WPCv 9x3dQ? H N"q~,9fe/ȏp&esl%{;[E3;W iMEN~9>2=Mm+ܼ9k攕bs .P$4z\r4 _7(#yy+j\!Z*n@,)r}. pH̬K[ uA ^wSHװ䲰vFU \AL{Z.;HU }z.XS>Y陜hiN6 1- I'4,RGމ Xz; q:(@l7G͇4NL،[[/)UN> % 0(U:w@44HW 0 _ 0DU.)W 0Df) M p@ U: 3 ]z\IdU: AQ; 0DR B 0D D/ B& D3C(hH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($,  AZ"Arial Regular /CMUglmpqӀ}n~<$3|x}(6(2:$ !     `   0  (#$  0  %2A`ArialTT   :$   `   3    AtsentencinginU.S.DistrictCourt,defendantsmandatoryminimumsentence  underfederalguidelineswasenhancedfrom262monthsto360months.(3$ !    !"  XIXXXXXI   Ad FILEDXIX   November10,1998  CecilCrowson,Jr.+XXIAppellateCourtClerk  8     `   2    UnitedStatesv.Depew,977F.2d1412(10thCir.1992);UnitedStatesv.Eaglin,571   ` 2d1069(9thCir.1977);UnitedStatesv.Stead,528F.2d257(8thCir.1975);United   ` States v.Hobson,519F.2d765(9thCir.1975);Credillev.UnitedStates,354F.2d  652 ` (10thCir.1965). C  $      1    Achargeofattemptedfirstdegreemurderwasdismissedpretrialbythestate.The    vehicularburglarychargewasdismissedbythetrialcourtatthehearingofdefendants  motionfornewtrial. f  :$   `   4    Defendantwastechnicallyonprobationatthetimeoftheseoffensesbut,obviously,  notonreleaseinthecommunity.Nevertheless,themisapplicationofthisfactordoesnotinvalidateconsecutivesentencinginviewoftheotherfactors.,  AZ"Arial Regular )  $      1    Achargeofattemptedfirstdegreemurderwasdismissedpretrialbythestate.The  vehicularburglarychargewasdismissedbythetrialcourtatthehearingofdefendantsmotionfornewtrial. S8  :   `   1    Achargeofattemptedfirstdegreemurderwasdismissedpretrialbythestate.The  vehicularburglarychargewasdismissedbythetrialcourtatthehearingofdefendantsmotionfornewtrial.   $      2    UnitedStatesv.Depew,977F.2d1412(10thCir.1992);UnitedStatesv.Eaglin,571    2d1069(9thCir.1977);UnitedStatesv.Stead,528F.2d257(8thCir.1975);United    States ` v.Hobson,519F.2d765(9thCir.1975);Credillev.UnitedStates,354F.2d652    (10thCir.1965). R8     `   1        Achargeofattemptedfirstdegreemurderwasdismissedpretrialbythestate.Thevehicularburglarychargewasdismissedbythetrialcourtatthehearingofdefendantsmotionfornewtrial. 8  :   `   2    UnitedStatesv.Depew,977F.2d1412(10thCir.1992);UnitedStatesv.Eaglin,571  F.2d1069(9thCir.1977);UnitedStatesv.Stead,528F.2d257(8thCir.1975);UnitedStates  v.Hobson,519F.2d765(9thCir.1975);Credillev.UnitedStates,354F.2d652(10thCir.  1965). 8  UnitedStatesv.Depew,977F.2d1412(10thCir.1992);UnitedStatesv.Eaglin,571F.2d  1069(9thCir.1977);UnitedStatesv.Stead,528F.2d257(8thCir.1975);UnitedStatesv.  Hobson,519F.2d765(9thCir.1975);Credillev.UnitedStates,354F.2d652 (10thCir.  1965). 8  UnitedStatesv.Depew,977F.2d1412(10thCir.1992);UnitedStatesv.Eaglin,571F.2d  1069(9thCir.1977);UnitedStatesv.Stead,528F.2d257(8thCir.1975);UnitedStatesv.  Hobson,519F.2d765(9thCir.1975);Credillev.UnitedStates,354F.2d652 (10thCir.  1965).   :$   `   3    AtsentencinginU.S.DistrictCourt,defendantsmandatoryminimumsentence  under ` federalguidelineswasenhancedfrom262monthsto360months.   :$   `   4    Defendantwastechnicallyonprobationatthetimeoftheseoffensesbut,obviously,  not ` onreleaseinthecommunity.Nevertheless,themisapplicationofthisfactordoesnot   ` invalidateconsecutivesentencinginviewoftheotherfactors.,cAZ"Arial Regular ! #%C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !   d($$   1  ''' dxdP Pd""""'dxd !  ݛXIXXXg  gTR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'Tg  g}qr(<,(j 8` `@E` ttx$ rq}}t(>.*jx` `@Ec` ttx$ t}@  INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE@(ATJACKSON@"SEPTEMBER1998SESSIONSTATEOFTENNESSEE, @-)  ` @-) p NO.02C019802CC00048   L   ` Appellee,@-)  8  @-) p CHESTERCOUNTY     VS. @-)   @-) p HON.FRANKLINMURCHISON,   MICHAELS.HOLMES, @-) p JUDGE    @-) ` Appellant.@-) p (AggravatedRobbery,Aggravated d  `     h      p Assault,AggravatedKidnapping, `     h      p FelonyEscape,TheftofProperty)(  @(#(#( FORTHEAPPELLANT:  C.MICHAELROBBINS(onappeal) 46NorthThirdStreet,Suite719  Memphis,TN38103 GEORGEMORTONGOOGE(attrial)  > DistrictPublicDefender MICHAELD.RASNAKE(attrial)  F DANIELJ.TAYLOR  !2  AssistantDistrictPublicDefenders227WestBaltimoreStreetJackson,TN383016137 $#  FORTHEAPPELLEE: # JOHNKNOXWALKUP  % AttorneyGeneralandReporter ELIZABETHT.RYAN  X( AssistantAttorneyGeneralCordellHullBuilding,2ndFloor425FifthAvenueNorthNashville,TN372430493 JAMESG.(JERRY)WOODALL  ". DistrictAttorneyGeneral DONALDH.ALLEN  z% 1 AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneralP.O.Box2825Jackson,TN383022825 2(#4 (  @( OPINIONFILED: 򀀀 b/*:  AFFIRMED  3P.>  JOEG.RILEY, 61B JUDGE  72C 7vCXXdXXd7   @@qq*OPINION   T  ` OnMarch5,1997,aChesterCountyjuryfounddefendantguiltyofAggravatedRobbery,AggravatedAssault,AggravatedKidnapping,FelonyEscape,BurglaryofaVehicle,andTheftofPropertyOver$1,000.)/CCCC///)))  #  1      כThetrialcourtsentenced  < thedefendanttoaneffectivetwentyyearsentenceonthesubjectcharges,torunconsecutivelytobothapriorShelbyCountysentenceandathirtyyearfederalsentence.Thedefendantraisesthreeissuesonappeal:8 ` (1)8 ` ` thedefendantsmultipleconvictionsforaggravated l robbery,aggravatedassault,aggravatedkidnapping,escapeandtheftofpropertyviolatedoublejeopardy;  x x 8 ` (2)8 ` ` theStateofTennesseelackedjurisdictiontotrythe  defendantforescapefromtheChesterCountyJailsincehewasbeingheldthereonfederalcharges;and  x x 8 ` (3)8 ` ` thedefendantssentenceisexcessive.L x x NThiscourtconcludesthereisnodoublejeopardyviolation;theStateofTennesseeproperlyprosecuteddefendantforescape;andthesentenceisproper.ThejudgmentandsentenceimposedbythetrialcourtisAFFIRMED.@+ FACTS  %J!%  ` Defendant,MichaelS.Holmes,wasafederalprisonerhousedattheChesterCountyjailpursuanttoacontractwiththeUnitedStatesMarshalService.HewasconvictedonfederaldrugchargesinFebruaryof1995andwasawaitingsentencingonthosecharges.Atapproximately12:15a.m.onJanuary4,1996,heandanotherprisoner,ShermanSanders,executedanescapeplan. ` Thejailer,ShaneHesselrode,wasluredintothehallwayneardefendantscelltoassistamaximumsecurityprisonerwhoallegedlyneededmedicalattention. f4/5 HesselrodeopenedthedoortotheentryhallandobserveddefendantandSandersexittheircells.Sandersplacedahomemadeknife,describedasa shank,atthejailersbackandorderedhimtoenterthecellanddrophiskeys. ` Simultaneously,defendantwenttothedispatchersofficewhereBarbaraPaulmanwasonduty.Herushedatherandthrewheroutofherchairontotheconcretefloor.Shestruggledwithdefendantashedraggedheralongthefloortothejailcellwhilejabbingatherwitha shank.Bythetimetheyreachedthecell,herblouseandbrawerecompletelytorn,andthezipperwasrippedoutofherpants.Thedispatchersufferedbruising,alargeknotonherhead,andaseriousshoulderinjuryasaresultofdefendantsactions. ` AfterlockingHesselrodeandPaulmaninthejailcell,defendantandSandersmadetheirwayoutofthejailareaandoutofthebuilding.ItwaslaterdiscoveredtheytookPaulmanskeysfromherpurseandabscondedwithhercar. ` DefendantwasconvictedofaggravatedrobberyofHesselrodesjailkeys,aggravatedassaultandaggravatedkidnappingofPaulman,felonyescape,andtheftofPaulmansvehicle. ` Priortothetrialonthesestatecharges,defendantpledguiltyinfederalcourttotheoffenseofescapearisingfromtheseincidents.@  I.MULTIPLECONVICTIONS/DOUBLEJEOPARDY  ,`'*  ` Defendantassertsthattheaggravatedrobbery,aggravatedassault,aggravatedkidnapping,escapeandtheftshouldbeviewedasasinglecriminalepisodewithasinglecriminalintent:theintenttoescape.Assuch,thedefendantarguesthemultipleconvictionsviolatetheprincipleofdoublejeopardy. ` Statev.Denton,938S.W.2d373(Tenn.1996),outlinesthepropertestfor P726 evaluatingadoublejeopardyclaim.Todeterminewhethermultipleconvictionsare 0948 permittedwemust:(1)conductaBlockburgeranalysisofthestatutoryoffenses;(2)  analyzetheevidenceusedtoprovetheoffenses;(3)considerwhetherthereweremultiplevictimsordiscreteacts;and(4)comparethepurposesoftherespectivestatutes.Denton,938S.W.2dat381. P   ` UnderBlockburgerv.UnitedStates,284U.S.299,52S.Ct.180,76L.Ed. 0  306(1932),onemustdeterminewhethereachoffenserequiresproofofanadditionalfactwhichtheotherdoesnot.Allfiveofthesubjectoffensesrequireproofofadditionalfactsnotincludedineachoftheotheroffenses. ` Thesameevidencewasnotusedtoestablisheachoffense.HesselrodewasthevictimoftheaggravatedrobberyandPaulmanwasthevictimoftheaggravatedassault,aggravatedkidnappingandtheft.Distinctactswerecommittedinthecourseofeachoffense. ` Finally,acomparisonofthestatutespurposesshowsthateachoffenseprotectsadifferentinterest.Theftisapropertyoffense;escape,anoffenseagainsttheadministrationofgovernment.Aggravatedrobbery,aggravatedassault,andaggravatedkidnappingarealloffensesagainsttheperson;however,theytoohaveelementsthatdistinguishthemfromoneanother.Further,theyareindifferentpartsofthecriminalcodewhichreflectsalegislativeintentthattheybeconsidereddistinctoffenses. ` Ifthiscourtweretoaccreditthedefendantsargument,wewouldreachanuntenableresult.Effectively,Tennesseewouldbeprohibitedfromprosecutinganycriminalact,nomatterhowheinous,committedinthecourseofaninmatesescapeotherthantheescapeitself. ` DefendantsmultipleconvictionsdonotviolatedoublejeopardyunderDenton.Themultipleconvictionsareproper. 1-0 @-  Ӝ 0948 Л@@ II.JURISDICTIONOVERESCAPE   0# ` DefendantwashousedintheChesterCountyjailpursuanttoacontractwiththeU.S.Marshalwhileheawaitedsentencinginfederalcourt.Defendantarguesthatbecauseofhisstatusasafederalprisoner,theStateofTennesseelackedjurisdictiontoprosecutehimforescapefromtheChesterCountyjail.Insupportofthisargument,defendantcitesanumberoffederalcases.MUlmmmmlllUUUMMM  #  2      כHecontendsthese @  casesholdthatafederalprisoner,onescapefromastatefacility,cannotbetriedinstatecourtforescape.Therationale,defendantargues,isthatheisintheU.S.AttorneyGeneralscustodyandnotstatecustody.@OO$ A.DoubleJeopardy  P  ` Thefactsandlegalpostureoftheinstantcasearedistinguishablefromthosecasesrelieduponbythedefendant.Theissueinthefederalcaseswaswhetheradefendantcouldbeprosecutedunderthefederalescapestatute.Thecasesdidnotspecificallyaddressthestatesrighttoprosecutethoseprisonersunderitsown "  lawspursuanttotheprincipleofdualsovereignty. ` ThelongstandingdoctrineregardingprosecutionbydualsovereigntiesisexpressedinUnitedStatesv.Wheeler,435U.S.313,98S.Ct.1079,55L.Ed.2d P(#& 303(1978). [A]federalprosecutiondoesnotbarasubsequentstateprosecutionofthesamepersonforthesameacts,andastateprosecutiondoesnotbarafederalone...[P]rosecutionsunderthelawsofseparatesovereignsdonot...subject[thedefendant]forthesameoffencetobetwiceputinjeopardy.United / +. Statesv.Wheeler,435U.S.at317,98S.Ct.at108283,55L.Ed.2dat3089. 1-0 Tennesseecourtsspecificallyupholdandadheretothisdoctrine.See,e.g.,Lavon 3.2 v.State,586S.W.2d112,11314(Tenn.1979);Statev.Crabtree,655S.W.2d173,  177(Tenn.Crim.App.1983). ` BoththeUnitedStatesandtheStateofTennesseehaveestablishedthecriminaloffenseof escape.AstheUnitedStatesandtheStateofTennesseeareclearlyseparatesovereigns,eachhasarighttoprosecuteanindividualwhoseactionsconstitute escapeunderitsdefinition.Thefactthatadefendantisprosecutedandconvictedunderbothsuchlawsisofnoconsequencewithregardtodoublejeopardy.SeeBartkusv.Illinois,359U.S.121,13132,79S.Ct.676,   682,3L.Ed.2d684,69192(1959). ` @ B.TennesseeEscapeStatute  p  ` Havingdisposedofanydoublejeopardyclaim,wemustevaluatethescopeoftheTennesseeescapestatute.Particularly,wemustdeterminewhetherthelegislatureintendedittoencompasstheescapeofafederalprisonerheldinastateinstitutionsolelyonfederalcharges. ` Inevaluatingthestatute,it mustbeconstruedsoastoascertainandgiveeffecttotheintentandpurposeofthelegislationconsideringthestatuteasawholeandgivingwordstheircommonmeaning.TheCourtshouldassumethatthelegislatureusedeachwordinthestatutepurposelyandthattheuseofthesewordsconveyedsomeintent.Statev.Levandowski,955S.W.2d603,604(Tenn. 0*%( 1997)(citationsomitted). ` Tothisend,welooktothenaturalandordinarylanguageoftheTennesseeescapestatutewhichprovidesthat [i]tisunlawfulforanypersonarrestedfor,chargedwith,orconvictedofanoffensetoescapefromapenalinstitution.Tenn.CodeAnn.3916605(a).Stemmingfromthisprovision,wenotethefollowingdefinitions: ` (1) Penalinstitutionisdefinedas anyinstitutionorfacilityusedtohouse P726  `  ordetainaperson...convictedofacrime.Tenn.CodeAnn.39 `  16601(4)(A);  :p59  ` (2)8 Escapeisdefinedas unauthorizeddeparturefromcustody.  Tenn.CodeAnn.3916601(3);and    ` (3)8 Custodyisdefinedas underarrestbyalawenforcement  officerorunderrestraintbyapublicservantpursuanttoanorderofacourt.Tenn.CodeAnn.3916601(2).    ` Itisnoteworthythatnowherewithinthestatuteisthereanexplicitrequirementthatcustodybeforastateoffense.Noristhereanyindicationthata  p  prisonersstatusshouldberelevanttotheescapeinquiry.Infact,thestatuteisphrasedingenerictermswhichtendtonegatethatverysuggestion.Itencompassesapersonconvictedof anoffense,not astateoffense.Itrequires  custodytobepursuanttotheorderof acourt,not astatecourt.   ` DefendantwasconvictedinFebruary1995ondrugchargesinU.S.DistrictCourt,WesternDistrictofTennessee.HewasheldintheChesterCountyjailtoawaitsentencingonthatcase.OnJanuary4,1996,hedepartedfromtherestraintoftheChesterCountyjailerwithoutauthorizationtodoso. ` Insum,defendantwasapersonconvictedofanoffensewhoescapedfromapenalinstitutionpursuanttoTenn.CodeAnn.3916605.HewassubjecttothejurisdictionoftheTennesseecourts,andhisprosecutionandconvictioninaccordancewiththatsectionwasentirelyproper. ` Thisissuehasnomerit.@% III.SENTENCING   +p&)  ` Thetrialcourtsentenceddefendanttoatotaloftwentyyearsonthesecharges.Itranthefirstthreesentences(consistingoftheaggravatedrobbery,aggravatedassaultandaggravatedkidnapping)concurrent;theremainingsentences(consistingoftheescapeandtheft)concurrent;andeachsetconsecutivetotheother.ThetrialcourtadditionallyorderedtheeffectivetwentyyearsentenceinthiscaseservedconsecutivelytobothapriorShelbyCountyconvictionanddefendantsthirtyyearfederalsentence.  :p59  ` Defendantmakesnospecificassignmentsoferrorwithregardtothetrialcourtsfindingsinreachingthisdecision.Nevertheless,hemaintainsthetwentyyearsentenceimposedinthiscaseisexcessive.DefendantbasesthisassertiononthefactthathisfederalsentencewasenhancedasaresultoftheChesterCountymisconduct.p ppp  #  3      כ 0   ` Ourreviewofthesentenceimposedbythetrialcourtisdenovo,witha `  presumptionthatthedeterminationsofthetrialcourtarecorrect.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035401(d); X/XXX/Statev.Byrd,861S.W.2d377,379(Tenn.Crim.App.1993).#X/XX X/@# X/XXX/ԀThe   presumptionofcorrectnesswhichattachestothetrialcourt'sactionisconditioneduponanaffirmativeshowingintherecordthatthetrialcourtconsideredthesentencingprinciplesandallrelevantfactsandcircumstances.Statev.Ashby,823 p S.W.2d166,169(Tenn1991).#X/XX X/9A# P  @"A.LengthofSentence  `  ` Thetrialcourtinthisinstancemadeacareful,studiedevaluationofthecircumstancessurroundingtheseconvictions.Itappropriatelyconsidered:(1)evidenceatthetrialandthesentencinghearing;(2)thepresentencereportandaddendums;(3)principlesofsentencingandargumentsforalternatives;(4)thenatureandcharacteristicsofthecrime;(5)aggravatingormitigatingfactors;and(6)thestatementofthedefendant.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035210. 0*%(  ` Afterestablishingthepropersentencingrangeforeachconviction,thetrialjudgeidentified,articulated,andappliedmultipleenhancementfactors.Hefoundnomitigatingfactorsapplicable.Asaresult,amaximumsentencewassetforeachoffense. ` Withoutanyassignmentoferrorbythedefendantregardingthemannerorresultsofthesefindings,weseenoneedtodisturbthelengthofthesesentences. p504 @  B.ConsecutiveSentencing    ` Acourtmayordermultiplesentencestorunconsecutivelyifthecourtfindsbyapreponderanceoftheevidencethatthedefendantisaprofessionalcriminal,anoffenderwhoserecordofcriminalactivityisextensive,adangerousoffenderwithlittleornoregardforhumanlife,orsentencedforanoffensecommittedwhileonprobation.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035115(b)(1),(2),(4),(6);seealsoStatev.Black, @  924S.W.2d912(Tenn.Crim.App.1995).Furthermore,thecourtisrequiredtodeterminewhethertheconsecutivesentences(1)arereasonablyrelatedtotheseverityoftheoffensescommitted;(2)servetoprotectthepublicfromfurthercriminalconductbytheoffender;and(3)arecongruentwithgeneralprinciplesofsentencing.Statev.Wilkerson,905S.W.2d933,939(Tenn.Crim.App.1995). P @88" 1.T.C.A./Wilkerson  `  ` Thetrialcourtinthiscasemadeclearandcarefulfindingsinthecourseofdecidingwhichofdefendantstermswouldbeconcurrentandwhichconsecutive.Specifically,itfoundtheexistenceoffourstatutoryfactorsthatweighedinfavorofrunningdefendantssentencesconsecutively:(1)defendantisaprofessionalcriminalwhohasknowinglydevotedhislifetocriminalactsasamajorsourceoflivelihood;(2)defendanthasanextensiverecordofcriminalactivity;(3)defendantisadangerousoffenderwhosebehaviorindicateslittleornoregardforhumanlife,andnohesitationaboutcommittingacrimeinwhichtherisktohumanlifeishigh;and(4)defendantwassentencedforanoffensecommittedwhileonprobation.pppp  #  4      כ / +. SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035115(1),(2),(4),(6). 1-0  ` AlthoughthecourtdidnotspecificallyidentifytheWilkersonconsiderations 3.2 initsdecision,ourdenovoreviewindicatesthattheconsecutivesentencesare,in p504 fact,reasonablyrelatedtotheseverityoftheoffensesandservetoprotectthepublicfromfurthercriminalconductbythisdefendant.X/XXX/Aneffectivesentenceof  twentyyearsforaggravatedrobbery,aggravatedassault,aggravatedkidnapping,escape,andtheftofpropertyalsocomportswiththegeneralprinciplesofsentencing.Accordingly,theconsecutivesentenceswereproperlyimposedbythetrialcourt.#X/XXX/JP# `  @,, 2.RulesofCriminalProcedure     ` ThetrialcourtnotedTennesseeRuleofCriminalProcedure32inthecourseofitssentencingdeterminations.Rule32(c)(3)(B)statesthatmandatoryconsecutivesentencingapplies toasentenceforescapeorforafelonycommittedwhileonescape.Thiswasaproperconsiderationinthiscase. ` OurreviewofthisissuerevealsthatT.R.Cr.P.32(c)(2)isalsorelevant. Ifthedefendanthasadditionalsentencesorportionsthereoftoserve,astheresultofconvictioninotherstatesorinfederalcourt,thesentenceimposedshallbeconsecutivetheretounlessthecourtshalldetermineintheexerciseofitsdiscretionthatgoodcauseexiststorunthesentencesconcurrentlyandexplicitlysoorders.T.R.Cr.P.32(c)(2).Therehasbeennosuchshowingofgoodcausewhichwoulddictatethatthesentencesinthiscaserunconcurrentlywiththefederalsentence.Thetrialjudgedidnotfindany,nordowe.Theconsecutivesentencing,bothwithrespecttothestateandfederalconvictions,isproperandshallnotbedisturbed.@xx( CONCLUSION  1-0  ` Basedupontheforegoing,thejudgmentofthetrialcourtisaffirmed. 0948 Ӝ̛ ` /(#____________________________pp `     h      p JOEG.RILEY,JUDGE   p  W CONCUR: ____________________________  p PAULG.SUMMERS,JUDGE ____________________________  @ XDAVIDH.WELLES,JUDGE