€the€hospital.€€He€stated€that€he€found€a€loaded€revolver€in€the€master€bedroom.€Ð & v ÐThe€gun€was€an€R.G.€Industry€.22€caliber€revolver€which€was€loaded€with€five€live€rounds.€Ð  _ ÐAdditionally,€there€was€evidence€that€the€gun€had€been€loaded€with€six€rounds,€but€one€of€the€roundsÐ ø H Ðhad€been€fired.€€Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àInvestigator€Roy€Gooch€photographed€the€appellant€the€morning€following€the€incident.€€TheÐ ³  Ðappellant€told€Investigator€Gooch€that€her€face€was€bruised,€but€he€was€unable€to€detect€any€bruisesÐ œì  Ðon€the€appellantððs€face.€€However,€Investigator€Gooch€did€photograph€a€large,€purple€bruise€on€theÐ …Õ  Ðappellantððs€right€arm.Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àDr.€Charles€Warren€Harlan€conducted€the€autopsy€of€the€victim.€€He€stated€that€the€victimÐ @ Ðwas€six€feet€and€one€inch€tall€and€weighed€208€pounds.€€Dr.€Harlan€found€that€a€bullet€entered€theÐ )y Ðvictimððs€head€three€inches€below€the€top€of€his€head.€€Additionally,€Dr.€Harlan€observed€five€inchesÐ b Ðof€stippling€around€the€wound,€suggesting€that€the€bullet€had€been€fired€ten€to€twelve€inches€fromÐ ûK Ðthe€victimððs€head.€€Moreover,€the€ð ðbullet€traveled€straight€from€right€to€left.€€Thereððs€no€upward€orÐ ä4 Ðdownward€deviation.€€Thereððs€no€right€or€left€deviation.€€It€just€went€straight€across.ðð€€The€bullet€wasÐ Í Ðrecovered€from€the€left€parietal€lobe€of€the€victimððs€brain.€€Further,€Dr.€Harlan€noted€that€there€wasÐ ¶ Ðno€indication€of€alcohol€in€the€victimððs€blood€or€urine;€however,€the€fluids€did€contain€trace€amountsÐ Ÿï Ðof€methamphetamine.€€At€the€conclusion€of€Dr.€Harlanððs€testimony,€the€State€rested€its€case„in„chief.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defense€proof€was€based€primarily€on€the€claims€of€defense€witnesses€who€alleged€thatÐ Zª Ðthe€victim€frequently€physically€abused€the€appellant.€€The€appellant€contended€that€the€victim€beatÐ C“ Ðher€often,€but€she€did€not€want€to€leave€him€because€she€was€afraid€of€embarrassing€the€victimððsÐ ,| Ðfamily.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€opined,€ð ðI€guess€I€loved€his€blood.ðð€€The€appellant€stated€thatÐ e Ðthe€victimððs€abuse€began€four€to€six€years€prior€to€the€offense,€a€time€which€coincided€with€the€startÐ þN Ðof€the€victimððs€methamphetamine€usage.Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àOn€the€day€of€the€offense,€the€victim€and€the€appellant€argued€about€their€son€Jason.€€TheÐ ¹" ! Ðvictim€pushed€the€appellant€into€a€bedpost,€bruising€her€arm.€€The€appellant€decided€to€leave€untilÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€situation€cooled.€€However,€the€victim€followed€the€appellant€into€the€kitchen,€blocking€her€exitÐ ‹$Û# Ðfrom€the€back€door€of€the€home.€€The€appellant€got€a€drink€of€water€from€the€kitchen€sink,€and€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðvictim€threw€one€of€his€shoes€at€her.€€The€appellant€did€not€say€if€she€was€struck€by€the€shoe.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àAfterward,€the€appellant€sat€at€the€kitchen€table,€and€the€victim€ð ðsmackedðð€her€across€the€faceÐ /(#' Ðwith€his€other€shoe.€€The€victim€told€her,€ð ðYouððd€better€get€that€gun€out€[of€your€purse]€and€youððdÐ )h$( Ðbetter€shoot€me€because€I€am€going€to€hurt€you.ðð€€The€appellant€responded,€ð ðI€think€I€will.ðð€€TheÐ *Q%) Ðappellant€then€pulled€from€her€purse€a€gun€that€the€victimððs€aunt€had€given€him€six€months€prior,Ð ê*:&* Ðwhich€gun€the€victim€insisted€the€appellant€carry€in€her€purse.€€The€appellant€turned€the€gun€towardÐ Ó+#'+ Ðthe€ð ðpool€roomðð€and€cocked€it,€thinking€that€she€would€ð ðscare€him,€to€make€him,€you€know,€to€getÐ ° Ðhim€where€he€wouldnððt€hurt€me.ðð€€The€appellant€could€not€recall€if€the€victim€charged€her,€but€sheÐ ™é Ðrecalled,€ð ðI€shut€my€eyes€and€came€around€and€it€just€went€off.ðð€€The€appellant€claimed€that€she€wasÐ ‚Ò Ðseated€and€the€victim€was€standing€when€the€shot€was€fired.€€She€stated€that€she€heard€ð ðthe€littleÐ k» Ðbang,ðð€then€saw€the€victim€fall€at€her€feet.€€She€wondered,€ð ðWhat€have€I€done?ðð€€Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€called€her€mother,€and€Mary€and€Kenneth€Haston€arrived€shortly€thereafter.€Ð & v ÐThe€Hastons€urged€the€appellant€to€call€911,€and€she€did€so.€€Soon,€help€arrived.€€Ð  _ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€stated€that€she€was€five€feet€and€two€or€three€inches€tall.€€She€could€not€explainÐ á 1  Ðhow€the€bullet€traveled€straight€through€the€victimððs€brain€if€the€shooting€occurred€when€she€wasÐ Ê   Ðsitting€and€the€victim€was€standing.€€The€appellant€also€could€not€explain€why€she€called€her€motherÐ ³  Ðfor€assistance€at€9:00€p.m.,€but€she€failed€to€call€for€medical€assistance€until€more€than€one€hourÐ œì  Ðlater.€€Further,€the€appellant€could€not€relate€why€she€did€not€call€for€help€from€Officer€Kingððs€home.€Ð …Õ  ÐMoreover,€when€asked€why€she€told€911€that€someone€had€fallen€instead€of€mentioning€the€gunshotÐ n¾  Ðwound,€the€appellant€opined€that€she€must€have€been€ð ðhysterical.ððÐ W§  ÐÌà  àFrom€the€foregoing€proof,€the€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€the€indicted€offense€ofÐ )y Ðsecond€degree€murder.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€eighteen€years€incarceration.€€TheÐ b Ðappellant€timely€appealed,€challenging€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€the€correctness€of€the€trialÐ ûK Ðcourtððs€instructions€to€the€jury.Ð ä4 ÐÌà@êê$ìàòòò òII.€€Analysisóóó óˆÐ ¶ ÐÌà@ÿÿìàA.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ ‰Ù ÐÌà  àÔ‡X¦O XXXˆcÔOn€appeal,€a€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€the€appellantððs€innocence€andÐ [« Ðreplaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€the€appellant€carries€the€burden€of€demonstrating€to€this€courtÐ D” Ðwhy€the€evidence€will€not€support€the€juryððs€findings.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914Ð -} Ð(Tenn.€1982).€€The€appellant€must€establish€that€no€ð ðreasonable€trier€of€factðð€could€have€found€theÐ f Ðessential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ð ÿO Ð319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).Ð è 8 Ðà  àÌà  àAccordingly,€on€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ º" ! Ðand€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2dÐ £#ó" Ð405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€In€other€words,€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses€and€theÐ Œ$Ü# Ðweight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€areÐ u%Å $ Ðresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€and€not€the€appellate€courts.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pruettóó,€788€S.W.2d€559,€561Ð ^&®!% Ð(Tenn.€1990).Ô#†XˆcX XX¦OU<#ÔÐ G'—"& ÐÌà  àTo€sustain€the€appellantððs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder,€the€State€was€required€toÐ )i$( Ðprove€that€the€appellant€knowingly€killed€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(a)(1)Ð *R%) Ð(2003).€€Our€supreme€court€has€determined€that€second€degree€murder€is€a€result€of€conduct€offense.€Ð ë*;&* ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Duckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889,€896€(Tenn.€2000).€€Accordingly,€ð ð[a]€person€acts€knowinglyÐ Ô+$'+ Ðwith€respect€to€a€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€isÐ ° Ðreasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„302(b)€(2003).€€Furthermore,€ð ð[a]Ð ™é Ðhomicide,€once€proven,€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder.ðð€€òòÔ‡X¦O XXXˆcÔState€v.€Millsapsóó,€30€S.W.3d€364,Ð ‚Ò Ð368€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)Ô#†XˆcX XX¦O'E#Ô.Ð k» ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€proof€adduced€at€trial,€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,Ð =  Ðestablished€that€the€appellant€and€the€victim€had€a€contentious€relationship.€€The€appellant€concededÐ & v Ðthat€she€argued€with€the€victim,€then€shot€him.€€In€fact,€the€appellant€stated€that€when€the€victimÐ  _ Ðprompted€her€to€shoot€him,€she€responded,€ð ðI€think€I€will.ðð€€Further,€the€appellant€stated€four€to€sixÐ ø H Ðmonths€prior€to€the€offense€that€she€would€kill€the€victim€one€day.€€Additionally,€Dr.€Harlan€testifiedÐ á 1  Ðthat€the€bullet€entered€just€above€the€victimððs€right€ear€and€traveled€on€a€straight€trajectory.€€TheÐ Ê   Ðproof€demonstrated€that€the€victim€was€six€feet€and€one€inch€tall,€while€the€appellant€was€five€feetÐ ³  Ðand€two€or€three€inches€tall.€€The€vast€difference€in€height€renders€the€appellantððs€version€of€events,Ð œì  Ðthat€she€was€sitting€when€she€shot€the€standing€victim,€less€than€credible.€€Accordingly,€we€concludeÐ …Õ  Ðthat€the€proof€was€sufficient€to€establish€the€appellantððs€guilt€of€second€degree€murder.€€Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àWe€note€that€the€appellant€argued€at€trial€that€her€actions€were€the€result€of€accident€or€self„Ð @ Ðdefense.€€The€jury,€as€was€its€prerogative,€chose€not€to€credit€the€appellantððs€theory.€€We€will€notÐ )y Ðsecond„guess€the€factual€determination€of€the€jury.€€Ô‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔð ðAs€stated€above,€the€[S]tate€sufficientlyÐ b Ðestablished€that€the€[appellant]€committed€a€Ô% ‡ ÔÔ#†XˆcX X X¦OÓK#ÔÔ%†aLÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔhomicide,€presumptively€second„degree€murder.€.€.€.Ð ûK Ð[T]he€presumption€[was€not]€disturbed€by€any€proof€that€the€offense€was€a€Ô#†XˆcX X X¦O¢L#ÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔlesser€one€than€second„Ð ä4 Ðdegree€murder.ðð€€òòState€v.€Wintersóó,€137€S.W.3d€641,€656€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2003).Ð Í ÐÌà@ÀÀ ìàB.€€Jury€InstructionsˆÐ Ÿï ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€argues€that€ð ð[t]he€trial€court€improperly€instructed€the€jury€that€a€knowing,Ð qÁ Ðsecond€degree€murder€was€either€a€nature„of„conduct€offense€or€a€result„of„conduct€offense.€€TheÐ Zª Ðtrial€court€then€repeated€this€error€when€defining€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€voluntaryÐ C“ Ðmanslaughter,€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.ðð€€Specifically,€the€appellantÐ ,| Ðcontends€that€the€ð ðtrial€court€erred€by€charging€the€jury€with€the€Ô#†XˆcX X X¦OvM#ÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔnature„of„conductÔ#†XˆcX X X¦O³P#Ô€jury€instructionÐ e Ðin€the€trial€courtððs€definition€of€ððintentionalðð€in€the€second€degree€murder€jury€instruction.ðð€Ð þN ÐAdditionally,€the€appellant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€impermissibly€instructing€the€juryÐ ç 7 Ðregarding€the€nature€of€conduct€definitions€of€recklessly€in€the€reckless€homicide€instruction€andÐ Ð!   Ðcriminal€negligence€in€the€criminally€negligent€homicide€instruction.€€Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„302(a)€and€(b)€(2003)€defines€the€culpable€mentalÐ ‹$Û# Ðstates€of€intentional€and€knowing€as€follows:Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔ(a)€€ð ðÔ#†XˆcX X X¦OÕS#ÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔIntentionalðð€refersÔ% ‡ ÔÔ#†XˆcX X X¦O T#ÔÔ%†UTÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔ€to€Ô#†XˆcX X X¦O–T#ÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔa€person€who€acts€intentionallyÔ% ‡F ÔÔ#†XˆcX X X¦OÜT#ÔÔ%†FUÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔ€withÐ F'–"& Ðrespect€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€whenÐ /(#' Ðit€is€the€personððs€conscious€objective€or€desire€to€engage€in€theÐ )h$( Ðconduct€or€cause€the€result.Ð*Q%)` x` x Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* ÐÔ#†XˆcX X X¦O[U#ÔÔ% ‡G ÔÔ%†GÆVÔÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†äVÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)€€ð ðKnowingðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€knowingly€with€respectÐ ° Ðâ âto€the€conduct€or€to€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€when€theÐ ™é Ðperson€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€that€the€circumstancesÐ ‚Ò Ðexist.€€A€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€theÐ k» Ðpersonððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€isÐ T¤ Ðreasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.Ô#†XˆcX X X¦OW#ÔÐ= ` x` x ÐÌIn€òòState€v.€Duckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889,€896€(Tenn.€2000),€our€supreme€court€explained€that€secondÐ  _ Ðdegree€murder€is€strictly€a€result„of„conduct€offense.€€ð ðA€result„of„conduct€offense€requires€that€theÐ ø H Ðculpable€mental€state€accompany€the€result€as€opposed€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Therefore,Ð á 1  Ðthe€second€degree€murder€Ð Ê   ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àstatute€focuses€purely€on€the€result€and€punishes€an€actor€whoÐ œì  Ðknowingly€causes€anotherððs€death.€€The€intent€to€engage€in€conductÐ …Õ  Ðis€not€an€explicit€element€of€the€stateððs€case€in€second€degree€murder.€Ð n¾  ÐAccordingly,€a€result„of„conduct€crime€does€not€require€as€an€elementÐ W§  Ðthat€an€actor€engage€in€a€specified€course€of€conduct€to€accomplishÐ @ Ðthe€specified€result.€€òòÐ)y` x` x ÐÌId.óó€€Ð ûK ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Pageóó,€81€S.W.3d€781,€785€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2002),€the€defendant€admitted€thatÐ Í Ðhe€struck€the€victim€with€a€baseball€bat;€however,€the€defendant€did€not€intend€to€cause€the€victimððsÐ ¶ Ðdeath.€€On€appeal,€this€court€reversed€Pageððs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder€because€the€trialÐ Ÿï Ðcourt€erroneously€instructed€the€jury€as€to€both€the€nature€of€conduct€and€result€of€conductÐ ˆØ Ðdefinitions€of€ð ðknowingly.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€787„88.€€This€court€explained€that€ð ð[a]€jury€instruction€that€allowsÐ qÁ Ða€jury€to€convict€on€second€degree€murder€based€only€upon€awareness€of€the€nature€of€the€conductÐ Zª Ðor€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€improperly€lessens€the€stateððs€burden€of€proof.€€For€secondÐ C“ Ðdegree€murder,€a€defendant€must€be€aware€that€his€or€her€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€causeÐ ,| Ðdeath.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€788.€€Ð e ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€it€is€undisputed€that€the€trial€court€correctly€defined€the€element€ofÐ ç 7 Ðð ðknowingðð€for€the€jury.€€However,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€including€theÐ Ð!   Ðnature€of€conduct€definition€of€ð ðintentionalðð€when€stating€that€ð ð[t]he€requirement€of€ððknowinglyðð€isÐ ¹" ! Ðalso€established€if€it€is€shown€that€the€defendant€acted€intentionally.ðð€€At€the€hearing€on€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðappellantððs€motion€for€new€trial,€the€trial€court€conceded€that€the€definition€of€intentional€wasÐ ‹$Û# Ðerroneous.€€After€our€examination€of€the€record,€we€agree.€€Notwithstanding€the€error,€our€analysisÐ t%Ä $ Ðof€this€issue€is€not€yet€complete.€Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àIn€òòPageóó,€this€court€explained€that€ð ðan€erroneous€jury€instruction,€which€misstates€theÐ /(#' Ðapplicable€conduct€element€of€an€offense€and€lessens€the€stateððs€burden€of€proof,€is€.€.€.€subject€toÐ )h$( Ðconstitutional€harmless€error€analysis.ðð€€81€S.W.3d€at€789;€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b)€(ð ðÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔA€finalÐ *Q%) Ðjudgment€from€which€relief€is€available€and€Ô% ‡P ÔÔ#†XˆcX X X¦Oåe#ÔÔ%†PLfÔÔ‡ X¦O XXXˆcÔotherwise€appropriate€shall€not€be€set€aside€unless,Ð ê*:&* Ðconsidering€the€whole€record,€error€involving€a€substantial€right€more€probably€than€not€affected€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðjudgment€or€would€result€in€prejudice€to€the€judicial€process.Ô#†XˆcX X X¦Of#Ôðð).€€òòPageóó€recognized€that€in€manyÐ ° Ðhomicide€trials,€erroneous€jury€instructions€misstating€the€applicable€conduct€element€would€beÐ ™é Ðharmless€error.€€òòSeeóó€òòPageóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€789.€€For€example,€in€cases€where€the€defense€is€that€theÐ ‚Ò Ðdefendant€is€not€the€perpetrator€of€the€crime€or€in€which€causation€is€not€disputed,€the€instructionÐ k» Ðwould€be€harmless€error.€€òòId.óó€€However,€when€the€mens€rea€of€the€accused€is€disputed,€theÐ T¤ Ðharmlessness€of€the€error€is€not€as€clear.Ð =  ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€appellant€never€denied€shooting€the€victim.€€As€alternative€defenses,Ð  _ Ðthe€appellant€claimed€either€that€the€killing€occurred€by€accident€or€was€self„defense,€focusingÐ ø H Ðmainly€upon€self„defense.€€The€appellant€contended€that€she€shot€the€victim€when€he€ð ðchargedðð€atÐ á 1  Ðher€as€she€sat€at€the€kitchen€table.€€Regardless,€substantial€proof€supports€the€juryððs€finding€of€theÐ Ê   Ðappellantððs€guilt€of€second€degree€murder.€€Notably,€Dr.€Harlan€stated€that€the€bullet€entered€justÐ ³  Ðabove€the€victimððs€right€ear€and€traveled€in€a€straight€trajectory€through€his€brain.€€The€victim€wasÐ œì  Ðsignificantly€taller€than€the€appellant,€rendering€her€version€of€events€implausible.€€Further,€theÐ …Õ  Ðappellant€had€previously€stated€that€she€would€ð ðkill€[the€victim]€one€day,ðð€indicating€a€previouslyÐ n¾  Ðformed€intent€to€kill.€€Moreover,€the€jury€was€properly€instructed€on€the€defenses€of€self„defense€andÐ W§  Ðaccident,€both€of€which€the€jury€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Marcillo€Andersonóó,€No.€W2003„00013„CCA„Ð @ ÐR3„CD,€2004€WL€115429,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Jan.€13,€2004),€òòperm.€to€appealÐ )y Ðdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€2004).€€Ð b ÐÌà  àMore€importantly,€we€note€again€that€the€bulk€of€the€arguments€presented€by€both€the€StateÐ ä4 Ðand€the€appellant€revolved€around€the€appellantððs€claims€of€self„defense.€€As€such,€the€appellantÐ Í Ðadmitted€that€she€intended€to€kill€the€victim€in€order€to€save€herself€from€further€abuse.€€Therefore,Ð ¶ Ðthe€appellant€herself€directed€the€juryððs€attention€to€the€result€of€her€actions,€not€the€nature€of€herÐ Ÿï Ðconduct.€€Furthermore,€in€its€closing€arguments,€the€State€argued€to€the€jury€that€the€appellant€ð ðknewÐ ˆØ Ðthe€consequences€of€her€actions.€€Whether€her€conduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.ðð€Ð qÁ ÐThis€language€emphasized€the€appellantððs€awareness€of€the€result€of€her€actions,€not€the€nature€ofÐ Zª Ðher€conduct.€€The€State€also€pointedly€remarked€that€the€appellant€acted€knowingly.€€The€juryÐ C“ Ðinstructions€specified€that,€in€order€to€find€the€appellant€guilty€of€second€degree€murder,€the€juryÐ ,| Ðmust€find€that€she€ð ðacted€knowingly.ðð€€The€specific€definition€for€knowingly€was€defined€solely€inÐ e Ðterms€of€the€result€of€the€appellantððs€conduct.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€error€in€this€case,Ð þN Ðwhile€regrettable,€was€harmless.€€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€defined€ð ðrecklesslyðð€andÐ ¹" ! Ðð ðcriminal€negligenceðð€in€respect€to€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder.€€In€lightÐ ¢#ò" Ðof€the€appellantððs€conviction€for€the€greater€offense,€we€conclude€that€any€error€in€those€instructionsÐ ‹$Û# Ðwas€harmless.€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà@NN"ìàòòò òIII.€€Conclusionóóó óˆÐ F'–"& ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing,€we€affirm€the€appellantððs€conviction.Ð )i$( ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àà Ð àÐ Ô+$'+ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ° Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE