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AMX⥠D3‡Íºv~‡ 0@vÓE AOÆg 0D- D/q B ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ >@DADBC[DDEFGDHÓ€Ô¡¨ 3|xQShelby app01C01((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d%%%%7Border 1dd< Œ 9p`(Arial€-&Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ØÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€$ÔÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÔ€'ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌNovember€6,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó""""'ÿÿdxd ÃÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ 8 Òà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIn€fact,€both€first€degree€murder€in€perpetration€of€theft€and€premeditated€first€degreeÏmurder€were€submitted€to€the€jury.€€The€jury€announced€that€it€found€the€defendant€guilty€ofÏboth€first€degree€murder€in€perpetration€of€theft€as€charged€in€Count€1€and€premeditated€firstÏdegree€murder€as€charged€in€Count€2.€€Upon€being€further€instructed€by€the€trial€court€thatÏdefendant€could€only€be€convicted€of€one€of€the€counts€and€to€consider€Count€1€first,€the€juryÏdeliberated€further€and€announced€a€guilty€finding€of€first€degree€murder€in€perpetration€ofÏtheft.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€$ÔÝ  Ý›Ò  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ 8 ÒÑ\R AØ'\ќـ€ÙÓ  ÓÔ€'ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑßR€()&A1-j|` ç `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÌÌà@ àOCTOBER€1997€SESSIONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)à àC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9610„CR„00443Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àó óAppellee,à àà àà àà àò ò)à àDAVIDSON€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€THOMAS€H.€SHRIVER,€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJUDGEÌWILLIAM€K.€HOWELL,à àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àó ó(Felony€Murder)Ìò òà àó óAppellant.à àà àà àà àò ò)ÌÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ó óÌÌò òKARL€DEANà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÌó óPublic€Defenderà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌÌò òJEFFREY€A.€DEVASHER€(On€Appeal)à àà àLISA€A.€NAYLORà àó óÌSenior€Assistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌò òà àà àà àà àà àà àà àó ó450€James€Robertson€Parkwayò òÌROSS€ALDERMAN€(At€Trial)à àà àà àó óNashville,€TN€37243„0493ò òà àó óÌò òLAURA€DYKES€(At€Trial)ó óÌAssistant€Public€Defendersà àà àà àò òVICTOR€S.€JOHNSON,€IIIÌó ó1202€Stahlman€Buildingà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌNashville,€TN€37201à àà àà àà àò òÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€ZIMMERMANNÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àó óAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àWashington€Square,€Ste.€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue,€N.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌò òOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌóóAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌJOE€G.€RILEY,ÌJUDGEÌÌÌÌó óÌÑ7€|•XXdðXXdð7Ñà@ àò òòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÌÌÌÓÓó óà àDefendant,€William€K.€Howell,€was€convicted€by€a€Davidson€County€jury€ofÏfirst€degree€murder€in€perpetration€of€theft€and€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment.€InÏthis€direct€appeal,€he€presents€the€following€issues€for€our€review:€€ÌÓÓà àà à(1)à àwhether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€theÌà àà àà àconviction;ÌÌà àà à(2)€à àwhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€denial€of€the€Ìà àà àà àdefendantððs€motion€for€mistrial€œduring€the›Ìà àà àà àœprosecuting€attorneyððs€opening›€œstatement;›ÌÌà àà à(3)€€à àwhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€numerousÌà àà àà àautopsy€photographs;€andÌÌà àà à(4)€€à àwhether€the€trial€courtððs€jury€charge€on€parole€Ìà àà àà àeligibility€was€unconstitutional.ÌÌÓÓFinding€no€reversible€error,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà0 àà àà@ àò òòòFACTSóóó óÌÌà àThe€victim,€Jerry€Johns,€was€brutally€beaten€and€stabbed€to€death€in€hisÏresidence€on€December€7,€1994.€€Identity€was€not€an€issue€at€trial€as€defendantÏadmitted€to€fatally€striking€the€victim;€however,€defendant€contended€he€did€so€inÏself„defense€after€the€victim€made€an€unwanted€homosexual€advance€andÏdisplayed€a€knife.Ìà àThe€victimððs€son€testified€his€father€had€been€married€three€(3)€times€andÏhad€four€(4)€children.€€To€his€knowledge,€his€father€had€no€homosexualÏtendencies.€€Two€(2)€days€prior€to€the€homicide,€he€had€given€his€father€$200€forÏa€debt.€€Ìà àOfficer€Kendall€Jaegger€responded€to€the€911€call€from€the€victimððsÏresidence€at€approximately€4:30€a.m.€€The€victim€was€found€lying€on€the€floor,Ïand€there€had€obviously€been€an€intense€struggle.€€The€room€was€in€disarray,Ïand€some€drawers€in€the€bedroom€had€been€pulled€out€with€various€items€strewnÏabout€the€bedroom.€€Ìà àDetective€Larry€Flair€discovered€a€broken€ashtray€on€the€floor.€€LatentÏfingerprints€were€taken€from€the€crime€scene.€€These€prints€were€subsequentlyÏidentified€as€the€fingerprints€of€defendant.€€Ìà àUpon€receiving€the€fingerprint€identification€several€days€after€theÏhomicide,€Detective€Flair€questioned€the€defendant€about€the€homicide.€€TheÏdefendant€at€first€denied€knowing€anything€about€the€incident.€€Upon€being€toldÏabout€the€fingerprint€identification,€the€defendant€admitted€his€involvement.€€Ìà àIn€a€taped€statement€the€defendant€stated€he€did€not€know€the€victim€untilÍthe€night€he€was€picked€up€by€the€victim€while€hitchhiking.€€They€drank€beer€andÏused€drugs€at€the€victimððs€residence.€€The€victim,€according€to€defendantððsÏstatement,€asked€the€defendant€if€he€had€ever€had€sex€with€a€man.€€On€theÏsecond€occasion€when€the€victim€brought€up€this€subject,€they€began€to€argueÏand€the€victim€pulled€œa€knife€from€his€pocket.›€€The€defendant€stated€he€hit€theÏvictim€with€an€ashtray€but€did€not€recall€how€many€times.€€Defendant€furtherÏconceded€that€he€must€have€also€used€the€victimððs€knife€as€a€weapon.€€TheÏdefendant€admitted€removing€the€wallet€from€the€victimððs€back€pocket.€€He€statedÏthat€the€wallet,€along€with€the€victimððs€knife,€were€later€thrown€into€theÏCumberland€River.€€€€Ìà àThe€autopsy€report€indicated€the€cause€of€death€to€be€from€multiple€stabÏand€incised€wounds€to€the€head,€neck,€trunk€and€upper€extremeties.€€AlthoughÏthe€wounds€were€too€numerous€to€count€and€detail,€there€were€thirty€(30)€or€moreÏto€the€head,€fifteen€(15)€or€more€to€the€chest€and€back,€and€about€forty€(40)Ïdefensive€incised€wounds€to€the€hands€and€forearms.€€The€wounds€were€inflictedÏby€at€least€two€(2)€different€weapons,€one€a€blount€object€and€one€a€sharp€object.€ÏThe€various€wounds€were€consistent€with€being€caused€by€either€œthe›€brokenÏashtray€or€œthe›€knife.Ìà àAn€employee€at€a€tavern€testified€that€on€the€night€before€the€homicide€theÏvictim€paid€for€a€beer€with€a€$100€bill.€€The€victim€stated€that€was€the€smallest€billÏthat€he€had.€€The€bartender€further€noticed€that€he€had€other€folded€money€in€hisÏwallet.€€à àThe€owner€of€this€tavern€testified€that€she€had€known€the€victim€forÏseveral€years€and€did€not€believe€him€to€be€homosexual.€€Ìà àThe€911€operator€testified€that€she€received€a€call€at€4:32€a.m.€onÏDecember€7,€1994.€€The€recorded€call€indicated€a€voice€saying,€ð ðplease,€no,ðð€andÏð ðGod,€no.ðð€€She€heard€fifteen€impact€sounds.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€at€trial€relating€facts€similar€to€his€pre„trialÏstatement.€€He€admitted€to€using€drugs€with€the€victim€at€the€residence.€€HeÏtestified€the€victim€made€homosexual€remarks,€and€he€saw€the€victim€with€a€knifeÏin€his€right€hand.€€The€defendant€recalled€hitting€the€victim€in€the€head€with€theÏashtray€but€did€not€remember€inflicting€multiple€wounds€upon€the€victim.€€HeÏstated€that€he€picked€up€the€victimððs€wallet€by€mistake€thinking€it€was€his€ownÏwallet.€€Ìà àIn€rebuttal€the€victimððs€girlfriend€testified€that€on€the€night€before€the€victimÏwas€brutally€murdered,€the€victim€had€asked€her€to€marry€him.€€She€also€statedÏthat€he€had€no€homosexual€tendencies.€€Ìà àThe€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€first€degree€murder€in€perpetration€ofÏtheft.ÌÌà0 àà àà@ àòòò òSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óóó€ÌÌà àDefendant€contends€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€convictionÏof€first€degree€murder€in€perpetration€of€theft.€€In€determining€the€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence,€this€court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.ÏCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€A€jury€verdict€approved€by€the€trialÍjudge€accredits€the€state's€witnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€theÏstate.€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839ÏS.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€On€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongestÏlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€legitimate€or€reasonable€inferences€whichÏmay€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòIdóó.€This€court€will€not€disturb€a€verdict€of€guilt€due€to€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€unless€the€defendant€demonstrates€that€the€factsÏcontained€in€the€record€and€the€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom€areÏinsufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€accused€guiltyÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€19€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1996).€€Accordingly,€it€is€the€appellate€court's€duty€to€affirm€the€conviction€ifÏthe€evidence,€viewed€under€these€standards,€was€sufficient€for€any€rational€trierÏof€fact€to€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt.€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.Ct.Ï2781,€2789€61€L.€Ed.2d€560€(1979);€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.Ï1994).€€Ìà àDefendant€was€convicted€of€murder€in€perpetration€of€theft.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€A€person€commits€theft€if€he€ð ðwith€œintent›€to€depriveÏthe€owner€of€property,€.€.€.€knowingly€obtains€or€exercises€control€over€theÏproperty€without€the€ownerððs€effective€consent.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„103.Ìà àThe€defendantððs€pre„trial€statement€indicated€that€he€took€the€wallet€out€ofÏthe€victimððs€back€pocket.€€œThe›€defendant€went€through€the€victimððs€drawers€in€theÏbedroom.€€It€was€for€the€jury€to€determine€whether€or€not€this€brutal€attack,Ïresulting€in€over€eighty„five€(85)€wounds,€was€committed€in€perpetration€of€theft.€ÍDefendant€has€not€overcome€his€presumption€of€guilt€on€appeal.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.ÏGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€Ìà@ àÌà@ àòòò òMOTION€FOR€MISTRIALóóó óÌÌà àIn€a€pre„trial€motion€the€defendant€requested€a€bill€of€particulars€forÏspecific€acts€by€the€defendant€alleged€to€constitute€ð ðthe€perpetration€or€attempt€toÏperpetrate€theft.ðð€€Defendant€specifically€requested€a€description€of€the€propertyÏalleged€to€be€the€subject€of€the€theft€or€attempted€theft.€€Defense€counsel€statedÏhe€was€aware€of€the€wallet€and€knife.€€The€state€further€noted€that€the€defendantÏhad€ð ðrummaged€through€the€house.ðð€€Ìà àDuring€opening€statement€the€prosecuting€attorney€noted€that€the€victimððsÏwallet€must€have€contained€ð ðat€least€a€few€hundred€dollars.ðð€€Defense€counselÏthereafter€moved€for€a€mistrial€alleging€the€state€never€disclosed€that€money€wasÏtaken.€€The€motion€was€overruled.Ìà àWhether€an€occurrence€during€the€course€of€a€trial€warrants€the€entry€of€aÏmistrial€is€a€matter€which€addresses€itself€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,Ïand€this€Court€will€not€interfere€with€the€exercise€of€that€discretion€absent€clearÏabuse.€€òòState€v.€McPhersonóó,€882€S.W.2d€365,€370€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Ì̛̜à àThe€purpose€of€a€bill€of€particulars€is€to€enable€a€defendant€to€adequatelyÏidentify€the€offense€charged.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€7(c);€òòState€v.€Hicksóó,€666€S.W.2dÍ54,€56€(Tenn.€1984).€€A€bill€of€particulars€is€not€a€discovery€device.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.ÏP.€7(c),€Advisory€Commission€Comments.€€Ìà àDefendant€and€his€counsel€were€aware€that€the€theft€involved€the€victimððsÏwallet.€€The€fact€that€the€state€did€not€specifically€reveal€that€the€wallet€apparentlyÏhad€a€significant€sum€of€money€in€it€is€not€required€by€a€bill€of€particulars.€ÏFurthermore,€there€is€no€showing€that€the€state€deliberately€withheld€thisÏinformation.€€The€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€denying€the€motion€forÏmistrial.€€òòò òÌÌà@ àPHOTOGRAPHSó óóóÌÌà àNext,€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€judge€erred€in€allowing€the€state€toÏintroduce€numerous€photographs€of€the€victim€taken€during€the€autopsy.€€TheÏphotographs€are€indeed€graphic€and€depict€numerous€and€extensive€woundsÏinflicted€upon€the€victim.€€Ìà àThe€admissibility€of€photographs€lies€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trialÏcourt€and€will€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€absent€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€ofÏdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€262„63€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.ÏBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949€(Tenn.€1978).€€Ìà àIn€a€jury„out€hearing€the€pathologist€explained€that€there€were€too€manyÏwounds€to€put€on€a€diagram.€€He€stated€the€photos€would€be€helpful€in€describingÏthe€number€of€injuries€and€types€of€weapons.€€The€trial€court€found€that€theÏpathologistððs€diagram€would€not€be€beneficial€to€the€jury€and€agreed€that€certainÍphotographs€should€be€admitted.€€Some€were€excluded€by€the€trial€court.€€Ìà àMany€of€the€photographs€are€relevant€to€the€issue€of€self„defense.€€At€theÏtime€the€photographs€were€admitted,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€bothÏpremeditated€ÌÌfirst€degree€murder€as€well€as€œfirst€degree›€œmurder€in€perpetration€of€theft.× ƒ+ ××  ×›€€TheÏnumber€and€nature€of€the€defensive€wounds€on€the€hands€and€arms€of€the€victimÏare€certainly€relevant€to€the€issue€of€self„defense.€€Another€photo€depicted€a€veryÏdeep€wound€that,€in€the€opinion€of€the€pathologist,€was€inflicted€near€or€afterÏdeath.€€This€also€refutes€the€self„defense€claim.€€à àÌà àDefendantððs€contention€that€the€numerous€exhibits€are€cumulative€with€theÏdanger€of€unfair€prejudice€outweighing€probative€value€presents€a€much€closerÏissue.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€A€careful€examination€of€the€evidence,€however,Ïreveals€no€reversible€œerror›€in€light€of€the€overwhelming€evidence€that€theÏdefendant€unlawfully€committed€this€homicide.€€If€indeed€there€was€error€in€theÏadmission€of€some€of€the€photographs,€that€error€was€harmless€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).€€Ìà àÌà@ àò òòòPAROLE€ELIGIBILITY€JURY€INSTRUCTIONóóó óÌÌà àDefendant€requested€that€the€jury€be€charged€as€to€range€of€punishmentÏpursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€œ€Ann.›€ðð€40„35„201(b)(1).€€The€trial€court€also€charged€theÏjury,€as€required€by€Tenn.€Code€œ€Ann.›€ðð€40„35„201(b)(2),€€as€to€the€approximateÏcalculation€of€the€minimum€time€a€person€must€serve€before€reaching€the€earliestÏrelease€eligibility€date.€€Defendant€contends€the€latter€portion€of€the€jury€charge€isÏunconstitutionally€vague,€violates€due€process,€deprives€the€defendant€of€a€fairÏand€impartial€jury,€and€violates€the€separation€of€powers€doctrine.€€In€òòState€v.ÏHoward€E.€Kingóó,€C.C.A.€No.€œ02C01„9601„CR„00032,›€Shelby€County€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€filed€Oct.€22,€1996,€at€Jackson),€òòperm.€to€app.€grantedóó€œ(March›€10,€œ1997),›€thisÏCourt€upheld€the€constitutionality€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„201(b).€ÏSubsequent€cases€have€followed€òòKingóó€in€upholding€the€constitutionality€of€theÏstatute.€€œòòSee€óóòòState›€v.€James€Edward€Gatesóó,€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„9607„CR„00312,ÏDavidson€œCounty›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€Sept.€30,€1997,€at€Nashville);€òòState€v.ÏDwjuan€L.€Bradfordóó,€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„9607„CR„00294,€Davidson€œCounty›€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€filed€Sept.€30,€œ1997,›€at€Nashville);€òòState€v.€Curtis€Lee€Majorsóó,€C.C.A.ÏNo.€01C01„9602„CR„00076,€Davidson€œCounty›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€July€30,Ï1997,€at€Nashville).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€Ìà àÌà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€AFFIRMED.€€ÌÌÓÓò òà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àóóJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌCONCURÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUDGEÌÌÌó óÌ