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opinion.wpt|˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt†˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptAxU/Ï lk.\Pê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒR·O$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôìÄò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€Specifically,€there€were€51€blue€pills€and€20€white€pills,€both€of€which€tested€positive€as€Ô_ÔAlprazolamÔ_Ô.€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL6ÒV,,,,ÒV0Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€؉»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼؉»»»ÔÑ8€ŒOXXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡î4Ö؉ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@gg$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼؉»îî4Ö #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àApril€22,€2003€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XŒOX»¼؉ÔÌò òÔ#†¼؉»XXŒO#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€BAòòRRY€óóÔ_ÔINMANÔ_ÔÔ‡XŒOX»¼؉Ôó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Williamson€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€II„1100„344€€€€€€Timothy€L.€Easter,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2002„02463„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€17,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Barry€Ô_ÔInmanÔ_Ô,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€in€the€Williamson€County€Circuit€Court€ofÐ V¦  Ðpossession€of€over€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€possession€of€Ô_ÔAlprazolamÔ_ÔÐ ? Ðwith€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€possession€of€marijuana,€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia,€andÐ (x ÐspeedingÔ#†¼؉»XXŒO§#ÔÔ‡XŒOX»¼؉Ô.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€pled€guilty€to€driving€on€a€revoked€license.€€The€trial€courtÐ a Ðsentenced€the€appellant€to€a€total€effective€sentence€of€nine€years€incarceration€in€the€TennesseeÐ úJ ÐDepartment€of€Correction.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€have€grantedÐ ã3 Ðhis€motion€for€judgments€of€acquittal€and€that€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€insufficient€toÐ Ì Ðsustain€his€convictions.€€Upon€review€of€the€record€and€the€partiesðð€briefs,€we€affirm€the€judgmentsÐ µ Ðof€the€trial€court.€€Ð žî ÐÓÖÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€are€Affirmed.ó óÐ pÀ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼؉»àXŒO®#ÔÔ‡XŒOX.¼؉ÔNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoe€G.€Rileyóó€and€òòJamesÐ C“ ÐÔ_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ,| ÐÌNathaniel€H.€Koenig,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Barry€Ô_ÔInmanÔ_Ô.Ð þN ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Christine€M.€Ô_ÔLappsÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð Ð! ! ÐRonald€L.€Davis,€District€Attorney€General;€Mary€Katharine€White,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ¹" " ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ¢#ò# ÐÓÍ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼؉»XXŒOü #ÔÔ‡XŒOX»¼؉ÔÐ t%Ä % ÐÌòòò òI.€€Factual€Backgroundó óóóÐ G'—"' ÐòòóóÔ#†¼؉»XXŒO) #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XŒOX»¼؉ÔÌà  àThe€appellant€was€indicted€by€a€Williamson€County€Grand€Jury€on€charges€of€possession€ofÐ )j$) Ðover€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€possession€of€Ô_ÔAlprazolamÔ_Ô€with€the€intentÐ *S%* Ðto€sell€or€deliver,€possession€of€Ô_ÔdextropropoxypheneÔ_Ô€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€possession€ofÐ ì*<&+ Ðmarijuana,€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia,€driving€on€a€revoked€licence,€and€speeding.€€On€MayÐ Õ+%', Ð22€and€23,€2000,€a€trial€was€held€on€these€charges.€€Ð ¾,(- ÐÐ §-÷(.ý ÐÔ_ Ôà  àAt€trial,€Officer€Kevin€Lovell,€of€the€Williamson€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€thatÐ ° Ðon€June€10,€2000,€he€was€traveling€north€on€Temple€Road€toward€Sneed€Road€and€was€ð ðrunningÐ ™é Ðradar.ðð€€Officer€Lovell€noticed€the€appellant€traveling€at€a€high€rate€of€speed€south€on€Temple€RoadÐ ‚Ò Ðin€an€area€near€a€golf€course.€€Using€radar,€Officer€Lovell€clocked€the€appellant€driving€fifty€milesÐ k» Ðper€hour€in€an€area€where€the€speed€limit€was€thirty€miles€per€hour.€€Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àOfficer€Lovell€activated€his€blue€lights€and€the€appellant€stopped€his€vehicle€on€the€side€ofÐ & v Ðthe€road.€€The€officer€approached€the€driverððs€side€of€the€vehicle€and€asked€the€appellant€if€he€knewÐ  _ Ðwhy€he€had€been€stopped.€€The€appellant€maintained€that€he€did€not.€€Officer€Lovell€advised€theÐ ø H Ðappellant€that€he€had€been€speeding€and€asked€for€his€driverððs€license€and€vehicle€registration.€€TheÐ á 1  Ðappellant€informed€the€officer€that€he€was€driving€a€friendððs€vehicle.€€He€was€unable€to€produce€hisÐ Ê   Ðdriverððs€license,€explaining€that€he€had€left€his€wallet€at€home.€€Officer€Lovell€then€asked€theÐ ³  Ðappellant€for€his€name,€social€security€number,€and€date€of€birth.€€Upon€receiving€the€information,Ð œì  ÐOfficer€Lovell€returned€to€his€police€cruiser€to€determine€the€appellantððs€driverððs€license€number€inÐ …Õ  Ðorder€to€issue€him€a€citation€for€speeding.Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àAn€information€check€revealed€that€the€appellantððs€driverððs€license€had€been€revoked.€€UponÐ @ Ðbeing€confronted€by€Officer€Lovell,€the€appellant€admitted€that€his€license€had€been€revoked.€€Ð )y ÐExplaining€that€he€could€not€allow€the€appellant€to€drive€the€vehicle,€Officer€Lovell€arrested€theÐ b Ðappellant,€placed€him€in€handcuffs,€and€ordered€him€to€sit€in€the€back€of€the€police€cruiser.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àBecause€the€appellant€had€been€the€sole€occupant€of€the€vehicle,€Officer€Lovell€requestedÐ Í Ðthat€police€dispatch€send€a€tow€truck€to€move€the€vehicle€off€of€the€public€thoroughfare.€€OfficerÐ ¶ ÐLovell€stated€that€according€to€police€policy,€he€was€required€to€prepare€a€ð ðtow€sheet,ðð€or€a€recordÐ Ÿï Ðof€the€inventory€that€was€in€the€vehicle€prior€to€towing.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àOfficer€Lovell€began€the€inventory€on€the€driverððs€side€of€the€vehicle.€€After€discovering€theÐ Zª Ðappellantððs€cellular€telephone,€the€officer€placed€the€telephone€in€the€back€seat€of€the€cruiser€withÐ C“ Ðthe€appellant.€€The€officer€then€returned€to€the€vehicle€to€continue€the€inventory€on€the€passengerÐ ,| Ðside€of€the€vehicle.€€Officer€Lovell€noticed€that€the€glove€compartment€of€the€vehicle€was€ajar€andÐ e Ða€black€camera€bag€was€ð ðjammedðð€inside,€a€portion€of€which€protruded€from€the€glove€compartment.€Ð þN ÐAfter€some€difficulty,€Officer€Lovell€opened€the€glove€compartment€and€removed€the€camera€bag.€Ð ç 7 ÐOfficer€Lovell€looked€inside€the€compartments€of€the€camera€bag€to€determine€the€type€of€cameraÐ Ð!   Ðto€record€on€the€tow€sheet.€€Inside€the€compartments€of€the€camera€bag,€Officer€Lovell€discoveredÐ ¹" ! Ða€small€metal€spoon,€ninety„four€small€plastic€bags,€and€electronic€scales.€€Both€the€scales€and€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðspoon€were€covered€with€white€powder€residue.€€Additionally,€the€camera€bag€contained€a€substanceÐ ‹$Û# Ðlater€determined€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€crime€laboratory€to€be€4.9€grams€of€aÐ t%Ä $ Ðwhite€powder€which€did€not€contain€a€controlled€substance,€9.1€grams€of€powder€cocaine,€2.1€gramsÐ ]&­!% Ðof€marijuana,€and€seventy„one€pills€of€Alprazolam,€also€known€as€Xanax.׃×Ý ƒŽ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Officer€Lovell€also€foundÐ F'–"& Ða€pill€bottle€in€the€console€between€the€driverððs€seat€and€the€front€passenger€seat.€€Inside€the€pillÐ /(#' Ðbottle€were€four€pills€which€later€tested€positive€for€dextropropoxyphene,€also€known€as€Darvocet.Ð )h$( Їà  àBased€upon€his€experience€as€a€police€officer,€Officer€Lovell€knew€that€9.1€grams€of€cocaineÐ ° Ðwas€an€amount€greater€than€that€for€personal€use.€€He€explained€that€ð ðpersonal€use€is€a€small€amount.€Ð ™é ÐThey€use€what€they€have€and€then€they€have€to€go€get€some€more.ðð€€He€also€denied€that€a€ð ðjunkieððÐ ‚Ò Ðcould€ð ðfreebaseðð€9.1€grams€of€cocaine€in€one€night.€Ð k» ÐÌà  àOfficer€Lovell€found€no€other€contraband€in€the€vehicle.€€Officer€Lovell€explained€that€heÐ =  Ðinitially€charged€the€appellant€with€possession€of€the€drugs€because€the€appellant€was€the€soleÐ & v Ðoccupant€of€the€vehicle.€€He€stated€that€the€camera€bag€looked€as€if€it€had€been€hurriedly€shovedÐ  _ Ðinside€the€glove€compartment;€therefore,€Officer€Lovell€believed€that€the€appellant€knew€of€the€bagÐ ø H Ðand€was€aware€of€its€contents.€Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àOfficer€Lovell€testified€that€a€video€camera€in€his€police€cruiser€recorded€the€stop€and€theÐ ³  Ðsearch.€€Moreover,€a€recording€device€in€the€cruiser€simultaneously€recorded€the€sounds€in€theÐ œì  Ðcruiser.€€After€the€stop,€Officer€Lovell€watched€the€tape€and€noticed€that€while€he€was€checking€theÐ …Õ  Ðappellantððs€name€and€social€security€number,€the€appellant€repeatedly€leaned€towards€the€passengerÐ n¾  Ðseat€of€his€vehicle€and€made€a€ð ðpushing€motion.ðð€€Officer€Lovell€stated€that€the€appellant€appearedÐ W§  Ðð ðnormalðð€throughout€the€incident.€€However,€when€reviewing€the€tape,€Officer€Lovell€noticed€thatÐ @ Ðthe€appellant€cursed€twice€when€Officer€Lovell€began€examining€the€area€near€the€front€passengerÐ )y Ðseat.€€He€observed€that€it€was€not€unusual€for€a€person€to€curse€when€being€arrested.€€Officer€LovellÐ b Ðalso€stated€that€the€appellant€did€not€appear€to€be€in€a€hurry€during€the€stop.€€Ð ûK ÐÌà  àThe€tape€also€revealed€that€the€appellant€made€a€telephone€call€while€he€was€handcuffed€inÐ Í Ðthe€back€of€the€patrol€car.€€The€appellant€called€a€friend€who€was€waiting€at€the€golf€course€andÐ ¶ Ðasked€the€friend€to€drive€the€vehicle€to€the€clubhouse€so€it€would€not€be€towed.€€The€individualÐ Ÿï Ðarrived€at€the€scene,€but€Officer€Lovell€instructed€the€individual€to€leave€because€the€drugs€had€beenÐ ˆØ Ðdiscovered.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àOfficer€Lovell€admitted€that€he€did€not€fingerprint€any€items€found€in€the€vehicle.€€He€statedÐ C“ Ðthat€he€was€not€trained€in€fingerprinting€and€could€not€have€performed€that€function€himself.€€He€wasÐ ,| Ðnot€aware€of€anyone€else€fingerprinting€the€vehicle€or€the€items€discovered€therein.€€Officer€LovellÐ e Ðalso€did€not€remember€finding€any€cash€on€the€appellantððs€person€at€the€time€of€the€arrest.€Ð þN ÐAdditionally,€Officer€Lovell€stated€that€he€believed€the€appellant€was€wearing€sandals€at€the€timeÐ ç 7 Ðof€the€arrest.€€He€did€not€remember€finding€any€golf€shoes€in€the€vehicle;€however,€the€appellant€didÐ Ð!   Ðhave€socks€in€one€of€the€pockets€of€his€pants.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà  àOfficer€Lovell€conceded€that€he€did€not€personally€witness€the€appellant€open€the€gloveÐ ‹$Û# Ðcompartment€or€shove€the€camera€bag€into€the€glove€compartment.€€He€also€acknowledged€that€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðappellant€had€ample€time€to€carefully€place€the€camera€bag€in€the€glove€compartment€and€lock€it.€Ð ]&­!% ÐHowever,€Officer€Lovell€noted€that€the€appellant€would€have€attracted€his€attention€if€he€had€takenÐ F'–"& Ðthe€time€to€carefully€place€the€camera€bag€in€the€glove€compartment.€Ð /(#' Ðâ âÐ )h$( Ðà  àAndrew€Schneider,€the€owner€of€the€vehicle€the€appellant€was€driving,€also€testified€at€trial.׃×Ý ƒŽ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р° Ðâ âSchneider€stated€that€the€appellant€called€him€on€the€day€in€question€and€asked€him€to€play€golf.€Ð ™é ÐSchneider€declined€the€invitation.€€The€appellant€then€asked€Schneider€to€drive€him€to€the€golfÐ ‚Ò Ðcourse,€but€Schneider€did€not€have€time€to€do€so.€€However,€Schneider€offered€to€loan€the€appellantÐ k» Ða€vehicle€to€drive€to€the€golf€course.€€Accordingly,€the€appellant€walked,€carrying€his€golf€clubs,€toÐ T¤ ÐSchneiderððs€house.€€Schneider€gave€the€appellant€the€keys€to€the€vehicle€and€the€appellant,€in€a€hurryÐ =  Ðto€make€his€tee€time,€put€his€golf€clubs€in€the€trunk€of€the€vehicle€and€ð ðtook€off.ððÐ & v ÐÌà  àSchneider€stated€that€he€had€never€seen€the€black€camera€bag€that€Officer€Lovell€discoveredÐ ø H Ðin€the€vehicle.€€Specifically,€Schneider€had€never€seen€the€appellant€in€possession€of€the€camera€bag.€Ð á 1  ÐHowever,€Schneider€admitted€that€he€would€not€have€seen€the€camera€bag€if€it€had€been€in€one€ofÐ Ê   Ðthe€compartments€of€the€appellantððs€golf€bag.€€Schneider€also€noted€that€on€other€occasions,€threeÐ ³  Ðor€four€other€individuals€had€driven€the€vehicle€that€he€loaned€the€appellant.€€Schneider€stated€thatÐ œì  Ðhe€did€not€keep€the€vehicle€locked€at€his€home.€€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€conclusion€of€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€appellant€moved€for€judgments€of€acquittalÐ W§  Ðon€all€counts€except€the€driving€on€revoked€license€charge.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€appellantððsÐ @ Ðmotion.Ð )y ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€testified€in€his€own€defense€and€denied€his€guilt€of€all€offenses€except€drivingÐ ûK Ðon€a€revoked€license.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€was€forty„six€years€old€and€owned€his€ownÐ ä4 Ðwallpaper€hanging€business.€€His€driverððs€license€had€been€revoked€several€years€earlier€because€ofÐ Í Ða€conviction€for€driving€under€the€influence€(DUI).Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€testified€that€on€June€10,€2000,€he€was€scheduled€to€play€golf€with€two€friends,Ð ˆØ ÐJohn€Baker€and€Todd€Dean,€at€the€Temple€Hills€Club.€€However,€Baker€cancelled€at€2:30€p.m.,Ð qÁ Ðshortly€before€the€round€was€to€begin€at€3:01€p.m.€€The€appellant€then€began€searching€for€a€thirdÐ Zª Ðperson€to€play.€€Accordingly,€the€appellant€called€Schneider€and€invited€him€to€play.€€SchneiderÐ C“ Ðinformed€the€appellant€that€he€did€not€have€time€to€play€golf€or€to€drive€the€appellant€to€the€golfÐ ,| Ðcourse,€but€he€offered€to€loan€the€appellant€a€vehicle€to€drive€to€the€golf€course.€€Ð e ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€testified€that€he€lived€only€three€blocks€from€Schneider.€€He€walked€toÐ ç 7 ÐSchneiderððs€house,€carrying€his€golf€clubs€and€a€pill€bottle€containing€four€Darvocet€pills,€which€hadÐ Ð!   Ðbeen€prescribed€for€him.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€was€wearing€loafers€and€had€his€socks€in€hisÐ ¹" ! Ðpockets.€€Upon€arriving€at€Schneiderððs€house,€the€appellant€had€a€blister€on€his€heel,€so€he€tossed€hisÐ ¢#ò" Ðshoes€into€the€floorboard€of€the€front€passenger€seat.€€Schneider€gave€the€appellant€the€keys€to€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðvehicle€and€the€appellant€put€his€golf€clubs€in€the€trunk€of€the€vehicle.€€The€appellant€got€into€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðdriverððs€seat€and€placed€the€Darvocet,€which€were€in€an€unmarked€pill€bottle,€in€the€console€of€theÐ ]&­!% Ðvehicle.€€The€appellant€then€left€for€the€golf€course.€€The€appellant€stated€that€the€drive€to€the€golfÐ F'–"& Ðcourse€usually€took€approximately€fifteen€minutes.€Ð /(#' Їà  àThe€appellant€claimed€that€he€was€very€familiar€with€the€speed€limit€on€the€road€to€TempleÐ ° ÐHills€and€that€he€would€not€speed€on€that€road€because€he€frequently€saw€police€stop€vehicles€in€thatÐ ™é Ðarea€for€speeding.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€knew€he€was€committing€a€crime€by€driving€on€aÐ ‚Ò Ðrevoked€license€and€did€not€want€to€be€stopped€by€police.€€Ð k» ÐÌà  àNevertheless,€the€appellant€stated€that€Officer€Lovell€stopped€him€and€informed€him€that€heÐ =  Ðwas€speeding.€€When€Officer€Lovell€returned€to€his€cruiser,€the€appellant€called€Dean€and€asked€himÐ & v Ðto€postpone€their€tee€time,€thinking€he€would€receive€only€a€citation€for€his€violations.€€However,Ð  _ Ðupon€being€arrested€and€placed€into€the€back€of€the€police€cruiser,€the€appellant€again€called€DeanÐ ø H Ðto€inform€him€that€the€appellant€would€be€unable€to€play€and€to€ask€Dean€if€he€would€moveÐ á 1  ÐSchneiderððs€vehicle€so€that€it€would€not€be€towed.€€Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€asserted€that€he€had€never€seen€the€black€camera€bag€before€it€was€discoveredÐ œì  Ðby€Officer€Lovell.€€He€stated€that€he€had€ð ðtrouble€believingðð€that€he€would€not€have€noticed€theÐ …Õ  Ðcamera€bag€sticking€out€of€the€glove€compartment,€but€he€did€not€dispute€Officer€Lovellððs€testimonyÐ n¾  Ðon€this€issue.€€The€appellant€testified€that€he€would€not€have€ð ðset€footðð€in€the€vehicle,€much€lessÐ W§  Ðdriven€it,€if€he€had€been€aware€that€there€were€drugs€in€the€vehicle.Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€admitted€that€he€cursed€while€sitting€in€the€back€of€the€cruiser,€but€heÐ b Ðexplained€that€he€did€so€because€he€was€ð ðsteamedðð€over€missing€his€opportunity€to€play€golf€andÐ ûK Ðbeing€arrested.€€The€appellant€maintained€that€while€Officer€Lovell€was€checking€his€information,Ð ä4 Ðhe€repeatedly€leaned€over€towards€the€passenger€side€of€the€vehicle€in€order€to€retrieve€his€shoes,Ð Í Ðnot€to€shove€anything€in€the€glove€compartment.€€Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€appellantððs€testimony,€the€appellant€again€moved€for€judgments€ofÐ ˆØ Ðacquittal€and€the€trial€court€again€denied€the€motion.€€The€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€ofÐ qÁ Ðpossession€of€over€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€possession€of€AlprazolamÐ Zª Ðwith€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€possession€of€marijuana,€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia,€andÐ C“ Ðspeeding.€€The€appellant€pled€guilty€to€driving€on€a€revoked€license.€€The€jury€found€the€appellantÐ ,| Ðnot€guilty€of€possession€of€dextropropoxyphene€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver.€€Ð e ÐÌà  àAfter€a€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€nine€years€incarcerationÐ ç 7 Ðfor€the€possession€of€cocaine€conviction;€three€years€incarceration€for€the€possession€of€AlprazolamÐ Ð!   Ðconviction;€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€for€each€of€the€convictions€for€possession€ofÐ ¹" ! Ðmarijuana€and€drug€paraphernalia;€six€months€for€the€driving€on€a€revoked€license€conviction;€andÐ ¢#ò" Ða€$50€fine€on€the€speeding€conviction.€€The€trial€court€further€ordered€that€all€of€the€appellantððsÐ ‹$Û# Ðsentences€be€served€concurrently€for€a€total€effective€sentence€of€nine€years€incarceration.€€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€appellant€raises€the€following€issues€for€our€review:€€(1)€whether€the€trialÐ F'–"& Ðcourt€erred€in€denying€the€appellantððs€motion€for€judgments€of€acquittal€at€the€close€of€the€StateððsÐ /(#' Ðcase€and,€again,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€trial;€and€(2)€whether€the€evidence€adduced€at€trialÐ )h$( Ðsupported€the€juryððs€verdicts.€€Ð *Q%) ÐÌà@êê$ìàòòò òII.€€Analysisóóó óˆÐ Ó+#'+ Їà  àÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔInitially,€we€note€that€this€court€has€observed€that€ð ð[t]he€standard€by€which€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðdetermines€a€motion€for€Ô% ‡ ÔÔ#†XŒOX X X  £Q#ÔÔ%† ORÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔjudgment€of€Ô#†XŒOX X X  R#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔacquittal€at€the€end€of€all€the€proof€is,€in€essence,€the€sameÐ ™é Ðstandard€which€applies€on€appeal€in€determining€the€Ô#†XŒOX X X  ÞR#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔsufficiency€of€the€evidence€after€a€conviction.ðð€Ð ‚Ò ÐÔ#†XŒOX X X  §S#ÔòòÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔòòóóState€v.€Thompsonòòóó,Ô#†XŒOX X X  5T#ÔóóÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€88€S.W.3d€611,€614„15€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000).€€Moreover,€ð ð[a]€motion€forÐ k» Ða€judgment€of€acquittal€made€at€the€conclusion€of€the€proof€by€the€state€is€waived€when€theÐ T¤ Ðdefendant€elects€to€present€evidence€on€his€own€behalf.Ô#†XŒOX X X  ˜T#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔðð€€òòState€v.€Ballóó,€973€S.W.2d€288,€292€(Tenn.Ð =  ÐCrim.€App.€1998)Ô#†XŒOX X X  ãU#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ;€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€29(a).€€Accordingly,€we€will€address€the€appellantððsÐ & v Ðcomplaints€as€a€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.Ô#†XŒOX X X  V#ÔÐ  _ ÐÌà  àÔ‡X   XXXŒOÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€the€standard€is€whether,€afterÐ á 1  Ðreviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÐ Ê   Ðhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð ³  Ð443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€In€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtÐ œì  Ðmust€afford€the€State€ð ðthe€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€andÐ …Õ  Ðlegitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ðð€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.Ð n¾  Ð1982).€€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€theÐ W§  Ðevidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€thisÐ @ Ðcourt.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€795€(Tenn.€2000).Ô#†XŒOX XX  W#ÔÐ )y ÐÌÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔà  àMoreover,€we€note€that€a€guilty€verdict€can€be€based€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantialÐ ûK Ðevidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòÔ#†XŒOX X X  \#ÔÔ‡X   XXXŒOÔSeeóóÔ#†XŒOX XX   ]#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€Ô#†XŒOX X X  Q]#ÔòòÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔóóòòState€v.€Pendergrassóó,òòÔ#†XŒOX X X  —]#ÔóóÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€13Ð ä4 ÐS.W.3d€389,€392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ô#†XŒOX X X  ý]#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€€Furthermore,€while€a€guilty€verdict€may€result€fromÐ Í Ðpurely€circumstantial€evidence,€in€order€to€sustain€the€conviction€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€theÐ ¶ Ðoffense€ð ðmust€be€so€strong€and€Ô#†XŒOX X X  ‚^#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔcogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€save€the€guiltÐ Ÿï Ðof€the€[appellant],€and€that€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€Ô#†XŒOX X X  ª_#ÔòòÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔòòóóState€v.€Crawfordòòóó,Ô#†XŒOX X X  †`#ÔóóÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€470€S.W.2d€610,€612Ð ˆØ Ð(Tenn.€1971).Ð qÁ ÐÔ#†XŒOX X X  é`#ÔÌà  àThe€appellant€contests€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€as€to€his€drug€related€convictions€only.€Ð C“ ÐIn€order€to€sustain€the€appellantððs€two€felony€convictions,€the€State€was€required€to€prove€that€theÐ ,| Ðappellant€knowingly€possessed€a€controlled€substance€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð e ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„14„417(a)(4)€(1997).€€Specifically,€on€count€one€the€State€accused€the€appellant€ofÐ þN Ðpossessing€over€.5€grams€of€cocaine,€and€on€count€three€the€State€accused€the€appellant€of€possessingÐ ç 7 ÐAlprazolam.€€As€to€the€misdemeanor€convictions,€on€count€four€the€State€needed€to€prove€that€theÐ Ð!   Ðappellant€possessed€marijuana.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„418(a)€(1997).€€On€count€five,€it€wasÐ ¹" ! Ðnecessary€for€the€State€to€prove€that€the€appellant€possessed€drug€paraphernalia,€which€is€definedÐ ¢#ò" Ðin€part€as€something€used€to€ð ðprocess,€prepare,€test,€analyze,€pack,€repack,€store,€contain,€[or]Ð ‹$Û# Ðconcealðð€a€controlled€substance.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„425(a)(1)€(1997).Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔPossession€of€contraband,€such€as€drugs,€can€be€either€actual€or€Ô#†XŒOX X X  Hf#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔconstructive.€Ô#†XŒOX X X  Ëf#ÔòòÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€òòóóSeeòòóó€òòóóState€v.Ð F'–"& ÐTransouòòóó,Ô#†XŒOX X X  g#ÔóóÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔ€928€S.W.2d€949,€955€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€As€this€court€explained€in€Ô#†XŒOX X X  ¥g#ÔòòÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔòòóóState€v.€Cooperòòóó,Ô#†XŒOX X X  4h#ÔóóÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔÐ /(#' Ð736€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)€(citations€omitted):€Ð )h$( Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àBefore€a€person€can€be€found€to€constructively€possess€a€drug,€it€mustÐ *Q%) Ðappear€that€the€person€has€ð ðthe€power€and€intention€at€a€given€timeÐ ê*:&* Ðto€exercise€dominion€and€control€over€.€.€.€[the€drugs]€either€directlyÐ Ó+#'+ Ðor€through€others.ðð€€In€other€words,€Ô#†XŒOX X X  •h#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔð ðconstructive€possession€is€theÐ ° Ðability€to€reduce€an€object€to€actual€Ô#†XŒOX X X  j#ÔÔ‡ X   XXXŒOÔpossession.ðð€€The€mere€presenceÐ ™é Ðof€a€person€in€an€area€where€drugs€are€discovered€is€not,€alone,Ð ‚Ò ÐÔ#†XŒOX X X  }#Ô,€2001€WL€839365,€at€*3€(Tenn.Ð ™é ÐCrim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€July€25,€2001).Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà@NN"ìàòòò òIII.€€Conclusionóóó óˆÐ T¤ ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð ' w ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð â 2  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE