ÿWPCâ, ’¢"c™Ô…nKƒ„rÇ.\qm ø»œÜ8_ÇÍÞ6iÜ唣 oC}L‹e»Œ…­á™Ôò³ô¤¦i·]LQ¦Ú ‡^Oqöɓʭ½VAd8À3 …Ò¯WÈÒ¶š¶k,m©Á}£Û2‰Ru Èèâ_Ò]Í`ÓÍ7ॴR©ºÿŠ0ÝL‹ôE¹ÆRM¨{ _ÌÇÅʧI•‘Qñ+!öV¯À`ej$Å3qiñôOÁãêh KñŒøcȰ‹ vó¨4Jv»4aJA®ÇÞ¶ŽÁ½#½­AHß+Èo‘I¦[8=À±{NSa-½þq¹ŸÐÖW£”ÉšžÅ5XÒÆ¿7>âòhÐ`ï# ¯ï‚Œnº’C'*ŠY¬8,¼«ýÛÄsXØOÀ_Q)´¹´¨åc6´Çõž®\ì¥ASyä £jïÂ7âBiPQðéH„0Ñe¦ºz¤¢häSÉQQY ÀxŒ”aÈFûö{!ðW(“Šì¢‚ô(òš×œ^úB#Ç=ôâømKé^þz‚!ï)|:³-uœã*ÿSå+ ƒ×¬SĈIñÎïÛbê•›õØÚ<³tÖeLDl½§R€7ÌíG©Ëꤾó§ðJÎyÚä$þÓ ­®îbU:N\ %ª 0ˆ°^ 8wD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ 0D‘ ÆÕ Æ› Æa Æ'HíN5a7U@˜EØÚWöM‚ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUb×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×'×' 0ëß'ß'ß'ß' BÊ(Ê( 0¤ç( D3‹) D-¾) 0Kë)ë) AS6*Ɖ* 0¤O+ 0Dó+ A«7,(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó‡¥=) ÖJ~'`áŸ3|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 >Ý ƒRîÊ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôRUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOfficer€Johnston€explained€that€the€appellant€was€already€under€arrest€for€DUI€and€was€not€going€to€beÐ ° Ðreleased€from€the€scene€regardless€of€his€consent€to€the€breath€test. WÝ ƒRîÊ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôRUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant,€in€response€to€questioning€by€the€court,€provided€that€he€had€a€bachelorððs€degree€in€electronicÐ ° Ðengineering€and€that€he€was€employed€at€Service€Merchandise€in€computer€operations.(ÈhH  Z(Times New Roman  Ô_ÔÝ ƒRîÊÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8À=¡»»dd8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôRUò»»ÔÝ  ÝThe€appellant€was€charged€under€alternative€counts€of€driving€under€the€influence€and€driving€under€theÐ ° Ðinfluence€while€having€a€blood€alcohol€concentration€of€.10%€or€more.€€The€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€bothÐ n¾ Ðoffenses€and€the€trial€court€properly€merged€the€convictions. MÝ ƒRîÊ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôRUò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€òòSensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€at€€416,€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€the€admissibility€of€a€breath€test€depended€uponÐ ° Ðthe€testing€officer's€ability€to€testify€as€follows:Ð n¾ ÐÌ(1)€that€the€tests€were€performed€in€accordance€with€the€standards€and€operating€procedure€promulgated€by€the€forensicÐ ê: Ðservices€division€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation;Ð ¨ø ÐÌ(2)€that€he€was€properly€certified€in€accordance€with€those€standards;Ð $ t ÐÌ(3)€that€the€evidentiary€breath€testing€instrument€used€was€certified€by€the€forensic€services€division,€was€tested€regularlyÐ   ð Ðfor€accuracy€and€was€working€properly€when€the€breath€test€was€performed;Ð ^ ®  ÐÌ(4)€that€the€motorist€was€observed€for€the€requisite€20€minutes€prior€to€the€test,€and€during€this€period,€he€did€not€haveÐ Ú *  E Ðforeign€matter€in€his€mouth,€did€not€consume€any€alcoholic€beverage,€smoke,€or€regurgitate;Ð ° ÐÌ(5)€that€he€followed€the€prescribed€operational€procedure;€andÐ ,| ÐÌ(6)€that€the€printout€record€offered€in€evidence€was€the€result€of€the€test€given€to€the€person€tested.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòóóThe€trial€court€has€the€duty€to€determine€whether€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€the€State€has€established€the€sixÐ $ t Ðprerequisites€for€admissibility.€€òòState€v.€Edisonóó,€9€S.W.3d€€75,€76(Tenn.1999).€€Ð â 2 Ð  x Ô_Ôà  àÝ ƒRÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8À=¡»»dd8ÑÑ @ý ѹÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôRUò»»ÔÝ  ÝTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55-10-406€provides,€in€pertinent€part:Ð ¾ ÐÌà  à(a)(1)€Any€person€who€drives€any€motor€vehicle€in€the€state€is€deemed€to€have€given€consent€to€a€test€for€theÐ :Š Ðpurpose€of€determining€the€alcoholic€or€drug€content€of€that€person's€blood;€€provided,€that€such€test€is€administered€atÐ øH Ðthe€direction€of€a€law€enforcement€officer€having€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€such€person€was€driving€while€underÐ ¶ Ðthe€influence€of€an€intoxicant€or€drug,€as€defined€in€ðð€55-10-405.€.€.Ð t Ä ÐÌà  à(2)€Any€law€enforcement€officer€who€requests€that€the€driver€of€a€motor€vehicle€submit€to€a€test€pursuant€toÐ ð @ Ðthis€section€for€the€purpose€of€determining€the€alcoholic€or€drug€content€of€the€driver's€blood€shall,€prior€to€conductingÐ ® þ  Ðsuch€test,€advise€the€driver€that€refusal€to€submit€to€such€test€will€result€in€the€suspension€of€the€driver's€operator's€licenseÐ l ¼  Ðby€the€court.€€The€court€having€jurisdiction€of€the€offense€for€which€such€driver€was€placed€under€arrest€shall€not€haveÐ * z  Ðthe€authority€to€suspend€the€license€of€a€driver€who€refused€to€submit€to€the€test€if€such€driver€was€not€advised€of€theÐ è 8  Ðconsequences€of€such€a€refusal.Ð ¦ö  ÐÌà  à(3)€If€such€person€having€been€placed€under€arrest€and€thereafter€having€been€requested€by€a€law€enforcementÐ "r  Ðofficer€to€submit€to€such€test€and€advised€of€the€consequences€for€refusing€to€do€so,€refuses€to€submit,€the€test€shall€notÐ à0  Ðbe€given€and€such€person€shall€be€charged€with€violating€this€subsection.€€The€determination€as€to€whether€a€driverÐ žî  Ðviolated€the€provisions€of€this€subsection€shall€be€made€at€the€same€time€and€by€the€same€court€as€the€one€disposing€ofÐ \¬  Ðthe€offense€for€which€such€driver€was€placed€under€arrest.€.€.€.Ð j Ðà  àÌà  à(4)€Any€person€who€violates€the€provisions€of€this€section€by€refusing€to€submit€to€the€test€pursuant€toÐ –æ Ðsubdivision€(3)€shall€be€charged€by€a€separate€warrant€or€citation€that€does€not€include€any€charge€of€violating€ððÐ T¤ Ð55-10-401€that€may€arise€from€the€same€occurrence.Ð b ÐÌà  à(b)€Any€person€who€is€unconscious€as€a€result€of€an€accident€or€is€unconscious€at€the€time€of€arrest€orÐ ŽÞ Ðapprehension€or€otherwise€in€a€condition€rendering€that€person€incapable€of€refusal,€shall€be€subjected€to€the€test€asÐ Lœ Ðprovided€for€by€ðððð€55-10-405--55-10-412,€but€the€results€thereof€shall€not€be€used€in€evidence€against€that€person€inÐ  Z Ðany€court€or€before€any€regulatory€body€without€the€consent€of€the€person€so€tested.€€Refusal€of€release€of€the€evidenceÐ È Ðso€obtained€will€result€in€the€suspension€of€that€person's€driver€license,€thus€such€refusal€of€consent€shall€give€suchÐ †Ö Ðperson€the€same€rights€of€hearing€and€determinations€as€provided€for€conscious€and€capable€persons€in€this€section.Ð D” ÐÌà  à.€.€.- ù-(|G2îÊ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€=¡»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôRUò»»Ô d(|3Vq$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€=¡»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Vq$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€=¡»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€=¡»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼=¡»»»ÔÑ8€^ÍXXdæ»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î‚=¡ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼=¡»îî‚ #ԈРР ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJuly€2000€SessionÐ ð@ ÐÔ‡X^ÍX»¼=¡ÔÌò òÔ#†¼=¡»XX^Í#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€MICHAEL€A.€JANOSKYòòóóÔ‡X^ÍX»¼=¡Ôó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ Ø ( Ðà@@øøìàNo.€99„T„119,€Cheryl€Blackburn,€JudgeÐ ¾  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<o` AßÐ pÀ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„02574„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€29,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ eµ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<0` AßÐ 1  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓMichael€Janosky€appeals€from€his€conviction€of€driving€under€the€influence.€€In€this€direct€appeal,Ð &v  Ðhe€challenges€his€conviction€based€upon€(1)€erroneous€admission€of€breath€alcohol€test€results€whichÐ  \ Ðhe€contends€were€involuntarily€obtained€and€(2)€the€results€of€the€breath€test€were€not€administeredÐ òB Ðin€accordance€with€€the€requirements€of€òòState€v.€Sensingóó.€€As€to€issue€(1),€we€hold€that,€absent€aÐ Ø( Ðmotoristððs€express€refusal,€consent€to€a€breath€test€is€deemed€voluntary€as€a€matter€of€law.€€WithÐ ¾ Ðreference€to€issue€(2),€the€improper€administration€of€the€breath€test,€we€find€this€issue€waivedÐ ¤ô Ðbecause€it€was€not€included€in€the€appellantððs€motion€for€new€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e).€Ð ŠÚ ÐAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€entered€by€the€trial€court.ò òÐ pÀ Ðó óÔ#†¼=¡»XX^͉#ÔÔ‡X^ÍX»¼=¡ÔÌÓ±ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€affirmed.ó óÐ "r ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼=¡»àX^͆#ÔÔ‡X^ÍX.¼=¡ÔDavid€G.€Hayes,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€whichòòóó€òòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joinedÐ î> Ðand€òòThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ô,€J.óóÔ#†¼=¡»XX^ÍD #ÔÔ‡X^ÍX»¼=¡Ô€filed€a€separate€concurring.Ð Ô$ ÐÌV.€Michael€Fox,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Michael€A.€Janosky.Ð  ð ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General,€Marvin€E.Ð l!¼! ÐClements,€Jr.,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€Victor€S.€(Torry)€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General,Ð R"¢" Ðand€Sean€K.€Allen,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð 8#ˆ# ÐÔ#†¼=¡»XX^ÍF #ÔÔ‡X^ÍX»¼=¡ÔÌÓ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼=¡»XX^Íy #ÔÔ‡X^ÍX»¼=¡ÔÐ ê%:!& ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼=¡»XX^Íì #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X^ÍX»¼=¡Ôà  àThe€appellant,€Michael€A.€Janosky,€was€found€guilty€by€a€Davidson€County€jury€of€drivingÐ ¶'#( Ðâ âunder€the€influence,€first€offense.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€eleven€months€twenty€nineÐ œ(ì#)ý Ðdays,€with€all€of€the€sentence€suspended€except€for€ten€days.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€the€appellantÐ ° Ðasserts€that€the€results€of€his€breath€tests€should€have€been€suppressed.Ð –æ Ðâ âÌà  àAfter€review,€we€find€no€error€requiring€reversal.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð b² Ðà@ìì*ìàò òó óˆÌÌà@ÛÛ%ìàò òBackgroundó óˆÐ  d ÐÌà  àAt€approximately€11:00€pm,€on€June€6,€1998,€Metro€Police€Officer€Clinton€Gilliland,€€afterÐ à 0 Ðentering€a€gas€station,€received€a€complaint€of€an€intoxicated€driver.€€He€related€that€his€attention€wasÐ Æ   Ðdirected€toward€the€appellant€and€a€vehicle€driven€by€the€appellant.€€Officer€Gilliland€began€to€followÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€vehicle€and€observed€the€vehicle€making€wide€turns.€€At€a€stop€light,€he€pulled€alongside€theÐ ’â  Ðappellantððs€vehicle€and€€asked€him,€ð ðHad€[sic]€you€been€drinking?ðð€€The€appellant€looked€at€theÐ xÈ  Ðofficer,€rolled€his€head,€and€took€off.€€Officer€Gilliland€observed€that€the€appellantððs€motor€skillsÐ ^®  Ðð ðappeared€somewhat€concentrated,€not€very€alert,€so€to€speak.€€He€appeared€to€be€intoxicated€.€.€.€.ðð€Ð D”  ÐAt€this€point,€Officer€Gilliland€activated€his€blue€lights€and€ð ðpulled€[the€appellant]€over.ððÐ *z  Ðà  àÌà  à€Upon€approaching€the€appellant,€Officer€Gilliland€ð ðcould€smell€a€very€extreme€odor€of€anÐ öF Ðalcoholic€beverage€about.€.€.€.ðð€He€asked€the€appellant€to€exit€the€vehicle.€€As€the€appellant€wasÐ Ü, Ðgetting€out€of€his€car,€Officer€Gilliland€noticed€that€the€appellant€ð ðused€his€right€foot€to€overstep€hisÐ Â Ðleft€as€if€he€had€to€support€himself€from€falling.ðð€€The€appellantððs€ð ðeyes€were€very€watery€and€bloodÐ ¨ø Ðshotðð€and€his€speech€was€ð ðunusually€slurred.ðð€Based€upon€his€physical€observations€of€the€appellant,Ð ŽÞ ÐOfficer€Gilliland€asked€the€appellant€to€submit€to€field€sobriety€tests.€€Officer€Gilliland€thenÐ tÄ Ðadministered€the€ð ðwalk€and€turnðð€test€which€the€appellant€failed€to€successfully€complete.€€DuringÐ Zª Ðthe€test,€the€appellant€admitted€that€he€could€not€complete€the€test€because€his€balance€was€poor,€heÐ @ Ðadded€that€ð ðIððve€been€drinking,€or€I€drank€two€liters€of€beer€at€Market€Street€Brewery.ðð€€OfficerÐ &v ÐGilliland€then€administered€the€ð ðone„legged€standðð€test.€€The€appellant€could€not€complete€this€taskÐ  \ Ðeither.€€The€officer€concluded€that,€ð ð[The€appellant]€wasnððt€just€intoxicated€or€under€the€influence.€Ð òB ÐHe€was€knee„walking,€sloppy€drunk.€€This€wasnððt€a€borderline€case.€€He€was,€he€was€completelyÐ Ø( Ðintoxicated.ðð€€Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àAt€this€point,€the€appellant€was€arrested€for€driving€under€the€influence,€handcuffed,€andÐ Š Ú Ðplaced€in€the€back€of€the€cruiser.€€Officer€Gilliland€read€the€appellant€the€Implied€Consent€Law.€€TheÐ p!À  Ðappellant€agreed€to€submit€to€the€breath€test.€€Officer€Gilliland€then€called€dispatch€requesting€anÐ V"¦! Ðalcohol€testing€operator€at€the€scene.€Officer€Jeb€Johnston,€the€alcohol€testing€operator€on€duty,Ð <#Œ" Ðresponded.€€Officer€Johnston€is€assigned€to€the€DUI€Enforcement€unit.€€He€testified€that€he€wasÐ "$r# Ðcertified€to€administer€the€test€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation.€€The€machine€used€on€thisÐ %X $ Ðoccasion€was€an€Intoxilyzer€1400.€€This€particular€unit€had€been€calibrated€by€the€TBI€on€May€8,Ð î%>!% Ð1998,€and€had€been€checked€by€Metro€officers€on€June€6,€prior€to€Officer€Johnstonððs€shift.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€appellant€had€previously€agreed€to€take€the€breathalyzer€test,€before€OfficerÐ  (ð#( ÐJohnson€began€the€actual€test,€the€appellant€was€asked€again€if€he€would€submit€to€the€test.€TheÐ †)Ö$) Ðappellant€refused€the€test.€€Officer€Johnston€explained€that€he€asked€the€appellant€if€he€understoodÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€implied€consent€law€and€the€appellant€did€not€indicate€that€he€did€not.€€Johnston€then€advised€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðappellant€that€ð ðif€he€wants€to€go€straight€to€jail,€refuse€the€breath€test,€and€be€charged€with€ImpliedÐ 8,ˆ', ÐConsent€and€DUI.ðð׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€appellant€ð ðblurted€out€that€he€had€had€two€shots.€.€.€.ðð€€The€appellant€thenÐ ° Ðconsented€to€the€test.€€The€appellant€was€placed€in€the€rear€seat€of€Johnstonððs€patrol€car€and€OfficerÐ –æ ÐJohnston,€seated€in€the€front€seat,€observed€the€appellant€for€the€required€twenty€minute€period.€Ð |Ì ÐDuring€the€observation€period,€Officer€Johnston€testified€that€the€appellant€did€not€ð ðregurgitate€atÐ b² Ðany€time,ðð€did€not€ð ðput€any€foreign€objects€in€his€mouth,ðð€and€did€not€ð ðconsume€anything.ðð€Ð H˜ ÐAlthough€he€admitted€that€he€did€not€physically€examine€the€appellantððs€mouth,€one€ð ðcan€usuallyÐ . ~ Ðtell€when€somebody€has€some€candy€or€gum€in€their€mouth.€€They€are€usually€chewing€or€suckingÐ  d Ðon€it.ðð€Additionally,€Officer€Johnston€related€that€the€appellant€was€ð ðvery€talkative,€so€[he]€wouldÐ ú J Ðhave€saw€if€he€had€something€.€.€.in€his€mouth.ðð€Officer€Johnston€then€administered€the€test,€theÐ à 0 Ðresults€of€which€revealed€that€the€appellant€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€.187€percent.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àThe€twenty„three€year€old€appellant€testified€at€trial€that€he€was€not€advised€of€the€ImpliedÐ ’â  ÐConsent€warning€by€either€Officer€Johnston€or€Officer€Gilliland.€€He€stated€that€he€was€asked€if€heÐ xÈ  Ðð ðwanted€to€do€a€Breathalyzer€testðð€by€Officer€Johnston.€€The€appellant€refused.€€Johnston€thenÐ ^®  Ðinformed€him€that€he€could€ð ðeither€take€it€or€.€.€.€go€to€jail.ðð€€The€appellant€interpreted€this€as€ð ð[his]Ð D”  Ðonly€way€out€of€the€[patrol]€car€at€that€moment€was€to€take€the€breath€test,€and€since€[he]€was€alreadyÐ *z  Ðlate€for€work,€and€had€to€be€there,€that€I€probably€should€take€the€test.ðð€€He€further€advised€the€court,Ð ` Ðð ðIt€was€losing€my€job€or€going€to€jail,€you€know,€in€the€context€of€going€to€jail.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð öF ÐÌà  àBased€upon€this€evidence,€the€appellant€was€convicted€of€driving€under€the€influence.Ð Â ÐÌÌà@‚‚&ìàò òAnalysisó óˆÐ tÄ Ðà  àÌà  àPrior€to€trial,€the€appellant€filed€a€motion€in€limine€to€have€the€results€of€his€breath€test€beÐ @ Ðsuppressed€for€failure€to€comply€with€the€technical€requirements€of€òòState€v.€Sensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€412Ð &v Ð(Tenn.€1992).׃P×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€A€hearing€on€the€motion€was€held€on€September€13,€1998.€€€Officer€Johnston€andÐ  \ Ðthe€appellant€provided€relevant€testimony.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€proof,€defense€counsel€assentedÐ ° Ðto€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€issue€before€the€court€was€the€ð ðvoluntariness€€.€.€.€on€theÐ –æ ÐImplied€Consent.ððÐ |Ì ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€proof€at€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€made€the€following€findings€of€fact:Ð H˜ Ðà8  à.€.€.Iððve€heard€the€testimony€from€Mr.€Janosky€and€he€said€that€his€choice€wasÐ . ~ Ðbetween€going€to€jail€and€taking€the€test€because€he€didnððt€want€to€lose€his€job;Ð  d Ðhowever,€the€facts€are€pretty€clear.€€Mr.€Janosky€was€already€in€custody.€€He€is€[a]Ð ú J Ðman€who€is€23€years€old,€has€a€BA€degree,€on€his€way€to€work,€I€might€add,€and€heÐ à 0 Ðdid€choose€to€take€the€test.€€There€is€nothing€in€this€that€would€lead€me€to€think€thisÐ Æ   Ðwasnððt€voluntary.€€He€might€not€have€liked€the€choices€he€had,€but€that€doesnððt€meanÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€the€police€officers€did€anything€to€overcome€his€will,€which€is€the€crucial€issue,Ð ’â  Ðso€motion€denied€in€involuntariness.ÐxÈ Ð Ð  ÐÓÓÌÓÓà  àThe€appellant€contests€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€arguing€(1)€that€the€State€failed€to€satisfyÐ *z  Ðthe€requirements€of€òòState€v.€Sensingóó€in€that€the€officer€failed€to€ð ðphysically€insure€that€DefendantÐ ` ÐJanoskyððs€mouth€was€clear€of€all€foreign€material,€which€may€have€an€effect€on€the€breath€testÐ öF Ðresultsðð€and€(2)€that€the€breath€test€was€procured€involuntarily.€€Initially,€we€note€that€the€appellantÐ Ü, Ðhas€waived€any€challenge€to€the€òòSensingóó€requirements.€€€Although€such€challenge€was€made€in€theÐ Â Ðappellantððs€motion€in€limine,€the€appellant€failed€to€present€the€issue€to€the€trial€court€at€the€hearingÐ ¨ø Ðon€the€motion,€òòseeóó€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a),€and€failed€to€preserve€this€issue€for€appellate€review€byÐ ŽÞ Ðneglecting€to€raise€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e).òòóó€€Accordingly,€ourÐ tÄ Ðreview€is€limited€to€the€voluntariness€of€the€appellantððs€consent€to€the€breath€test.Ð Zª ÐÌÌà@â â ìàò òVoluntariness€of€Motoristððs€Consentó óˆÐ  \ ÐÌà  àWhere€the€appellant€claims€that€he€has€been€aggrieved€by€a€potentially€unlawful€search€orÐ Ø( Ðseizure,€the€proper€remedy€is€to€file€a€motion€to€suppress.€€òòSeeóó€€òòDavid€L.€Ô_ÔRaybinÔ_Ôóó,€òòTennesseeÐ ¾ ÐCriminal€Practice€and€Procedure€óóðð€18.6€(1984).€€Because€the€trial€court€considered€the€issue€on€theÐ ¤ô Ðmerits,€we€have€chosen€to€treat€the€pretrial€hearing€as€if€the€appellant€had€utilized€the€properÐ Š Ú Ðprocedure.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€673€S.W.2d€877,€883€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1984).Ð p!À  Ðâ âÐ V"¦! Ðà  àÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔIn€reviewing€a€denial€of€a€motion€to€suppress,€this€court€looks€to€the€facts€adduced€at€theÐ ° Ðâ âsuppression€hearing€which€are€most€favorable€to€the€State€as€the€prevailing€party.€€òòState€v.€Danielóó,Ð –æ Ð12€S.W.3d€420,€423€(Tenn.€2000)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996)).€€InÐ |Ì Ðconsidering€the€evidence€presented€at€the€hearing,€this€court€extends€great€deference€to€the€fact„Ð b² Ðfinding€of€the€suppression€hearing€judge€with€respect€to€weighing€credibility,€determining€facts,€andÐ H˜ Ðresolving€conflicts€in€the€evidence.€€òòDanielóó,€12€S.W.3d€at€423.€€Indeed,€these€findings€will€be€upheldÐ . ~ Ðunless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòIdóó.€€Furthermore,€this€court€may€consider€the€entireÐ  d Ðrecord,€including€the€evidence€submitted€both€at€the€suppression€hearing€and€at€trial,€in€evaluatingÐ ú J Ðthe€correctness€of€the€trial€court's€ruling.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔHenningÔ_Ôóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€297€(Tenn.1998).€Ð à 0 ÐAlthough€deference€is€given€to€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact,€this€court€conducts€its€own€appraisalÐ Æ   Ðof€the€constitutional€questions€presented€by€reviewing€the€law€and€applying€it€to€the€specific€factsÐ ¬ ü  Ðof€the€particular€case.€€òòIdóó.€€(citing€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔYearganÔ_Ôóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997);€òòÔ_ÔBeareÔ_Ô€v.Ð ’â  ÐTennessee€Dept.€of€Revenueóó,€858€S.W.2d€906,€907€(Tenn.€1993)).à È àÐ xÈ  ÐÌà  àThe€administration€of€a€breath€test€for€the€detection€of€a€personððs€blood€alcohol€level€is€aÐ D”  Ðseizure€of€the€person€and€a€search€for€evidence€within€the€purview€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€of€theÐ *z  ÐUnited€States€Constitution.€€òòSeeóó€€òòÔ_ÔSchmerberÔ_Ô€v.€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.€757,€86€S.Ct.€1826€(1966).€€TheÐ ` Ðanalysis€of€any€Ô_ÔwarrantlessÔ_Ô€search€must€begin€with€the€proposition€that€such€searches€are€òòper€seóóÐ öF Ðunreasonable€under€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€SectionÐ Ü, Ð7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€subject€only€to€a€few€well-delineated€exceptions.€€òòSeeóó€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍT8#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔòòóó€€òòCoolidgeÐ Â Ðv.€New€Hampshireóó,€403€U.S.€443,€454„55,€91€S.Ct.€2022,€2031„32€(1971);Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍTB#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€òòKatz€v.€United€Statesóó,€389Ð ¨ø ÐU.S.€347,€357,€88€S.Ct.€507,€514€(1967);€òòState€v.€Tyleróó,€598€S.W.2d€798,€801Ð ŽÞ Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Crim.AppÔ_Ô.1980).Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍC#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€One€such€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement€includes€exigentÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances.€òòSee€generallyóó€€òòÔ_ÔSchmerberÔ_Ô€v.€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.€at€757,€86€S.Ct.€at€1826.€€ExigentÐ Zª Ðcircumstances€arise€when€authorities€have€reason€to€believe€that€evidence€is€in€danger€of€beingÐ @ Ðdestroyed€or€removed.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔJennetteÔ_Ôóó,Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍD#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€706€S.W.2d€614,€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í"F#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ617€(Tenn.€1986)€(reasonableÐ &v Ðlikelihood€that€evidence€may€be€destroyed€if€officers€have€to€interrupt€investigation€to€obtainÐ  \ Ðwarrant).òòóó€€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍuF#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔThus,€a€Ô_ÔwarrantlessÔ_Ô€test€of€an€individualððs€bodily€substances€does€not€violate€anyÐ òB Ðconstitutional€right€so€long€as€the€search€was€supported€by€probable€cause,€the€evidence€was€of€anÐ Ø( Ðevanescent€nature,€and€the€means€and€procedures€employed€in€taking€the€substance€were€reasonable.€Ð ¾ ÐòòSeeóó€€òòÔ_ÔSchmerberÔ_Ô€v€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.€at€770„772,€86€S.Ct.€at€1835„1837€(Ô_ÔwarrantlessÔ_Ô€seizure€ofÐ ¤ô Ðblood€not€prohibited€because€evidence€may€be€lost€if€not€immediately€seized);€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòPeople€v.Ð Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔAyresÔ_Ôóó,€591€N.E.2d€931€(Ill.€App.€1992).€€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍmG#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔBased€upon€the€fact€that€evidence€of€blood€alcohol€contentÐ p!À  Ðbegins€to€diminish€shortly€after€drinking€stops,€a€compulsory€breath€or€blood€test,€taken€with€orÐ V"¦! Ðwithout€the€consent€of€the€donor,€falls€within€the€exigent€circumstances€exception€to€the€warrantÐ <#Œ" Ðrequirement.€€òòÔ_ÔSchmerberÔ_Ô€v.€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.€at€770,€86€S.Ct.€at€1836;€€òòsee€generallyóó€€òòState€v.Ð "$r# ÐÔ_ÔKrantzÔ_Ôóó,€848€P.2d€296,€299€(Ariz.€App.€1993);€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€531€A.2d€157,€160€(Conn.€App.€1987);Ð %X $ Ðòòóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔNickersonÔ_Ôóó,€973€P.2d€758,€762€(Idaho€1999);€òòVillage€of€Algonquin€v.€Fordóó,€495€N.E.2d€595,Ð î%>!% Ð596€(Ill.€App.€1986).Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ͲJ#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í3N#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àIn€addition€to€the€exigent€circumstances€established€by€the€nature€of€the€evidence€in€casesÐ  (ð#( Ðinvolving€intoxicated€motorists,€the€statutorily€created€implied€consent€of€the€motorist€permits€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐÔ_ÔwarrantlessÔ_Ô€search€of€the€motoristððs€breath€or€blood.€€òòSee€generallyóó€€òòÔ_ÔSchnecklothÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔBustamonteÔ_Ôóó,€412Ð l*¼%* ÐU.S.€218,€219,€93€S.Ct.€2041,€2043€(1973)€(voluntary€consent€exception€to€warrant€requirement).€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÔ#†X^ÍXXX^ÍvN#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔUnder€the€express€provisions€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„406€(1998),€any€person€who€operates€aÐ 8,ˆ', Ðmotor€vehicle€on€Tennesseeððs€highways€is€statutorily€deemed€to€have€consented€to€an€evidentiaryÐ ° Ðtest€for€blood€alcohol€concentration.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Thereby,€anyone€who€exercises€the€privilege€of€operating€aÐ –æ Ðmotor€vehicle€in€this€state€has€consented€in€advance€to€submit€to€a€breath€alcohol€test.€€Indeed,€byÐ |Ì Ðvirtue€of€the€provisions€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð55„10„406€(a)(1),€our€legislature€has€declared€thatÐ b² Ðconsent€of€all€motorists€is€implied;€therefore,€it€is€unnecessary€for€law€enforcement€officers€to€obtainÐ H˜ Ðthe€voluntary€consent€of€an€individual€motorist€before€administering€a€breath€test€for€alcoholÐ . ~ Ðconcentration€level.€€€€The€purpose€behind€the€implied€consent€law€is€to€facilitate€the€gathering€ofÐ  d Ðevidence€against€intoxicated€drivers.€€Thus,€the€State€may€compel€submission€to€the€testing€if€theÐ ú J Ðofficer€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€that€the€motorist€is€intoxicated.€€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€702Ð à 0 ÐS.W.2d€580,€583€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985)€(citing€òòSouth€Dakota€v.€Nevilleóó,€459€U.S.€553,€103€S.Ct.Ð Æ   Ð916€(1983);€òòSchmerber€v.€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.€at€757,€86€S.Ct.€at€1826).Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àA€motoristððs€right€to€refuse€to€submit€to€a€breath€test€under€Tennesseeððs€implied€consent€lawÐ xÈ  Ðis€not€a€constitutional€right.€€Rather,€the€State€of€Tennessee,€through€its€enactment€of€Tenn.€CodeÐ ^®  ÐAnn.€ðð55„10„406(a)(2)€and€(a)(3),€has€adopted€a€policy€position€prohibiting€law€enforcement€officersÐ D”  Ðfrom€administering€a€breath€or€blood€alcohol€test€against€the€motoristððs€will.€òòóó€Instead,€in€an€effortÐ ° Ðto€avoid€potentially€violent€confrontations€between€private€citizens€and€law€enforcement€officers,Ð –æ Ðthe€state€has€elected€to€permit€the€motorist€to€refuse€the€test.€€òòSeeóó€€òòSouth€Dakota€v.€Nevilleóó,€459€U.S.Ð |Ì Ðat€559„560,€103€S.Ct.€at€€920.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€€òòKrantzóó,€848€P.2d€at€299;€òòBush€v.€Brightóó,€264€Cal.€App.€2dÐ b² Ð788,€789€(1968);Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í Q#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍÞZ#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔòòTayloróó,€531€A.2d€at€160òòóó.€òòóóÔ#†X^ÍXXX^Í![#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€The€right€to€refuse€is€not€absolute;€rather,€the€right€toÐ H˜ Ðrefuse€will€result€in€suspension€of€the€motoristððs€driverððs€operatorððs€license,€assuming€appropriateÐ . ~ Ðprocedural€protections€are€provided.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„406(b).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòSouth€DakotaÐ  d Ðv.€Nevilleóó,€459€U.S.€at€560,€103€S.Ct.€at€920;€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^ÍŽ[#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€òòMackey€v.€Montrymóó,€443€U.S.€1,€17„19,€99€S.Ct.Ð ú J Ð2612,€2620„21€(1979).€€By€striking€this€balance,€the€statute€motivates€drivers€to€take€the€test,€butÐ à 0 Ðdoes€so€without€resorting€to€physical€compulsion.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Hitchensóó,€294€N.W.2d€686,€688Ð Æ   Ð(Iowa€1980).Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í[]#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Íë^#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í._#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔÐ ¬ ü  Ѐ€à  àÐ ’â  Ðà  àÔ#†X^ÍXXX^Íq_#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔIn€the€present€case,€the€appellant,€by€choosing€to€engage€in€a€regulated€activity,€that€ofÐ xÈ  Ðdriving€a€motor€vehicle,€subjected€himself€to€the€provisions€of€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„406.€€TheÐ ^®  Ðappellant€was€lawfully€arrested€for€driving€under€the€influence.òòóó€€His€driving€behavior,€his€demeanor,Ð D”  Ðand€his€failure€to€complete€the€field€sobriety€tests€formed€the€factual€bases€for€the€officerððs€inferenceÐ *z  Ðthat€the€breath€test€was€likely€to€reveal€evidence€of€the€offense.€€The€appellant€presented€no€evidenceÐ ` Ðof€his€express€refusal€to€submit€to€the€breath€test.€€He€simply€asserts€that€his€submission€to€the€testÐ öF Ðwas€involuntary.€€Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í÷_#ÔThe€argument€that€consent€to€a€breath€alcohol€test€was€involuntary€or€coerced€isÐ Ü, Ðmisplaced.€€Consent€is€unnecessary€as€consent€has€already€been€obtained€by€the€act€of€driving€theÐ Â Ðmotor€vehicle.€€Our€law€is€clear€that€the€only€time€ð ðthe€test€shall€not€be€givenðð€is€when€the€motoristÐ ¨ø Ðð ðrefuses€to€submitðð€to€the€test.€€To€hold€otherwise€would€permit€a€motorist€to€submit€to€the€test€and,Ð ŽÞ Ðafter€obtaining€an€adverse€test€result,€challenge€the€introduction€of€the€BAC€test€results€in€theÐ tÄ Ðprosecution€of€the€DUI€charge€as€well€as€precluding€citation€of€the€defendant€for€non„complianceÐ Zª Ðwith€the€implied€consent€law.€€€The€€Implied€Consent€Law€permits€introduction€of€either€the€BACÐ @ Ðresults€or€the€suspension€of€the€motoristððs€driverððs€license.€€òòSee€generallyóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„Ð &v Ð406.€€The€appellant€in€the€present€case€seeks€to€avoid€both€consequences.Ô‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔ€€Under€our€implied€consentÐ  \ Ðlaw,€he€cannot€do€so.Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í!% Ð1992).€€Thus,€the€appellantððs€argument€that€he€had€a€constitutional€right€not€to€incriminate€himselfÐ Ô&$"& Ðby€submitting€to€the€breath€test€is€without€merit.Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Í¡l#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔÐ º' #' ÐÌÌà@  %ìàò òConclusionó óˆÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ Ðà  àAfter€review€of€the€issue€presently€before€this€court,€we€conclude€that€the€express€consentÐ ° Ðâ âof€the€motorist€is€not€a€prerequisite€for€the€admission€of€a€breath€alcohol€test€into€evidence€in€a€DUIÐ –æ Ðprosecution.€€Explicitly,€we€hold€that€the€voluntariness€of€the€motoristððs€consent€at€the€time€of€theÐ |Ì Ðtesting€is€of€no€consequence€because€the€motorist€has€impliedly€consented€as€a€matter€of€law€whenÐ b² Ðhe€or€she€elects€to€operate€a€motor€vehicle€upon€the€highways€of€this€state.€€òòCfóó.€€òòKing€v.€Stateóó,€598Ð H˜ ÐS.W.2d€834,€835€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980)€(statute€gives€rise€to€implied€consent).€€òòBut€seeóó€€òòState€v.Ð . ~ ÐBlackwoodóó,€713€S.W.2d€677,€680€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986)€(valid€consent€necessary€for€blood€test).€Ð  d ÐRather,€it€is€the€motoristððs€express€refusal,€provided€by€€legislature€largesse,€and€not€theÐ ú J Ðvoluntariness€of€the€individual€motoristððs€submission€to€the€test,€as€required€by€the€FourthÐ à 0 ÐAmendment,€which€governs€the€inadmissibility€of€the€test€results.€€Under€the€facts€of€the€presentÐ Æ   Ðcase,€we€conclude€that€the€appellant€did€not€refuse€the€breath€test€and,€therefore,€the€breath€test€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðlawfully€obtained.Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Íèm#ÔÔ‡X^ÍXXX^ÍÔÐ ’â  ÐÌà  àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€the€judgment€of€conviction€is€affirmed.Ô#†X^ÍXXX^Íùs#ÔÐ ^®  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ¨ø Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGE