ÿWPCJ Äág ɲ”è®r¦zº.Ãé_ò;6#y³“‡ß¿‰¬;[™d˜ô¤Sɰ§›^»ÿ ÔÂ&{JòÛ}ý Ûþå1ß$ wÍÑòº‰ëûzkc¨Ç%+`ô ½ü/ [4 èü›È†pÆg…¡oG2c¸G™±;&v·`¶oxP%®ÇÀm¢ÈËi{ðŸ+žu.Tœ¤±Q3Ç´5½ÑÖÃûi„©l]ôlZF'¢j’”õ§äÍPDku„õz#=v´þÏâEØ`úöGêuÝXP…QZááÇ k=¯ÖºHFô€Rº‹ÿ4 †9Ÿl>HsrH ¶"\NKˆç/ U[mx›ÛÙöÜ>Œ›§Yx~üEòq¯&z2âQÈERb_I|DëÁ¢xq m‡2Â{g 3 Ð¥~Myñ¨ë)´^¾ô;E½'øT k¢Ç÷=ô‚c°ób#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U%N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz S‘ Æä ƪ ÆpÆ6 0DüN@8B×zEQUNSU@¡Æá?§§§§§zæß``````````````b???????????????????????????????????? 0ëGGGG B22 0¤O D3ó D-& 0KSS ASžÆñ 0¤· 0D[ A«Ÿ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»:¯-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo†)ê:i¢×+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ IÝ ƒR> $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€record€is€not€clear€on€this€point,€it€appears€from€Arnoldððs€testimony€that€he€also€pled€guilty€toÐ ° Ðseveral€counts€of€aggravated€assault€in€connection€with€the€robbery.€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó .Ý ƒR> $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔGonzalez€testified€that€he€later€threw€the€two€weapons€into€a€dumpster€behind€his€apartment€building,€whereÐ ° Ðthey€were€subsequently€recovered€by€the€police.€ ÍÝ ƒR> $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThere€is€no€information€in€the€record€as€to€whether€any€charges€were€brought€against€the€defendantððs€girlfriend,Ð ° ÐErin€Carter.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defendantððs€mother€told€the€trial€court€that€the€defendantððs€fiance€was€a€lawÐ tÄ ¦ Ðstudent€at€the€University€of€Memphis.€€She€did€not€mention€the€fianceððs€name.€€However,€the€trial€court€assumed€thatÐ ° Ðthe€defendantððs€fiance€was€his€former€girlfriend,€Erin€Carter,€and€was€understandably€appalled€at€the€thought€of€her€asÐ tÄ Ða€law€student.€€(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman  ¼Ý ƒR> $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€defense€of€duress.€ 5Ý ƒR> $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSince€the€opinion€in€òòAllenóó€was€released€after€the€trial€resulting€in€the€present€appeal,€the€trial€court€did€not€haveÐ ° Ðthe€benefit€of€the€òòAllenóó€holding. HiggsFelknerMarneyCarnesaleTyrell FgBowlesa]ctingNederTakeitaLinnellAshby CmtsImfieldY]eah g]etImfeldfianc)eF]acilitationFazoli ÕÝ ƒR> $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAccording€to€the€restaurantððs€manager,€approximately€$1800€was€taken€in€the€robbery.- ù-(|G2> $¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Zõ»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôíUò»»Ô d(|3‰n$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Zõ»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‰n$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Zõ»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Zõ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Zõ»»»ÔÑ8€ñXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îCÜZõÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼Zõ»îîCÜ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€July€9,€2002Ð üL ÐÔ‡XñX»¼ZõÔÌò òÔ#†¼Zõ»XXñ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€HARRY€JAMIESONÔ‡XñX»¼ZõÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€0„01887„89€€€€€€W.€Otis€Higgs,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„02449„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€13,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€by€a€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€jury€of€one€count€of€aggravatedÐ xÈ  Ðrobbery,€a€Class€B€felony,€and€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault,€Class€C€felonies,€based€on€hisÐ d´ Ðparticipation€in€an€armed€robbery€of€a€Memphis€restaurant.€€He€was€sentenced€by€the€trial€court€asÐ P  Ða€standard,€Range€I€offender€to€concurrent€terms€of€nine€years€for€the€aggravated€robbery€convictionÐ <Œ Ðand€four€years€for€each€aggravated€assault€conviction,€for€an€effective€sentence€of€nine€years€in€theÐ (x ÐDepartment€of€Correction.€€He€was€fined€$500€for€each€conviction.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€arguesÐ d Ðthat€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€facilitationÐ P Ðof€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assault€and€by€improperly€applying€enhancement€factors€toÐ ì< Ðenhance€his€sentences€from€the€minimum€in€his€range.€€We€conclude€Ô#†¼Zõ»XXñ‹#ÔÔ‡XñX»¼ZõÔthat€the€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ Ø( Ðinstruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€facilitation€constitutes€reversible€error€under€theÐ Ä Ðcircumstances€of€this€case.€€Accordingly,€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€and€remand€theÐ ° Ðcase€for€a€new€trial.Ô#†¼Zõ»XXñÝ#ÔÔ‡XñX»¼ZõÔÐ œì ÐÓ³ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Reversed€andÐ tÄ ÐRemanded€for€a€New€Trialó óÐ `° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Zõ»àXñb #ÔÔ‡XñX.¼ZõÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJohn€Everett€Williamsóó€Ð 8!ˆ  Ðand€òòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð $"t! ÐÌA€C€Wharton,€Jr.,€Shelby€County€Public€Defender;€W.€Mark€Ward,€Assistant€Shelby€County€PublicÐ ü#L# ÐDefender€(on€appeal);€and€Robert€C.€Felkner,€Assistant€Shelby€County€Public€Defender€(at€trial),€forÐ è$8 $ Ðthe€appellant,€Harry€Jamieson.Ð Ô%$!% ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Elizabeth€B.€Marney,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ¬'ü"' ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Betsy€L.€Carnesale,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ˜(è#( ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÓE ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Zõ»XXñt #ÔÔ‡XñX»¼ZõÔÐ \+¬&+ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Zõ»XXñæ#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XñX»¼ZõÔÐ 4-„(-ý Їòòóóà@¥¥(ìàòòò òFACTSó óóóˆÐ ° Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  àAt€approximately€9:30€p.m.€on€October€18,€1999,€the€defendant,€Harry€Jamieson,€who€wasÐ ˆØ Ðthen€18€years€old,€accompanied€his€friend,€Tyrell€Arnold,€into€a€Fazoliððs€restaurant€located€at€6466Ð tÄ ÐPoplar€Avenue€in€Memphis.€€Earlier€that€day,€the€defendant€had€agreed€to€commit€a€robbery€withÐ `° ÐArnold.€€In€preparation,€the€two€young€men,€accompanied€by€the€defendantððs€girlfriend,€Erin€Carter,Ð L œ Ðhad€gone€to€the€Poplar€Avenue€apartment€of€seventeen„year„old€Kevin€Gonzalez,€who€lived€acrossÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€street€from€the€restaurant.€€Gonzalez€supplied€the€men€with€a€duffle€bag€and€two€guns:€anÐ $ t Ðinoperable€ð ðprop€gunðð€that€looked€like€a€nine„millimeter€weapon€and€a€pellet€gun.€€Gonzalez€andÐ  ` ÐCarter€then€waited€in€the€apartment€while€the€defendant€and€Arnold€went€across€the€street€to€theÐ ü L  Ðrestaurant.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àInside€the€restaurant,€the€defendant€and€Arnold€first€placed€their€order€at€the€front€counterÐ À  Ðwith€sixteen„year„old€restaurant€employee€Ashley€Hodges€and€then€sat€in€a€booth€near€the€front.Ð ¬ü  ÐHodges€recognized€the€defendant€as€a€former€student€at€her€high€school€but€did€not€identify€herselfÐ ˜è  Ðas€such€to€him,€and€he€apparently€did€not€recognize€her.€€As€the€men€waited€for€their€food,€theÐ „Ô  Ðrestaurantððs€manager,€Stephanie€Parks,€went€to€their€table€to€explain€that€the€delay€in€their€order€wasÐ pÀ Ðthe€result€of€their€pizzas€having€to€be€cooked.€€When€she€introduced€herself,€the€men€engaged€herÐ \¬ Ðin€conversation,€asking€if€she€was€the€manager,€and€for€other€details€about€the€operation€of€theÐ H˜ Ðbusiness.€€Parks€then€left€to€go€to€the€office,€and€the€restaurantððs€four€other€employees€beganÐ 4„ Ðpreparing€to€close.€€No€other€customers€were€present.€€At€that€point,€Arnold€went€behind€the€frontÐ  p Ðcounter€into€the€kitchen€with€his€prop€gun,€pointed€it€at€the€employees,€and€told€everyone€to€lie€downÐ  \ Ðon€the€floor.€€He€then€ordered€Parks€to€get€up€and€empty€the€contents€of€the€three€cash€registers€andÐ øH Ðthe€safe€into€the€duffle€bag.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àDuring€the€robbery,€the€defendant,€who€did€not€display€any€weapon€or€speak€to€theÐ ¼  Ðemployees,€stayed€on€the€customer€side€of€the€front€counter.€€After€the€robbery,€the€two€men€ranÐ ¨ø Ðtogether€back€to€Gonzalezððs€apartment,€where€they€counted€the€money€and€split€the€proceeds.€€TheyÐ ”ä Ðthen€went€with€Gonzalez€and€Carter€to€a€pool€hall€where€they€drank€beer€and€played€pool.€€The€nextÐ €Ð Ðday,€the€defendant€spent€a€portion€of€his€share€of€the€robbery€proceeds€buying€shoes€for€himself€andÐ l¼ ÐCarter.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€and€Arnold€were€subsequently€charged€with€aggravated€robbery€and€fourÐ 0"€  Ðcounts€of€aggravated€assault.€€Prior€to€trial,€Arnold€entered€into€a€plea€agreement€with€the€StateÐ #l! Ðwhereby€he€agreed€to€testify€against€the€defendant€in€exchange€for€a€nine„year€sentence€forÐ $X" Ðaggravated€robbery.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Arnold€testified€at€the€defendantððs€July€24„26,€2001,€trial€that€he€was€currentlyÐ ô$D # Ð20€years€old,€and€had€been€good€friends€with€the€defendant€since€the€age€of€15.€€According€toÐ à%0!$ ÐArnoldððs€testimony,€the€robbery€plan€was€hatched€during€the€late€afternoon€and€early€evening€hoursÐ Ì&"% Ðof€October€18,€1999,€as€the€defendant€was€visiting€at€Arnoldððs€house.€€Arnold€said€that€he€decidedÐ ¸'#& Ðto€commit€a€robbery€because€he€needed€money,€and€asked€the€defendant€if€he€would€commit€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrobbery€with€him.€€Although€the€defendant€was€initially€ð ðkind€of€hesitant,ðð€after€he€had€thoughtÐ ° Ðabout€it€a€short€while,€he€said,€ð ðokay,€letððs€do€it.ðð€€Arnold€then€telephoned€Gonzalez€to€find€out€ifÐ œì Ðhe€could€supply€a€weapon,€and€Gonzalez€said€that€he€could.€€Next,€Arnold,€the€defendant,€and€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendantððs€girlfriend,€Erin€Carter,€drove€to€Gonzalezððs€apartment,€arriving€at€about€9:00€p.m.€Ð tÄ ÐGonzalez€gave€them€a€black€prop€gun€for€Arnold€and€a€pellet€gun€for€the€defendant,€which€ArnoldÐ `° Ðcarried€to€the€restaurant€in€a€duffle€bag.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àArnold€said€that€he€and€the€defendant€discussed€beforehand€which€role€each€would€play€inÐ $ t Ðthe€robbery,€with€the€defendant€agreeing€to€act€as€lookout€while€Arnold€went€into€the€back€of€theÐ  ` Ðrestaurant€to€get€the€money.€€Accordingly,€when€the€restaurant€was€empty€of€any€customers€besidesÐ ü L  Ðthemselves€and€the€employees€were€all€in€the€kitchen,€Arnold€€told€the€defendant€to€watch€the€doors.€Ð è 8  ÐMeanwhile,€Arnold€went€into€the€kitchen,€pointed€his€gun€at€the€employees,€and€told€everyone€to€getÐ Ô$  Ðonto€the€floor.€€He€then€ordered€Parks€to€get€up€and€open€the€cash€registers€and€the€safe.€€During€thisÐ À  Ðtime,€the€defendant€held€the€duffle€bag€at€the€front€door€as€he€kept€watch.€€However,€realizing€heÐ ¬ü  Ðneeded€somewhere€to€put€the€money,€Arnold€asked€the€defendant€for€the€duffle€bag,€and€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€came€over€and€handed€it€to€him.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àArnold€estimated€that€he€and€the€defendant€obtained€approximately€$1300€or€$1400€from€theÐ \¬ Ðrobbery.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€testified€that€he€and€the€defendant€split€the€money€evenly€and€that€he€gave€GonzalezÐ H˜ Ðð ða€few€dollars,€a€little€bit€of€money.ðð€€On€cross„examination,€Arnold€acknowledged€that€the€robberyÐ 4„ Ðwas€his€idea€and€that€the€defendant€never€displayed€his€weapon.€€Arnold€also€acknowledged€that€heÐ  p Ðhad€three€prior€felony€convictions.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àKevin€Gonzalezððs€account€of€his€role€in€the€robbery€substantially€corroborated€the€testimonyÐ ä4 Ðprovided€by€Arnold,€and€included€the€following€pertinent€details:€Arnold€telephoned€him€on€OctoberÐ Ð  Ð18,€1999,€to€tell€him€that€he€and€the€defendant€had€decided€to€commit€a€robbery€and€to€ask€if€heÐ ¼  Ðwould€supply€a€weapon.€€He€also€spoke€briefly€with€the€defendant€during€that€telephoneÐ ¨ø Ðconversation.€€The€defendant€wanted€to€know€if€it€was€going€to€be€all€right€to€do€what€they€hadÐ ”ä Ðplanned,€and€he€told€him,€ð ð[Y]eah.ðð€€Gonzalez€gave€Arnold€a€black€prop€gun€to€use€in€the€robbery,Ð €Ð Ðand€gave€the€defendant€a€brown€pellet€gun.€€He€gave€the€pellet€gun€to€the€defendant€because€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€said€that€he€did€not€want€to€go€into€the€restaurant€empty„handed,€and€asked€him€for€aÐ X ¨ Ðweapon.׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€After€the€robbery,€he,€Carter,€Arnold,€and€the€defendant€sat€in€his€bedroom€and€countedÐ D!” Ðthe€money,€and€then€went€out€together€to€drink€and€play€pool.€€He€thought€he€received€about€$50€ofÐ 0"€  Ðthe€robbery€proceeds.€€He€was€charged€with€facilitation€of€robbery€for€his€role€in€the€crime,€and€hisÐ #l! Ðcase€was€handled€in€juvenile€court.׃¤×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð $X" Їà  àStephanie€Parks€testified€that€the€defendant€and€Arnold€came€into€the€restaurant€shortlyÐ ° Ðbefore€closing€and€ordered€a€pizza,€which€took€longer€than€anticipated€to€make.€€When€she€went€toÐ œì Ðtheir€table€to€explain€the€delay,€they€asked€her€a€number€of€questions,€including€whether€she€was€theÐ ˆØ Ðmanager€and€what€time€the€restaurant€closed.€€She€also€noticed€that€they€had€their€cups€wrapped€inÐ tÄ Ðnapkins.€€When€she€came€out€of€her€office€approximately€ten€or€fifteen€minutes€before€closing€time,Ð `° ÐArnold€was€standing€in€the€kitchen€with€a€gun€drawn€and€yelling€at€everyone€toð ð[g]et€on€the€fuckingÐ L œ Ðfloor.ðð€€€After€she€and€the€other€employees€were€on€the€floor,€he€yelled€at€her,€ð ðGet€up.€Get€up,ððÐ 8 ˆ Ðtapping€on€her€head€and€pulling€on€her€shirt€when€she€hesitated.€€When€she€stood,€he€motioned€herÐ $ t Ðto€go€to€the€front€to€empty€the€cash€registers.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àParks€testified€that€the€defendant€was€standing€on€the€other€side€of€the€counter€beside€the€cashÐ è 8  Ðregisters.€€The€telephone€started€ringing€and€she€told€Arnold€that€it€was€probably€her€boss,€who€mightÐ Ô$  Ðthink€something€was€wrong€if€she€did€not€answer€the€phone.€€Arnold€then€motioned€for€her€toÐ À  Ðanswer.€€At€that€point,€however,€the€defendant€ð ðstarted€shaking€his€head€no,€making€it€apparent€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðhe€didnððt€want€[her]€to€answer€the€phone.ðð€€The€defendant€and€Arnold€said€something€to€each€otherÐ ˜è  Ðthat€she€could€not€hear,€and€Arnold€then€told€her,€ð ðNever€mind.€€Donððt€answer€the€fucking€phone.€Ð „Ô  ÐJust€get€the€money.ðð€€Parks€said€that€the€defendant€stood€in€front€of€her,€watching€her€take€the€cashÐ pÀ Ðout€of€the€drawer.€€The€defendant€did€not€speak,€but€it€was€obvious€to€Parks€that€he€was€nonverballyÐ \¬ Ðð ðcommunicating€what€[Arnold]€should€be€doing€next.ððÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àParks€testified€that€the€defendant€followed€to€stand€in€front€of€her€when€she€moved€to€emptyÐ  p Ðthe€second€cash€register.€€A€customer€pulled€up€to€the€drive„through€window,€and€Arnold€moved€toÐ  \ Ðthe€front€of€the€counter€to€stand€beside€the€defendant.€€When€the€customer€had€gone,€Arnold€wentÐ øH Ðwith€her€to€the€back€of€the€restaurant€to€get€the€money€from€the€safe,€while€the€defendant€stayed€inÐ ä4 Ðfront€of€the€cash€registers.€€After€the€robbery,€the€two€men€left€the€restaurant€together.€€Parks€testifiedÐ Ð  Ðthat€she€felt€very€afraid€of€the€defendant€during€the€robbery,€and€believed€him€to€be€as€much€of€aÐ ¼  Ðthreat€as€Arnold.€€She€acknowledged€on€cross„examination,€however,€that€she€never€saw€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€with€a€gun.€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àAshley€Hodges€testified€that€she€had€just€turned€sixteen€at€the€time€of€the€robbery.€€She€tookÐ l¼ ÐArnoldððs€and€the€defendantððs€order€when€they€came€into€the€restaurant,€and€recognized€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðas€a€former€high€school€classmate.€€He€gave€no€indication€that€he€recognized€her,€however.€€She€wasÐ D!” Ðheaded€toward€the€front€door€preparing€to€leave€when€Arnold€came€into€the€back€of€the€restaurantÐ 0"€  Ðwith€a€gun€and€told€all€of€the€employees€to€get€on€the€floor.€€She€stayed€on€the€floor,€shaking€andÐ #l! Ðcrying,€for€the€duration€of€the€robbery€and€did€not€see€the€defendant.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àTwo€other€employees€who€were€present€at€the€time€of€the€robbery,€Rebecca€Jackson€andÐ à%0!$ ÐAmanda€Murray,€each€testified€at€the€defendantððs€trial.€€Jackson€said€that€she€was€just€about€to€goÐ Ì&"% Ðout€the€back€kitchen€door€of€the€restaurant€when€she€heard€someone€tell€the€other€employees€to€getÐ ° Ðð ðon€the€ððFððgðð€floor€and€donððt€move.ðð€€She€got€underneath€the€sink€and€stayed€there€until€she€heardÐ œì ÐParks€and€Arnold€go€to€the€front€of€the€restaurant,€at€which€point€she€ran€out€the€back€door€toÐ ˆØ Ðsummon€help.€€She€did€not€see€either€Arnold€or€the€defendant.€€Murray€testified€that€she€had€justÐ tÄ Ðcome€out€of€the€freezer€after€taking€inventory€when€Arnold€stepped€back€into€the€kitchen,€put€a€gunÐ `° Ðin€her€face,€and€ordered€everyone€to€ð ð[g]et€down€on€the€fucking€floor.ðð€€She€and€the€three€otherÐ L œ Ðemployees€who€were€present€in€the€area,€Tony€York,€Ashley€Hodges,€and€Stephanie€Parks,€all€gotÐ 8 ˆ Ðdown€onto€the€floor.€€Arnold€then€told€Parks€to€open€the€cash€drawers€and€the€safe€and€followed€herÐ $ t Ðaround€while€she€did€so,€while€Murray,€York,€and€Hodges€remained€lying€on€the€floor.€€MurrayÐ  ` Ðtestified€that€she€did€not€see€the€defendant,€but€that€Hodges€had€made€her€aware€that€he€was€there,Ð ü L  Ðtelling€her€that€she€was€scared€because€she€recognized€him€from€her€high€school.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àSergeant€William€Merritt€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€took€the€defendantððs€statementÐ À  Ðon€October€21,€1999.€€After€he€read€the€statement€for€the€jury,€it€was€introduced€as€an€exhibit.€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€admitted€in€his€statement€that€he€had€participated€in€the€robbery€and€receivedÐ ˜è  Ðapproximately€$600€of€the€proceeds.€€He€claimed,€however,€that€he€had€been€on€his€way€to€theÐ „Ô  Ðbathroom€when€Arnold€pulled€the€gun€from€his€pocket€and€started€yelling€at€the€employees€to€getÐ pÀ Ðon€the€floor.€€Asked€to€describe€in€his€own€words€what€had€happened,€the€defendant€stated:€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWe€were€at€Kevin€Gonzalezððs€apartment€and€we€were€hungryÐ 4„ Ðso€myself€and€[Arnold]€walked€to€Fazoliððs.€€I€got€a€piece€ofÐ  p Ðcheesecake€and€he€got€a€piece€of€pizza€and€we€sat€down€and€ate.€à8@šÈÈàà8@šhphpàà @š à€WeÐ  \ Ðgot€up€to€leave€and€I€was€walking€toward€the€bathroom€whenÐ øH Ð[Arnold]€pulled€the€gun€from€his€pocket€and€started€yelling€forÐ ä4 Ðeveryone€to€get€on€the€ground.€€[Arnold]€had€the€manager€empty€theÐ Ð  Ðcash€registers€and€the€safe.€€Then€we€left.€€We€went€back€to€KevinÐ ¼  ÐGonzalezððs€apartment.€€From€there,€[Arnold]€divided€up€the€moneyÐ ¨ø Ðand€told€me€I€should€take€part€of€it.€€Realizing€part€of€the€financialÐ ”ä Ðburdens€I€had,€I€took€it.€€[Carter]€and€I€then€went€home.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà  àIn€his€statement,€the€defendant€said€he€had€not€seen€Arnold€armed€with€the€handgun€prior€toÐ X ¨ Ðthe€robbery€and€that€he€had€been€ð ðin€shock,ðð€pacing€back€and€forth€in€front€of€the€counter€andÐ D!” Ðshaking€his€head€no,€during€the€time€that€Arnold€carried€out€the€robbery.€€He€stated€that€he€hadÐ 0"€  Ðbought€shoes€for€himself€and€Carter€with€a€portion€of€his€share€of€the€robbery€proceeds,€and€spentÐ #l! Ð$100€to€pay€Carterððs€car€note.€€He€said€that€the€remainder€of€the€money€was€in€a€pillowcase€in€hisÐ $X" Ðcloset.€€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€final€witness€was€Sergeant€Michael€Williams€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,Ð Ì&"% Ðwho€testified€that€he€conducted€a€search€of€the€defendantððs€bedroom€on€October€21,€1999,Ð ¸'#& Ðuncovering€$253€in€cash€inside€a€pillowcase€in€the€defendantððs€closet.€€After€the€trial€court€directedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðjudgments€of€acquittal€on€the€two€counts€of€the€indictment€charging€the€defendant€with€theÐ )à$( Ðaggravated€assault€of€Tony€York€and€Rebecca€Jackson,€the€trial€continued€with€the€presentation€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€defendantððs€proof.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€was€20€years€old,€and€had€known€Arnold€for€about€five€years.€Ð ° ÐHe€described€Arnold€as€an€individual€who€needed€a€friend,€and€whom€he€had€tried€to€help.€€On€theÐ œì Ðevening€of€October€18,€1999,€Arnold€called€and€asked€him€to€take€him€to€Gonzalezððs€house.€€WhenÐ ˆØ Ðhe€arrived€to€pick€him€up,€Arnold€told€him€that€he€had€gotten€into€some€trouble€over€a€credit€cardÐ tÄ Ðand€wanted€the€defendant€to€participate€with€him€in€a€robbery€so€that€he€could€pay€his€attorneyððsÐ `° Ðfees.€€The€defendant€told€Arnold€that€he€was€ð ðnuts.ðð€€He€testified€that€Arnold€ð ðkept€talking€and€keptÐ L œ Ðtalking,ðð€and€he€told€Arnold€ð ðno,€three€or€four€more€times,ðð€until€he€finally€said€that€he€would€helpÐ 8 ˆ Ðhim.€€They€then€drove€with€Carter€to€Gonzalezððs€apartment,€where€they€sat€down€and€watchedÐ $ t Ðtelevision€until€Arnold€suggested€they€go€get€something€to€eat.€€At€that€point,€he€and€Arnold€left€theÐ  ` Ðapartment€together€on€foot€and€went€to€the€Fazoliððs€restaurant€on€Poplar€Avenue,€where€they€orderedÐ ü L  Ðand€then€sat€down€in€the€restaurant€to€eat.€€The€defendant€testified€that€Arnold€had€talked€earlierÐ è 8  Ðabout€how€easy€the€Fazoliððs€would€be€to€rob;€and€he€mentioned€the€robbery€again€just€before€theyÐ Ô$  Ðleft€the€apartment,€but€he€ð ðdidnððt€really€give€any€specifics€about€it.ðð€€According€to€the€defendant,€heÐ À  Ðwas€under€the€impression€that€he€and€Arnold€were€going€to€the€restaurant€just€to€ð ðcaseðð€the€place,Ð ¬ü  Ðnot€to€rob€it.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€acknowledged€he€had€seen€Arnold€place€the€black€gun€in€the€duffle€bag€beforeÐ pÀ Ðthey€left€the€apartment,€and€Arnold€had€told€him€there€were€two€guns€in€the€bag.€€He€said€he€noticedÐ \¬ ÐArnold€placing€napkins€on€everything€in€the€restaurant€and€thought€that€was€strange€when€ArnoldÐ H˜ Ðtold€him€that€it€was€to€prevent€leaving€fingerprints.€€The€defendant€was€still€under€the€impression€atÐ 4„ Ðthat€point€that€they€were€there€just€to€look€around.€€However,€during€the€meal,€Arnold€suggested€thatÐ  p Ðthey€go€ahead€and€commit€the€robbery€right€then,€becoming€increasingly€aggressive€in€his€talk€andÐ  \ Ðscaring€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€told€Arnold,€ð ðThis€is€crazy.€€I€canððt€do€this.€Ð øH ÐI€want€out,ðð€and€got€up€to€leave,€but€Arnold€pulled€the€gun€and€he€ð ðjust€froze.ðð€€The€defendantÐ ä4 Ðexplained€why€he€remained€in€the€restaurant:€Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWhen€he€pulled€the€gun,€I€didnððt€know€what€to€do.€€I€wantedÐ ¨ø Ðto€scream.€€I€wanted€to€run.€€Neither€one€worked.€€Everything€justÐ ”ä Ðhappened€so€quickly,€and€the€next€thing€I€knew€he€was€running€pastÐ €Ð Ðme,€and€he€slapped€me€in€the€arm,€and€he€said€run,€and€I€heard,Ð l¼ Ðð ðRun,ðð€and€I€ran€because€I€was€scared,€and€when€we€got€back€to€theÐ X ¨ Ðapartment,€he€had€the€gun€in€his€pants,€and€he€said,€ð ðYou€keep€yourÐ D!” Ðfucking€mouth€shut€or€youððll€be€sorry.ððÐ0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€never€touched€the€pellet€gun€while€in€the€restaurant.€€HeÐ $X" Ðdenied€that€he€communicated€nonverbally€with€Arnold€during€the€robbery,€followed€Parks€fromÐ ô$D # Ðregister€to€register,€or€issued€any€instruction€that€Parks€not€answer€the€telephone.€€The€defendant€saidÐ à%0!$ Ðhe€was€shaking€his€head€no€during€the€robbery,€and€that€he€might€have€said€Arnoldððs€name€a€coupleÐ Ì&"% Ðof€times€because€he€could€not€believe€what€was€happening.€€He€stated€that€he€left€Arnold€andÐ ¸'#& ÐGonzalez€alone€in€the€bedroom€during€part€of€the€time€they€were€counting€the€money€while€he€toldÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCarter€what€had€happened€and€the€threat€Arnold€had€made€against€him.€€He€said€that€Carter€wasÐ )à$( Ðupset€and€panicky,€and€they€both€wanted€to€leave,€but€Arnold€wanted€them€to€go€play€pool.€€TheÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendant€testified€that€he€agreed€to€go€with€them€because€he€was€afraid€of€Arnold€and€did€not€knowÐ h+¸&* Ðwhat€he€was€capable€of€doing.€€Before€leaving€the€apartment,€Arnold€put€a€bunch€of€one„dollar€billsÐ ° Ðin€a€pillowcase,€handed€it€to€him,€and€reminded€him€to€keep€his€mouth€shut.€€He€accepted€the€moneyÐ œì Ðand€spent€some€of€it€the€next€day.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€only€explanation€for€his€behavior€was€to€say€that€he€had€been€18€and€stupid.€Ð `° ÐAsked€what€he€had€been€thinking,€he€said,€ð ðI€have€no€idea.€[Arnold]€had€a€very€intoxicatingÐ L œ Ðpersonality,€and€for€a€moment,€I€got€caught€up€in€it,€and€I€thought€I€had€the€control€over€the€situationÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€walk€out€and€it€was€too€late.€€He€made€the€decision€for€me.ðð€€The€defendant€said€that€there€wereÐ $ t Ðmany€things€he€could€have€done€differently€when€Arnold€pulled€the€gun,€but€at€the€time€he€had€beenÐ  ` Ðunable€to€react,€like€a€ð ðdeer€caught€in€headlights.ðð€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€admitted€he€had€known€when€they€left€the€apartmentÐ Ô$  Ðthat€Arnold€had€not€only€a€gun€but€also€a€bag€in€which€to€carry€the€robbery€proceeds€back€to€theÐ À  Ðapartment.€€He€also€admitted€that€Gonzalezððs€testimony€that€he€had€asked€for€a€gun€for€himself€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðtrue.€€He€testified,€however,€that€his€gun€had€stayed€in€the€duffle€bag€and€that€he€had€never€hadÐ ˜è  Ðpossession€of€the€bag.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà@ÙÙ&ìàò òòòANALYSISóóó ó€ˆÐ \¬ ÐÌà@p p ìàò òI.€€Failure€to€Instruct€on€Facilitation€of€Indicted€OffensesˆÐ 8ˆ ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€by€failing€to€instructÐ ` Ðthe€jury€on€facilitation€of€the€charged€offenses.€€He€argues€that€the€evidence€warranted€an€instructionÐ üL Ðon€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assault,€and€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ è8 Ðinstruct€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€was€prejudicial€to€the€outcome€of€his€trial.€€The€StateÐ Ô$ Ðconcedes€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€on€facilitation€but€contends€that,€under€òòStateÐ À Ðv.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101€(Tenn.€1998),€the€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ ¬ü Ðbecause€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€the€indicted€offenses€to€the€exclusion€of€the€immediatelyÐ ˜è Ðlesser€charged€offenses€of€robbery€and€assault.€€We€review€this€issue€€òòde€novoóó,€with€no€presumptionÐ „Ô Ðof€correctness€to€the€trial€courtððs€determination€as€to€which€lesser„included€offenses€to€charge.€€òòSeeóóÐ pÀ ÐòòState€v.€Bowlesóó,€52€S.W.3d€69,€74€(Tenn.€2001).€Ð \ ¬ ÐÌà  àWhen€an€issue€is€raised€regarding€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€on€a€lesser„includedÐ 4"„  Ðoffense,€we€must€determine:€(1)€whether€the€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€under€the€testÐ  #p! Ðadopted€in€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999);€(2)€whether€the€evidence€supports€anÐ  $\" Ðinstruction€on€the€lesser„included€offense;€and€(3)€whether€the€failure€to€instruct€on€the€lesser„Ð ø$H # Ðincluded€offense€constitutes€harmless€error.€€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€187€(Tenn.€2002).€€PartÐ ä%4!$ Ð(c)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€provides€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€if€it€consists€of€ð ðfacilitationÐ Ð& "% Ðof€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offenseÐ ¼' #& Ðin€part€(a)€or€(b).ðð€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.€€Therefore,€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery€andÐ ¨(ø#' Ðfacilitation€of€aggravated€assault€are€lesser„included€offenses,€respectively,€of€aggravated€robberyÐ ”)ä$( Ðand€aggravated€€assault€under€part€(c)€of€the€test.€€òòSeeóó€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€187.€€Ð €*Ð%) ÐÐ l+¼&* Ðà  àThe€next€step€of€our€inquiry€is€an€examination€of€the€evidence€to€determine€if€an€instructionÐ ° Ðon€facilitation€of€the€crimes€was€warranted.€€òòId.óó€€This€involves€a€two„step€process:€€first,€determiningÐ œì Ðwhether€any€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€in€support€of€the€lesser„includedÐ ˆØ Ðoffense;€and€second,€determining€if€the€evidence,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existenceÐ tÄ Ðof€the€lesser„included€offense,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser„includedÐ `° Ðoffense.€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469).€€Ô‡XñXXXñÔIn€other€words,€we€must€view€the€evidence€liberally,Ð L œ Ðin€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„included€offense,€without€making€anyÐ 8 ˆ Ðjudgments€on€the€credibility€of€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€722€(Tenn.€2001);€òòBurnsóó,Ð $ t Ð6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€Furthermore,€it€is€the€evidence,€and€not€the€theory€of€the€parties,€to€which€we€lookÐ  ` Ðto€determine€whether€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„included€offense€was€warranted.€€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3dÐ ü L  Ðat€188.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àÔ#†XñXXXñÆr#ÔThe€defendant€was€charged€with€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assault€under€a€theoryÐ À  Ðof€criminal€responsibility€for€Arnoldððs€actions.€€A€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€conductÐ ¬ü  Ðof€Ô‡XñXXXñÔanother€if,€ð ð[a]cting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefitÐ ˜è  Ðin€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€anotherÐ „Ô  Ðperson€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-402(2)€(1997).€€A€conviction€forÐ pÀ Ðfacilitation,€on€the€other€hand,€requires€proof€that€a€person,€ð ðknowing€that€another€intends€to€commitÐ \¬ Ða€specific€felony,€but€without€the€intent€required€for€criminal€responsibility€under€ðð€39„11„402(2),ððÐ H˜ Ðð ðknowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€the€felony.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ 4„ Ð39„11„403(a)€(1997).€Ô#†XñXXXñUv#ÔÔ‡XñXXXñÔ€Thus,€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery€andÐ  p Ðaggravated€assault€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€jury€would€have€to€conclude€that€the€defendant,Ð  \ Ðalthough€not€acting€with€the€intent€to€promote€the€robbery€or€assaults€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceedsÐ øH Ðor€results,€nevertheless€furnished€substantial€assistance€to€Arnold€knowing€that€Arnold€intended€toÐ ä4 Ðcommit€the€crimes.€€The€State€concedes€the€evidence€in€this€case€was€sufficient€to€warrant€anÐ Ð  Ðinstruction€on€facilitation.€We€agree€that€there€was€evidence€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€inÐ ¼  Ðsupport€of€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assault,€and€that€such€evidence,€viewedÐ ¨ø Ðin€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„included€offenses,€was€Ô#†XñXXXñ”y#ÔÔ‡XñXXXñÔlegally€sufficient€toÐ ”ä Ðsupport€convictions€for€facilitation€of€the€crimes.€Ô#†XñXXXñT}#ÔÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àÔ‡XñXXXñÔIn€a€recent€case€with€similar€facts,€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181(Tenn.€2002),׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€our€supremeÐ X ¨ Ðcourt€addressed€the€issue€of€whether€a€defendant€who€was€charged€Ô#†XñXXXñ~#ÔÔ‡XñXXXñÔwith€aggravated€robbery€underÐ D!” Ða€theory€of€criminal€responsibility€was€entitled€to€an€instruction€on€facilitation€of€robbery€as€a€lesser„Ð 0"€  Ðincluded€offense.€€The€defendant€in€òòAllenóó€stood€silently€in€the€doorway€of€a€òòóóconvenience€store€whileÐ #l! Ðhis€accomplice€robbed€the€clerk€at€gunpoint.€€òòId.óó€at€188.€€The€defendant€did€not€speak€to€the€victim,Ð $X" Ðtook€no€property€from€her,€and€did€not€display€a€weapon.€€òòId.óó€€After€the€robbery,€he€fled€the€sceneÐ ô$D # Ðwith€his€accomplice.€€However,€there€was€no€evidence€that€he€shared€in€the€robbery€proceeds.€òòId.óó€Ð à%0!$ ÐAfter€reviewing€the€evidence€against€the€defendant,€our€supreme€court€concluded€that€it€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðsufficient€for€a€jury€to€have€reasonably€concluded€that€the€defendant€ð ðdid€not€share€the€intent€of€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðaccomplice€even€though€he€knowingly€furnished€substantial€assistance€by€blocking€the€door.ðð€òòId.óóÔ#†XñXXXñb#ÔÐ ¤(ô#' Їà  àSubstantially€more€evidence€was€presented€in€the€case€at€bar€to€show€that€the€defendantÐ ° Ðshared€in€Arnoldððs€intent€to€commit€the€robbery.€€òòóóNonetheless,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ œì Ðto€the€existence€of€the€lesser„included€offenses,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€warranted€anÐ ˆØ Ðinstruction€on€facilitation.€€Although€admitting€he€had€agreed€to€commit€a€robbery€with€Arnold,€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€claimed€that€his€purpose€in€going€to€the€restaurant€the€night€of€the€robbery€was€to€ð ðcaseððÐ `° Ðthe€place€for€a€future€robbery.€€According€to€his€testimony,€Arnold€did€not€change€the€plan€untilÐ L œ Ðsometime€during€their€meal,€when€he€suddenly€began€urging€that€they€commit€the€robbery€right€then.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐThe€defendant€said€that€he€told€Arnold€he€wanted€no€part€of€it€and€got€up€to€leave,€only€to€freeze€likeÐ $ t Ða€ð ðdeer€caught€in€headlightsðð€after€Arnold€pulled€his€gun€and€began€the€robbery.€€He€explained€theÐ  ` Ðalleged€ð ðnonverbal€communicationðð€that€Stephanie€Parks€witnessed€by€testifying€that€he€was€inÐ ü L  Ðshock€during€the€robbery,€nervously€pacing€back€and€forth€in€front€of€the€cash€registers€and€shakingÐ è 8  Ðhis€head€no€to€Arnold€because€he€could€not€believe€what€Arnold€was€doing.€€He€said€that€he€wentÐ Ô$  Ðto€play€pool€with€Arnold€after€the€robbery€because€he€felt€threatened€by€him,€and€that€he€took€theÐ À  Ðmoney€because€he€was€young€and€stupid.€The€testimony€of€his€accomplices,€the€fact€that€heÐ ¬ü  Ðrequested€a€gun€to€take€to€the€restaurant,€and€his€acceptance€of€a€share€of€the€robbery€proceeds,€makeÐ ˜è  Ðthe€defendantððs€claim€that€he€lacked€the€intent€to€participate€in€the€robbery€somewhat€incredible.€Ð „Ô  ÐHowever,€we€are€required€to€view€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€theÐ pÀ Ðlesser„included€offenses€without€making€judgments€on€the€credibility€of€the€evidence.€€Viewed€inÐ \¬ Ðthis€liberal€light,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€warranted€an€instruction€on€the€lesser„includedÐ H˜ Ðoffenses€of€facilitation.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€last€step€of€our€inquiry€is€to€determine€if€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€on€the€lesser„Ð  \ Ðincluded€offenses€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€725Ð øH Ð(Tenn.€2001).€€The€State€contends€that€it€was,€relying€on€€€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101€(Tenn.Ð ä4 Ð1998),€to€argue€that€by€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assault€toÐ Ð  Ðthe€exclusion€of€robbery€and€assault,€the€immediately€lesser„included€offenses€with€which€it€wasÐ ¼  Ðcharged,€the€jury€necessarily€rejected€all€other€lesser„included€offenses.€€However,€facilitation€ofÐ ¨ø Ðaggravated€robbery€is€a€Class€C€felony,€as€is€robbery.€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„11„403(b)Ð ”ä Ðand€39„13„402(b)€òòwithóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„401(b).€€Moreover,€facilitation€of€aggravatedÐ €Ð Ðassault€is€a€Class€D€felony,€whereas€assault€is€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð l¼ Ððððð€39„11„403(b)€and€39„13„102(d)€òòwithóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101(b).€€Thus,€the€juryððsÐ X ¨ Ðconvictions€in€this€case€did€not€involve€the€rejection€of€intermediate€lesser„included€offenses.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€even€had€the€jury€rejected€immediately€lesser„included€offenses€to€convict€ofÐ #l! Ðthe€indicted€offenses,€its€verdict€in€this€case€would€not€ð ðððnecessarily€include[]€a€findingðð€on€theÐ $X" Ðomitted€element,ðð€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€190€(quoting€òòNeder€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€1,€26,€119€S.Ð ô$D # ÐCt.€1827,€1842,€144€L.€Ed.€2d€35€(1999)),€since€ð ðfacilitation€is€a€separate€and€distinct€theory€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðliability€from€that€of€a€principal€offender€or€someone€who€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€conductÐ Ì&"% Ðof€another.ðð€€òòState€v.€Takeita€M.€Lockeóó,€___S.W.3d€___€,€slip€op.€at€7€(Tenn.€2002);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòStateÐ ¸'#& Ðv.€Daniel€Wade€Wilsonóó,€No.€E2000„01885„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€587,€at€*37Ð ¤(ô#' Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Aug.€2,€2001),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Mar.€11,€2002)€(ð ð[F]acilitation€òòóóofÐ )à$( Ða€crime€involves€an€entirely€different€analysis.€€Facilitation€addresses€the€Defendantððs€role€as€aÐ |*Ì%) Ðfacilitator,€rather€than€a€principal€actor.ðð€òòóó).€€Therefore,€this€case€is€not€analogous€to€the€situation€inÐ h+¸&* ÐòòWilliamsóó,€in€which€the€juryððs€rejection€of€an€immediately€lesser„included€offense€made€the€failureÐ ° Ðto€instruct€on€more€remote€lesser„included€offenses€harmless€error.€Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€State€also€argues€that€the€defense€theory€at€trial€renders€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instructÐ tÄ Ðon€facilitation€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€The€State€asserts€that€by€rejecting€theÐ `° Ðdefendantððs€claim€that€he€acted€under€duress,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€the€jury€necessarily€rejected€a€finding€that€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€lacked€the€intent€to€commit€the€robbery.€€In€a€recent€case,€our€supreme€court€explained€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhereas€a€lesser„included€offense€must€be€instructed€ð ðwhen€there€is€evidence€sufficient€such€that€aÐ $ t Ðjury€òòcouldóó€convict€on€that€lesser„included€offense,ðð€when€ð ðdeciding€whether€it€was€harmless€beyondÐ  ` Ða€reasonable€doubt€not€to€charge€a€lesser„included€offense,€the€reviewing€court€must€determineÐ ü L  Ðwhether€a€reasonable€jury€òòwouldóó€have€convicted€the€defendant€of€the€lesser„included€offense€insteadÐ è 8  Ðof€the€charged€offense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Linnell€Richmondóó,€___S.W.3d___,€slip€op.€at€14€(Tenn.€2002)Ð Ô$  Ð(emphasis€in€original).€€Thus,€ð ðwhen€a€reviewing€court€is€determining€whether€a€lesser„includedÐ À  Ðinstruction€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€ððreviewing€court€should€conduct€aÐ ¬ü  Ðthorough€examination€of€the€record,€including€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€the€defendantððs€theoryÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€defense,€and€the€verdict€returned€by€the€jury.ðððð€€òòLockeóó,€___S.W.3d€at€___,€slip€op.€at€8Ð „Ô  Ð(quoting€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€191).€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àHere,€although€the€jury€rejected€that€the€defendant€acted€in€duress,€it€was€not€given€theÐ H˜ Ðopportunity€to€decide€whether€he€facilitated€the€crimes.€€Because€of€the€defendantððs€testimony€andÐ 4„ Ðthe€statement€he€gave€the€police,€the€evidence€of€his€intent€to€participate€in€the€robbery€wasÐ  p Ðcontroverted.€€The€jury€could,€therefore,€while€rejecting€that€he€acted€in€duress,€have€reasonablyÐ  \ Ðfound€that€the€defendant€lacked€the€intent€to€participate€with€Arnold€in€the€robbery,€but€providedÐ øH Ðsubstantial€assistance€once€the€robbery€began€by€watching€the€door€and€handing€Arnold€the€duffleÐ ä4 Ðbag€when€he€requested€it.€€Although€the€issue€is€close,€after€reviewing€the€entire€evidence€in€the€case,Ð Ð  Ðincluding€the€theory€of€defense€and€the€verdicts€reached€by€the€jury,€we€are€unable€to€concludeÐ ¼  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðindicted€offenses€did€not€affect€the€outcome€of€the€trial.€€Therefore,€we€reverse€the€judgments€ofÐ ”ä Ðconviction€and€remand€for€a€new€trial.€€However,€because€of€the€possibility€of€further€review,€andÐ €Ð Ðto€assist€the€trial€court€in€sentencing€if€the€defendant€is€again€convicted€upon€retrial,€we€will€reviewÐ l¼ Ðhis€challenge€to€the€trial€courtððs€sentencing€determinations.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà@€€#ìàò òII.€€SentencingˆÐ 0"€  ÐÌÓ*°ØXƒX" –X°œX*Óà  àó óThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€several€enhancement€factorsÐ $X" Ðto€enhance€his€sentences€from€the€minimum€in€his€range.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencingÐ ô$D # Ðhearing,€the€trial€court€applied€the€following€enhancement€factors:€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)à " àThe€offense€involved€more€than€one€(1)€victim;и'#&` x` x Ðâ âÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(9)à " àThe€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm,€explosiveÐ ° Ðâ âdevice€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(10)à " àThe€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€whenÐ tÄ Ðthe€risk€to€human€life€was€high;Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(16)à " àThe€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€when€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(3),€(9),€(10),€(16)€(Supp.€2001).€€Based€on€its€finding€that€the€aboveÐ ü L  Ðenhancement€factors€applied,€and€that€there€were€no€applicable€factors€in€mitigation,€the€trial€courtÐ è 8  Ðenhanced€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€aggravated€robbery€from€the€minimum€of€eight€years€to€nineÐ Ô$  Ðyears,€and€his€sentences€for€aggravated€assault€from€the€minimum€of€three€years€to€four€years,Ð À  Ðordering€that€the€sentences€be€served€concurrently€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€misapplied€all€four€enhancement€factors,€and€thatÐ „Ô  Ðhe€should€have€received€the€minimum€sentences€for€the€offenses.€€The€State€concedes€the€trial€courtÐ pÀ Ðmisapplied€enhancement€factors€(3),€(9),€and€(16),€but€contends€that€enhancement€factor€(10)€wasÐ \¬ Ðappropriately€applied€based€on€the€circumstances€of€the€case€and€justified€the€enhanced€sentencesÐ H˜ Ðimposed.€€We€agree€with€the€State.€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àÔ‡XñXXXñÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€ofÐ  \ Ðthis€court€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€ð ðthe€determinationsÐ øH Ðmade€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€Ð ä4 ÐThis€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ Ð  Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð ¼  ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àIn€conducting€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider€(a)€any€evidenceÐ €Ð Ðreceived€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ l¼ Ðsentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)€the€nature€andÐ X ¨ Ðcharacteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors,€(g)€any€statements€made€byÐ D!” Ðthe€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accusedððs€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitationÐ 0"€  Ðor€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Scottóó,€735€S.W.2d€825,€829€(Tenn.Ð #l! ÐCrim.€App.€1987)òòóó.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThe€party€challenging€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€has€the€burden€of€establishingÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€the€sentence€is€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€Ð Ì&"% ÐòòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169òòóó.€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€of€illustrating€the€sentencesÐ ¸'#& Ðimposed€by€the€trial€court€is€erroneous.Ô#†XñXXXñõ­#ÔÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àWe€agree€that€enhancement€factors€(3),€(9),€and€(16)€were€inappropriately€applied€in€thisÐ |*Ì%) Ðcase.€€Enhancement€factor€(3),€the€offense€involved€more€than€one€victim,€cannot€be€applied€when,Ð h+¸&* Ðas€here,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€committing€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assaultsÐ ° Ðagainst€specific,€named€victims.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Imfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€698,€706€(Tenn.€2002).€Ð œì ÐEnhancement€factor€(9),€the€defendant€employed€a€firearm€in€the€commission€of€the€offense,€is€notÐ ˆØ Ðapplicable€because€the€defendantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€assault€wereÐ tÄ Ðbased€on€the€use€of€a€firearm€in€the€commission€of€the€crimes,€thereby€making€enhancement€factorÐ `° Ð(9)€an€essential€element€of€the€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(9)€(Supp.€2001);€òòStateÐ L œ Ðv.€Nixóó,€922€S.W.2d€894,€903„04€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Finally,€our€supreme€court€has€held€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðenhancement€factor€(16),€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€in€which€the€potential€ofÐ $ t Ðbodily€injury€to€a€victim€is€great,€applies€only€when€the€defendant€creates€a€great€risk€of€injury€to€aÐ  ` Ðvictim.òòóó€€òòSeeóó€òòImfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€at€706„07.€€However,€in€this€case,€the€proof€of€great€risk€of€injury€toÐ ü L  Ðthe€victims€was€established€by€Arnoldððs€use€of€a€gun,€an€essential€element€in€both€the€aggravatedÐ è 8  Ðrobbery€and€aggravated€assault€convictions.€Therefore,€the€trial€court€should€not€have€appliedÐ Ô$  Ðenhancement€factors€(3),€(9),€or€(16)€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentences.€Ð À  ÐÌÓ6°,X„XÅ –X°ØXƒX" –X6Óà  àWe€conclude,€however,€that€enhancement€factor€(10),€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€aboutÐ ˜è  Ðcommitting€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high,€was€appropriately€applied€under€theÐ „Ô  Ðcircumstances€of€this€case.€€Enhancement€factor€(10)€is€the€appropriate€factor€to€be€applied€whenÐ pÀ Ðthere€is€a€risk€to€the€life€of€someone€other€than€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòImfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€at€707.òòóó€€TheÐ \¬ Ðevidence€was€that€there€were€five€employees€in€the€restaurant€at€the€time€the€defendant€and€ArnoldÐ H˜ Ðcommitted€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Parks€and€aggravated€assaults€of€Murray€and€Hodges.€Ð 4„ ÐEnhancement€factor€(10)€was,€therefore,€appropriately€applied€based€on€the€risk€to€other€individualsÐ  p Ðpresent€in€the€restaurant€at€the€time€the€crimes€were€committed.€€In€sum,€we€conclude€that€the€trialÐ  \ Ðcourt€misapplied€enhancement€factors€(3),€(9),€and€(16),€but€appropriately€applied€enhancementÐ øH Ðfactor€(10)€which€justified€the€enhanced€sentences.Ð ä4 ÐÓ:°ØXƒX" –X°,X„XÅ –X£¼:ÓÌà@FF%ìàò òòòCONCLUSIONóóó óˆÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àBased€on€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€trial€courtÐ ”ä Ðand€remand€the€case€for€a€new€trial.Ð €Ð ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà " àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð D!” Ðà  àà ` àà " àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE