ÿWPCr Í¡çÏÙ]× Í={4%Q×€ ͱ#^ç%öíÃ’K>± ý¢´çêk>Á3ŒÊbÝ0Rºý.˜ýÒo;Éjƒx¡(H»”=Çx>¤+˜ÿÿSÄËtóà£K=: r&êh`”BöÿÉ"©&6fÔ]3V"¯9>—¦HC¸f÷t Î •j9aOÛšë|.¤Ù&ÑŒËËm8.¼píQl— QØ ëmƒ¥·þ‘‘ƒŠ'Î1(«¾ø¹O¶Ñl·ãjY@+Ð÷µ éjŒ>®Ë@Mи€Lö­‰ã)Ì'¦©N“"~“½{«©*ÓÜnfû$@F"Âø=d3;¹Ä»:°m]V›YÔ·ÂɸœkÉ÷ûè÷¿|ëïêñp³6Fò’¬„@œJz7¾Ûl´eQMsTT!޾p–qÒ:‡T·Ñe#‡X˜_£ééØìÆ3ÃKÖÂ4êcMFª£¹úÒjL|m ÒøMó†Ýå°<|­ŸÌ´c¹ÚHù€^´xg³JÿWfeúbÊj¹F“bý=²ÿ¡ôëù—á$4핤I53 z“ö3FÊK²¼™ÜØGÎÅÚ­g”óI&¶ ×̹їÀ*½LujÛÕ>k«Ãö)¯h·uïb %\^ b 0ˆnUNöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ Ð âØ ƺ Æ€ ÆF Æ 0DÒ N#ÁU>ÙEUNbgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 0ëoooo BZZ 0¤w D3 D-N 0K{{ ASÆÆ 0¤ß 0Dƒ A«Ç»*¦&-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularüPH,˜C+˜•€9,$M3|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ  ØÝ ƒRƒ5$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô®Mò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€The€victim€identified€Dowlen€on€December€22,€1999,€and€the€defendant€on€January€6,€2000.€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0ô\  `‹&Times New Roman(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular- ù-(|G2ƒ5$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô®Mò»»Ô d(|3¿y$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3¿y$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ å»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼ å»»»ÔÑ8€UÉXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îÔ åÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼ å»îîÔ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJune€18,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XUÉX»¼ åÔÌò òÔ#†¼ å»XXUÉ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€TIMOTHY€WAYNE€HOLLANDÔ‡XUÉX»¼ åÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Robertson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€00„0188€€€€€€Michael€R.€Jones,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„03129„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€4,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€burglary€for€hisÐ xÈ  Ðparticipation€with€a€codefendant€in€robbing€a€resident€of€a€Springfield€motel€and€burglarizing€hisÐ d´ Ðroom.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€him€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€an€effective€sentence€of€sixÐ P  Ðyears.€€Following€the€denial€of€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,€he€filed€a€timely€appeal€to€this€court,Ð <Œ Ðraising€the€following€issues:€€(1)€whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€his€motion€for€a€new€trialÐ (x Ðbased€on€his€claim€of€an€improper€closing€by€the€State;€and€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€properlyÐ d Ðdenied€his€request€for€a€jury€instruction€on€accessory€after€the€fact.€€Based€on€our€review,€we€affirmÐ P Ðthe€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ô#†¼ å»XXUÉŠ#ÔÔ‡XUÉX»¼ åÔÐ ì< ÐÓµÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ä ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼ å»àXUÉL#ÔÔ‡XUÉX.¼ åÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòRobert€W.Ð œì ÐWedemeyer,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌLee€Borthick,€Springfield,€Tennessee€(on€appeal);€Roger€Eric€Nell,€District€Public€Defender;€andÐ `° ÐCharles€S.€Bloodworth,€Assistant€Public€Defender€(at€trial),€for€the€appellant,€Timothy€WayneÐ L œ ÐHolland.Ð 8!ˆ  ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Helena€Walton€Yarbrough,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ #`" ÐGeneral;€John€Wesley€Carney,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Dent€Morriss,€Assistant€DistrictÐ ü#L# ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð è$8 $ ÐÓþÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼ å»XXUÉ- #ÔÔ‡XUÉX»¼ åÔÐ À&"& ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼ å»XXUÉ #ÔÔ€XUÉX»¼ åÔò òòòÓ  ÓÓ  ÓFACTSóóó óÐ ˜(è#( ÐÌÓ Óòòóóà  àThe€defendant,€Timothy€Wayne€Holland,€was€charged€by€a€Robertson€County€Grand€Jury€inÐ p*À%* Ða€five„count€indictment€with€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony;€aggravated€burglary,€a€Class€CÐ \+¬&+ Ðfelony;€theft€of€property€over€$1000,€a€Class€D€felony;€evading€arrest,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;€andÐ H,˜', Ðassault,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€The€State€subsequently€dismissed€the€latter€three€counts€of€theÐ 4-„(-ýG Ðindictment,€electing€at€the€defendantððs€November€6„7,€2001,€trial€to€proceed€solely€on€the€counts€ofÐ ° Ðaggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€burglary,€charges€stemming€from€an€incident€that€occurred€in€aÐ œì ÐSpringfield€motel€room€on€the€afternoon€of€December€20,€1999.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòò òó óóóà  àThe€Stateððs€first€witness€was€the€victim,€Jimmy€Lee€Wright,€who€testified€that€he€wasÐ `° Ðtemporarily€living€in€a€room€at€the€Royal€Inn€in€Springfield€in€December€1999,€having€just€movedÐ L œ Ðback€to€the€area€from€out„of„state.€€Although€the€motel€was€rundown,€it€was€cheap,€which€enabledÐ 8 ˆ Ðhim€to€save€the€money€he€made€as€a€painting€contractor€to€apply€toward€getting€a€permanentÐ $ t Ðresidence.€€On€December€20,€1999,€he€came€home€from€work€at€approximately€4:00€p.m.€to€find€aÐ  ` Ðnote€on€his€door€addressed€to€ð ðMelissa.ðð€€Knowing€no€one€by€that€name,€he€took€the€note€down,€wentÐ ü L  Ðinto€his€room,€and€took€a€shower.€€Soon€thereafter,€he€heard€a€knock€at€his€door.€€After€throwing€aÐ è 8  Ðpillow€over€some€cash€he€had€lying€on€the€bed,€he€opened€the€door€to€find€two€young€African„Ð Ô$  ÐAmerican€men€who€said€they€were€looking€for€Melissa.€€He€told€the€men€he€did€not€know€anyÐ À  ÐMelissa,€and€shut€the€door.€€The€men€immediately€knocked€again.€€When€he€opened€the€door€theÐ ¬ü  Ðsecond€time,€one€of€the€men€pressed€a€gun€against€his€head,€and€both€men€pushed€him€against€a€wallÐ ˜è  Ðand€entered€the€room,€cursing€and€demanding€his€money.€€Inside€the€room,€the€men€made€him€openÐ „Ô  Ðhis€mouth,€and€inserted€the€gun.€Ð pÀ Ѐ€Ð \¬ Ðà  àThe€victim€positively€identified€the€defendant€as€the€man€who€entered€his€room€immediatelyÐ H˜ Ðbehind€the€gunman.€€Although€the€gunman€did€most€of€the€talking,€the€defendant€also€ð ðtalked€some,ððÐ 4„ Ðsaying,€ð ðWhereððs€the€money€and€you€wonððt€get€hurt.ðð€€When€he€pointed€to€the€bed,€the€defendantÐ  p Ðwent€over,€moved€the€pillow,€saw€the€money,€and€picked€it€up.€€The€victim€said€he€had€about€$900Ð  \ Ðin€cash€on€his€bed:€€$400€in€a€money€clip€and€a€little€over€$500€in€a€pay€envelope€he€had€just€receivedÐ øH Ðfrom€his€job.€€In€addition,€he€had€six€$100€bills€hidden€inside€the€nightstand€beside€his€bed,€alongÐ ä4 Ðwith€a€bowl€full€of€loose€change.€€After€the€defendant€took€the€money€that€was€on€the€bed,€theÐ Ð  Ðgunman€ordered€him€to€go€into€the€bathroom€and€lie€down€in€the€bathtub.€€From€there,€he€was€ableÐ ¼  Ðto€hear€the€men€rummaging€through€his€belongings€in€the€bedroom.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€victim€testified€that€the€two€men€came€into€the€bathroom€about€three€different€timesÐ €Ð Ðduring€the€ten€to€fifteen€minutes€they€spent€in€his€room.€€The€first€time€they€came€into€the€bathroom,Ð l¼ Ðthe€gunman€accused€him€of€lying€to€them.€€Calling€him€a€ð ðno€good€MF,ðð€the€men€told€the€victim€thatÐ X ¨ Ðthey€were€going€to€put€ð ða€capðð€in€his€ð ðass,ðð€threatening€to€kill€him€if€he€did€not€tell€them€where€allÐ D!” Ðhis€money€was.€€Both€men€talked€at€once,€with€some€of€the€threats€coming€from€the€gunman€andÐ 0"€  Ðsome€from€the€defendant.€€Next,€the€gunman€came€back€into€the€bathroom€with€some€rubbingÐ #l! Ðalcohol,€holding€a€cigarette€lighter€and€ð ðlaughing€real€crazy.ðð€€The€defendant,€who€was€with€him,€wasÐ $X" Ðalso€laughing.€€The€men€first€poured€the€alcohol€all€over€him€and€then€poured€it€all€over€the€room,Ð ô$D # Ðsaying,€ð ð[W]e€going€to€torch€you€you€no€good€white€piece€of€trash.ðð€€As€the€victim€prayed€in€theÐ à%0!$ Ðbathroom,€he€heard€the€men€talking€in€his€room.€€It€then€got€quiet,€and€the€victim€realized€they€hadÐ Ì&"% Ðleft.€€Before€they€left,€however,€they€told€him€that€they€knew€where€he€worked,€knew€his€car,€andÐ ¸'#& Ðwould€return€the€coming€weekend,€after€he€got€paid,€to€get€the€rest€of€his€money.€€Regarding€theseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthreats,€the€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€was€ð ðright€in€the€middle€of€it€just€as€deep€as€the€otherÐ )à$( Ðguy.ððÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Їà  àThe€victim€estimated€that€the€total€amount€of€money€taken€from€him€was€$1500,€which€didÐ ° Ðnot€include€the€value€of€the€bowl€of€change€taken€from€his€nightstand.€€In€addition€to€the€cash,€theÐ œì Ðmen€also€took€business€cards€he€had€used€for€a€painting€business€he€had€operated€in€South€Carolina,€Ð ˆØ Ðtwo€watches,€lottery€tickets,€his€telephone,€and€a€carton€of€cigarettes.€€After€he€was€sure€the€men€hadÐ tÄ Ðgone,€he€made€a€ð ðmad€dashðð€to€the€motel€office,€where€the€manager€telephoned€the€police.€€TheÐ `° Ðfollowing€day,€he€saw€some€of€his€possessions€in€the€office€of€Detective€Terry€Dorris€of€theÐ L œ ÐSpringfield€Police€Department.€€The€victim€identified€a€photograph€of€the€recovered€items,€which,Ð 8 ˆ Ðhe€said,€showed€his€telephone,€lottery€tickets,€and€business€cards.€€He€said€he€had€never€seen€eitherÐ $ t Ðman€before€they€appeared€at€his€door.€€He€had€had€no€difficulty€in€picking€both€menððs€photographsÐ  ` Ðout€of€separate€photographic€lineups€shown€to€him€by€the€police.€€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€victim€acknowledged€that€he€had€failed€to€mention,€in€theÐ Ô$  Ðstatement€he€gave€police€immediately€after€the€crimes,€that€the€defendant€had€talked€or€that€he€hadÐ À  Ðbeen€standing€right€behind€the€gunman€inside€the€bathroom.€€He€insisted,€however,€that€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€was€a€full€participant€with€the€gunman€in€the€crimes,€testifying,€ð ðI€just€know€that€[theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant]€was€there€[in€the€bathroom]€and€he€was€right€behind€[the€gunman].€€And€the€exact€wordsÐ „Ô  Ðhe€said,€I€did€not€record€every€word€he€said€by€memory,€but€I€know€he€was€talking.ðð€€Ð pÀ Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÌà  àThe€Stateððs€next€witness,€Teresa€Swinson,€began€her€testimony€by€acknowledging€that€sheÐ H˜ Ðwas€currently€in€prison€on€a€parole€violation.€€She€testified€that€she€was€classified€as€a€careerÐ 4„ Ðcriminal,€and€that€her€long€history€of€ð ðdifficultiesðð€with€the€law,€including€many€prior€convictionsÐ  p Ðfor€forgery,€stemmed€from€her€abuse€of€drugs,€primarily€cocaine.€€However,€she€was€currently€drug„Ð  \ Ðfree€and€possessed€a€clear€memory€of€the€events€of€December€20,€1999.€€On€that€day€she€was€in€aÐ øH Ðroom€at€the€Royal€Inn€when€three€people,€with€whom€she€had€had€an€earlier€association,€came€intoÐ ä4 Ðher€room:€€a€younger€African„American€man€in€his€twenties;€an€older€African„American€man,€whomÐ Ð  Ðshe€positively€identified€as€the€defendant;€and€a€young,€blonde„headed€Caucasian€woman€who€wasÐ ¼  Ðð ðprobably€in€her€20s€also.ðð€€The€defendant€told€the€woman€to€stay€in€Swinsonððs€room,€and€left€withÐ ¨ø Ðthe€younger€man.€€When€the€men€returned€to€her€room€approximately€ten€or€fifteen€minutes€later,Ð ”ä Ðthey€began€ð ðpulling€stuff€out€of€their€pockets,ðð€including€change,€cash,€pocketknives,€cigarettes€thatÐ €Ð Ðwere€still€in€the€carton,€a€cordless€telephone,€and€some€business€cards.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àSwinson€identified€Exhibit€1,€previously€identified€by€the€victim€as€a€photograph€of€hisÐ D!” Ðtelephone,€business€cards,€and€lottery€tickets,€as€items€the€men€had€brought€into€the€room€and€whichÐ 0"€  Ðshe€had€later€turned€over€to€Detective€Richard€Head€of€the€Robertson€County€Sheriffððs€Department.Ð #l! ÐWhen€asked€which€man€had€the€property,€she€hesitantly€answered€ð ðthe€younger€gentleman,ðð€butÐ $X" Ðimmediately€added,€ð ðThey€were€just€pulling€out€stuff€so€fast,€you€know.€€Everything€just€reallyÐ ô$D # Ðhappened€fast.€€And€everything€at€that€time€was€on€the€bed,€you€know.€€They€were€going€through€it.ðð€Ð à%0!$ ÐShe€saw€the€younger€man€lay€a€gun€on€the€bed,€but€got€only€a€brief€look€because€both€men€wereÐ Ì&"% Ðð ðvery€nervous€.€.€.€[t]rying€to€hurry€up€and€rumble€through€stuff.ðð€€After€asking€her€to€get€rid€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðcordless€telephone€and€business€cards,€the€men€took€the€rest€of€the€property,€including€the€cash,€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdeparted€with€the€woman.€€Shortly€after€their€departure,€Detective€Terry€Dorris€knocked€onÐ )à$( ÐSwinsonððs€door€and€asked€to€search€her€room,€telling€her€that€a€robbery€had€just€occurred€and€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€suspects€had€been€seen€entering€her€room.€€Although€she€allowed€him€inside€to€search,€she€didÐ h+¸&* Ðnot€inform€him€of€what€had€transpired€in€her€room€and€did€not€turn€over€to€him€the€items€she€hadÐ ° Ðbeen€given,€opting€instead€to€later€telephone€Detective€Head,€inform€him€of€the€situation,€and€turnÐ œì Ðthe€items€over€to€him.€€Swinson€explained€that€she€did€not€want€to€be€seen€talking€to€a€police€officerÐ ˆØ Ðat€the€motel,€and€that€she€knew€and€trusted€Detective€Head,€having€had€dealings€with€him€in€theÐ tÄ Ðrecent€past.€Ð `° ÐÌà  àSwinson€claimed€that€she€had€had€no€knowledge€of€how€the€men€obtained€the€property.€€SheÐ 8 ˆ Ðsaid€that€she€had€not€been€involved€in€the€crimes,€and€that€her€parole€violation€had€nothing€to€do€withÐ $ t Ðthe€instant€case.€€She€acknowledged€on€cross„examination€that€she€had€additional€charges€pendingÐ  ` Ðagainst€her,€but€said€she€had€not€been€promised€anything€by€the€State€in€exchange€for€her€testimonyÐ ü L  Ðin€the€case.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€last€witness€was€Springfield€Police€Department€Detective€Terry€Scott€Dorris,€whoÐ À  Ðconducted€the€investigation€of€the€case.€€He€€testified€that€he€interviewed€the€victim€at€the€motelÐ ¬ü  Ðimmediately€after€the€crimes,€and€later€at€the€police€department.€€At€some€point€during€hisÐ ˜è  Ðinvestigation,€he€showed€the€victim€a€series€of€photographs€of€different€individuals.€€The€victim€firstÐ „Ô  Ðidentified€the€gunman,€Antonio€Dowlen,€and€later,€the€defendant.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€victim€expressed€noÐ pÀ Ðhesitation€or€uncertainty€when€identifying€the€defendant.€€Detective€Dorris€confirmed€that€theÐ \¬ Ðproperty€he€had€recovered€and€returned€to€the€victim€had€been€turned€over€to€him€by€Detective€Head.€Ð H˜ ÐOn€cross„examination,€he€acknowledged€that€Antonio€Dowlen€fled€to€the€Metropolitan€NashvilleÐ 4„ Ðarea€after€the€crimes,€where€he€was€arrested€approximately€six€months€later,€while€the€defendant,Ð  p Ðwho€was€arrested€after€fleeing€from€bicycle€patrol€officers€who€had€spotted€him€on€the€street,Ð  \ Ðremained€in€the€Springfield€vicinity.€€Dorris€testified€that€he€had€not€seen€or€talked€to€the€defendantÐ øH Ðbefore€his€arrest.Ð ä4 Ðà  àà@ìì*ìàòòò òó óóóˆÌà  àThe€defendant€began€his€defense€proof€by€recalling€Detective€Dorris€to€the€stand,€whoseÐ ¼  Ðmemory€defense€counsel€had€refreshed€during€the€break.€€Detective€Dorris€testified€he€now€recalledÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€defendant,€accompanied€by€another€individual€he€had€been€seeking€in€connection€with€aÐ ”ä Ðdifferent€robbery,€had€voluntarily€come€to€his€office€to€talk€with€him€on€January€4,€2000.€€He€hadÐ €Ð Ðtaken€the€defendantððs€photograph€at€that€time,€and€it€was€that€photograph€he€had€used€in€the€JanuaryÐ l¼ Ð6€photographic€lineup€in€which€the€victim€had€identified€the€defendant.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€twenty„five„year„old€defendant€also€elected€to€testify€in€his€own€defense.€€He€said€thatÐ 0"€  Ðhe€and€Antonio€Dowlen,€who€was€about€20€or€21,€had€basically€grown€up€together,€having€livedÐ #l! Ðacross€the€street€from€each€other€as€children.€€On€December€20,€1999,€he€was€at€the€Royal€Inn€whenÐ $X" Ðhe€ran€into€Dowlen,€who€owed€him€$25.€€He€asked€Dowlen€for€his€money.€€Dowlen€responded€byÐ ô$D # Ðtelling€him€that€a€man€at€the€motel€owed€him€some€money,€leading€the€defendant€to€believe€thatÐ à%0!$ ÐDowlen€knew€the€victim.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€went€with€Dowlen€to€the€victimððs€room,€andÐ Ì&"% Ðdescribed€what€next€ensued:Ð ¸'#& Ðâ âÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€knocked€on€the€door.€[The€victim]€opened€the€door.€Ð ° Ðâ âAntonio€asked€him€where€is€the€money€and€pulled€out€a€gun.€[TheÐ œì Ðvictim]€said€I€donððt€have€your€money.€€We€go€into€the€room.€€AntonioÐ ˆØ Ðstill€got€the€gun€on€[the€victim]€and€he€asked€him€about€the€money.€Ð tÄ ÐThen€he€tell€him€to€go€to€the€bathroom.€€When€they€go€to€theÐ `° Ðbathroom€I€heard€[the€victim]€holler.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€when€he€heard€the€victim€yell,€he€left€the€room€and€headedÐ $ t Ðtoward€the€motel€breezeway.€€Dowlen€caught€up€with€him€about€halfway€between€the€breezeway€andÐ  ` Ðthe€other€side€of€the€motel,€told€him€he€had€gotten€$50,€and€gave€him€the€$25€he€was€owed.€€At€thatÐ ü L  Ðpoint,€he€did€not€know€that€Dowlen€had€robbed€the€victim,€believing€instead€the€story€that€DowlenÐ è 8  Ðtold€him,€which€was€that€the€victim€had€owed€Dowlen€money€for€drugs.€€The€defendant€said€that€heÐ Ô$  Ðdid€not€have€a€gun,€and€did€not€threaten€the€victim€or€pour€rubbing€alcohol€on€him.€€The€only€moneyÐ À  Ðhe€took€was€the€$25€Dowlen€owed€him.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€claimed€that€the€first€time€he€learned€of€the€robbery€was€about€a€week€later,Ð „Ô  Ðwhen€he€heard€from€Teresa€Swinson€that€the€police€wanted€to€question€him€and€Dowlen€about€aÐ pÀ Ðrobbery.€€He€said€he€also€got€a€telephone€call€sometime€around€Christmas€from€a€man€namedÐ \¬ ÐAntonio€Jones,€who€informed€him€that€Dowlen€had€robbed€the€victim.€€When€he€confronted€Dowlen,Ð H˜ ÐDowlen€told€him,€ð ð[D]onððt€worry€about€it.€€Iððll€take€my€charge.ðð€€On€January€4,€he€went€to€seeÐ 4„ ÐDetective€Dorris,€who€took€his€photograph.€€On€January€10,€six€days€after€he€had€turned€himself€in,Ð  p Ðhe€was€arrested.€€Approximately€six€months€later,€Dowlen€was€arrested.€€He€did€not€know€DowlenððsÐ  \ Ðwhereabouts€during€the€months€that€transpired€between€his€arrest€and€Dowlenððs€arrest.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€had€just€been€released€from€prison€afterÐ Ð  Ðserving€time€for€an€aggravated€assault€conviction,€and,€therefore,€would€not€have€had€anything€to€doÐ ¼  Ðwith€Dowlen€had€he€known€that€Dowlen€had€a€gun.€€He€denied€taking€the€victimððs€money€off€theÐ ¨ø Ðbed,€but€admitted€that€he€was€in€the€victimððs€room€with€Dowlen.€€He€did€not€know€the€victim€andÐ ”ä Ðhad€no€explanation€for€the€victimððs€testimony€against€him,€other€than€to€speculate€that€the€victimÐ €Ð Ðmay€have€been€coached€to€lie.€€He€was€unable€to€offer€an€explanation€as€to€why€someone€would€haveÐ l¼ Ðcoached€the€victim€to€lie.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àIn€rebuttal,€the€State€recalled€the€victim€to€the€stand,€who€testified€that€he€had€not€owedÐ 0"€  Ðanyone€any€money€for€drugs.€€The€victim€also€affirmed€his€earlier€testimony€that€the€defendant€hadÐ #l! Ðparticipated€with€Dowlen€in€the€crimes.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àAfter€deliberating,€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€aggravated€burglary€and€facilitationÐ à%0!$ Ðof€aggravated€robbery,€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravated€robbery.€€In€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,Ð Ì&"% Ðthe€defendant€asserted,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€State€made€improper€comments€during€closing€argumentÐ ¸'#& Ðand€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€provide€jury€instructions€on€accessory€after€the€fact.€€TheÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtrial€court€overruled€the€motion,€and€the€defendant€filed€a€timely€appeal€to€this€court.Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* Ðà@òò&ìàò òòòANALYSISˆÐ ° ÐÌóóó óà@ii ìàò òI.€€Closing€ArgumentˆÐ ˆØ Ðó óÌà  àAs€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€State€made€improper€comments€regardingÐ `° Ðhis€credibility€in€its€closing€argument,€thereby€depriving€him€of€a€fair€trial.€€He€argues€that€theÐ L œ Ðprosecutorððs€comment€that€he€had€an€interest€in€the€outcome€of€the€case€because€he€was€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant,€ð ðcrossed€the€line€of€proper€argument€and€insinuated€that€any€defendantððs€testimony€shouldÐ $ t Ðbe€per€se€less€believable€than€that€of€any€other€witness.ðð€€The€State€responds€by€arguing€that€theÐ  ` Ðdefendant€has€waived€the€issue€by€his€failure€to€raise€a€timely€objection€at€trial.€€The€State€furtherÐ ü L  Ðargues€that,€even€if€not€waived,€the€prosecutorððs€comments€were€proper€under€the€facts,€law,€andÐ è 8  Ðcircumstances€of€this€case.€€We€agree€with€the€State.Ð Ô$  Ðà  àÌà  àThe€manner€and€conduct€of€closing€argument€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòStateÐ ¬ü  Ðv.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€809€(Tenn.€1994).€€Generally,€both€the€State€and€the€defense€are€affordedÐ ˜è  Ðwide€latitude€in€the€scope€of€their€closing€argument€to€the€jury.€€òòId.óó€€The€trial€court,€in€turn,€isÐ „Ô  Ðafforded€wide€discretion€in€its€determination€of€the€propriety€of€closing€argument,€and€its€decisionÐ pÀ Ðin€these€matters€will€not€be€reversed€on€appeal€absent€a€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.€òòóó€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ \¬ Ðv.€Middlebrooksóó,€995€S.W.2d€550,€557€(Tenn.€1999);€òòCoker€v.€Stateóó,€911€S.W.2d€357,€368€(Tenn.Ð H˜ ÐCrim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Zirkleóó€910€S.W.2d€874,€888€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€A€partyððs€closingÐ 4„ Ðargument€ð ðmust€be€temperate,€predicated€on€evidence€introduced€during€the€trial,€relevant€to€theÐ  p Ðissues€being€tried,€and€not€otherwise€improper€under€the€facts€or€law.ðð€€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€995€S.W.2dÐ  \ Ðat€557.€€For€a€defendant€to€be€granted€a€new€trial€based€on€the€prosecutorððs€improper€commentsÐ øH Ðduring€closing,€the€complained„of€conduct€must€have€affected€the€verdict€to€the€prejudice€of€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòHarrington€v.€Stateóó,€385€S.W.2d€758,€759€(Tenn.€1965).Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àWe€first€agree€with€the€State€that€the€defendant€has€waived€this€issue€by€his€failure€to€raiseÐ ¨ø Ða€contemporaneous€objection€at€trial.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a);€òòState€v.€Littleóó,€854€S.W.2d€643,Ð ”ä Ð651€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)€(stating€that€failure€to€object€to€prosecutorððs€alleged€misconduct€inÐ €Ð Ðclosing€argument€waives€any€later€complaint).€€However,€even€if€not€waived,€we€conclude€that€thisÐ l¼ Ðissue€is€without€merit.€€The€defendant€objects€to€the€following€statements€made€by€the€prosecutorÐ X ¨ Ðin€closing:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àIn€this€case€the€Defendant€has€admitted€that€he€was€previouslyÐ #l! Ðconvicted€of€the€crime€of€aggravated€assault.€€Went€to€the€penitentiaryÐ $X" Ðfor€it.€He€was€very€candid.€€Told€you€all€about€that.€€It€would€beÐ ô$D # Ðwrong€to€say€well,€he€did€that€crime€so€he€must€of€done€this€one.€€AndÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€is€not€the€way€that€you€use€that€evidence.€€Thatððs€impermissible.€Ð Ì&"% ÐThatððs€some€kind€of€proof€that€would€be€like€a€character€trait€orÐ ¸'#& Ðsomething,€and€thatððs€not€the€way€youððre€permitted€to€consider€it.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€Court€will€tell€you€that€the€point€is€the€person€committedÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€crime€of€aggravated€assault€previously,€prior€to€this€case€everÐ h+¸&* Ðhappened,€goes€to€the€penitentiary€for€it,€would€that€person€lie?€€InÐ ° Ðother€words,€if€a€person€commits€a€felony€of€aggravated€assault,Ð œì Ðwould€that€person€come€into€a€courtroom€and€have€any€compulsionÐ ˆØ Ðabout€raising€their€hand€and€swearing€that€they€would€tell€the€truthÐ tÄ Ðand€then€lie€about€it?€€€Particularly€when€itððs€his€hide€in€this€case€thatÐ `° Ðheððs€trying€to€safe€[sic].€ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àSo,€Ladies€and€Gentlemen,€as€the€Defendant€tells€you€all€theÐ $ t Ðreasons€why€you€should€maybe€think€about€that€this€is€just€conductÐ  ` Ðthat€he€just€kind€of€sort€of€fell€into,€remember€when€[the€victim]€cameÐ ü L  Ðback€to€the€witness€stand€he€told€you€no,€[the€defendant]€didnððt€leave.€Ð è 8  Ð[The€defendant]€did€not€leave.€€Whoððs€the€person€with€an€interest€inÐ Ô$  Ðthe€outcome€of€this€case?ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àNaturally,€I€would€submit€[the€victim]€would€like€justice€done.€Ð ˜è  ÐI€would€submit€that€all€participants€in€the€trial€process€would€like€toÐ „Ô  Ðsee€the€process€work,€and€would€like€to€see€us€get€to€that€word€calledÐ pÀ Ðtruth.€€But€thereððs€one€person€here€who€has€a€reason,€I€submit€to€you,Ð \¬ Ðan€interest,€or€bias€for€the€outcome€of€the€case,€and€a€prior€felonyÐ H˜ Ðconviction,€which€is€interesting€to€consider€on€the€issue€of€his€truthÐ 4„ Ðtelling,€his€credibility.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€concedes€that€the€comments€regarding€his€prior€conviction€were€proper,€butÐ øH Ðcontends€that€the€mention€of€his€interest€in€the€outcome€of€the€case€was€an€improper€comment€uponÐ ä4 Ðhis€credibility,€based€not€on€the€evidence€at€trial,€but€instead€on€the€mere€fact€of€his€status€as€aÐ Ð  Ðdefendant.€€We€respectfully€disagree.€€The€defendant€cites€òòState€v.€Beasleyóó,€536€S.W.2d€328,€330Ð ¼  Ð(Tenn.€1976),€as€support€for€his€contention€that€the€prosecutorððs€comment€regarding€his€interest€inÐ ¨ø Ðthe€outcome€of€the€case€was€improper.€€In€òòBeasleyóó,€our€supreme€court€held€that€closing€argumentÐ ”ä Ðshould€be€supported€by€the€evidence€and€the€reasonable€inferences€to€be€drawn€from€it,€and€that€aÐ €Ð Ðprosecutorððs€personal€opinion€as€to€the€credibility€of€witnesses€should€not€be€interjected€intoÐ l¼ Ðargument.€€òòId.óó€€In€the€case€at€bar,€the€prosecutor€did€not€interject€his€personal€opinion€as€to€theÐ X ¨ Ðdefendantððs€credibility€into€closing€argument,€but€instead€merely€asked€that€the€jury€consider,€whenÐ D!” Ðevaluating€the€different€accounts€presented€by€the€victim€and€the€defendant,€which€party€had€anÐ 0"€  Ðinterest€in€the€outcome€of€the€case.€€There€was€nothing€improper€in€this€request.€€We€agree€with€theÐ #l! ÐState€that€the€defendant€made€his€credibility€a€key€issue€by€taking€the€stand€to€deny€that€heÐ $X" Ðparticipated€in€the€crimes,€and€by€suggesting€that€the€victim€was€lying€when€he€testified€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðdefendant€was€involved€in€the€crimes.€€Since€a€resolution€of€conflicting€testimony€was€key€to€theÐ à%0!$ Ðdetermination€of€the€defendantððs€guilt,€it€was€permissible€for€the€prosecutor€to€argue€that€the€juryÐ Ì&"% Ðconsider€the€bias€of€the€defendant€versus€the€bias€of€the€victim€when€evaluating€the€credibility€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðeach€witnessððs€testimony.€€We,€therefore,€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€overruling€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial€based€on€the€Stateððs€allegedly€improper€closing€argument.€Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* Ðà@Á Á ìàò òII.€€Instruction€on€Accessory€After€the€FactˆÐ ° ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€onÐ ˆØ Ðaccessory€after€the€fact€as€a€lesser„included€offense€to€the€crimes,€arguing€that€there€was€sufficientÐ tÄ Ðevidence€at€trial€to€warrant€an€instruction€on€the€offense.€€The€State€contends€that€the€trial€courtÐ `° Ðproperly€denied€the€defendantððs€request€for€an€instruction€on€accessory€after€the€fact€because€it€is€aÐ L œ Ðseparate€and€distinct€offense,€rather€than€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€crimes€with€which€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€was€charged.€€The€State€points€out€that€the€defendant€was€not€indicted€with€accessory€afterÐ $ t Ðthe€fact,€and€asserts€that€there€was€no€evidence€to€charge€the€defendant€with€the€offense.€€We€agreeÐ  ` Ðwith€the€State.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àAccessory€after€the€fact€is€defined€as€follows:Ð Ô$  ÐÌÓ-°,XƒX×  h•X°œX-Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(a)à × àA€person€is€an€accessory€after€the€fact€who,€after€the€commissionÐ ¬ü  Ðof€a€felony,€with€knowledge€or€reasonable€ground€to€believe€that€theÐ ˜è  Ðoffender€has€committed€the€felony,€and€with€the€intent€to€hinder€theÐ „Ô  Ðarrest,€trial,€conviction€or€punishment€of€the€offender:ÐpÀ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8× ` x` xà(1)à0 × × àHarbors€or€conceals€the€offender;Ð\¬   Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8× ` x` xà(2)à  àProvides€or€aids€in€providing€the€offender€with€anyÐ H˜ Ðmeans€of€avoiding€arrest,€trial,€conviction€or€punishment;€orÐ4„× ×  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8× ` x` xà(3)à  àWarns€the€offender€of€impending€apprehension€orÐ  p Ðdiscovery.€Ð \× ×  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€€(c)€Accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€Class€E€felony.м ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„411€(1997).€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€lesser„included€offense,€and€argues€thatÐ l¼ Ðsubsections€(1)€and€(2)€of€the€statute€are€applicable€in€his€case€based€on€the€fact€that€there€was€noÐ X ¨ Ðevidence€that€he€revealed€Dowlenððs€name€to€Detective€Dorris€when€he€spoke€with€him€on€JanuaryÐ D!” Ð4.€€This€court€has€consistently€held,€however,€that€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€separate€and€distinctÐ 0"€  Ðoffense,€rather€than€a€lesser„included€offense€of€a€felony€committed€by€the€perpetrator€of€a€crime.€Ð #l! ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hodgkinsonóó,€778€S.W.2d€54,€63€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989)€(stating€that€accessory€afterÐ $X" Ðthe€fact€ð ðis€a€separate€and€distinct€offense€and€is€not€a€lesser€included€offenseðð);€òòState€v.€Hoosieróó,Ð ô$D # Ð631€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982)€(ð ðThe€offense€of€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€separateÐ à%0!$ Ðand€distinct€crime€from€that€of€a€principal.ðð);€òòState€v.€Reginald€Merriweatheróó,€No.€W2001„02206„Ð Ì&"% ÐCCA„RM„CD,€2002€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€123,€at€*34„*35€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Feb.€11,€2002)Ð ¸'#& Ð(holding€that€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€instruct€jury€on€accessory€after€the€fact€because€it€isÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnot€a€lesser„included€offense€of€attempted€second€degree€murder,€aggravated€assault,€or€especiallyÐ )à$( Ðaggravated€robbery,€and€the€defendant€was€not€charged€separately€with€the€offense€of€accessory€afterÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€fact);òòóó€òòState€v.€Joel€M.€Puentesóó,€No.€M2001„01115„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXISÐ h+¸&* Ð92,€at€*11„*12€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Feb.€1,€2002)€(concluding€that€a€review€of€the€issue€under€analysisÐ ° Ðdictated€byòòóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€466„67€(Tenn.€1999),€does€not€change€the€traditional€viewÐ œì Ðthat€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€separate€and€distinct€offense€from€the€substantive€offense);€òòÔ‡XUÉXXXUÉÔóóòòState€v.Ð ˆØ ÐJames€E.€(Junebug)€Ligonóó,€No.€M1999„02461„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€29,€atÐ tÄ Ð*19€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€12,€2001),€òòperm.€to€appeal€granted€and€remanded€on€other€groundsóóÐ `° Ð(Tenn.€May€29,€2001)€(Ô#†XUÉXXXUÉþ‚#ÔÔ‡XUÉXXXUÉÔð ðAccessory€after€the€fact€fails€to€meet€the€definition€of€a€lesser„includedÐ L œ Ðoffense€of€either€aggravated€burglary€or€theft€according€to€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis.Ô#†XUÉXXXUÉ^„#ÔÔ‡XUÉXXXUÉÔðð)Ô#†XUÉXXXUÉX…#Ô.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àMoreover,€we€agree€with€the€State€that€there€was€no€evidence€to€warrant€that€the€defendantÐ  ` Ðbe€charged€with€the€offense€of€accessory€after€the€fact.€€No€proof€was€presented€to€show€that€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendant€harbored€or€concealed€Dowlen,€or€provided€or€aided€in€providing€him€any€means€ofÐ è 8  Ðavoiding€arrest€or€detection.€€By€the€defendantððs€own€testimony,€he€had€no€knowledge€of€DowlenððsÐ Ô$  Ðwhereabouts.€€He€was€also€aware€that€the€police€already€had€Dowlenððs€name€as€a€suspect,€sinceÐ À  ÐTeresa€Swinson€had€informed€him€that€they€were€seeking€both€him€and€Dowlen€for€questioningÐ ¬ü  Ðabout€the€crimes.€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€refusing€the€defendantððsÐ ˜è  Ðrequest€to€have€the€jury€instructed€on€accessory€after€the€fact€as€a€lesser„included€offense.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà@FF%ìàò òòòCONCLUSIONˆÐ \¬ ÐÌóóó óà  àHaving€reviewed€the€entire€record€in€this€case,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€inÐ 4„ Ðoverruling€the€defendantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial€based€on€his€claim€of€an€improper€closing€argumentÐ  p Ðby€the€State€and€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€accessory€after€the€fact.€€Accordingly,Ð  \ Ðwe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€Ð øH ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ¼  Ðà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE