ÿWPCø ž ðöùA/9pϽ¤WVw:„¸ö9çbk9_pAÆBqÍöÜA¾¿ºNW)äKE&Z¶ôæL¡MŠÊ» ¸Œ—Üç ö-óâ¢ötFü^HàMÁ}¹àY_¯ûþ¢fÛ¥FE«ÓPZ1Üj›æò Ïßœoè;mý„@“ˆ[QPSº’ö\RT^Ó ÿ´‹N)q¯Ÿ³oL]l`êG` ¤Ôsí©S÷ýùþb½¯f³hö2àd‹ *2Àw`¹Žô¯ ‰Àœ!ï[çٔ~§ÞÄ›öðÊV#0¦`3•oá^¯óKûÜïÄË,ƒró~e@„ì›5ezBÊêP¢ÁÆÔô±Å[þáx9ùô†¾^Ù†cwšdþ¨aó]aðk½VרðšÇr£ú¾™ìxÜ/à£Ï$,´íÝl3ýkÃ9ê±sJÈrè'£Wöð´8Ìr˜×d§t ÿsb¨Ä Ë^;%ÚTÿ‘P£þ˜ Äô}Y—ï.mè×cO®R«@ ù`XQªÃV ޝ–<Ýw‰Åî"síá\Ž;P´¸§ÐöÇN‘!ñøi<ÁâAG}G@>E?Òè'"ê5r5ƯøÀ¶ l$¡ôY5:=Øèõd b#É\ %% 0D+ 0ˆo UN÷ E ¹[ zÒŽ^ `wlNp4rƆÆLÆÆØžN´¶ÅEÇ mÉqàœQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQbíííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííí 0ëõõõõ Bàà 0¤ý D3¡ D-Ô 0K ASLÆŸ 0¤e 0D  A«M˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK3ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular Ý ƒR '$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôüò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€Smith€testified€that€he€was€present€when€the€victimððs€autopsy€was€conducted€and€that€he€took€photographsÐ ° Ðof€the€body. ¯Ý ƒR '$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôüò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€The€inclusion€of€these€issues€on€appeal€is€in€harmony€with€the€principle€that€our€court€does€not€recognize€theÐ ° Ðrepresented€appellantððs€right€to€file€a€separate€appellate€brief.€€òòSee€State€v€Ô_ÔBurkhartÔ_Ôóó,€541€S.W.2d€365,€371€(Tenn.€1976);Ð tÄ ÐòòKenneth€Campbell€v.€Stateóó,€No.€01C01„9409„CR„00321,€slip€op.€at€3€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€Nashville,€June€1,€1995);òò€BobbyÐ 8ˆ ÐÔ_ÔRobersonÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€No.€02C01„9203„CC„00069,€slip€op.€at€16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Dec.€1,€1993).€€From€theÐ üL Ðrecord,€we€note€that€these€issues€were€brought€to€the€trial€courtððs€attention€and€were€considered€and€rejected€by€the€trialÐ À Ðcourt. ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptj‡ˆ/Ï óbï.ê:i¢×+00Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Ñ ° Ñ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ gÝ ƒR '$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôüò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€that€the€defendantððs€first€name€appears€in€the€record€as€both€ð ðShawnðð€and€ð ðShaun.ðð€€It€is€the€policyÐ ° Ðof€this€court,€however,€to€spell€the€defendantððs€name€as€it€appears€on€the€indictment. HODGELeibowitz P.J.WoodallBoucekNicholsBoling MeeElkinshoodyKeeshaincarcerativeBoldenLatroySummittHardinshooiterTiawanWutang CriminalisticsWhitfield CrimreweighLiakas premeditatedly t]heTorciaSuttlesBordisD.Turnerw]hetherMRCURWOOD WITT- ù-(|G2 '$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôüò»»Ô d(|3dž$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3dž$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼L»»»ÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îYDLÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼L»îîYD #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓAssigned€on€Briefs€May€20,€2003Ð üL ÐÔ‡XX»¼LÔÌò òÔ#†¼L»XX#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€SHAWN€HODGEòòóóÔ‡XX»¼LÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Knox€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€68409€€€€€€Mary€Beth€Leibowitz,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„01794„CCA„R3„CD€Ð ¥õ  ÐDecember€8,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓConvicted€by€a€jury€of€first€degree€murder,€the€defendant,€Shawn€Hodge,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€appeals€and€claims€(1)€theÐ xÈ  Ðevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€conviction,€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€a€jury€view€ofÐ d´ Ðthe€crime€scene,€(3)€the€trial€court€erroneously€excluded€evidence€of€a€threat€made€against€a€defenseÐ P  Ðwitness,€(4)€the€defendant€was€prejudiced€by€an€attempt€by€the€state€to€pay€a€prosecution€witness,Ð <Œ Ð(5)€the€court€inadequately€instructed€the€jury€on€the€elements€of€the€offense,€and€(6)€the€courtÐ (x Ðerroneously€admitted€the€testimony€of€an€allegedly€incompetent€defense€witness.€€We€affirm€theÐ d Ðlower€courtððs€judgment.Ð P ÐÓ£Óò òÌTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼L»àXx#ÔÔ‡XX.¼LÔJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,€óóJ.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.,€óóandÐ ° ÐòòThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€joined.Ð œì ÐÌBrandt€Davis,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Shawn€Hodge.Ð tÄ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Braden€H.€Boucek,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð L œ ÐRandall€E.€Nichols,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Marsha€Mitchell,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ 8!ˆ  ÐGeneral,€for€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $"t! ÐÓlÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼L»XX›#ÔÔ‡XX»¼LÔÐ ü#L# ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àÑ€OaÑBetween€8:00€and€9:00€a.m.€on€Sunday,€April€26,€1998,€Benny€Boling€was€gunnedÐ Ô%$!% Ðdown€in€the€Austin€Homes€Community€of€Knox€County.€€Numerous€residents€and€visitors€in€theÐ À&"& Ðcommunity€that€morning€witnessed€some€or€all€of€the€events€surrounding€the€shooting.€€No€murderÐ ¬'ü"' Ðweapon€was€ever€recovered,€and€no€forensic€evidence€tied€any€particular€suspect€to€the€homicide.€Ð ˜(è#( ÐThe€shooting€was€believed€to€be€drug€related.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÐ p*À%*ý Ðà  àà ` àDuring€the€initial€stages€of€the€police€investigation,€many€witnesses€were€reluctantÐ ° Ðto€become€involved€or€come€forward€with€information.€€Approximately€ten€months€elapsed€beforeÐ œì Ðthe€defendant€was€arrested€and€charged€with€one€count€of€premeditated€first€degree€murder.€€TheÐ ˆØ Ðstate€did€not€seek€either€the€death€penalty€or€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€The€defendantÐ tÄ Ðpleaded€not€guilty€and€invoked€his€right€to€trial€by€jury.Ð `° ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€recount€the€trial€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state.€€The€stateÐ 8 ˆ Ðopened€its€proof€with€the€testimony€of€Gerald€Smith,€a€senior€evidence€technician€with€the€CriminalÐ $ t ÐInvestigation€Division€of€the€Knoxville€Police€Department.€€Before€joining€the€ranks€of€theÐ  ` ÐKnoxville€Police€Department,€Mr.€Smith€had€retired€from€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€afterÐ ü L  Ðworking€27€years€in€the€crime€laboratory.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àà ` àMr.€Smith€testified€that€he€was€called€at€8:58€a.m.€on€April€26,€1998,€and€dispatchedÐ À  Ðto€process€a€homicide€crime€scene€in€the€area€of€Austin€Homes€near€the€intersection€of€Mee€StreetÐ ¬ü  Ðand€Hanson€Avenue.€€By€the€time€Smith€arrived,€the€victimððs€body€had€been€taken€to€the€hospital.€Ð ˜è  ÐThe€victimððs€truck€had€run€off€the€road€and€had€come€to€rest€at€the€Mee€Street„Hanson€AvenueÐ „Ô  Ðintersection.€€The€victim€had€escaped€from€the€truck€and€fled€approximately€75€feet€up€a€hill€beforeÐ pÀ Ðcollapsing€and€dying.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àSmith€testified€that€he€recovered€a€combination€of€seventeen€nine€millimeter€bulletÐ 4„ Ðcasings€and€bullet€fragments€from€the€crime€scene.€€He€explained€that€the€casings€indicated€that€aÐ  p Ðnine€millimeter,€semi„automatic€handgun€had€fired€the€rounds.€€Smith€said€that€he€identified€a€totalÐ  \ Ðof€ten€rounds€of€ammunition€that€had€been€fired€at€the€truck,€five€of€which€entered€the€cab€of€theÐ øH Ðtruck.€€The€medical€examiner€who€performed€the€autopsy€turned€over€to€Smith€one€bullet€that€hadÐ ä4 Ðlodged€in€the€victimððs€left€leg€and€a€bullet€fragment€taken€from€the€victimððs€left€arm.€€SubsequentÐ Ð  Ðtesting€results,€to€which€the€state€and€defense€had€stipulated,€revealed€that€the€seventeen€cartridgeÐ ¼  Ðcasings/fragments€had€been€fired€from€the€same€type€of€firearm€and€that€markings€on€eight€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðcasings/fragments€showed€that€they€had€been€fired€by€the€same€firearm.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àà ` àSmith€stated€that€no€identifiable€fingerprints€were€found€inside€the€truck€and€that€noÐ l¼ Ðweapon€was€ever€recovered.€€Another€investigator€at€the€scene€turned€over€to€Smith€a€$100€bill€thatÐ X ¨ Ðthe€victim€had€clutched€in€his€hand.€€Smith€testified€that€based€on€the€bullet€holes€in€the€truck,€it€wasÐ D!” Ðhis€opinion€that€the€shots€were€fired€at€a€distance€of€four€feet€or€more€from€a€position€slightly€to€theÐ 0"€  Ðrear€of€the€driverððs€side€of€the€truck.€€Also,€in€Smithððs€opinion,€the€nonlethal€wounds€to€the€victimððsÐ #l! Ðleft€leg€and€arm€occurred€while€the€victim€was€still€in€the€truck.€€The€victimððs€body€had€three€otherÐ $X" Ðwounds,€one€of€which€was€fatal.€€The€fatal€shot€entered€the€right€side€of€the€victimððs€back€and€exitedÐ ô$D # Ðthe€front€of€the€chest.€€Smith€was€unable€to€determine€which,€if€any,€of€the€recovered€bulletÐ à%0!$ Ðfragments€was€the€fatal€bullet.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ì&"% Ðâ âÐ ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` àDoctor€Sandra€Elkins,€Knox€Countyððs€Medical€Examiner,€testified€and€corroboratedÐ ° Ðâ âSmithððs€identification€of€the€fatal€gunshot€wound€with€an€entry€point€on€the€right€side€of€the€victimððsÐ œì Ðback€and€an€exit€point€on€his€chest€to€the€left€and€slightly€upward€approximately€seven€inches.€€€MostÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€other€gunshot€wounds€that€the€victim€sustained€were€to€the€back€of€his€left€buttocks€and€theÐ tÄ Ðleft€leg€area;€none€of€the€entry€wounds€were€on€the€front€of€the€victimððs€body.€€Doctor€ElkinsÐ `° Ðreported€that€a€drug€and€alcohol€screen€of€the€victimððs€blood€showed€the€presence€of€a€lowÐ L œ Ðconcentration€of€alcohol€but€a€high€concentration€of€cocaine.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€state€called€four€witnesses€who€identified€the€defendant€as€the€shooter.€€TheÐ  ` Ðtheory€of€defense€was€that€these€witnesses€had€either€accidently€or€intentionally€identified€the€wrongÐ ü L  Ðperson.€€The€stateððs€witness€Debra€Turner€was€in€the€latter€category.€€Turner€had€lived€for€five€yearsÐ è 8  Ðat€Apartment€161,€1283€Nelson€Circle.€€Her€apartment€faced€Hanson€Avenue.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àTurner€testified€that€she€had€known€the€defendant,€whose€nickname€was€ð ðFat€Shawn,ððÐ ¬ü  Ðmost€of€her€life.€€The€defendant€formerly€lived€in€Austin€Homes,€and€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€hisÐ ˜è  Ðgrandmother€resided€in€Austin€Homes.€€Turner€said€that€she€saw€the€person€who€killed€the€victim.€Ð „Ô  ÐTurner€stated€that€she€did€not€know€the€victim€and€had€never€seen€him€before€the€day€of€the€shooting.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àTurner€testified€that€shortly€before€the€shooting,€she€was€in€her€kitchen€makingÐ H˜ Ðpreparations€for€Sunday€dinner.€€€She€said€that€she€heard€voices€and€an€argument€outside€her€backÐ 4„ Ðdoor.€€Turner€claimed€that€she€heard€one€voice€saying,€ð ðDude,€you€will€not€leave€these€projects€aliveÐ  p Ðif€you€donððt€buy€this€damn€dope€from€me.ðð€€€Turner€gave€conflicting€testimony€whether€her€backÐ  \ Ðdoor€was€open€or€closed€at€the€time,€but€at€any€rate,€she€stepped€to€the€back€door€and€looked€outside.€Ð øH ÐTurner€stated€that€she€saw€the€defendant€talking€to€a€white€male€who€was€sitting€inside€a€parkedÐ ä4 Ðtruck.€€The€defendant€was€wearing€blue€jeans€and€a€ð ðblack€hoody.ðð€€Turner€testified€that€she€heardÐ Ð  Ðthe€man€in€the€truck€tell€the€defendant€that€he€ð ðdid€not€come€to€buy€no€drugs,ðð€and€then€she€heardÐ ¼  Ða€gunshot€and€saw€the€truck€moving€away€from€the€scene.€€Turner€said€that€the€defendant€followedÐ ¨ø Ðthe€moving€truck€and€fired€into€it.€€The€truck€hit€a€fence€and€stopped.€€Turner€related€that€the€manÐ ”ä Ðthen€jumped€out€of€the€truck,€and€as€he€was€running€across€the€street,€the€defendant€fired€at€the€man.€Ð €Ð ÐAccording€to€Turner,€after€the€man€fell,€the€defendant€ð ðstood€over€him€and€shot€him.ðð€€TurnerÐ l¼ Ðdescribed€how€she€watched€what€happened€first€from€her€back€door€and€then€from€the€side€and€frontÐ X ¨ Ðwindows€in€her€apartment.€€Turner€testified€that€she€never€heard€the€victim€threaten€the€defendantÐ D!” Ðand€did€not€see€any€weapon€in€the€victimððs€possession.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àà ` àAfter€the€police€arrived€at€the€scene,€officers€began€questioning€people€in€the€areaÐ $X" Ðabout€the€shooting.€€Turner€admitted€that€she€told€officers€that€she€had€not€seen€anything,€but€sheÐ ô$D # Ðinsisted€that€later€that€night€she€made€a€telephone€call€and€anonymously€reported€what€she€knewÐ à%0!$ Ðabout€the€crime.€€It€was€not€until€February€9,€1999,€that€she€came€forward,€gave€a€statement€to€theÐ Ì&"% Ðpolice,€and€identified€the€defendant€from€a€photo€spread.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€cross„examination,€the€defense€elicited€that€Turner€had€two€prior€theftÐ )à$( Ðconvictions.€€The€defense€also€vigorously€cross„examined€Turner€about€the€line€of€sight€at€her€backÐ |*Ì%) Ðdoor€and€windows€and€about€the€location€of€the€truck€when€she€first€saw€it.€€Turner€amended€herÐ h+¸&* Ðearlier€testimony€and€stated€that€when€she€first€saw€the€victim,€he€was€outside€of€the€truck€talkingÐ ° Ðto€Tim€Bolden,€whose€nickname€was€ð ðTim€Dog.ðð€€She€next€saw€the€defendant€approach€and€threatenÐ œì Ðthe€victim,€and€the€shooting€began.€€Turner€said€that€she€did€not€know€where€Bolden€had€gone€afterÐ ˆØ Ðthe€first€shot€was€fired.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àTurner€stated€that€the€reason€she€did€not€initially€talk€with€the€police€officer€at€theÐ L œ Ðscene€was€that€the€defendant€was€standing€nearby€at€the€time€and€that€she€was€afraid€of€him.€€WhenÐ 8 ˆ ÐTurner€finally€talked€with€the€police,€she€called€them€from€the€University€of€Tennessee€MedicalÐ $ t ÐCenter.€€Detectives€came€to€the€hospital,€transported€Turner€for€questioning,€and€then€took€her€backÐ  ` Ðto€the€hospital.€€Turner€admitted€that€she€was€at€the€hospital€with€her€son€who€had€been€seriouslyÐ ü L  Ðinjured€when€the€defendant€and€two€other€men€ð ðjumped€on€him€and€beat€him€with€a€bat.ðð€€At€theÐ è 8  Ðtime€Turner€testified,€the€assault€case€against€the€defendant€was€still€pending.€€Turner€agreed€that€sheÐ Ô$  Ðwas€angry€with€the€defendant€because€he€had€injured€her€son,€and€in€the€statement€given€to€theÐ À  Ðdetectives,€she€said€that€she€had€decided€to€come€forward€because€her€son€had€been€beaten.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àTurner€maintained€that€she€had€not€accused€the€defendant€in€retaliation€for€her€sonððsÐ „Ô  Ðinjuries.€€She€denied€using€cocaine€in€her€apartment€with€a€man€named€Curry€Dixon€when€sheÐ pÀ Ðlearned€about€the€beating,€and€she€denied€telling€Dixon€that€she€would€ð ðmessðð€the€defendant€upÐ \¬ Ðbecause€of€what€he€had€done€to€her€son.€€She€also€denied€making€any€similar€statement€to€theÐ H˜ Ðdefendantððs€cousin,€Taiwan€Fowler.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` àPatricia€Hamilton€also€identified€the€defendant€as€the€shooter.€€Hamilton€lived€inÐ  \ ÐGeorgia€at€the€time€of€the€crime€but€was€visiting€with€relatives€in€Knoxville€and€staying€with€herÐ øH Ðcousin,€Debra€Turner.€€Hamilton€admitted€that€she€had€a€prior€conviction€for€selling€cocaine€and€wasÐ ä4 Ðon€probation.€€Hamilton€recalled€being€downstairs,€sitting€and€talking€to€Turner€when€theÐ Ð  Ðð ðcommotionðð€began.€€Hamilton€said€that€she€asked€Turner€if€someone€was€firing€a€gun.€€She€testifiedÐ ¼  Ðthat€Turner€peeped€out€of€the€window€and€reported€that€ð ðFat€Shawnðð€was€shooting.€€Hamilton€wasÐ ¨ø Ðcertain€of€the€identification€because€she€had€known€the€defendant€all€of€her€life.€€Hamilton€alsoÐ ”ä Ðlooked€out€of€the€window;€she€saw€the€victim€get€out€of€the€truck€and€run€toward€the€daycare€centerÐ €Ð Ðup€the€hill€with€the€defendant€in€pursuit€shooting€at€the€victim.€€Hamilton€said€that€she€did€not€wantÐ l¼ Ðto€get€involved€in€the€police€investigation€and,€therefore,€stayed€inside€the€house.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àA€third€witness€who€lived€in€Austin€Homes€and€identified€the€defendant€as€the€shooterÐ 0"€  Ðwas€Lorraine€Young.€€Young€lived€at€1240€Nelson€Circle,€Apartment€187.€€She€knew€the€defendantÐ #l! Ðand€was€friends€with€Debra€Turner.€€Young€testified€that€she€was€awake€Sunday€morning€but€lyingÐ $X" Ðin€bed€when€she€heard€a€commotion€and€went€to€her€bedroom€window.€€Young€testified€that€she€sawÐ ô$D # Ðthe€defendant€and€three€other€boys€near€the€victimððs€truck€having€an€argument€about€ð ðdope€andÐ à%0!$ Ðmoney.ðð€€Young€identified€one€of€the€other€boys€by€the€nickname€ð ðCountry.ðð€€Young€said€that€sheÐ Ì&"% Ðheard€the€victim€tell€the€boys€that€he€did€not€want€any€more€drugs€because€he€had€spent€all€of€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðmoney,€and€she€heard€the€defendant€respond€that€ð ðyouððre€gonna€buy€my€dope€or€else.ðð€€At€that€point,Ð ¤(ô#' ÐYoung€put€on€some€clothes€and€went€to€the€back€door€in€time€to€see€the€victim€wreck€his€truck€andÐ )à$( Ðflee€on€foot€while€the€defendant€shot€the€victim.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` àYoung€said€that€after€the€victim€fell€and€the€shooting€stopped,€the€defendant€came€toÐ ° Ðher€door€and€wanted€to€come€inside€the€apartment.€€When€Young€declined€to€grant€him€entry,€theÐ œì Ðdefendant€walked€away.€€Young€testified€that€the€defendant€had€a€gun€in€his€hand€when€he€came€toÐ ˆØ Ðher€door.€€Young€testified€that€she€recalled€seeing€the€victim€on€Saturday€evening€when€he€drove€intoÐ tÄ Ðthe€neighborhood€and€purchased€drugs€from€a€man€who€Young€identified€as€ð ðGrill.ððÐ `° ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€cross„examination,€Young€testified€that€on€the€morning€of€the€shooting€she€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€bed€with€her€boyfriend.€€The€defense€examined€her€closely€about€the€view€out€of€her€bedroomÐ $ t Ðwindow.€€Young€had€given€the€police€a€statement€in€which€she€said€that€she€and€her€boyfriend€wereÐ  ` Ðin€bed€drunk,€but€at€trial€she€denied€being€intoxicated€or€making€that€statement€to€the€police.€€YoungÐ ü L  Ðdid€admit€that€at€first€she€told€the€detectives€that€she€did€not€know€anything€and€could€not€identifyÐ è 8  Ðthe€shooter.€€Young€elaborated€further€that€she€had€seen€the€victim€drive€into€the€neighborhood€andÐ Ô$  Ðpurchase€drugs€approximately€five€times€on€Saturday.Ð À  ÐÌà  àà ` àTwo€additional€witnesses€who€testified€for€the€state€were€Albert€Banks€and€KeeshaÐ ˜è  ÐTowns.€€Towns€lived€in€Austin€Homes€when€the€shooting€occurred,€and€she€knew€the€defendant.€Ð „Ô  ÐTowns€was€on€her€back€porch€Sunday€morning€and€saw€approximately€eight€men€gambling€on€theÐ pÀ Ðporch€of€the€apartment€directly€across€from€where€she€was€standing.€€The€defendant€and€Tim€BoldenÐ \¬ Ðwere€among€the€gamblers.€€Towns€testified€that€ð ðan€incident€or€argument€or€something€broke€out€andÐ H˜ Ðeverybody€took€off€running.ðð€€Towns€heard€gunshots,€but€she€did€not€actually€see€anything€happen.€Ð 4„ ÐShe€was€uncertain€whether€the€defendant€had€a€gun.Ð  p ÐÌà  àà ` àBanks€testified€that€he€was€sleeping€in€his€motherððs€apartment€when€he€awoke€toÐ øH Ðgunshots€on€Sunday€morning.€€He€peeped€out€of€the€window€next€to€the€bed€and€saw€a€person€he€didÐ ä4 Ðnot€know€shooting€a€gun.€€Banks€could€not€recall€what€the€shooter€was€wearing,€and€he€did€not€seeÐ Ð  Ðat€whom€or€what€the€person€was€shooting.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€final€witness€in€the€stateððs€case€in€chief€was€Tim€Bolden,€known€as€ð ðTim€Dog.ðð€Ð ”ä ÐAt€the€time€of€his€testimony,€Bolden€was€serving€an€incarcerative€sentence€for€voluntaryÐ €Ð Ðmanslaughter,€and€he€had€pending€drug€and€reckless€endangerment€charges.€€Bolden€testified€thatÐ l¼ Ðthe€state€had€agreed€to€a€sentence€of€four€years€on€the€pending€charges,€to€run€consecutively€to€hisÐ X ¨ Ðten„year€voluntary€manslaughter€sentence,€in€exchange€for€his€truthful€testimony.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àà ` àBolden€testified€that€he€lived€in€Austin€Homes€and€knew€the€defendant€from€theÐ #l! Ðneighborhood.€€Bolden€explained€that€he€was€selling€drugs€in€the€area€on€Saturday€when€the€victimÐ $X" Ðspent€approximately€$600€to€$800€on€crack€cocaine.€€According€to€Bolden,€the€victim€made€multipleÐ ô$D # Ðtrips€into€the€neighborhood€that€day€to€purchase€crack€cocaine€from€Bolden.€€The€last€time€the€victimÐ à%0!$ Ðleft€was€around€2:30€or€3:00€on€Sunday€morning.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àà ` àBolden€testified€that€at€5:00€or€6:00€a.m.€he€saw€the€defendant.€€Bolden€was€gamblingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwith€four€or€five€other€men,€and€the€defendant€joined€them.€€Later,€the€victim€once€again€drove€intoÐ )à$( Ðthe€neighborhood,€but€Bolden€did€not€approach€the€truck.€€Instead,€the€defendant€walked€toward€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðtruck.€€Bolden€testified€that€he€heard€the€victimððs€loud€voice,€saw€the€victim€pulling€out€in€his€truck,Ð h+¸&* Ðand€saw€the€defendant€firing€a€gun.€€The€defendant,€Bolden€maintained,€was€the€only€person€shootingÐ ° Ðand€the€only€person€who€had€a€gun.€€Bolden€testified€that€he€also€saw€the€victimððs€truck€run€up€onÐ œì Ða€curb,€the€victim€leave€the€truck€and€flee,€the€defendant€continue€to€shoot,€and€the€victim€fall.€€ToÐ ˆØ ÐBoldenððs€knowledge,€the€victim€was€not€armed.€€Bolden€explained€that€after€the€shooting€stopped,Ð tÄ Ðeveryone€tried€to€disperse€because€they€knew€the€police€would€arrive€shortly.Ð `° ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€police€captured€Bolden€and€transported€him€to€the€police€station€for€questioning.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐBolden€admitted€that€at€first€he€did€not€tell€the€detectives€the€truth.€€Bolden€stated€that€later,€however,Ð $ t Ðwhile€he€was€still€in€custody,€he€told€the€truth€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victim.€€Asked€to€explainÐ  ` Ðwhy€he€decided€to€tell€the€police€about€the€defendantððs€involvement,€Bolden€testified,€ð ðI€really€guessÐ ü L  ÐI€felt€that€I€„„€I€didnððt€want€to€take€the€blame€for€it€basically.€€Thatððs€the€basic€answer€really.€€I€didnððtÐ è 8  Ðwant€to€take€the€blame€for€it.ððÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àNot€surprisingly,€the€defense€aggressively€cross„examined€Bolden,€coveringÐ ¬ü  Ðcredibility€issues€such€as€testifying€in€exchange€for€sentencing€leniency€and€wanting€to€avoid€beingÐ ˜è  Ðcharged€with€the€homicide.€€The€defense€also€highlighted€inconsistencies€between€BoldenððsÐ „Ô  Ðstatements€to€the€police€and€his€trial€testimony,€particularly€as€related€to€location€and€street€names.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€did€not€testify,€but€he€offered€the€testimony€of€nine€witnesses.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àRenee€Stone,€who€was€living€in€Austin€Homes€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€testifiedÐ  p Ðthat€she€was€driving€home€the€morning€of€the€shooting€when€a€woman€stopped€her€and€advised€herÐ  \ Ðof€the€shooting.€€Stone€drove€up€the€hill€in€front€of€the€daycare€center€and€saw€a€man€lying€on€hisÐ øH Ðstomach€on€the€ground.€€Stone€went€to€her€apartment€and€called€911.€€When€she€walked€back€to€theÐ ä4 Ðscene,€the€paramedics€were€arriving.€€Stone€did€not€witness€the€shooting€or€hear€any€gunshots.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àLatroy€Askew,€who€was€serving€an€incarcerative€sentence€for€reckless€endangermentÐ ¨ø Ðand€aggravated€assault,€testified€that€the€night€before€the€shooting€he€and€the€defendant€rode€aroundÐ ”ä Ðall€night€in€Austin€Homes.€€The€next€morning,€Askew€recalled€being€around€a€group€of€menÐ €Ð Ðgambling,€including€the€defendant€and€Bolden.€€According€to€Askew,€the€defendant€was€wearing€aÐ l¼ Ðyellow€sweater€with€a€hood,€and€Bolden€was€dressed€in€black.€€Askew€said€that€he€and€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðleft€about€the€same€time,€before€the€shooting.€€The€defendant€mentioned€going€home€or€to€hisÐ D!” Ðgirlfriendððs€house.€€On€cross„examination,€Askew€agreed€that€he€and€the€defendant€were€goodÐ 0"€  Ðfriends.€€Askew€could€not€recall€what€day€of€the€week€that€the€shooting€occurred,€and€he€admittedÐ #l! Ðthat€he€was€aware€of€other€shootings€in€Austin€Homes.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àà ` àDefense€witness€Glenda€Ward€did€not€live€in€Austin€Homes€and€was€not€familiar€withÐ à%0!$ Ðor€related€to€any€of€the€witnesses€in€the€case.€€In€April€1998,€Ward€was€living€in€Town€ViewÐ Ì&"% ÐApartments€across€from€Austin€Homes€on€Summitt€Hill.€€Ward€testified€that€she€could€see€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdaycare€center€in€Austin€Homes€from€her€apartment.€€Ward€recalled€that€she€happened€to€be€lookingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðout€of€her€window€one€morning€and€saw€one€man€chasing€another€man.€€Ward€said€that€the€man€inÐ )à$( Ðthe€lead€was€trying€to€run€up€the€hill,€and€the€other€man€shot€him.€€Ward€saw€the€man€who€was€shotÐ |*Ì%) Ðfall€down,€and€she€saw€the€shooter€run€in€the€oppositive€direction€toward€Austin€Homes.€€WardÐ h+¸&* Ðdescribed€the€shooter€as€about€six€feet€tall,€190€pounds,€and€wearing€dark€clothing.€€Ward€said€thatÐ ° Ðshe€did€not€get€a€good€look€at€the€face,€but€she€knew€ð ðhe€was€like€dark„skinned,€dark€complected.ðð€Ð œì ÐThe€defendant€then€stood€up€in€the€courtroom,€and€defense€counsel€asked€Ward€if€the€defendant€wasÐ ˆØ Ðthe€shooter.€€Ward€said€that€the€defendant€was€not€who€she€saw.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€state€sought€to€discredit€Wardððs€testimony€by€challenging€what€she€could€haveÐ L œ Ðseen€from€her€apartment.€€The€police€interviewed€Ward€in€1998€as€part€of€the€shooting€investigation,Ð 8 ˆ Ðand€she€advised€the€officers€that€she€witnessed€the€murder€but€could€not€identify€the€shooter.€€At€thatÐ $ t Ðtime,€Ward€described€the€shooter€as€a€black€man€dressed€in€a€dark€hooded€jacket€with€dark€pants.€Ð  ` ÐAt€trial,€Ward€agreed€that€she€did€not€mention€the€shooterððs€skin€tone€previously,€but€she€insistedÐ ü L  Ðin€response€to€state€questioning€that€from€where€she€was€standing,€and€even€though€the€shooter€hadÐ è 8  Ðthe€hood€of€his€jacket€over€his€head,€she€could€see€the€shooterððs€skin€tone,€which€was€dark,€not€light.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àDefense€witness€Reginald€Woodruff€testified€that€he€had€grown€up€with€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðin€Austin€Homes.€€At€the€time€of€the€shooting,€Woodruff€was€living€in€Town€View€ApartmentsÐ ˜è  Ðacross€from€Austin€Homes.€€Woodruff€testified€that€he€was€home€with€his€son€on€the€morning€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðshooting.€€The€defendant,€Woodruff€said,€came€to€his€apartment€dressed€in€a€gold€pullover€sweaterÐ pÀ Ðjacket.€€Woodruff€stated€that€the€defendant€did€not€have€a€weapon€with€him,€and€Woodruff€recalledÐ \¬ Ðthat€the€defendant€was€acting€as€if€something€was€wrong.€€About€five€or€ten€minutes€later,€MalikÐ H˜ ÐHardin€showed€up€at€the€apartment€to€play€video€games€with€Woodruff.€€Woodruff€estimated€thatÐ 4„ Ðthe€group€stayed€in€his€apartment€two€hours.€€After€Hardin€left,€Woodruff€said€that€he,€his€son,€andÐ  p Ðthe€defendant€left€to€get€something€to€eat.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€cross„examination,€the€state€exploited€the€witnessððs€inability€to€recall€when€theÐ ä4 Ðevents€occurred,€other€than€possibly€on€a€Sunday.€€Woodruff€was€certain€that€the€year€was€1998,€andÐ Ð  Ðhe€believed€it€was€around€the€end€of€the€year,€after€Thanksgiving.€€The€state€also€tried€to€raiseÐ ¼  Ðquestions€about€Woodruffððs€memory€in€terms€of€recalling€what€the€defendant€was€wearing.€Ð ¨ø ÐWoodruff€insisted€that€he€specifically€recalled€the€gold„type€sweater€jacket€ð ðbecause€[his]€son€keptÐ ”ä Ðcalling€him€big€bird.ððÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àAustin€East€High€School€student€Pierre€Jarrett€was€thirteen€years€old€at€the€time€ofÐ X ¨ Ðthe€shooting.€€On€the€day€of€the€crime,€he€was€playing€basketball€in€the€Austin€Homes€neighborhood,Ð D!” Ðand€he€saw€a€gray€truck€going€up€the€hill€by€the€daycare€center.€€The€truck€turned,€and€Jarrett€saidÐ 0"€  Ðthat€he€heard€approximately€ten€gunshots.€€Jarrett€testified€thatÔ#†¼L»XX4 #ÔÔ‡XX»¼LÔ€at€the€sound€of€the€shots,€he€lookedÐ #l! Ðup€the€hill€and€saw€that€the€truck€had€come€to€rest€with€the€passenger€side€door€open.€€Jarrett€statedÐ $X" Ðthat€he€also€saw€a€man€dressed€in€black€who€had€a€gun.€€Jarrett€told€the€police€what€he€had€seen€whenÐ ô$D # Ðhe€was€interviewed.€€Jarrett€said€that€he€was€positive€that€the€defendant€was€not€the€man€he€saw€withÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€gun€in€his€hand.€€The€state€cross„examined€Jarrett€to€bring€out€inconsistencies€between€hisÐ Ì&"% Ðtestimony€and€his€police€statement,€including€the€differences€in€how€he€had€described€the€shooter.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àà ` àPaul€Chandler€was€almost€caught€in€the€gun€fire€on€Sunday€morning.€€This€70„year„Ð )à$( Ðold€witness€was€retired€from€the€United€States€Army€after€24€years€of€service.€€He€lived€withinÐ |*Ì%) Ðwalking€distance€of€Austin€Homes,€where€he€frequently€went€to€collect€discarded€cans€to€later€sell.€Ð h+¸&* ÐChandler€testified€that€he€was€at€the€top€of€the€hill€near€the€daycare€center.€€He€set€down€a€garbageÐ ° Ðbag€of€cans€and€lit€a€cigarette.€€Chandler€said€that€he€heard€a€vehicle€and€shooting.€€He€explained€thatÐ œì Ðhe€could€not€see€who€was€doing€the€shooting€and€that€he€was€afraid€to€move.€€Chandler€believed€thatÐ ˆØ Ðif€he€had€not€stopped€to€take€a€break,€he€would€have€been€between€the€truck€and€the€shooter.€Ð tÄ ÐChandler€testified€that€he€saw€the€victim€get€out€of€the€truck,€run€past€him,€turn€a€corner,€and€thenÐ `° Ðcollapse.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àChandler€described€the€shooter€as€tall€and€thin€and€wearing€a€brown€cap€and€jacket.€Ð $ t ÐWhen€the€police€arrived,€Chandler€pointed€out€the€direction€in€which€the€shooter€headed.€€At€trial,Ð  ` ÐChandler€said€that€as€the€shooter€walked€off,€Chandler€heard€him€say,€ð ðI€got€him.ðð€€The€defendantÐ ü L  Ðstood€up€in€the€courtroom,€and€Chandler€stated€that€the€defendant€was€not€the€shooter.€€The€stateÐ è 8  Ðquestioned€Chandler€at€length€about€a€photo€spread€he€was€shown€by€the€police;€evidently,€he€hadÐ Ô$  Ðidentified€as€the€shooter€a€man€who€was€in€prison€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€The€state€also€elicitedÐ À  Ðfrom€Chandler€that€the€shooter€he€saw€was€carrying€a€.357€Magnum€handgun.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defense€called€two€witnesses€who€testified€specifically€about€Debra€Turner€andÐ „Ô  Ðstatements€she€had€made€about€identifying€the€shooter.€€The€first€witness,€Curry€Dixon,€was€servingÐ pÀ Ða€sentence€for€robbery.€€He€had€known€the€defendant€all€his€life.€€Dixon€testified€that€one€eveningÐ \¬ Ðhe€and€Turner€were€smoking€crack€at€her€house.€€Dixon€recalled€that€someone€knocked€on€the€doorÐ H˜ Ðand€advised€Turner€that€her€son€had€been€beaten.€€Turner€left€and€returned€a€short€time€later.€€DixonÐ 4„ Ðstated€that€when€she€returned,€Turner€threatened€that€she€was€going€to€implicate€Fat€Shawn€in€aÐ  p Ðmurder,€even€though€the€defendant€was€not€involved.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àDefense€witness€Taiwan€Fowler€related€a€similar€conversation€that€he€had€withÐ ä4 ÐTurner.€€Fowler€was€related€to€the€defendant€but€had€never€lived€in€Austin€Homes.€€Fowler€testifiedÐ Ð  Ðthat€he€had€known€Turner€for€several€years€and€that€he€did€not€believe€her€to€be€truthful.€€Fowler€saidÐ ¼  Ðthat€he€had€spoken€to€Turner€within€the€past€year€and€that€she€was€going€to€give€an€untruthfulÐ ¨ø Ðstatement€to€get€back€at€the€defendant€for€putting€her€son€in€the€hospital.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€final€defense€witness€was€Malik€Hardin,€the€defendantððs€cousin.€€€He€testified€thatÐ l¼ Ðhe€was€with€the€group€of€men€gambling€on€the€porch€of€the€apartment€in€Austin€Homes€early€SundayÐ X ¨ Ðmorning.€€Hardin€said€that€the€defendant€was€present€also€gambling.€€A€truck€drove€into€the€area,€andÐ D!” ÐHardin€recognized€it€and€the€man€driving€because€Hardin€and€ð ðTim€Dogðð€had€been€selling€the€manÐ 0"€  Ðdrugs€the€previous€evening.€€Hardin€related€how€the€shooting€began.€€He€stated€that€he,€ð ðTim€Dog,ððÐ #l! Ðand€a€third€man,€ð ðWutang,ðð€were€walking€toward€the€truck.€€ð ðTim€Dogðð€asked€the€other€two€men€toÐ $X" Ðð ðback€himðð€because€the€man€in€the€truck€had€ð ðshorted€him€for€money.ðð€€Hardin€said€the€victim€hadÐ ô$D # Ða€$100€bill€and€that€Hardin€was€ð ðabout€to€serve€himðð€when€ð ðTim€Dogðð€pulled€out€a€gun,€told€theÐ à%0!$ Ðother€two€to€back€up,€and€started€shooting.€€Hardin€ducked€to€the€ground;€he€said€that€he€heard€fiveÐ Ì&"% Ðto€seven€shots€and€then€took€off€running.€€While€running,€Hardin€heard€approximately€eight€moreÐ ¸'#& Ðshots.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àà ` àHardin€testified€that€the€last€time€he€saw€the€defendant,€the€defendant€was€stillÐ |*Ì%) Ðgambling.€€Hardin€ended€up€first€at€a€crack€house,€and€then€he€encountered€Reginald€Woodruff.€Ð h+¸&* ÐHardin€stated€that€the€two€men€went€to€Woodruffððs€house€where€the€defendant€and€Woodruffððs€sonÐ ° Ðalready€were.€€Hardin€did€not€recall€how€the€defendant€was€dressed.€€Around€noon,€Hardin€leftÐ œì ÐWoodruffððs€house;€the€defendant€was€still€there.€€Hardin€said€that€he€was€going€to€his€sisterððs€placeÐ ˆØ Ðin€Austin€Homes.€€His€visit,€however,€was€interrupted€by€the€police€who€took€him€into€custody.€Ð tÄ ÐHardin€stated€that€he€could€not€recall€giving€a€statement€to€the€police.Ð `° ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€state€cross„examined€Hardin€about€his€prior€record,€which€included€two€felonyÐ 8 ˆ Ðdrug€convictions€and€two€attempted€robbery€convictions.€€In€addition,€Hardin€was€currently€servingÐ $ t Ða€federal€sentence€involving€a€gun€charge.€€The€state€questioned€why€Hardin€did€not€come€forwardÐ  ` Ðwith€the€information€earlier.€€Hardin€responded€that€he€was€not€a€ð ðsnitchðð€and€that€he€was€fearful€ofÐ ü L  Ðwhat€might€happen€to€his€family.€€Hardin€said€that€he€had€changed€his€mind€because€his€grandmotherÐ è 8  Ðhad€since€died€and€most€other€family€members€were€now€in€jail.€€The€state€again€took€HardinÐ Ô$  Ðthrough€the€events€leading€up€to€the€shooting.€€Hardin€insisted€that€the€victim€came€ð ðto€buy€dopeððÐ À  Ðand€was€about€to€spend€$100€when€ð ðTim€Dogðð€intervened€and€began€shooting.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€rebuttal,€the€state€called€Officer€Russell€Whitfield€of€the€Criminalistics€Division.€Ð „Ô  ÐHe€identified€various€photographs€that€he€had€taken€showing€different€parts€of€the€Austin€HomesÐ pÀ Ðarea.€€Officer€Whitfield€also€testified€that€he€went€into€a€third„floor€apartment€in€Town€ViewÐ \¬ ÐApartments€and€took€photographs€in€the€direction€of€Mee€Street.€€Although€it€is€difficult€to€followÐ H˜ ÐOfficer€Whitfieldððs€testimony,€it€appears€that€his€testimony€was€offered€in€an€effort€to€contradict€theÐ 4„ Ðtestimony€of€the€defense€witnesses€who€testified€that€they€had€seen€the€shooting€from€their€respectiveÐ  p Ðresidences€in€Town€View€Apartments.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€jury€deliberated€over€the€foregoing€evidence€and€found€the€defendant€guilty€ofÐ ä4 Ðpremeditated€first€degree€murder.Ð Ð  ÐÌò òÓ  Óà0 @ àSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÐ ¨ø ÐÓ¦ÓÌà  àà ` àIn€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€challenges€the€legal€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€at€trial.€Ð €Ð ÐSpecifically,€the€defendant€maintains€that€the€state€failed€to€introduce€any€evidence€showing€theÐ l¼ Ðexercise€of€reflection€and€judgment€by€the€defendant€after€his€mind€was€free€from€the€influence€ofÐ X ¨ Ðexcitement€or€passion.€€According€to€the€defendant,€the€evidence€about€the€number€of€shots€fired€andÐ D!” ÐTurnerððs€testimony€that€she€heard€the€defendant€threaten€the€victim€are€legally€inadequate€to€proveÐ 0"€  Ðthe€element€of€premeditation.€€The€defendant€also€points€to€the€inconsistencies€in€the€testimony€ofÐ #l! Ðthe€stateððs€witnesses€and€the€obvious€prejudice€of€certain€witnesses,€most€notably€Debra€Turner.€€TheÐ $X" Ðstate€counters€that€the€defendantððs€weight„and„credibility„of„the„witnesses€argument€ð ðintrudes€intoÐ ô$D # Ðthe€determinations€made€by€the€trier€of€factðð€and,€therefore,€should€be€rejected.€€Further,€the€stateÐ à%0!$ Ðpoints€out€that€multiple€gunshots€can€be€one€of€many€relevant€circumstances€in€support€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðpremeditation.€€€Because€we€agree€with€the€stateððs€assessment,€the€defendantððs€first€degree€murderÐ ¸'#& Ðconviction€must€be€affirmed.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àà ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtÐ |*Ì%) Ðinspects€the€evidentiary€landscape,€including€the€direct€and€circumstantial€contours,€from€the€vantageÐ h+¸&* Ðpoint€most€agreeable€to€the€prosecution.€€The€reviewing€court€then€decides€whether€the€evidence€andÐ ° Ðthe€inferences€that€flow€therefrom€permit€any€rational€fact€finder€to€conclude€beyond€a€reasonableÐ œì Ðdoubt€that€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€the€charged€crime.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.Ð ˆØ ÐVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2791-92€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67Ð tÄ Ð(Tenn.€1985);€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990),€òòoverruled€on€otherÐ `° Ðgrounds€by€State€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1€(Tenn.€2000).Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€determining€sufficiency€of€the€proof,€the€appellate€court€does€not€replay€andÐ $ t Ðreweigh€the€evidence.€€òòSee€State€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€Ð  ` ÐWitness€credibility,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€factual€disputes€are€entrusted€to€theÐ ü L  Ðfinder€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978);€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,Ð è 8  Ð305,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956);€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,€51€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€Ð Ô$  ÐSimply€stated,€the€court€will€not€substitute€its€judgment€for€that€of€the€trier€of€fact.€€Instead,€the€courtÐ À  Ðextends€to€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€theÐ ¬ü  Ðrecord€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òò€SeeÐ ˜è  ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àFirst€degree€murder€is€committed€by€one€who€kills€another€premeditatedly€andÐ \¬ Ðintentionally.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-13-202(a)(1)€(2003).€€€Premeditation€involves€ð ðan€act€doneÐ H˜ Ðafter€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment€[and]€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€beenÐ 4„ Ðformed€prior€to€the€act€itself[,€although]€it€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre-exist€in€theÐ  p Ðmind€of€the€accused€for€any€definite€period€of€time.ðð€€òòIdóó.€ðð€39-13-202(d)€(2003).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àOur€legislature€has€directed€that€ð ð[t]he€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€theÐ ä4 Ðaccused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determine€whether€theÐ Ð  Ðaccused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.ðð€€òòIdóó.Ð ¼  Ððð€39-13-202(d)€(2003).€€However,€ð ðno€specific€period€of€time€need€elapse€between€the€defendantððsÐ ¨ø Ðformulation€of€the€design€to€kill€and€the€execution€of€that€plan,ðð€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,Ð ”ä Ð543€(Tenn.€1992);€the€focus€remains€on€the€process€ð ðððof€thinking€about€a€proposed€killing€beforeÐ €Ð Ðengaging€in€the€homicidal€conduct,ðððð€òòidóó.€at€541€(quoting€C.€Torcia,€Whartonððs€Criminal€Law€ðð€140Ð l¼ Ð(14th€ed.€1979)).Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€element€of€premeditation€is€a€question€for€the€jury€and€may€be€inferred€from€theÐ 0"€  Ðcircumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Carruthersóó,€35€S.W.3d€516,€558€(Tenn.€2000);òòÐ #l! ÐState€v.€Suttlesóó,€30€S.W.3d€252,€261€(Tenn.€2000);€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541;€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881Ð $X" ÐS.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Various€facts€may€allow€a€jury€to€infer€premeditation,€suchÐ ô$D # Ðas:Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °Ó(1)€€facts€about€how€and€what€the€defendant€did€prior€to€the€actualÐ ¸'#& Ðkilling€which€show€he€was€engaged€in€activity€directed€toward€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðkilling,€that€is€planning€activity;Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ð(2)€€facts€about€the€defendantððs€prior€relationship€and€conduct€withÐ ° Ðâ âthe€victim€from€which€motive€may€be€inferred;€andÐ œì ÐÌ(3)€€facts€about€the€nature€of€the€killing€from€which€it€may€be€inferredÐ tÄ Ðthat€the€manner€of€the€killing€was€so€particular€and€exacting€that€theÐ `° Ðdefendant€must€have€intentionally€killed€according€to€a€preconceivedÐ L œ Ðdesign.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÓ °Q£ÓÓ °C£ÓÌòòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€222€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(quoting€2€W.€Ô_ÔLaFaveÔ_Ô€and€A.€Ô_ÔSchottÔ_Ô,Ð  ` ÐJr.,€Substantive€Criminal€Law€ðð€7.7€(1986)).€€Moreover,€Tennessee€courts€have€identified€relevantÐ ü L  Ðcircumstances€and€considerations€as€including€ð ðthe€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim;Ð è 8  Ðthe€particular€cruelty€of€the€killing;€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill;€evidence€ofÐ Ô$  Ðprocurement€of€a€weapon;€preparations€before€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime,€and€calmnessÐ À  Ðimmediately€after€the€killing.ðð€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997).Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àMany€of€the€premeditation„relevant€factors€appear€in€this€case.€€The€unarmed€victimÐ „Ô  Ðwas€no€match€for€the€nine€millimeter,€semi„automatic€handgun€wielded€by€the€defendant.€€BeforeÐ pÀ Ðthe€shooting€started,€the€defendant€declared€his€intent€to€kill€the€victim€unless€the€victim€bought€theÐ \¬ Ðdefendantððs€ð ðdamn€dope.ðð€€The€killing€was€particularly€cruel€with€the€victim€literally€running€for€hisÐ H˜ Ðlife€trying€to€escape€the€barrage€of€bullets€fired€at€and€into€his€body.€€We€agree€that€repeated€blowsÐ 4„ Ðor€shots€inflicted€on€a€victim€are€not€sufficient€alone€to€establish€first€degree€murder.€€òòSee€Brownóó,Ð  p Ð836€S.W.2d€at€542.€€It€is,€nevertheless,€one€of€the€relevant€circumstances,€when€combined€withÐ  \ Ðothers,€that€allows€the€jury€to€infer€premeditation.€€Perhaps€the€state€said€it€best€in€its€brief:€€ð ðAnÐ øH Ðindividual€does€not€shoot€at€another€seventeen€times,€pursuing€the€victim€after€he€has€been€woundedÐ ä4 Ðand€going€so€far€as€to€stand€over€his€fallen€body€and€firing€again,€unless€the€desire€to€murder€hasÐ Ð  Ðbeen€coldly€hatched€prior.ððÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àà ` àTaking€all€of€the€circumstances€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state€and€withoutÐ ”ä Ðsecond„guessing€the€juryððs€credibility€determinations,€we€find€that€a€rational€jury€could€have€foundÐ €Ð Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€acted€with€premeditation.Ð l¼ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCrime€Scene€ViewingòòÐ D!” ÐÓÔ¯ÓÌóóó óà  àà ` àIn€his€next€issue,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€juryððsÐ #h! Ðrequest€to€visit€the€scene€of€the€shooting.€€We€begin€with€an€overview€of€how€the€issue€arose€and€wasÐ $T" Ðhandled.Ð ð$@ # ÐÌà  àà ` àAfter€deliberations€were€underway€in€this€case,€the€jury€sent€a€note€to€the€trial€court.€Ð È&"% ÐThe€note€reads€as€follows:Ð ´'#& ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °Ó1à ¸ àExhibit€#€22€when€taken.Ð Œ)Ü$( Ðâ âÐ x*È%) Ð2à ¸ àWould€like€to€view€the€scene€from€D.Turner€„€L.€Young€„Ð ° Ðâ âResidenceÐ œì ÐÓ °ÓÓ °ÓÌThe€note€was€signed€by€the€jury€foreperson.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€record€reveals€that€the€trial€court€brought€the€parties€into€the€courtroom,€outsideÐ L œ Ðthe€presence€of€the€jury,€to€discuss€the€note.€€It€is€unclear€from€the€transcripts€whether€the€note€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðpassed€to€counsel€for€inspection.€€The€trial€court€advised,€ð ðAnd€for€the€record€that€question€is€theyÐ $ t Ðwould€like€to€know€if€they€can€go€to€the€scene€and€look€in€the€residences€and€see€the€view€from€theÐ  ` Ðresidences.ðð€€The€trial€court€stated€that€it€wanted€to€research€the€question€overnight€and€then€give€theÐ ü L  Ðjury€an€answer.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€jury€was€brought€into€the€courtroom,€whereupon€the€trial€court€addressed€the€jury,Ð À  Ðin€relevant€part:Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ °î²ÓÓ °ü²Óà ¸ àThe€second€question,€whether€or€not€we€can€go€and€view€thisÐ „Ô  Ðscene,€in€effect,€is€a€question€I€canððt€answer€tonight.€€Itððs€going€toÐ pÀ Ðrequire€a€little€legal€research,€and€we€are€going€to€have€to€do€that€andÐ \¬ Ðitððs€going€to€take€some€time.€€Itððs€7€oððclock.€€Even€if€„„€even€if€theÐ H˜ Ðanswer€to€that€question€were€to€be€yes€we€canððt€do€it€at€this€timeÐ 4„ Ðbecause€thereððs€no€„„€you€canððt€see€what€it€is€youððre€asking€to€look€at.Ð  p ÐÓ ö¶°ÓÓ è¶°ÓÌThe€trial€court€offered€the€jury€the€choice€of€deliberating€further€that€evening€or€adjourning€so€theÐ øH Ðjurors€could€eat€and€get€some€rest.€€The€foreperson€then€stated,€ð ðI€think€we€have€decided€that€weÐ ä4 Ðwould€like€to,€if€possible,€view€the€scene€„„€(Inaudible€phrase€due€to€coughing€in€the€jury€box).ððÐ Ð  Ð[Sic].€€The€trial€court€reiterated€that€ð ð[w]hether€or€not€you€do€that€is€going€to€have€to€be€a€decisionÐ ¼  ÐI€have€to€make€in€the€morning,ðð€and€when€the€foreperson€again€tried€to€speak,€the€trial€courtÐ ¨ø Ðinterrupted€to€keep€the€question€focused€on€deliberating€or€breaking€for€the€evening.€€The€decisionÐ ”ä Ðwas€to€retire€and€resume€deliberations€in€the€morning.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€jury€was€excused€for€the€evening,€but€the€trial€court€and€the€parties€continued€toÐ X ¨ Ðdiscuss€the€matter.€€Among€the€questions€raised€were€whether€the€defendantððs€consent€was€requiredÐ D!” Ðto€allow€the€jury€view,€whether€the€defendant€was€required€to€be€present€if€a€jury€view€wasÐ 0"€  Ðconducted,€and€how€to€secure€permission€to€enter€the€residences.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€next€morning,€the€trial€court€informed€the€parties€that€it€would€be€inappropriateÐ ô$D # Ðto€permit€a€jury€view€because€the€proof€was€closed€and€deliberations€had€commenced.€€DefenseÐ à%0!$ Ðcounsel€said,€ð ðI€agree€with€thatðð€and€added,€ð ðI€was€going€to€object€to€it€anyway.ðð€€The€parties€andÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€trial€court€then€agreed€to€bring€the€jury€in€and€respond€that€the€request€was€being€denied€asÐ ¸'#& Ðinappropriate€based€on€the€legal€research€that€had€been€done.€€The€jury,€however,€pre„empted€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðplan€by€informing€the€court€that€it€had€reached€a€verdict.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àThe€issue€was€revisited€at€the€new„trial„motion€hearing.€€At€that€hearing,€the€juryððsÐ ° Ðâ ânote€was€made€an€exhibit,€and€the€question€arose€whether€the€note€had€been€shown€to€counsel€at€theÐ œì Ðtime€of€trial.€€Neither€defense€nor€prosecution€counsel€recalled€actually€seeing€the€note.€€DefenseÐ ˆØ Ðcounsel€claimed€that€it€was€unclear€at€the€time€which€residences€the€jury€wanted€to€view;€defenseÐ tÄ Ðcounsel€said€that€he€was€under€the€impression€it€was€the€Town€View€Apartments€outside€of€theÐ `° ÐAustin€Homes€neighborhood.€€The€trial€court,€however,€reminded€defense€counsel€that€they€hadÐ L œ Ðdiscussed€Austin€Homes€and€the€corresponding€logistical€problems€that€the€location€created,€afterÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhich€the€following€exchange€took€place:Ð $ t ÐÌÓ °¹ÓÓ °ò¸ÓMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àI€remember€you€saying€they€wanted€to€go€toÐ ü L  ÐAustin€Homes.Ð è 8  ÐÌTHE€COURT:à h àThatððs€correct.Ð À  ÐÌMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àYes.Ð ˜è  ÐÌTHE€COURT:à h àAnd€that€was€a€„„€that€was€a€major€problem.€Ð pÀ ÐOkay.€€Go€ahead.€€I€think€we€kind€of€covered€it.Ð \¬ ÐÓ ë»°ÓÓ ý»°ÓÌà  àà ` àAgainst€this€background,€we€observe€that€the€trial€court€neither€rejected€nor€grantedÐ 4„ Ðthe€juryððs€request€to€visit€the€scene.€€The€trial€court€had€not€yet€responded€at€the€time€the€jury€sentÐ  p Ðword€that€it€had€reached€a€verdict.€€To€be€sure,€the€trial€court€advised€the€parties€that€it€intended€toÐ  \ Ðdeny€the€request,€but€that€ruling€had€not€been€communicated€to€the€jury.€€We€fail€to€see€how€the€trialÐ øH Ðcourtððs€unannounced€intentions€could€have€affected€the€juryððs€deliberations€or€be€regarded€asÐ ä4 Ðprejudicially€erroneous.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€juryððs€verdict,€in€our€opinion,€rendered€its€earlier€request€moot.€€It€is,€accordingly,Ð ¨ø Ðunnecessary€for€us€to€explore€the€intricacies,€rules,€and€procedures€that€should€apply€when€a€request,Ð ”ä Ðfrom€whatever€source,€is€made€for€jurors€to€view€a€crime€scene.Ð €Ð ÐÓ °ÆÓÓ °(ÆÓÌò òÓ  ÓHand€Written€Threató óÐ X ¨ ÐÓ °ÓÓ °ÓÓ\ÊÓÌà  àà ` àIn€his€third€issue,€the€defendant€maintains€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€excludedÐ 0"€  Ða€handwritten€note€advising/threatening€defense€witness€Paul€Chandler€to€keep€his€mouth€closed.€Ð #l! ÐThe€defendant€maintains€that€the€note€was€relevant€as€circumstantial€evidence€that€Tim€Bolden€wasÐ $X" Ðtrying€to€intimidate€Chandler,€who€was€anticipated€to€identify€Bolden€at€trial€as€the€shooter.Ð ô$D # ÐÓ °¡ÊÓÓ °“ÊÓÌÓ °ÓÓ °Óà  àà ` àThe€defendant,€in€our€opinion,€waived€this€issue€at€trial€when€he€withdrew€hisÐ Ì&"% Ðattempts€to€have€the€note€entered€into€evidence.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).€€The€transcripts€beforeÐ ¸'#& Ðus€reveal€in€pertinent€part€the€following:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÓ °ÓÌÓÓ °ÅÌÓÌQà0 ¸ àHave€you€received€any€threats€in€this€case?€€Have€you€beenÐ |*Ì%) Ðthreatened€in€this€case?Ðh+¸&*¸ x¸ x ЇAà0 ¸ àHuh„uh.€€(Negatively)а¸ x¸ x ÐÌQà0 ¸ àLet€me€show€you€this.€€Have€you€ever€seen€this€before?Јظ x¸ x ÐÌAà0 ¸ àUh„huh.€€(Affirmatively)Ð`°¸ x¸ x ÐÌQà0 ¸ àHave€you€ever€seen€that,€Paul?Ð8 ˆ¸ x¸ x ÐÌA.à0 ¸ àYes,€sir.Ð `¸ x¸ x ÐÌQà0 ¸ àWhat€is€that?Ðè 8 ¸ x¸ x ÐÌAà0 ¸ àIt€come€out€of€my€mail€box.ÐÀ ¸ x¸ x ÐÌ.€.€.€.Ð ˜è  ÐÌQà0 ¸ àWhat€does€it€say?€€Can€you€read€it?ÐpÀ¸ x¸ x ÐÌAà0 ¸ àTelling€me€to€keep€my€mouth€closed.ÐH˜¸ x¸ x ÐÌQà0 ¸ àDo€you€know€who€sent€that?Ð p¸ x¸ x ÐÌAà0 ¸ àHuh„uh.€€(Negatively)ÐøH¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °ÓAt€that€point,€the€state€objected€that€the€note€had€never€been€disclosed€in€discovery.€A€benchÐ Ð  Ðconference€ensued€during€which€the€following€occurred:Ð ¼  ÐÔ#†¼L»XXÎn#ÔÔ‡XX»¼LÔÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àIððm€not€sure€thatððs€in€the€realm€of€discovery.€Ð ”ä ÐItððs€a€death€threat.Ð €Ð ÐÌTHE€COURT:à h àIððm€not€even€sure€that€it€has€anything€to€doÐ X ¨ Ðwith€the€case.Ð D!” ÐÌMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àOkay.€€(Inaudible€comment).Ð #l! ÐÌTHE€COURT:à h àWhen€did€he€get€it?€€Where€did€it€come€from?Ð ô$D # ÐÌMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àIððm€going€to€ask€him€that.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ.€.€.€.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌTHE€COURT:à h àWell,€I€think€you€have€to€make€it€relevant,€andÐ |*Ì%) ÐI€donððt€think€it€is.Ð h+¸&* ЇMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àOkay.€€Okay.Ð ° ÐÌTHE€COURT:à h àIððm€not€sure€I€want€you€even€to€get€into€itÐ ˆØ Ðunless€ð!ðÐ tÄ ÐÌMR.€DAVIS:à  àà h àOkay.€€Forget€it.Ð L œ ÐÌ(Whereupon,€said€bench€conference€was€concluded,€and€the€followingÐ $ t Ðproceedings€were€had,€to€wit:)Ð  ` ÐÌÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒThe€defendant€did€not€proffer€the€note€for€the€record€or€proffer€any€additional€testimony€by€ChandlerÐ è 8  Ðabout€the€note.€€Simply€stated,€the€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.€€òòSee€State€v.€Hallóó,Ð Ô$  Ð958€S.W.2d€679,€691€n.10€(Tenn.€1997)€(ð ðNot€only€does€[an€offer€of€proof]€ensure€effective€andÐ À  Ðmeaningful€appellate€review,€it€provides€the€trial€court€with€the€necessary€information€before€anÐ ¬ü  Ðevidentiary€ruling€is€made.€€Indeed,€generally,€if€an€offer€of€proof€is€not€made,€the€issue€is€deemedÐ ˜è  Ðwaived€and€appellate€review€is€precluded.ðð).Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àChandler€testified€that€he€did€not€know€who€sent€the€note,€and€we€discern€from€theÐ \¬ Ðrecord€that€no€additional€questioning€of€Chandler€was€ever€going€to€establish€a€proper€foundationÐ H˜ Ðto€admit€the€writing.€€The€defendant,€in€effect,€received€a€windfall,€not€a€setback,€as€an€earlier„madeÐ 4„ Ðobjection€by€the€state€to€Chandlerððs€testimony€would€have€been€well€taken.€€Ð  p ÐÌò òÓ  ÓWitness€Paymentó óÐ øH ÐÓ-ÜÓÌà  àà ` àIncluded€in€the€defendantððs€brief€on€appeal€are€three€issues€that€defense€counsel€writesÐ Ð  Ðare€being€raised€òòpro€seóó.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€argues€that€he€was€prejudiced€becauseÐ ¼  Ðofficers€attempted€to€pay€Keesha€Towns€to€testify€against€him.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àà ` àTowns€was€a€witness€for€the€state€who€did€not€identify€the€defendant€as€the€shooter.€Ð €Ð ÐTowns€testified€that€she€heard€gunshots,€but€she€did€not€actually€see€anything€happen.€€TownsððsÐ l¼ Ðprimary€contribution€to€the€case€stemmed€from€her€presence€on€her€back€porch€Sunday€morning,Ð X ¨ Ðseeing€across€the€way€a€group€of€men,€which€included€the€defendant€and€Bolden,€who€wereÐ D!” Ðgambling,€and€later€seeing€a€group€of€men€running€toward€her.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àà ` àDuring€the€defense€cross„examination€of€Towns,€she€was€asked€if€the€police€hadÐ $X" Ðpromised€to€pay€her€to€testify€in€the€case.€€Her€rather€convoluted€response€was€that€someone€whomÐ ô$D # Ðshe€could€not€recall€told€her€that€ð ðthere€will€be€a€check€written€out€for€me,€for€me€to€go€to€the€DAððsÐ à%0!$ Ðoffice€the€day€that€I€came€here.ðð€€Towns€continued€that€when€she€went€ð ðit€was€told€to€me€that€IÐ ° Ðwouldnððt€get€paid€if€I€was€not€testifying€against€[the€defendant].ðð€€On€redirect,€Towns€said€that€sheÐ œì Ðwent€to€the€district€attorneyððs€office€and€asked€the€receptionist€for€a€check.€€The€receptionist,Ð ˆØ Ðaccording€to€Towns,€told€her€that€she€would€not€be€paid.€€Towns€admitted€the€possibility€that€sheÐ tÄ Ðmay€have€misunderstood€and€that€the€receptionist€may€have€been€referring€to€witness€reimbursementÐ `° Ðfor€mileage.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àà ` àGiven€the€state€of€the€record,€we€are€not€persuaded€that€Towns€was€offered€any€moneyÐ $ t Ðto€give€false€testimony.€€Townsððs€explanation€is€unclear,€and€she€could€not€even€identify€who€toldÐ  ` Ðher€that€a€check€would€be€written.€€In€essence,€the€record€shows€no€basis€in€fact€to€support€any€legalÐ ü L  Ðargument€that€the€defendantððs€trial€was€unfair€or€that€he€had€been€victimized€by€the€prosecutorialÐ è 8  Ðmisconduct.Ð Ô$  ÐÌÓ  Óò òJury€Instructionsó óÐ ¬ü  ÐÓIæÓÌà  àà ` àThe€second€òòpro€seóó€issue€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€onÐ „Ô  Ðthe€necessity€of€proving€all€elements€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€We€are€not€directed€to€any€specificÐ pÀ Ðpart€of€the€trial€courtððs€jury€instructions€asserted€to€be€deficient.€€This€generic€argument€is€inadequateÐ \¬ Ðto€permit€appellate€review€and€will€be€treated€as€waived€for€failure€to€support€it€with€citations€toÐ H˜ Ðauthorities€and€appropriate€references€to€the€record€as€required€by€Rule€10(b)€of€the€Rules€of€theÐ 4„ ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€At€any€rate,€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€appear€to€track€the€TennesseeÐ  p ÐPattern€Instructions,€and€we€discern€no€deficiencies.Ð  \ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓTestimony€of€Lorraine€YoungÐ ä4 ÐÓÔéÓÌà  àà ` àó óIn€his€final€òòpro€seóó€issue€the€defendant€argues€that€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€testimonyÐ ¼  Ðof€alleged€mental€patient€Lorraine€Young.€€The€record€in€this€case€contains€no€reference€to,€mentionÐ ¨ø Ðof,€or€corresponding€objection€about€Lorraine€Youngððs€mental€status.€€There€being€no€factual€supportÐ ”ä Ðfor€this€issue,€it€is€rejected€and€needs€no€further€discussion.Ð €Ð ÐÌò òÓ  ÓConclusionó óÐ X ¨ ÐÓúëÓÌà  àà ` àOur€review€of€this€rather€lengthy€trial€convinces€us€that€it€was€ably€prosecuted€andÐ 0"€  Ðaggressively€defended.€€The€issues€were€well€defined€and€required€the€jury€to€carefully€assess€theÐ #l! Ðcredibility€of€the€witnesses€who€testified.€€The€evidence€was€legally€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€convictÐ $X" Ðthe€defendant€of€first€degree€murder,€and€nothing€else€that€occurred€during€the€proceedings€meritsÐ ô$D # Ða€retrial.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is,€therefore,€affirmed.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à_________________________________________Ð |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ#†¼L»XXÓ#Ô