WPC  3 %w@ 0 U:46J AQY 0 x 0D 0D 0J 0Tj 0^ 0h 0r 0| 0r 0 1u 0d Ba 0@~ 0D D/ B1 D3NU *B)DC AMd2p]Qv~v,X 01E234567U8ӀD(`$TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7GXXdXXd7  ,cAZ"Arial Regularn~<$F~13|xD "#%C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5((3T$ `!TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7,XXdd7    `   0  (#$  0  (3$ !  2 0Indent123  2" 0Indent20 23  2, 0Indent30 0 23  26 0Indent40 0 0 23  2@ 0Indent50 0 0 0 23  2J 0Indent60 0 0 0 0 23  2T 0Indent70 0 0 0 0 0 23  2^ 0Indent80 0 0 0 0 0 0 23   ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P 8Mac DefaultMac Default ` X d("$    ($$   1  ''' dxdP Pd'dxd<  9p`(Arial% Line 7 d****7Border 1dd "+C << G  !  #d#)    ! \RA'\#d#    "  )   YYY FILED)X August14,1998CecilCrowson,Jr.)AppellateCourtClerk   !#d#)     \RA'\#d#   )\RA'\7,XXdd7     ButseeStatev.Howard,926S.W.2d579,586587(Tenn.Crim.App.1996( relativelyscanttestimony);Statev.Ruane,912S.W.2d766,782(Tenn.Crim.App.1995)( slightevidence). f !#d#)     \RA'\#d#   )\RA'\7,XXdd7     Iacknowledgethetrialcourtsdilemmainresolvingthisissue.Indeed,thetrialcourtobservedthattheproperchargewouldbe eithermurdersecondornothing.However,underthedictatesofadecisionbyapreviouspanelofthiscourt,Summerallv.State,926S.W.2d278,279(Tenn.Crim.App.1995),thecourtnotedthatithadnochoicebuttoinstructonvoluntarymanslaughter. S !#d#)     \RA'\#d#   )\RA'\7XXdd7     Theautopsyreportrevealedthatthevictimsbloodalcohollevelwas.42percentwithcocaineandmeperidinealsobeingpresent.PtPtHH(FG(HH(d'hStyl{WP}01  HH  2$HH  Geneva  <Px443!#4$*$$*$ KK  Geneva  Geneva .,6 Geneva   h HD: Geneva  h HD: Geneva ! . )     \RA'\#Xd##Xd#      @ INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE@ ATJACKSON ٜR,-+A1-j|*l` e `@Rߛ@ MAYSESSION,1998STATEOFTENNESSEE,  )     ) No.02C019708CR00309 Appellee   )     ) SHELBYCOUNTYvs.     )     ) Hon.W.FredAxley,JudgeBRIANJ.HUNTER,  )     ) (InterlocutoryAppeal) Appellant   ) @ DISSENTINGOPINION  BecauseIfindthataninstructiononthelessergradeoffenseofvoluntarymanslaughterwasnotwarrantedbytheproofpresentedattrial,Iamunabletojoinwiththemajoritysconclusion.Accordingly,Iwouldreverseandremandfordismissaloftheindictment. Althoughthemajorityconcludes,absentanylesseroffenseanalysis,thattheevidenceissufficienttosupportaconvictionforvoluntarymanslaughter,Ifindsuchareviewcrucialinordertoresolvetheultimateissuepresentlybeforethiscourt.Atrialcourthastheduty,incriminalcases,tofullyinstructthejuryonthegeneralprinciplesoflawrelevanttotheissuesraisedbytheevidence.Thisobligationincludesgivinginstructionsonlesseroffensesincludedintheindictment,withoutanyrequestonthepartofthedefendant.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4018110(a)(1990).Nonetheless,itremainsaprinciplewellestablishedinthelawofthisstatethat,wherethereisnoproofintherecordtosupportaninstructiononalesseroffense,nojuryinstructiononthesameneedbesubmitted.Elder,No.03C019702CR00053(citingTrusty,919S.W.2dat311).SeealsoKeeblev.UnitedStates,412U.S.205,208,93S.Ct.1993,1995(1973)(holdingthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttoajuryinstructiononalesseroffenseineverycase).Thus,aproperreviewoftheissuebeforethiscourtinvolves(1)adeterminationofthelesseroffensesoftheoffensechargedintheindictmentand(2)whetheraninstructiononanyofthelesseroffensesiswarrantedbytheevidence.Statev.Elder,No.03C019702CR00053(Tenn.Crim.App.atKnoxville,Apr.23,1998).SeealsoStatev.Trusty,919S.W.2d305,310(Tenn.1996). Itiswithoutdisputethatvoluntarymanslaughterisalesseroffenseofseconddegreemurderasitisalessergradeorclassofthatoffense.SeeElder,No.03C019702CR00053(citingTenn.CodeAnn.3913201etseq.(1991)).Thus,theremainingquestioniswhethersuchaninstructiononvoluntarymanslaughteriswarrantedbytheproofpresentedinthecasesubjudice. TheDueProcessClauseoftheFourteenthAmendmententitlesadefendanttoan instructiononalesser...offenseiftheevidencewouldpermitajurytorationallyfindhimguiltyofthelesseroffenseandacquithimofthegreater.Keeblev.UnitedStates,412U.S.at208,93S.Ct.at1995(internalfootnoteomitted)(emphasisadded);seealsoTrusty,919S.W.2dat311.Thecourt mustdeterminewhethertheevidence,whenviewedinthelightmostfavorabletothedefendantstheoryofthecase,wouldjustifyajuryverdictinaccordwiththedefendantstheory,andwouldpermitarationaltrieroffacttofindthedefendantguiltyofthelesseroffenseandnotguiltyofthegreateroffense.Elder,No.03C019702CR00053(citationsomitted). .   ׀Absentthisstandard,thetrialjudgewhochargesalesseroffensebaseduponlessthansufficientevidencewouldbefacedwiththeabsurdnecessity,predicateduponitsowninvitederror,ofenteringajudgmentofacquittalfollowingthejurysguiltyverdictonthelesseroffense.Elder,No.03C019702CR00053(citationsomitted).Moreover,toemployalesserstandardindeterminingwhichlesseroffensesneedbeinstructedinvitesthejurytoreturnacompromiseorotherwiseunwarrantedverdict.Elder,No.03C019702CR00053(citationsomitted).Indeed,thisisexactlywhatoccurredinthepresentcase. /    Afterreview,Iamunabletoconcludethattheevidence,inthiscase,whenviewedinthelightmostfavorabletotheappellant,issufficientforarationaltrieroffacttofindtheelementsofvoluntarymanslaughter.Theproofestablishedthatboththevictimandtheappellantwereprofessionals.Theappellantwasemployedasaninvestmentbankerandthevictimwasamedicallabtechnician.ThevictimhadserioushealthproblemsandhadbeendiagnosedwithHepatitisCandmixedconnectivetissuedisease.Theproofalsorevealedthattheappellantandthevictim,neighborsinanapartmentcomplex,routinelysocializedanditwasnotunusualforthemtovisitbackandforth,sometimesatunusualhours.Therecordisabsentanyindiciaofhostilityorillwillbetweenthetwoneighborspriortotheincidentsoccurringimmediatelyprecedingtheshooting. Onthefatefuleveningoftheshooting,theappellantandthevictimmetonfouroccasions.Onallfouroccasions,itwasthevictimwhoinitiatedtheencounters.Thetestimonyestablishedthatbothhadbeendrinkingalcohol. 0   ׀Thefirstmeetingoccurredastheappellantwasreturningtohisapartmentfromworkwhenhemetthevictimonthestepsoftheirapartmentbuilding.Theirexchangewasfairlybriefandwithoutanynotableunpleasantries.Thevictimtoldtheappellantthathehadbeenadvisedbyhisdoctorthathismedicalconditionhadworsenedandthatheonlyhadtwoandonehalftofiveyearstolive.Theappellant,inpassing,toldthevictimthathehadseenamutualfriend,alocalpharmacist,whosaid hello.Thevictim,inresponsetothisstatement,questionedtheappellantastowhethertheirmutualfriendhadsaidanythingelseabouthim.Theappellantassuredhimthattheirfriendhadnotsaidanythingfurtherandtheconversationended.Theremainingencountersinvolvedanextensionofthefirstconversation.Insum,duringensuingmeetingsbetweenthetwo,thevictimexpressed,withgrowinghostility,thathedidnotthinktheappellanthadshownappropriatecompassionforhisworsenedmedicalconditionandthathebelievedthepharmacisthadsaidmorethantheappellantwasrelating. Therecordreflectsthat,althoughthevictimsfrustrationintensifiedwitheachmeeting,theappellantremainedcalmand,infact,attemptedtocalmthevictim.Thelastencounteroccurredwhenthevictimreturnedtotheappellantsapartmentatapproximately10:30p.m.Priortoentering,thevictimremarked, IdliketocomeinandapologizeforthewayIactedearlier.Astheappellantopenedthedoor,thevictimpushedhiswayintotheapartmentandgrabbedtheappellant.Theappellantretreatedtothebedroomwherethevictimcontinued,ina hostileandiratestate,tomakethreatsagainsttheappellantslife.Shortly,thereafter,thevictim crammedapistolintotheappellantsearandexclaimed, Youvegotthirtysecondslefttolive.Theappellantwasultimatelyabletoretrievethepistoland,duringafinalscuffle,shotthevictim. Beforeadefendantcanbefoundguiltyofvoluntarymanslaughter,theremustbeevidencethatheactedinastateofpassionsufficienttoobscurehisreasoningandthatthepassionwasproducedbyreasonableandadequateprovocation.Statev.Brown,836S.W.2d530,553(Tenn.1992);seealsoTenn.CodeAnn.3913211.Inotherwords,aninstructiononvoluntarymanslaughterisproperonlyiftheproofestablishesbothprovocationandpassion.Althoughtheproofclearlyestablishesthatthevictimwas hostileandirate,thereissimplynoevidencethattheappellantactedinsuddenpassionastoobscurehisjudgmentorthattheappellantactedinanirrationalmannerandwithoutcoolpurpose.SeeSentencingCommissionComments,Tenn.CodeAnn.3913211.Indeed,theproofshowsthattheappellantshotthevictimwith coolpurpose,believingthattheuseofdeadlyforcewasnecessaryunderthecircumstancestopreventhisowndeath,i.e.,selfdefense.Intheabsenceofproofofpassion,Ifindthetrialcourtsinstructionforvoluntarymanslaughterimproper. Additionally,itcouldbearguedthattheinstructiononvoluntarymanslaughterinthepresentcaseabridgedtheappellantsconstitutionalrighttopresenthisdefense.Theappellantchosetoproceedonan allornothingapproach,i.e.,eitherhewasguiltyofseconddegreemurderorthehomicidewasjustifiedunderatheoryofselfdefense.Voluntarymanslaughterdoesnotfallsquarelyundereithercategory.Rather,itliessomeplacebetweenthejustifiablekillingandtheunlawfultakingofahumanlife,inotherwords,asocalledimperfectselfdefense.8 Again,voluntarymanslaughterdiffersfromhomicidewhichisexcusablebecausecommittedinselfdefense;inthelattercase,thereisanapparentnecessitytokilltheagressorforselfpreservation,andintheformer,nonecessityatall.Usually,voluntarymanslaughterisaconsequenceofquarrelsandcombats.Itiscommittedsuddenly,withoutreflection,andrepelsthesuppositionthatitistheresultofpremediationoraprearrangedplantokill.40Am.Jur.2dHomicide57.Obviously,inahomicidecasedefendeduponatheoryofselfdefensewherethereisnoproofofeitherpassionorprovocation,aninstructiononmanslaughtereffectivelycompromisesthedefendantstheoryofthecase.Cf.Peoplev.Strohl,456N.E.2d276,280(Ill.App.1983). Fortheabovereasons,Irespectfullydissent.̛̜     ____________________________________     DAVIDG.HAYES,Judge