ÿWPCh ÝvÄsÈôs· S$¶2ÝÍÃSîÎà¤!b”ä`‰ÖÒ¡ˆ“¢Š±Æ"šþkr”3®›˜´rú3‘ÃHDh×+§îŠ[$‡g˼ݳQÔ²ñ[:éä`(‡h›YÈØ\bs´QÂn³½5)7&‚/ÅœCœÇÞ±i“ÚÊq½'áÇÁoèµ+ST]fqÀ¬ ì;£»ËÜ-¼JºPÉ»Výž‘ êÑæ7€“Á¥÷²Å \FâíËoMçãÇdRã$,vz_6—pÑ©-÷Þ_35 k}[2l¨nFÙZÉH£îýð4Ë2mÿy4šåKS‹?­ÂºJÇ3N#«s“&7}r›Óùu%Øx v /^‡ ¸³Nôœ­áßEú÷{¤—ùö×i;tðJ0©ág)Ïw¶£~ÔѺ .ØNø‹OG4©l¹-—€jLÁƒo¨­ çA Î%t¹4 ¶¡¢3q|³ +Cb#Á\ % N# 0ˆ% U N­ ­ ­ zû Òu zG ÒÁ ^ “ wŸ Æ£ Æi Æ/Æõ4»NÏÑàEâ mä"ûU @b]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 0ëeeee BPP 0¤m D3 D-D 0Kqq AS¼Æ 0¤Õ 0Dy A«½˜HP LaserJet 4050ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt}€-s Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 53j1,CCA103|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Baumgartner P.J.Curwood WittWedemeyerJeffressAngeleChivousSirrelShipleyLoudonthat thatCierra W]eElkinsm]akeByrge CrimLiakas A]na]ctingLemacksDuckerT.P.I. Teel realaundromat t]os]tatet]hat(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman - ù-(|G2 '$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€DÝ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôàUò»»Ô d(|3ÇŒ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€DÝ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ÇŒ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€DÝ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€DÝ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼DÝ»»»ÔÑ8€ÁXXdì»»d8ÑÔ€¼DÝ»»¼DÝÔà@ttìàÔ‡î£î»¼DÝÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼DÝ»îî£+#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAugust€20,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XÁX»¼DÝÔÌò òÔ#†¼DÝ»XXÁ4#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€ANTOINETTE€HILLÔ‡XÁX»¼DÝÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Knox€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€69909€€€€€€Richard€R.€Baumgartner,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2001„02524„CCA„R3„CDÐ ¥õ  ÐDecember€13,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Antoinette€Hill,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€The€trial€courtÐ xÈ  Ðimposed€a€life€sentence.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ d´ Ðevidence€and€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€instructions€to€the€jury.€€The€judgment€is€affirmed.Ð P  ÐÌò òà@: : ìàTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óˆÐ (x ÐÌòòÔ#†¼DÝ»àXÁŸ#ÔÔ‡XÁX.¼DÝÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,óó€andÐ P ÐòòRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ì< ÐÌLeslie€M.€Jeffress,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Antoinette€Hill.€€Ð Ä ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Angele€M.€Gregory,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Ð œì Ðand€G.€Scott€Green€and€Robert€Headrick,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€StateÐ ˆØ Ðof€Tennessee.Ð tÄ ЀÌà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼DÝ»XXÁÕ#ÔÔ‡XÁX»¼DÝԈРL œ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼DÝ»XXÁc #ÔÔ€XÁX»¼DÝÔà  àOn€December€12,€1998,€the€partly€decomposed€body€of€the€victim,€Stacy€Robinson,€wasÐ $"t! Ðdiscovered€in€the€Little€River€by€a€man€competing€in€a€fishing€tournament.€€The€hands€of€the€victimÐ #`" Ðhad€been€bound€with€duct€tape,€which€was€also€wrapped€around€her€neck.€€Missing€for€some€twoÐ ü#L# Ðweeks,€her€death€was€determined€to€have€been€caused€by€either€manual€or€ligature€strangulation.€€Ð è$8 $ ÐÌà  àThe€victim€married€Chivous€Robinson€in€1997€and€they€had€one€child,€Sirrel,€who€was€bornÐ À&"& Ðon€November€26,€1997.€€After€the€victim€and€Robinson€separated€in€the€spring€of€1998,€an€actionÐ ¬'ü"' Ðfor€divorce€was€filed.€€Later,€Robinson€and€the€defendant€moved€into€the€Forest€Creek€ApartmentsÐ ˜(è#( Ðin€Knoxville.€€On€the€date€of€her€disappearance,€the€victim€was€scheduled€to€arrive€at€Robinson'sÐ „)Ô$) Ðapartment€at€about€4:30€to€be€present€during€his€visitation€with€her€one„year„old€son.€€Ð p*À%* ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€discovery€of€the€body,€the€authorities€questioned€the€defendant,€who€initiallyÐ H,˜', Ðdenied€any€knowledge€about€the€disappearance€of€the€victim.€€Police€learned€that€Kelly€Ann€Jones,Ð 4-„(-ýx ÐÔ_Ôa€neighbor,€had€seen€Chivous€Robinson€and€the€defendant€in€their€apartment€complex€on€theÐ ° Ðafternoon€of€November€29,€1998,€the€date€the€victim€was€last€seen,€carrying€a€large€box,€apparentlyÐ œì Ðfilled€with€clothing.€€Ms.€Jones,€who€had€never€before€seen€Robinson's€son,€Sirrel,€thereafter€sawÐ ˆØ Ðhim€at€the€apartment€on€a€regular€basis.€€Connie€Shipley,€a€Food€City€employee,€recalled€to€policeÐ tÄ Ðthat€just€after€6:00€A.M.€on€a€day€shortly€after€Thanksgiving€in€1998,€a€black€male€she€laterÐ `° Ðidentified€as€Robinson€acquired€eight€to€ten€rolls€of€duct€tape.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àOn€March€30,€1999,€authorities€again€questioned€the€defendant€about€the€murder€of€theÐ $ t Ðvictim.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€she€had€left€the€apartment€she€shared€with€Robinson€when€theÐ  ` Ðvictim€and€her€son,€Sirrel,€arrived€for€visitation€and€that€after€staying€with€a€neighbor€for€much€ofÐ ü L  Ðthe€day,€returned€to€find€the€victim,€who€did€not€appear€to€be€conscious,€in€a€bedroom.€€She€statedÐ è 8  Ðthat€Robinson€explained€that€the€two€had€gotten€into€an€argument€and€that€he€had€hit€her€or€pushedÐ Ô$  Ðher.€€During€the€questioning,€the€defendant€acknowledged€that€she€saw€Robinson€strangle€the€victim.€Ð À  ÐShe€admitted€helping€place€the€body€in€a€box,€covering€it€with€clothing,€and€then€carrying€it€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðvictim's€car,€which€was€located€in€the€parking€lot.€€The€defendant€stated€that€she€was€present€asÐ ˜è  ÐRobinson€drove€the€car€out€Alcoa€Highway€and€disposed€of€the€body€in€Fort€Loudon€Lake.€€TheÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€acknowledged€that€she€and€Robinson€then€went€to€a€car€wash€and€cleaned€the€car€insideÐ pÀ Ðand€out€before€leaving€the€car€at€a€bus€station.à  àÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àJennifer€Grady,€who€lived€in€the€Forest€Creek€Apartments€across€the€hall€from€Robinson€andÐ 4„ Ðthe€defendant,€had€been€identified€as€a€friend€in€the€defendant's€statement€to€police.€€At€trial,€Ms.Ð  p ÐGrady€testified€that€two€weeks€prior€to€the€murder,€she€overheard€a€conversation€between€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€and€Robinson€wherein€Robinson,€who€stated€that€he€was€angry€over€being€deprived€ofÐ øH Ðvisitation€rights€with€his€son,€remarked€that€the€victim€was€going€to€"end€up€finding€herself€up€in€aÐ ä4 Ðriver€dead."€€Ms.€Grady€testified€that€the€defendant€indicated€agreement€with€Robinson's€statement.€Ð Ð  ÐMs.€Grady€testified€that€on€the€date€of€the€murder,€the€defendant€stayed€at€her€apartment€duringÐ ¼  ÐRobinson's€visit€with€his€son€and€that€at€the€defendant's€request,€she€had€periodically€checked€to€seeÐ ¨ø Ðwhether€the€victim€had€left.€€She€recalled€that€during€the€course€of€the€visitation,€Robinson€came€toÐ ”ä Ðher€apartment€and€visited€with€the€defendant€privately€for€about€10€minutes€before€returning€to€hisÐ €Ð Ðown€apartment.€€She€stated€that€about€half€an€hour€later,€the€defendant€sent€her€back€to€Robinson'sÐ l¼ Ðapartment€to€ask€Robinson€to€return€to€the€Grady€unit.€€When€he€did€so,€Ms.€Grady€overheardÐ X ¨ ÐRobinson€remark€that€he€would€"take€care€of€it,€to€quit€hassling€him."€€When€Ms.€Grady€visited€theÐ D!” Ðdefendant's€apartment€a€third€time,€she€was€told€that€the€victim€had€left.€€Ms.€Grady€recalled€that€laterÐ 0"€  Ðthat€evening,€Robinson€came€to€her€apartment€to€borrow€some€duct€tape€and€that€when€she€answeredÐ #l! Ðthat€she€only€had€electrical€tape,€Robinson€had€commented€that€that€would€not€work.€€Ms.€GradyÐ $X" Ðexplained€that€when€Robinson€asked€for€the€duct€tape,€the€defendant,€who€was€not€feeling€well,€wasÐ ô$D # Ðlying€down€in€Ms.€Grady's€back€bedroom.€€She€also€recalled€that€during€the€course€of€the€evening,Ð à%0!$ Ðthe€defendant€telephoned€her€daughter's€father,€asking€him€to€come€pick€up€her€daughter,€Cierra,€whoÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€with€her.€€Later,€Robinson€and€the€defendant€asked€Ms.€Grady€to€watch€Sirrel€and€to€pick€themÐ ¸'#& Ðup€at€the€Greyhound€bus€station€after€they€had€finished€their€laundry€at€a€nearby€laundromat.€€Ms.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐGrady€stated€that€a€few€minutes€later,€she€saw€Robinson€and€the€defendant€outside€pulling€a€box€withÐ )à$( Ðwhat€appeared€to€be€black€curly€hair€inside;€twenty€minutes€after€that,€the€defendant€was€stillÐ |*Ì%) Ðcarrying€the€box,€but€it€was€empty.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àMs.€Grady€said€that€she€picked€up€Robinson€and€the€defendant€at€the€bus€station€atÐ ° Ðapproximately€12:15€A.M.€€She€described€both€as€muddy€and€recalled€that€Robinson's€shirt€had€blackÐ œì Ðstreaks.€€When€she€asked€them€whether€they€had€gotten€their€laundry€done,€Robinson€commented,Ð ˆØ Ð"[W]e€took€care€of€business."€€Ms.€Grady€stated€that€after€the€November€29€incident,€Sirrel€was€withÐ tÄ ÐRobinson€and€the€defendant€on€a€regular€basis.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àTim€Evans€of€the€Knox€County€Sheriff's€Department€was€present€at€the€March€30,€1999,Ð 8 ˆ Ðinterview€with€the€defendant.€€He€witnessed€the€defendant€confess€to€grabbing€a€belt€that€was€alreadyÐ $ t Ðaround€the€victim's€neck€and€pulling€the€belt.€€According€to€the€defendant,€the€victim€struggledÐ  ` Ðbriefly.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àDr.€Sandra€Elkins,€the€Knox€County€Medical€Examiner,€performed€an€autopsy.€€She€statedÐ Ô$  Ðthat€the€victim's€thyroid€cartilage€in€the€front€of€the€neck€had€been€fractured€and€determined€thatÐ À  Ðstrangulation€was€the€cause€of€death.€€Dr.€Murray€Kevin€Marks,€a€forensic€anthropologist,€assistedÐ ¬ü  Ðin€the€autopsy€and€described€the€fracture€of€the€cartilage€in€the€neck€as€indicative€of€compressionÐ ˜è  Ðfrom€both€the€front€and€the€sides€of€the€neck.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€the€defendant€acknowledged€that€Robinson,€who€did€not€testify,€was€upset€about€theÐ \¬ Ðlimitations€the€victim€had€placed€on€visitation€with€his€son.€€She€claimed€that€she€was€at€JenniferÐ H˜ ÐGrady's€apartment€during€the€November€29,€1998,€visitation€and€began€to€feel€ill.€€She€testified€thatÐ 4„ Ðan€ex„boyfriend€picked€up€her€daughter,€Cierra,€and€that€at€Robinson's€request,€she€left€Sirrel€at€Ms.Ð  p ÐGrady's€apartment.€€She€stated€that€when€she€returned€to€the€apartment€she€shared€with€Robinson,Ð  \ Ðthe€victim€was€lying€face€down€in€the€bedroom€floor,€bound€with€tape€around€her€wrists,€ankles,€andÐ øH Ðmouth.€€The€defendant€testified€that€Robinson€explained€that€he€had€struck€the€victim€during€anÐ ä4 Ðargument€and€that€her€face€was€bruised.€€She€recalled€that€the€defendant€placed€a€belt€around€theÐ Ð  Ðvictim's€neck€and€was€preparing€to€choke€her€when€there€was€a€knock€at€the€door;€as€he€left€toÐ ¼  Ðanswer€the€door,€he€instructed€her€to€"hold€onto€[the€belt]"€and€"[m]ake€sure€that€she€doesn't€makeÐ ¨ø Ðany€noise."€€The€defendant€admitted€holding€the€belt€and,€when€the€victim€made€noises,€pulling€theÐ ”ä Ðbelt€tight.€€The€defendant€testified€that€when€the€victim€became€quiet,€she€let€go.€€She€stated€thatÐ €Ð Ðwhen€Robinson€returned,€he€took€the€belt,€braced€his€feet€on€the€victim's€back,€and€pulled€until€theÐ l¼ Ðvictim€quit€moving.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€that€she€helped€Robinson€hide€the€body€in€a€boxÐ X ¨ Ðand€carry€it€to€the€vehicle€the€victim€had€driven€to€the€apartment.€€She€admitted€that€they€drove€theÐ D!” Ðvehicle€to€a€lake,€removed€the€body,€and€placed€it€in€the€lake.€€She€testified€that€afterward,€theyÐ 0"€  Ðwashed€the€vehicle,€disposed€of€the€victim's€clothing,€and€drove€to€a€Greyhound€bus€station€whereÐ #l! ÐMs.€Grady€met€them.€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€acknowledged€that€none€of€three€prior€statements€she€had€made€to€police€wereÐ à%0!$ Ðentirely€truthful.€€She€explained€that€she€felt€threatened€by€the€defendant€and€fearful€that€the€policeÐ Ì&"% Ðwere€going€to€arrest€her.€€The€defendant€denied€that€her€participation€had€caused€the€death€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðvictim.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌâ âà@ÍÍ*ìàIˆÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àInitially,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€that€she€eitherÐ ° Ðâ âkilled€the€victim€or€that€she€acted€with€premeditation.€€She€contends€that€the€evidence€of€her€levelÐ œì Ðof€involvement€was€not€sufficient€to€establish€that€she€was€criminally€responsible€for€the€conductÐ ˆØ Ðof€Chivous€Robinson.€€While€conceding€that€her€participation€qualified€as€facilitation€to€commitÐ tÄ Ðmurder,€she€denies€that€the€proof€was€sufficient€to€establish€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€Ð `° Ѐ€Ð L œ Ðà  àOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðall€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð $ t Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€theÐ  ` Ðreconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€€òòByrge€v.Ð ü L  ÐStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÐ è 8  Ðchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ Ô$  Ðto€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€aÐ À  Ðreasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€Ð ¬ü  ÐQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€wellÐ ˜è  Ðas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.Ð „Ô  Ð298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendant€removes€theÐ pÀ Ðpresumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bearsÐ \¬ Ðthe€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€òòState€v.Ð H˜ ÐEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àFirst€degree€murder€includes,€among€other€things,€the€premeditated€and€intentional€killingÐ  \ Ðof€another.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(Supp.€1998).€€Premeditation€is€defined€as€follows:€Ð øH ÐÌÌà8  à[A]n€act€done€after€the€existence€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€"Premeditation"€meansÐ ¼  Ðthat€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€.€.€.€€The€mentalÐ ¨ø Ðstate€of€the€accused€at€the€time€the€accused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefullyÐ ”ä Ðconsidered€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€fromÐ €Ð Ðexcitement€and€passion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.€€Ðl¼Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d)€(Supp.€1998).€€Ð D!” ÐÌTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„402(2)€provides€that€one€may€be€criminally€responsibleÐ #l! Ðfor€an€offense€committed€by€another€when,€"[a]cting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commissionÐ $X" Ðof€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,Ð ô$D # Ðor€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense."€€Criminal€responsibility€is€not€a€separateÐ à%0!$ Ðor€distinct€crime€but€a€theory€by€which€a€defendant's€guilt€may€be€established€based€upon€the€conductÐ Ì&"% Ðof€another.€€òòState€v.€Lemacksóó,€996€S.W.2d€166,€170€(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Carsonóó,€950€S.W.2d€951,€955€(Tenn.€1997),€our€supreme€court€interpreted€theÐ )à$( Ðtheory€of€criminal€responsibility€to€include€the€pre„1989€Act€concepts€of€aiders€and€abettors€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðaccessories€before€the€fact.€€No€particular€act€establishes€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðanother.€€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€15€S.W.3d€880,€890€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€Presence€during€theÐ ° Ðcommission€of€the€crime€or€a€relationship€with€the€perpetrator€of€the€crime€before€and€after€theÐ œì Ðcommission€of€the€offense€are€circumstances€indicating€guilt.€€òòState€v.€Ballóó,€973€S.W.2d€288,€293Ð ˆØ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€€€Ð tÄ ЀÌà  àIn€this€instance,€the€defendant€confessed€that€she€willingly€assisted€in€the€events€whichÐ L œ Ðultimately€led€to€the€death€of€the€victim.€€By€her€own€testimony,€the€defendant€restrained€the€victimÐ 8 ˆ Ðand,€in€fact,€choked€her€as€she€lay€bound€and€gagged€on€the€floor,€partially€conscious,€but€strugglingÐ $ t Ðand€apparently€breathing.€€Afterwards,€the€defendant€participated€in€disposing€of€the€body€andÐ  ` Ðactively€participated€in€covering€up€the€crime.€€On€at€least€three€occasions,€she€lied€when€questionedÐ ü L  Ðby€police.€€That€the€defendant€pulled€the€belt€harder€as€the€victim€struggled,€so€much€so€that€she€hurtÐ è 8  Ðher€hand,€establishes€that€she€was€guilty€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€In€this€instance,€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendant€assisted€in€the€commission€of€murder,€assisted€in€the€concealment€of€the€crime,€and€aidedÐ À  ÐRobinson€in€the€disposal€of€the€body.€€In€our€view,€the€evidence€was€sufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòCarsonóó,€950Ð ¬ü  ÐS.W.2d€at€954.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà@®®)ìàIIˆÐ pÀ Ðà  àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€instructed€the€jury€in€theÐ \¬ Ðdefinition€of€"intentional"€as€the€necessary€culpable€mental€state€for€first€degree€premeditatedÐ H˜ Ðmurder.€€She€asserts€that€the€instructions€improperly€lessened€the€stateððs€burden€of€proof.€€RelativeÐ 4„ Ðto€this€issue,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€as€follows:Ð  p ÐÌà8  à[t]o€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€this€offense,€as€charged,€the€[s]tate€must€have€provenÐ øH Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€the€following€essential€elements:Ðä4Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€[t]hat€the€defendant€unlawfully€killed€Stacy€Robinson;м Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€[t]hat€the€defendant€acted€intentionally.€€A€person€acts€intentionally€withÐ ¨ø Ðrespect€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct€òòoróó€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€theÐ ”ä Ðperson's€conscious€objective€or€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€òòoróó€cause€the€result;Ð €Ð ÐandÐl¼Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€[t]hat€the€killing€was€premeditated.€ÐX ¨Ð Ð  ÐÌ(Emphasis€added.)Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€bases€her€argument€on€the€holding€in€òòState€v.€Pageóó,€81€S.W.3d€781€(Tenn.Ð $X" ÐCrim.€App.€2002),€where€Page,€who€was€drunk,€admitted€striking€the€victim€with€a€baseball€bat€butÐ ô$D # Ðcontended€that€he€had€no€intention€to€kill.€€The€defendant€was€convicted€of€second€degree€murder.€Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€trial€courtððs€instructions€to€the€jury€defined€ð ðknowinglyðð€to€include€a€defendantððs€awareness€(1)Ð Ì&"% Ðthat€his€conduct€is€of€a€particular€nature,€(2)€that€a€particular€circumstance€exists,€or€(3)€that€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðconduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€òòId.óó€at€786.€€Interpreting€our€supreme€court'sÐ ¤(ô#' Ðholding€in€òòState€v.€Duckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889€(Tenn.€2000),€this€court€acknowledged€that€second€degreeÐ )à$( Ðmurder€qualifies€as€a€result„of„conduct€(rather€than€nature„of„conduct)€offense€wherein€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendant,€in€order€to€be€guilty,€must€be€aware€that€his€or€her€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€causeÐ h+¸&* Ðdeath.€€òòId.óóat€788.€€This€court€granted€Page€a€new€trial€because€the€instructions€improperly€lessenedÐ ° Ðthe€stateððs€burden€of€proof€by€allowing€the€jury€to€convict€on€second€degree€murder€based€only€uponÐ œì Ðawareness€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct.Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€Ð tÄ Ðà  àIn€òòPageóó,€the€circumstances€were€different€than€those€here.€€Page€was€convicted€of€secondÐ `° Ðdegree€murder.€€Although€first€and€second€degree€murder€are€both€result„of„conduct€offenses,€firstÐ L œ Ðdegree€murder€differs€from€second€degree€murder€in€that€the€murder€must€not€only€be€intentional,Ð 8 ˆ Ðit€must€be€premeditated.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€By€contrast,€second€degreeÐ $ t Ðmurder€is€the€knowing€killing€of€another.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210.€€In€òòPageóó,€this€courtÐ  ` Ðsuggested€that€trial€courts€alter€their€instructions€on€premeditated€first€degree€murder€from€the€patternÐ ü L  Ðinstructions€by€deleting€any€reference€to€the€nature€of€the€defendant's€conduct.€€81€S.W.3d€1t€789.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDefendants,€of€course,€have€the€right€to€accurate€jury€instructions.€€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2dÐ À  Ð236,€249€(Tenn.€1990).€€Any€omission€in€the€instructions€in€reference€to€an€element€of€the€offenseÐ ¬ü  Ðwhich€might€lessen€the€burden€of€proof€placed€upon€the€state€is€constitutional€error€and€requires€aÐ ˜è  Ðnew€trial€unless€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Walkeróó,€29€S.W.3d€885,Ð „Ô  Ð893„94€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àAs€indicated,€the€jury€in€this€instance€concluded€that€the€defendant,€either€before€the€day€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€offense€or€while€engaged€in€the€conduct€of€choking€the€victim,€displayed€a€previously€formedÐ 4„ Ðdesign€or€intent€to€kill.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992).€€The€evidence€wasÐ  p Ðundisputed€that€the€defendant€committed€acts€that€contributed€to€the€death€of€the€victim,€helpedÐ  \ Ðdispose€of€the€body,€and€fully€cooperated€in€a€coverup€of€the€crime.€€Her€relationship€with€RobinsonÐ øH Ðand€his€son€and€her€displeasure€with€the€victim€are€circumstances€establishing€motive.€€ThatÐ ä4 ÐRobinson€and€the€defendant€achieved€their€desired€result€is€irrefutable.€€In€consequence,€any€errorÐ Ð  Ðby€the€trial€court€in€instructing€in€the€disjunctive€as€to€the€mens€rea€required,€including€nature€of€theÐ ¼  Ðconduct,€qualified€as€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€The€concern€expressed€by€this€court€inÐ ¨ø Ðthe€opinion€in€òòPageóó€was€that€the€jury€was€never€given€the€opportunity€to€ascertain€whether€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendant€was€aware€that€his€conduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€death.€€Here,€the€jury€hadÐ €Ð Ðdetermined€that€the€defendant€had€a€preconceived€design€to€assist€in€the€commission€of€the€murder,Ð l¼ Ðthereby€resolving€the€issue€of€intent€to€cause€death€favorably€to€the€state.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE