ÿWPCß OŠ[Šmün×±@³J?™W$<ôpD•±—«ân.•d­èù z}ñ€¹ð¼áµùÜÑ~¯~âõi½öo‹ngxª¿öªüÙiŽÂ8ûΓhÜz]÷b€V2È[~'éËh•ßI#`ãÃíø¼×á~wl :ók và?³  ×—÷æàõ‚Ü.‘ÀV[HmW韗õ¾B¸©¨‘dÐcl‹È|"ñ;lâÁì¿`*©äwºiÁh{L‡>rh•ýÒôÝ T1â¨tï ¬tž;Œ@XΙhñŒq^ ÂAX5ì>©']ës^q?Ù v®J3ˆ¶Z£.CÉfFá{3G3HpYÓÔ‘è²=òæØQb®Ò9½\´_á ,dß7Ê`á3Íuç6ü®F¹‘zdÚö#aRyžp*öìDACòËÓ8 R.…¾BÃàDÿI.þ~”Ä/C…•z8û¸› ï²'™f byÒL¶ªÙ«×yæB¼´¥[ÕÅØ>€ìAÊ fåßKÂÁÁÊ»YްÎÒNA;§èï € ä«w!Ä+XÐB æ¦ìÃþ𑸮‚"ñìÑ)J…g¾޵NXÍ«!À[ID Iœ‰ÜµÀgÒÂb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U'N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 1‡‘ Æ ÆÞ Ƥ ÆjUN0N~U@€ 1uÀE5 0c7 72šÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌbÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ 0ëÜÜÜÜ BÇÇ 0¤ä D3ˆ D-» 0Kèè AS3Ɔ 0¤L 0Dð A«4˜HP LaserJet 5Ü,,,,Ü0»F©u)â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularfdJ).bk1¨µ  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  ài) - ù-(|G2øÎ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€­Ä»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÙ¼ò»»Ô d(|3$$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€­Ä»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€­Ä»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€©|»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼©|»»»ÔÑ8€º«XXdð»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îæ_©|ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼©|»îîæ_ #ԈРÜ, ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€October€3,€2000Ð X ÐÔ‡Xº«X»¼©|ÔÌò òÔ#†¼©|»XXº«#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€MICHAEL€S.€JACKSONÔ‡Xº«X»¼©|Ôó óÐ  ` ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ  h Ðà@@øøìàNo.€97„03136€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Brown,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ  X ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<×` AßÐ Ø(  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„00358„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€9,€2000Ð ×'  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<¶` AßÐ ·  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€aggravated€robbery€and€sentenced€to€twelve€years€confinement€asÐ ¶ Ða€standard,€Range€I€offender.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€toÐ ¦ö Ðsupport€the€juryððs€verdict,€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€application€of€sentencing€enhancementÐ –æ Ðfactors.€€Based€upon€our€review,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ô#†¼©|»XXº«’#ÔÔ‡Xº«X»¼©|ÔÐ †Ö ÐÓžÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ f¶ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼©|»àXº«…#ÔÔ‡Xº«X.¼©|ÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòJerry€L.Ð F– ÐSmith,€J.J.óó,€joined.Ð 6† ÐÌA€C€Wharton,€Jr.,€Shelby€County€Public€Defender;€Tony€N.€Brayton,€Assistant€Public€Defender€(onÐ f Ðappeal);€Amy€Mayne,€Assistant€Public€Defender€(at€trial);€and€Robert€C.€Felkner,€Assistant€PublicÐ V ÐDefender€(at€trial),€for€the€appellant,€Michael€S.€Jackson.Ð öF ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð Ö& ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€Patience€R.€Branham,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ Æ  ÐGeneral;€and€Scott€D.€Gordon,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€ofÐ ¶!  ÐTennessee.Ð ¦"ö! ÐÓ7ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼©|»XXº«f#ÔÔ‡Xº«X»¼©|ÔÐ †$Ö# ÐòòÔ#†¼©|»àXº«/ #ÔÔ€Xº«X.¼©|ÔóóÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony.€€€FindingÐ f&¶!% Ðthree€enhancement€factors€applicable,€and€no€relevant€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€sentencedÐ V'¦"& Ðthe€defendant€to€twelve€years€confinement€as€a€standard,€Range€I€offender.€€Following€the€denial€ofÐ F(–#' Ðhis€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€defendant€filed€a€timely€appeal€to€this€court,€presenting€the€followingÐ 6)†$( Ðissues€for€review:€Ð &*v%) ÐÌÓ€ (5h83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£GÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððsÐ ,V'+ Ðverdict;€and݃3£G”ÝŒÐö,F(,¸ x¸ x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ#æ-6)-` x` xýü #ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£ØÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€€enhancement€factorsÐ ° Ðto€increase€the€defendantððs€sentence€from€the€presumptiveÐ  ð Ðminimum€sentence€of€eight€years€to€the€maximum€sentence€ofÐ à Ðtwelve€years.݃3£Ø%݌Ѐи x¸ x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà  àAfter€reviewing€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€juryððs€verdict€was€supported€by€theÐ ` ° Ðevidence,€and€that€the€trial€court€committed€no€error€in€sentencing.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€theÐ P   Ðjudgment€of€conviction€and€the€sentencing€imposed.€€Ð @  ÐÌà@¤¤(ìàòòò òFACTSˆÐ  p  ÐÌó óóóà  àThe€facts€in€this€case€are€undisputed.€€On€the€evening€of€October€27,€1996,€the€defendant,Ð P  Ðseventeen„year„old€Michael€S.€Jackson,€along€with€an€accomplice,€robbed€Mrs.€Irma€McNeary€atÐ ð@  Ðgunpoint€at€her€home€in€Memphis,€Tennessee.€€At€approximately€7:00€p.m.,€the€defendant,€carryingÐ à0  Ða€jacket,€walked€up€to€the€victimððs€front€door€and€rang€the€bell.€€The€victim€and€her€mother€wereÐ Ð  Ðhome€alone.€When€the€victim€answered€the€door,€the€defendant€told€her€that€he€was€returning€aÐ À Ðjacket€that€her€son€had€left€in€his€car.€€Recognizing€the€defendant€as€the€son€of€a€woman€whoÐ ° Ðattended€her€church,€the€victim€opened€the€door.€€At€that€point,€the€defendant€showed€the€victim€aÐ  ð Ðpistol€that€he€held€under€the€jacket,€and€€told€her€to€ð ðget€back€in€the€house.ðð€€The€victim€retreated€intoÐ à Ðthe€house,€followed€by€the€defendant.€€Once€inside,€the€defendant€motioned€for€his€accomplice,Ð €Ð ÐMario€Ward,€waiting€in€a€car€parked€outside€on€the€street,€to€join€him.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àWhen€both€men€were€inside€the€house,€€the€defendant€demanded€a€set€of€gold€tire€rims€whichÐ P  Ðhe€claimed€that€the€victimððs€son€had€taken€from€him.€€After€the€defendant€threatened€to€shoot€theÐ @ Ðwomen€if€they€did€not€comply,€the€victim€led€the€men€to€the€backyard,€€where€she€unlocked€the€shed€Ð 0€ Ðin€which€the€rims€were€stored.€€Handing€the€gun€to€Ward€to€hold€on€the€victim,€the€defendantÐ  p Ðretrieved€the€rims€from€the€shed€and€placed€them€in€the€trunk€of€Wardððs€car.€€The€men€then€droveÐ ` Ðaway.€€€€Ð P ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€arrested€on€October€30,€1996,€and€taken€to€the€Shelby€County€JuvenileÐ à0 ÐCourt.€€On€November€1,€1996,€the€defendant€confessed€to€the€robbery€in€an€interview€conducted€byÐ Ð  ÐSergeant€Gerold€Blum€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department.€€The€defendant€said€that€during€theÐ À! Ðcommission€of€the€robbery,€the€victim€called€him€by€name€and€told€him€that€she€planned€toÐ °"  Ðtelephone€his€mother€after€he€left.€€He€stated€that€ð ðwhen€she€called€my€name€I€knew€she€knew€meÐ  #ð! Ðso€I€just€said€ððsorryðð,€but€it€was€already€to€[sic]€late€to€stop.ðð€Ð $à" ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€later€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€this€confession.€At€the€hearing€on€theÐ p&À!$ Ðdefendantððs€motion,Ô‡X<ŒXXXº«Ô€Sergeant€Blum€testified€that€the€defendantððs€mother€was€present€during€hisÐ `'°"% Ðinterview€with€the€defendant,€that€he€read€and€explained€the€defendantððs€rights€to€the€defendant€andÐ `(°#& Ðhis€mother€before€the€defendant€made€his€statement,€that€the€defendant€indicated€he€understood€hisÐ L)œ$' Ðrights€but€nonetheless€wished€to€make€a€statement,€that€the€defendant€read€and€initialed€a€preprintedÐ 8*ˆ%( Ðstatement€form€containing€a€waiver€of€rights,€and€that€neither€the€defendant€nor€his€mother€expressedÐ $+t&) Ðany€desire€for€an€attorney.€€€Ð ,`'* Їà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€had€a€ninth€grade€education,€and€said€that€he€and€his€motherÐ ° Ðcould€read.€€€He€had€not€been€handcuffed€during€the€approximately€hour€long€interview.€€He€had€notÐ œì Ðasked€for€a€lawyer,€although€he€had€told€his€mother€that€it€would€be€best€if€they€had€one.€€€WhenÐ ˆØ Ðasked€if€he€had€been€pressured,€coerced,€or€threatened€to€make€his€statement,€the€defendantÐ tÄ Ðanswered:€ð ðI€wasnððt€threatened€at€all.€€I€do€remember€I€wasnððt€threatened.€€I€just€know€I€was€sad.ððÐ `° ÐThe€defendant€indicated€that€this€sadness€was€caused€by€his€motherððs€tears:€€Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€felt€like€I€was€under€pressure€by€my€mother.€€She€was€crying€andÐ $ t Ðstuff.€€I€didnððtð!ðI€didnððt€know,€because€when€I€first€came€in,€she€wasÐ  ` Ðcrying.€€I€didnððt€know€what€he€had€told€her€or€what€was€on€her€mind.€Ð ü L  ÐSo€I€was€justð!ðI€reallyð!ðI€really€just€canððt€say.€€I€donððtð!ðI€know€I€wasÐ è 8  Ðunder€a€lot€of€pressure.€€I€just.€.€.€.€€Ô#†Xº«XXX<ŒŸ#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress,Ð ¬ü  Ðfinding€that€the€defendantððs€sole€reason€for€claiming€that€his€confession€was€involuntary,€his€feelingÐ ˜è  Ðof€sadness€because€his€mother€was€crying,€was€ð ða€personal€problem,ðð€and€insufficient€to€show€thatÐ „Ô  Ðhis€confession€had€not€been€freely,€voluntarily,€and€knowingly€made.€Ð pÀ Ðà  àÌà  à€€€Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œì$#ÔThe€defendant€was€subsequently€tried€as€an€adult.€€€The€victim€and€Sergeant€Blum€wereÐ H˜ Ðthe€only€witnesses€for€the€State€at€trial.€€The€victim€said€that€she€had€recognized€the€defendantÐ H˜ Ðbecause€she€had€known€him€ð ðfrom€a€small€child€growing€up.ðð€€She€testified€that,€after€the€defendantÐ 8ˆ Ðhad€forced€his€way€into€her€home€with€the€pistol€and€beckoned€his€accomplice€inside,€he€began€Ð (x Ðð ðwaving€the€gun€aroundðð€and€said€€that€he€would€shoot€her€and€her€mother€if€he€did€not€get€what€heÐ h Ðwanted.€€She€said€that€ð ðafter€he€had€the€pistol€and€he€was€pointing€the€pistol,€I€rather€for€them€to€tookÐ X Ðthe€rims,€tires,€or€whatever.€€And€so€I€gave€them€to€him€and€he€left.ðð€Ð øH ÐÌà  àSergeant€Blum€testified€that€the€defendantððs€mother€was€present€during€his€entire€interviewÐ Ø( Ðwith€the€defendant,€which€was€conducted€in€an€interview€room€at€Juvenile€Court,€and€took€exactlyÐ È Ðforty„two€minutes.€€He€stated€that€he€read€the€defendant€his€rights€before€he€began€the€interview,€andÐ ¸ Ðthat€the€defendant€indicated€he€understood€his€rights€and€wished€to€make€a€statement.€€Neither€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€nor€his€mother,€at€any€time€either€prior€to€or€during€the€interview,€requested€an€attorney.€Ð ˜ è ÐBlum€said€that€the€defendantððs€statement€consisted€of€Blumððs€questions€and€the€defendantððs€answers,Ð ˆ!Ø Ðwhich€Blum€wrote€down,€as€the€interview€progressed.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€interview,€he€askedÐ x"È  Ðboth€the€defendant€and€his€mother€to€read€the€four„page€statement,€€make€any€necessary€changes,€andÐ h#¸! Ðinitial€the€first€three€pages€and€sign€the€final€page.€€This€four„page€statement,€initialed€and€signedÐ X$¨" Ðby€the€defendant€and€his€mother,€was€introduced€into€evidence.€Ð H%˜ # ÐÌà  à€Blum€stated€that€he€had€made€no€promises€or€threats€to€induce€the€€defendant€to€confess,€andÐ ('x"% Ðthat,€to€the€best€of€his€knowledge,€the€statement€was€freely€and€voluntarily€given.Ð (h#& ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Blum€testified€that€it€was€standard€practice€to€conduct€interviews€ofÐ ø)H%( Ðâ âjuveniles€at€Juvenile€Court.€€He€said€that€it€was€his€usual€practice€to€write€down€a€suspectððsÐ è*8&) Ðstatement,€as€the€suspect€gave€it€during€the€interview,€rather€than€to€require€the€suspect€to€write€hisÐ ° Ðstatement€down€himself.Ð  ð Ðâ âÌà  àAfter€deliberation,€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony.€Ð €Ð ÐAt€sentencing,€the€trial€court€classified€the€defendant€as€a€standard,€Range€I€offender,€because€his€Ð pÀ Ðprior€ð ðmany,€many€convictionsðð€had€occurred€while€he€was€a€juvenile.€€The€trial€court€found€threeÐ ` ° Ðenhancement€factors€applicable:€(1)€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÐ P   Ðcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;€(2)€the€defendantÐ @  Ðwas€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€two€or€more€criminal€actors;€and€(8)€theÐ 0 € Ðdefendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentenceÐ  p  Ðinvolving€release€into€the€community.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(2),€and€(8)€(1997).€€Ð `  ÐFinding€no€relevant€mitigating€factors,€and€applying€the€three€enhancement€factors,€the€trial€courtÐ P  Ðsentenced€the€defendant€to€twelve€years€confinement,€the€maximum€sentence€allowed€for€a€standard,Ð ð@  ÐRange€I€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€B€felony.€€Ð à0  ÐÌà@òò&ìàòòò òANALYSISˆÐ À ÐÌóóà@úúìàI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ  ð ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€first€argues€that€the€evidence,€consisting€of€the€victimððs€testimony€and€hisÐ €Ð Ðconfession,€was€insufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict.€€€The€defendant€implies€that€his€confession,Ð pÀ Ðhandwritten€by€Sergeant€Blum€and€made€without€benefit€of€counsel,€was€not€voluntary.€AlthoughÐ `° Ðthe€defendantððs€argument€on€this€issue€is€not€clear,€he€seems€to€suggest€that,€had€the€trial€court€notÐ P  Ðallowed€his€confession€to€be€admitted€at€trial,€the€victimððs€testimony€alone€would€have€beenÐ @ Ðinsufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€that€he€was€guilty€of€aggravated€robbery€beyond€aÐ 0€ Ðreasonable€doubt.Ð  p ÐÌà  à€When€a€defendant€raises€an€issue€regarding€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€the€relevantÐ P Ðquestion€of€the€reviewing€court€is€€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ ð@ Ðto€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offenseÐ à0 Ðcharged€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,Ð Ð  Ð61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.Ð À! ÐAndersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1992);€Tenn.€R.€App.Ð °"  ÐP.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€asideÐ  #ð! Ðif€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonableÐ $à" Ðdoubt.ðð).€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€theÐ €%Ð # Ðevidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2dÐ p&À!$ Ð620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).€€ð ðA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,Ð `'°"% Ðapproved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€allÐ P( #& Ðconflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€AÐ @)$' Ðjury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€a€defendant€is€initially€cloakedÐ 0*€%( Ðâ âand€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÐ  +p&) Ðdemonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.Ð ° Ð1982).Ð  ð Ðâ âÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔÌà  àWe€first€address€the€defendantððs€suggestion€that€his€confession€was€erroneously€admitted€intoÐ |Ì Ðevidence€at€trial.€€A€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€are€conclusive€on€appealÐ h¸ Ðunless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996);€òòStateÐ T ¤ Ðv.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€order€to€be€admissible€at€trial,€a€confessionÐ @  Ðmust€have€been€freely€given€by€a€defendant€knowledgeable€of€his€constitutional€rights,€andÐ , | Ðaccompanied€by€a€knowing€and€valid€waiver€of€those€rights.€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544„45.€Ð  h ÐStatements€that€arise€from€a€custodial€interrogation€may€not€be€used€by€the€prosecution€at€trialÐ  T  Ðð ðunless€it€demonstrates€the€use€of€procedural€safeguards€effective€to€secure€the€privilege€against€self„Ð ð @  Ðincrimination.ðð€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€444,€86€S.€Ct.€1602,€1612,€16€L.€Ed.€2d€694Ð Ü,  Ð(1966);€òòState€v.€Crumpóó,€834€S.W.2d€265,€268€(Tenn.€1992).€€€Ð È  ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motionÐ  ð  Ðto€suppress€his€confession,€finding€that€the€defendantððs€statement€had€been€knowingly€andÐ ŒÜ  Ðvoluntarily€given.€The€evidence€presented€at€the€suppression€hearing€supports€this€finding.€Ð xÈ ÐAccording€to€Sergeant€Blum,€the€defendant€was€read€his€rights€before€the€interview€began,€and€Ð d´ Ðindicated€that€he€understood€those€rights€and€wished€to€make€a€statement.€€Both€Sergeant€Blum€andÐ P  Ðthe€defendant€stated€that€the€interview€lasted€less€than€one€Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œ7B#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ôhour,€and€that€the€defendantððs€mother€wasÐ <Œ Ðpresent€the€entire€time.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€that€no€one€told€him€what€to€say,€and€that€hisÐ (x Ðstatement€was€not€coerced€by€any€police€officers€or€officials.€€As€the€trial€court€observed,€theÐ d Ðdefendantððs€only€basis€for€arguing€that€his€€statement€was€involuntary€was€the€sadness€he€felt€becauseÐ P Ðhis€mother€was€crying.€€That€the€defendant€felt€ð ðpressuredðð€by€his€motherððs€tears,€however,€is€notÐ ì< Ðsufficient€to€show€that€his€confession€was€involuntary.€€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Perryóó,€13€S.W.3d€724,€738Ð Ø( Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1999)€(stating€that€in€determination€of€voluntarinessÐ Ä Ðof€confession,€ð ðoverriding€questionðð€is€ð ðwhether€the€behavior€of€law€enforcement€officials€servedÐ ° Ðto€overbear€the€defendantððs€will€to€resistðð).€€€Ô#†Xº«XXX<ŒªI#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔÐ œì ÐÌà  àAfter€hearing€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€including€the€defendantððs€confession€and€theÐ tÄ Ðvictimððs€testimony,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€robbery.€€Robbery€is€definedÐ ` ° Ðin€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„13„401(a)€as€the€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€propertyÐ L!œ Ðfrom€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.€€Aggravated€robbery€is€robbery:Ð 8"ˆ  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€€€(1)€à8¸ ` x` xàAccomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€by€display€ofÐ $`" Ðany€article€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€toÐ ü$L # Ðreasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadly€weapon;€or€Ðè%8!$¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€€€(2)€à8¸ ` x` xàWhere€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.ÐÀ'#&¸ ¸  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„402(a)€(1997).Ð ˜)è$( Ðâ âÐ „*Ô%) Ðà  àViewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€victimððs€testimony€establishes€that€€theÐ ° Ðâ âdefendant€forced€his€way€into€the€victimððs€house€at€gunpoint,€that€he€threatened€to€shoot€the€victimÐ œì Ðand€her€mother€if€she€did€not€give€him€her€sonððs€set€of€gold€tire€rims,€and€that€he€left€only€after€sheÐ ˆØ Ðunlocked€the€shed,€allowing€him€to€take€the€rims€that€he€wanted.€€The€defendantððs€confession,€inÐ tÄ Ðwhich€he€admitted€that€he€had€taken€the€tire€rims€from€the€victim€at€gunpoint,€corroborates€theÐ `° Ðvictimððs€account.€Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œ×M#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ô€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€sufficient€for€aÐ L œ Ðrational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€robbery€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œ T#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà@3 3 ìàò òII.€€Application€of€Enhancement€FactorsˆÐ  ` ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€record€does€not€support€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€Ð è 8  Ðenhancement€factors€(1),€(2),€and€(8).€€€He€asks€that€this€Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œ­U#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ôcourt€reduce€his€sentence€from€the€maximumÐ Ô$  Ðof€twelve€years,€imposed€by€the€trial€court,€to€the€presumptive€minimum€sentence€of€eight€years.Ð À  ÐÌà  àÔ#†Xº«XXX<ŒW#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€ofÐ ˜è  Ðthis€court€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€"the€determinationsÐ „Ô  Ðmade€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€Ð pÀ ÐThis€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ \¬ Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð H˜ ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€The€party€challenging€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€hasÐ 4„ Ðthe€burden€of€establishing€that€the€sentences€are€erroneous.€€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.€to€Tenn.Ð  p ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401;€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169òòóó.€€Since€the€record€in€this€case€€indicates€that€theÐ  \ Ðtrial€courtÔ#†Xº«XXX<ŒX#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ôòòóóòòóó€followed€the€appropriate€steps€in€sentencing,€we€review€this€issue€òòde€novoóó,€giving€theÐ øH Ðpresumption€of€correctness€to€the€trial€courtððs€sentencing€determinations.òòóóÐ ä4 ÐÔ#†Xº«XXX<Œ8\#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔÌà  àò òó óThe€defendant€first€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€€factor€(1),€ð ð[t]heÐ ¼  Ðdefendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€thoseÐ ¨ø Ðnecessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range[.]ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1)€(1997).€Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œ`]#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ô€He€assertsÐ ”ä Ðthat,Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œ_#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ô€for€sentencing€enhancement€purposes,€a€court€may€not€consideròò€óóacts€committed€as€a€juvenileÐ €Ð Ðunless€the€offenses€upon€which€the€adjudications€of€delinquency€were€based€were€ones€which€wouldÐ l¼ Ðhave€constituted€felonies€if€committed€by€an€adult.€Ô#†Xº«XXX<Œk_#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ô€Ô#†Xº«XXX<ŒÌ`#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«ÔWe€agree.€€However,€the€defendant€is€not€helpedÐ X ¨ Ðby€the€fact€that€the€trial€court€relied€upon€factor€(1)€rather€than€factor€(20)€in€considering€theÐ D!” Ðdefendantððs€horrendous€criminal€record.€€It€appears€that,€as€a€juvenile,€the€defendant€had€at€leastÐ 0"€  Ðtwenty„two€arrests,€beginning€the€day€before€his€tenth€birthday€when€he€was€still€nine€years€old,Ð #l! Ðwhen€he€was€charged€with€receiving€and€concealing€stolen€property.€€His€first€six€arrests€wereÐ $X" Ðð ðadjusted€nonjudicially.ðð€€Apparently,€his€first€confinement€occurred€when€he€had€just€turnedÐ ô$D # Ðfourteen€and€had€committed€his€seventh€offense,€this€one€being€for€theft€of€a€vehicle.€€He€was€placedÐ à%0!$ Ðon€probation€for€this€offense.€€Obviously,€he€learned€little€from€his€period€of€probation,€as€evidencedÐ Ì&"% Ðby€the€fact€that€he€was€arrested€and€processed€through€Juvenile€Court€fifteen€more€times€over€theÐ ¸'#& Ðnext€two€years,€until€he€turned€eighteen.€€Two€of€these€arrests€and€convictions,€for€theft€of€propertyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðvalued€between€$1,000€and€$10,000€and€for€aggravated€burglary,€would€have€been€consideredÐ )à$( Ðâ âfelonies,€if€committed€as€an€adult,€and€therefore€were€enhancement€factors€pursuant€to€TennesseeÐ |*Ì%) ÐCode€Annotated€Section€40„35„114(20).€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€improperly€appliedÐ ° Ðfactor€(1),€but€it€is€clear€that€factor€(20)€applies€as€an€enhancement€factor.Ð œì Ðâ âÌÔ#†Xº«XXX<Œa#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ôà  àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(2),€ð ð[t]heÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€two€(2)€or€more€criminal€actors[.]ðð€Ð `° ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2).€€The€defendant€contends€that€no€evidence€was€presented€at€trialÐ L œ Ðto€show€that€the€defendantððs€accomplice€acted€under€his€direction€or€influence.€€We€disagree.€€BothÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€victimððs€and€the€defendantððs€accounts€of€the€robbery€reveal€that€the€defendant€was€the€clearÐ $ t Ðleader€in€this€offense.€€When€asked€to€describe€how€the€robbery€ð ðwent€down,ðð€the€defendant€stated:Ð  ` ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€had€the€pistol€under€the€jacket€and€when€the€lady€came€to€the€doorÐ è 8  Ðand€she€looked€at€the€coat€I€showed€her€the€gun€and€told€her€to€getÐ Ô$  Ðback€in€the€house.€€I€then€waved€for€Mario€to€come€in€with€me.€€WeÐ À  Ðgot€inside€and€I€told€her€to€give€us€the€rims.€€She€took€us€to€the€shedÐ ¬ü  Ðin€the€back€yard,€unlocked€it.€€I€gave€the€gun€to€Mario€to€hold€on€theÐ ˜è  Ðlady€and€I€carried€the€rims€to€Marioððs€car,€it€was€parked€in€the€frontÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€house.€€ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌThe€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€sentencing€enhancement€factor€(2).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(8),Ð  p Ðð ð[t]he€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentenceÐ  \ Ðinvolving€release€into€the€community[.]ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(8).€€The€defendantÐ øH Ðacknowledges€that€his€juvenile€record€contains€two€violations€of€probation€offenses,€but,€relyingÐ ä4 Ðonce€more€on€the€language€of€factor€(20),€€òòóóasserts€that€the€trial€court€may€not€base€its€application€ofÐ Ð  Ðfactor€(8)€on€these€probation€violations€because€Ô#†Xº«XXX<ŒŸg#ÔÔ‡X<ŒXXXº«Ôð ðonly€adjudications€of€delinquency€which€wouldÐ ¼  Ðhave€constituted€a€felony€when€committed€as€an€adult€may€be€considered€in€enhancing€a€sentence.ðð€Ð ¨ø ÐWe€disagree€with€the€defendantððs€argument€in€this€regard.€€€The€€trial€courtððs€application€of€factorÐ ”ä Ð(8)€is€supported€by€the€record.Ð €Ð ÐÌà@FF%ìàòòò òCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€convict€the€defendant€ofÐ 0"€  Ðaggravated€robbery,€and€that€the€trial€court€committed€no€error€in€sentencing.€€€We,€therefore,€affirmÐ #l! Ðthe€judgment€of€conviction€and€the€sentencing€imposed.€Ð $X" ÐÌÌÌÔ#†Xº«XXX<Œ=p#Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_______________________________________€Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE