ÿWPCX ïbž£ÎWŠí‹Qkókìë›ö1çlRŒ{ö‡ð‹â·=ø·ÁýjòG!N»÷ˆšÎO\ÛyÔ(×ÝàÚ¤z™¬É´ÌÎ`ȤͷbîÆhšfl¼  r‚;9ÃÝ( $Œë pX„ £‹×”²¶K¶-8ˆuöØÞÝ í#‘Ë0’Çâ3 Ãå*5j?*ýüN ;q@Vºæ*Dw((}×ê¾gòácÝújqÅ„ŸYjíOÛŽŠ\Ï°ºk¡ž¢ªë€¤N^xÒê*MmóæÃÿõõOìŸâ"¿4m¤Ü¤DføÜOsF?3¯‡C'ÓÄXœiO '÷Gûcñ˜¶Ù~*Rü~ã÷ÁyÍ'a €–i·™w–j&¶ærìZe¯{ñ)Ilæ|ÔÅLĸh>*… OÐ="f5†‚ew‰<ó05¼äU¾ùÖ/Wzñnÿš)·_ž—µÁ:p°ÈŒG¨ Ç=Ë ‘šÚ%š> ÿ¦Œ™‘SÉ ¬Ý½/7Ê ˆ¿æ¼È:Ò_/;{—¨¨;Ñ©†Ñ—ÀbÚÄÜSù×í´Ën` ø”2º ‘_ïô—9¼W«†dò=ˆÑ„!Êf‹¯Ó¸ŽÕ|HéqÁŽÔ…âý[ùscŠBY?$¢Z1ÞÎb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz UN‘ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1b÷NÿU@ EIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIbKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 0ëSSSS B>> 0¤[ D5ÿ D-4 0Kaa AS¬Æÿ 0¤Å 0Di A«­˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0 »ôuO+â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularòK+kupBACKUP ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5- ù- (ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman - ù-(|G2Ûj$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€H¼»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô= ò»»Ô d(|3Ž $££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€H¼»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Ž $¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€H¼»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€]t»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€ ¼y»» »ÔÑ8€;dXXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡ îbnî» ¼yÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#† ¼y»î îbn #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àDecember€5,€2000€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡ X X» ¼yÔÌò òÔ#† ¼y»X X #ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóÔ_ÔJOHNIEÔ_Ô€JEFFERSON€and€LARRY€JOHNSONÔ‡ X X» ¼yÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„06749€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„00747„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€12,€2001Ð ¥õ  ÐNo.€W2000„01970„CCA„R3„CO€„€Filed€October€12,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€Defendants,€Ô_ÔJohnieÔ_Ô€Jefferson€and€Larry€Johnson,€were€found€guilty€by€a€Shelby€County€jury€ofÐ d´ Ðfirst€degree€murder€in€No.€W1999„00747„CCA„R3„CD.€€Both€Defendants€received€life€sentencesÐ P  Ðwith€the€possibility€of€parole.€€The€Defendants€now€appeal,€arguing€(1)€that€there€was€insufficientÐ <Œ Ðevidence€to€convict€them€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ (x Ðadmitting€into€evidence€a€demonstrative€exhibit€showing€the€organizational€structure€of€theÐ d ÐGangsterððs€Disciples,€(3)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€jury€to€take€an€exhibit€showing€theÐ P Ðorganizational€structure€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples€into€the€jury€room€during€deliberations,€(4)€thatÐ ì< Ðthe€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€for€impeachment€purposes€Jeffersonððs€prior€convictions,€(5)€that€theÐ Ø( Ðtrial€court€erred€in€denying€Jeffersonððs€motion€to€sever,€and€(6)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowingÐ Ä Ðinto€evidence€the€contents€of€Johnsonððs€car.€€In€addition,€Defendant€Jefferson€sought€relief€in€aÐ ° Ðpetition€for€a€òòwrit€of€error€coram€Ô_ÔnobisÔ_Ôóó,€which€was€denied€by€the€trial€court.€€Jeffersonððs€appeal€fromÐ œì Ðthe€denial€of€this€petition€came€before€this€court€in€a€separate€appeal,€No.€W2000„01970„CCA„R3„Ð ˆØ ÐCO;€however,€both€cases€were€consolidated€for€appellate€purposes.€€We€find€no€reversible€error€withÐ tÄ Ðregard€to€any€of€the€issues€raised;€thus,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð `° ÐÔ#† ¼y»X X ¾#ÔÔ‡ X X» ¼yÔÌÓ.Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ 8!ˆ  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#† ¼y»à X 0 #ÔÔ‡ X X. ¼yÔRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoe€G.€Rileyóó€and€òòJohnÐ #`" ÐEverett€Williams,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ü#L# ÐÌJohn€F.€Ô_ÔCanaleÔ_Ô,€III,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Ô_ÔJohnieÔ_Ô€Jefferson;€and€Harry€E.€Ô_ÔSayleÔ_Ô,Ð Ô%$!% ÐIII,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Larry€Johnson.Ð À&"& ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ˜(è#( ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€Kenneth€R.€Roach,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ „)Ô$) ÐGeneral;€andÔ#† ¼y»X X ü #ÔÔ‡ X X» ¼yÔ€Ô_ÔTerrellÔ_Ô€L.€Harris,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€Appellee,€State€ofÐ p*À%* ÐTennessee.Ð \+¬&+ ÐÓÍ ÓÌÐ 4-„(-ý Ðà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#† ¼y»X X #ÔÔ‡ X X» ¼yÔÐ ° ÐòòóóÔ#† ¼y»X X 4#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X X» ¼yÔÑ€.ÑÑ8€   XXdìXXdê8ÑÓÓà@LL&ìàò òà@@KK&ìàI.€FACTSó óˆÐ œì ÐÓÓà  àÔ_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Lindsey€Bonner€testified€that€in€November€1997,€she€was€living€with€her€children€andÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔMarloÔ_Ô€Richardson€at€Hurt€Village€Apartments.€€Bonner€testified€that€at€the€time,€she€knew€a€man€thatÐ `° Ðshe€referred€to€as€ð ðÔ_ÔMacLarryÔ_Ô,ðð€whom€she€identified€in€court€as€Larry€Johnson.€€Bonner€testified€thatÐ L œ Ðshe€was€also€associated€with€a€man€that€she€referred€to€as€ð ðJ„Rock,ðð€whom€she€identified€in€courtÐ 8 ˆ Ðas€Ô_ÔJohnieÔ_Ô€Jefferson.€€According€to€Bonner,€both€men€were€members€of€a€gang€called€the€GangsterððsÐ $ t ÐDisciples.€€At€that€time,€Bonner€testified€that€she€was€dating€a€man€named€Tony€Phillips€(a.k.a.€ð ðT„Ð  ` ÐMoneyðð).€€According€to€Bonner,€Phillips€was€the€leader€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples,€although€BonnerÐ ü L  Ðclaimed€she€did€not€know€that€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àBonner€testified€that€on€November€3,€1997,€she€was€at€home€with€her€mother,€Phillips,Ð À  ÐJefferson,€Richardson,€and€Richardsonððs€boyfriend,€Ô_ÔDushackÔ_Ô.€€€Bonner€testified€that€there€wereÐ ¬ü  Ðknocks€at€her€front€and€back€doors.€€Bonner€opened€the€back€door€and€saw€Larry€Johnson€andÐ ˜è  ÐMarcus€Glass€(a.k.a.€ð ðSportyðð).€€Bonner€then€opened€the€front€door€to€find€Robert€Walker.€€BonnerÐ „Ô  Ðtestified€that€Walker€gave€her€some€alcohol€and€asked€her€to€fix€him€a€sandwich.€€After€Bonner€gaveÐ pÀ ÐWalker€the€sandwich,€Glass€called€Jefferson€away€from€the€table€where€he€was€sitting.€€JeffersonÐ \¬ Ðwent€to€the€back€of€the€apartment€and€spoke€to€Johnson€and€Glass.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àBonner€testified€that€after€the€conversation,€she€asked€Johnson€to€take€her€to€her€auntððs€house.€Ð  p ÐJohnson€said€that€he€couldnððt€because€ð ðhe€had€some€business€to€take€care€of.ðð€€Bonner€went€upstairsÐ  \ Ðto€straighten€up€her€room,€and€when€she€came€back,€Jefferson,€Johnson€and€Glass€had€all€gone.Ð øH ÐÌà  àBonner€testified€that€she€saw€Johnson€the€next€night€when€he€and€Glass€returned€to€BonnerððsÐ Ð  Ðapartment.€€Bonner€testified€that€the€Defendants€told€her€that€ð ðone€of€the€folks€was€found€dead€in€theÐ ¼  Ðpark.ðð€€Bonner€testified€that€ð ðfolksðð€refers€to€members€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àMarcus€Ô_ÔRydellÔ_Ô€Glass€(a.k.a.€ð ðSportyðð)€testified€that€he€was€charged€in€this€case€withÐ €Ð Ðfacilitation€of€the€murder€in€the€first€degree€of€Ô_ÔKelvertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaileyÔ_Ô,€the€victim€in€this€case.€€Glass€testifiedÐ l¼ Ðthat€he€had€been€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples€since€1989.€€Glass€testified€that€there€is€anÐ X ¨ Ðorganizational€structure€to€the€gang€in€which€he€stated€that€he€held€the€position€of€ð ðchief€of€security.ðð€Ð D!” ÐAccording€to€Glass,€there€are€certain€rules€in€the€gang,€and€those€members€that€do€not€follow€theÐ 0"€  Ðrules€are€punished.€€As€ð ðchief€of€securityðð€for€the€city,€Glass€worked€under€Tony€Phillips,€who€is€theÐ #l! Ðð ðoverseer.ðð€€Robert€Walker,€Ô_ÔJohnieÔ_Ô€Jefferson€and€Larry€Johnson€were€also€ð ðÔ_Ôchief[sÔ_Ô]€of€security.ðð€Ð $X" ÐOne€of€the€duties€of€a€ð ðchief€of€securityðð€is€ð ðhandling€violations.ðð€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àGlass€testified€that€he€knew€the€victim€as€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples€but€did€notÐ Ì&"% Ðknow€if€the€victim€held€a€position€within€the€organization.€€According€to€Glass,€the€victim€hadÐ ¸'#& Ðviolated€one€of€the€rules€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€Glass€testified€that€on€November€3,€1997,Ð ¤(ô#' ÐLarry€Johnson€called€him€and€asked€him€to€come€to€the€home€of€Johnsonððs€girlfriend.€€Johnson€toldÐ )à$( ÐGlass€that€the€victim€was€there.€€At€some€point€after€Glass€arrived,€the€victim€left.€€Glass€andÐ |*Ì%) ÐJohnson€left€and€found€the€victim€near€where€Johnsonððs€car€had€been€parked.€€The€victim€asked€ifÐ h+¸&* Ðhe€could€get€a€ride€to€a€club€called€Ebony€Lace.€€According€to€Glass,€the€victim€did€not€know€thatÐ ° Ðhe€was€in€trouble.Ð œì ÐÌà  àJohnson,€Glass€and€the€victim€left€the€apartment€complex€and€went€to€Burger€King.€€At€theÐ tÄ Ðrestaurant,€Johnson€approached€Glass€and€told€him€that€ð ðinstead€of€dropping€[the€victim]€off€weððreÐ `° Ðgoing€to€go€get€a€bag€of€weed€so€we€can€smoke€it.ðð€€The€three€men€then€went€to€an€apartmentÐ L œ Ðcomplex€called€Hurt€Village.€€Once€there,€Glass€and€Johnson€went€into€an€apartment€that€belongedÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€Tony€Phillipsðð€girlfriend,€Ô_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Bonner€(a.k.a.€ð ðNikkiðð).€€Jefferson,€Phillips,€and€Walker€(a.k.a.Ð $ t Ðð ðÔ_ÔMcRobÔ_Ôðð)€were€all€there.€€Jefferson€and€Walker€told€Phillips€that€the€victim€was€in€the€car.€€GlassÐ  ` Ðtestified€that€he€was€carrying€a€.380€Smith€and€Wesson€gun;€that€Johnson€was€carrying€a€.357€SmithÐ ü L  Ðand€Wesson€revolver;€and€that€Jefferson€was€carrying€a€nine„millimeter€Smith€and€Wesson€gun.€Ð è 8  ÐAccording€to€Glass,€all€of€the€guns€were€provided€by€Tony€Phillips.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àJohnson,€Jefferson€and€Glass€left€the€apartment.€€While€standing€outside,€Johnson€explainedÐ ¬ü  Ðto€Jefferson€that€he€had€ð ðset[]€.€.€.€[the€victim]€upðð€by€telling€the€victim€that€they€were€going€to€getÐ ˜è  Ðsome€marijuana.€€The€three€men€then€got€in€Johnsonððs€car€along€with€the€victim.€€With€JohnsonÐ „Ô  Ðdriving,€the€men€went€to€Levi€Road€in€Ô_ÔWhitehavenÔ_Ô.€€When€asked€why€they€went€to€Levi€Road,€GlassÐ pÀ Ðtestified€that€he€guessed€it€was€ð ðto€kill€[the€victim].ðð€€Johnson€parked€the€car€on€the€side€of€LeviÐ \¬ ÐRoad.€€Jefferson€then€got€out€of€the€car€and€said€that€he€had€to€urinate;€however,€he€instead€openedÐ H˜ Ðthe€back€door€and€pulled€the€victim€out€of€the€car€at€gunpoint.€€Glass€testified€that€the€victim€toldÐ 4„ Ðhim€to€tell€them€that€he€was€begging€for€his€life.€€Johnson€tried€to€help€Jefferson€pull€the€victim€outÐ  p Ðof€the€car,€and€at€that€point,€the€victim€tried€to€run.€€à  àÐ  \ ÐÌà  àGlass€testified€that€when€the€victim€started€to€run,€Johnson€shot€him€twice€in€the€back.€€TheÐ ä4 Ðvictim€tried€to€run€to€the€left€into€the€woods,€but€he€fell.€€Jefferson€took€the€gun€from€Johnson€andÐ Ð  Ðshot€the€victim€four€times€while€he€was€lying€on€the€ground.€€Jefferson€then€got€his€own€gun€and€shotÐ ¼  Ðthe€victim€twice€more.€€Jefferson€and€Johnson€got€back€in€the€car,€and€Jefferson€said€that€the€victimÐ ¨ø Ðwas€ð ðbroke.ðð€€Glass€remained€in€the€car€during€the€incident.€€Glass€testified€that€he€was€in€troubleÐ ”ä Ðwith€the€organization€for€not€participating€in€the€murder.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àGlass€testified€that€he€went€to€Tony€Phillipsðð€house€the€next€day€to€give€him€back€his€gun.€Ð X ¨ ÐPhillips€wanted€the€guns€back€so€that€he€could€ð ðdrill€them€out.ðð€€According€to€Glass,€Phillips€wantedÐ D!” Ðto€drill€the€grooves€out€of€the€gun€to€change€its€ballistics.€€Johnson€and€Jefferson€were€both€atÐ 0"€  ÐPhillipsðð€house,€having€the€same€thing€done€to€their€guns.€€Glass€identified€in€court€the€guns€used€toÐ #l! Ðkill€the€victim€as€the€ones€that€Jefferson€and€Johnson€used€on€November€3,€1997.€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àAfter€the€murder,€Glass€left€town€and€went€to€Chicago.€€When€Glass€called€his€mother,€sheÐ à%0!$ Ðtold€him€that€the€Fugitive€Squad€was€looking€for€him.€€Glass€called€Phillips.€€According€to€Glass,Ð Ì&"% ÐPhillips€told€him€ð ðwhat€he€was€going€to€do€to€[Glass]ðð€if€he€went€to€the€authorities.€€After€a€weekÐ ¸'#& Ðin€Chicago,€Glass€went€back€to€Memphis€where€he€again€talked€to€Phillips.€€Glass€testified€thatÐ ¤(ô#' ÐPhillips€threatened€him€and€his€family.€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àRobert€Walker€testified€that€he€was€raised€in€Detroit€and€that€while€there,€he€became€aÐ ° Ðâ âmember€of€the€Black€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€Walker€testified€that€the€Black€Gangsterððs€Disciples€wasÐ œì Ðdifferent€from€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples€in€Memphis.€€When€Walker€moved€to€Memphis€in€1996,€heÐ ˆØ Ðjoined€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€Walker€testified€that€he€eventually€held€the€position€of€ð ðchiefÐ tÄ Ðsecurityðð€of€the€city€and€reported€directly€to€the€ð ðoverseer,ðð€Tony€Phillips.€€Walker€testified€thatÐ `° ÐJefferson€and€Johnson€were€also€ð ðÔ_Ôchief[sÔ_Ô]€of€security.ðð€€€à p àÐ L œ ÐÌà  àWalker,€with€the€aid€of€a€chart,€testified€regarding€the€organizational€structure€of€theÐ $ t ÐGangsterððs€Disciples.€€According€to€Walker,€Phillips€was€the€ð ðoverseerðð€of€the€organization€inÐ  ` ÐMemphis.€€Jefferson€was€a€ð ðchief€of€securityðð€in€charge€of€enforcement,€and€Johnson€and€Glass€wereÐ ü L  ÐJeffersonððs€two€assistants.€€Walker€testified€that€he€was€also€a€ð ðchief€of€securityðð€in€charge€of€growthÐ è 8  Ðand€development.€€Walker€explained€that€as€part€of€his€job€within€the€organization,€he€investigatedÐ Ô$  Ðand€punished€violations.€€Walker€testified€that€he€and€Jefferson€frequently€met€at€Phillipððs€residenceÐ À  Ðto€discuss€gang€business.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àRegarding€Jeffersonððs€position€as€an€ð ðenforcer,ðð€Walker€testified€that€if€Phillips€ð ðÔ_Ôtell[sÔ_Ô]€himÐ „Ô  Ðto€go€out€there€and€kill€somebody,€heððll€do€it.ðð€€According€to€Walker,€there€are€some€violationsÐ pÀ Ðwithin€the€organization€that€necessarily€result€in€death.€€One€of€those€violations€is€ð ð1919,"€which€isÐ \¬ Ðwhen€a€gang€member€gives€a€statement€to€police.€€Walker€said€that€he€was€aware€that€the€victim€wasÐ H˜ Ðin€trouble€with€the€organization€because€he€had€broken€ð ð1919.ðð€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àWalker€testified€that€on€November€3,€1997,€he,€Phillips,€Jefferson,€and€Richardson€were€allÐ  \ Ðat€the€home€of€Ô_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Bonner,€Walkerððs€sister.€€Johnson€and€Glass€arrived€later€in€Johnsonððs€car.€Ð øH ÐWalker€testified€that€Johnson€was€carrying€a€.357€revolver€and€Glass€was€carrying€a€ð ð.380.ðð€€WalkerÐ ä4 Ðtestified€that€Johnson€talked€to€Phillips€and€told€him€that€they€had€the€victim€in€the€car.€€AccordingÐ Ð  Ðto€Walker,€Phillips€told€Jefferson€to€ð ðtake€care€of€his€businessðð€and€winked€his€right€eye.€€WalkerÐ ¼  Ðtestified€that€the€winking€of€the€right€eye€signified€that€Jefferson€was€supposed€to€ð ðput€[the€victim]Ð ¨ø Ðto€sleep.ðð€€Jefferson€then€left€with€Glass€and€Johnson.€€Walker€testified€that€he€walked€outside€withÐ ”ä Ðthem,€and€Johnson€told€him€that€ð ðhe€was€fixing€to€go€kill€dude.ðð€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔMarloÔ_Ô€Richardson€(a.k.a.€ð ðLoony€Ô_ÔToonÔ_Ôðð)€testified€that€she€talked€to€Marcus€Glass€after€theÐ X ¨ Ðdeath€of€the€victim€and€that€Glass€told€her€that€ð ðhe€didnððt€mean€it€to€happen€that€way.ðð€€AccordingÐ D!” Ðto€Richardson,€Glass€said€that€he€shot€the€victim.€€Richardson€testified€that€he€lived€with€Ô_ÔRanikoÔ_ÔÐ 0"€  ÐBonner€at€Hurt€Village€Apartments.€€Richardson€testified€that€she€remembered€the€day€that€Phillips,Ð #l! ÐWalker,€Jefferson,€and€Glass€were€all€at€Bonnerððs€apartment.€€Richardson€testified€that€Johnson€wasÐ $X" Ðnot€there.€€Richardson€testified€that€Glass,€Jefferson,€and€Walker€all€left.€€Although€RichardsonÐ ô$D # Ðtestified€at€trial€that€Johnson€was€not€at€Bonnerððs€place€on€November€4,€1997,€she€admitted€in€herÐ à%0!$ Ðstatement€that€Phillips,€Walker,€Johnson,€Glass€and€Jefferson€were€all€there,€and€she€recalled€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthey€were€discussing€that€someone€had€been€killed.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àAlvin€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ô€testified€that€on€November€4,€1997,€he€was€riding€in€a€car€with€his€wife.€€TheÐ )à$( Ðcouple€had€just€dropped€off€their€children€at€elementary€school€and€were€traveling€on€Levi€RoadÐ |*Ì%) Ðtaking€their€daughter€to€day€care.€€€While€on€Levi€Road€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ô€saw€a€man,€later€identified€as€theÐ h+¸&* Ðvictim,€Ô_ÔKelvertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaileyÔ_Ô,€lying€in€a€ditch.€He€first€thought€that€the€man€had€just€passed€out€and€askedÐ ° Ðhis€wife€if€they€should€try€to€wake€him€up.€€His€wife€agreed,€and€they€turned€the€car€around€andÐ œì Ðheaded€back€towards€where€they€had€seen€the€man.€€After€they€pulled€up€beside€the€man,€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_ÔÐ ˆØ Ðbegan€to€get€out€of€his€car€when€his€wife€started€ð ðshaking€and€crying.ðð€€She€said€that€she€saw€holesÐ tÄ Ðin€the€manððs€head.€€The€Ô_ÔOdomsÔ_Ô€immediately€went€back€to€the€elementary€school€where€they€hadÐ `° Ðdropped€off€their€children€and€told€a€teacher€what€they€had€seen.€€The€teacher€then€called€the€police,Ð L œ Ðand€the€Ô_ÔOdomsÔ_Ô€returned€to€where€they€had€found€the€body€and€waited€for€the€police.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àByron€Ô_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€responded€to€the€call€and€arrived€on€theÐ  ` Ðscene€around€7:25€a.m.€or€7:30€a.m.€€Ô_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô€spoke€to€the€Ô_ÔOdomsÔ_Ô€and€observed€the€crime€scene.€Ð ü L  ÐAccording€to€Ô_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô,€the€victim€was€ð ða€male€black€wearing€white€tennis€shoes,€green€jeans€and€aÐ è 8  Ðred€and€white€jacket,€laying€in€a€semi€fetal€position,€face€down€in€a€ditch€on€the€north€side€of€Levi.ðð€Ð Ô$  ÐÔ_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô€said€that€he€observed€a€large€hole€in€the€back€of€the€victimððs€head.€€Ô_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô€testified€thatÐ À  Ðthe€area€in€which€the€victim€was€found€was€ð ðrelatively€secluded,ðð€with€no€houses€in€the€immediateÐ ¬ü  Ðvicinity€and€only€a€couple€of€businesses€nearby.€€In€addition€to€the€body,€Ô_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô€observed€twoÐ ˜è  Ðhandgun€shell€casings€near€the€body.€€Ô_ÔBraxtonÔ_Ô€also€noticed€ð ða€scuff€or€some€type€of€skid€mark€in€theÐ „Ô  Ðdirt,€in€line€with€the€body€in€the€ditch.ðð€€A€tooth€was€also€found€at€the€crime€scene.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àOfficer€Danny€James,€a€member€of€the€Crime€Scene€Unit€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,Ð H˜ Ðtestified€that€he€collected€evidence€at€the€crime€scene.€€James€testified€that€the€victimððs€shoe€printÐ 4„ Ðwas€on€the€pavement€near€the€ditch€where€he€was€found.€€According€to€James,€there€were€ð ðlittle€bursÐ  p Ð[sic]€on€[the€victimððs]€lower€pants€and€shoes€and€socks,ðð€which€he€believed€someone€would€get€ifÐ  \ Ðthey€walked€or€ran€through€weeds.€€Officer€James€took€photographs€of€the€victimððs€body,€includingÐ øH Ða€photograph€of€the€victimððs€hand,€which€was€clinched€in€a€fist.€€Officer€James€testified€that€he€didÐ ä4 Ðnot€find€any€physical€evidence€such€as€fingerprints,€hair,€or€clothing€fibers€that€belonged€to€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendants.€€Officer€Shan€Allen€Tracy€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€testified€that€a€bullet€wasÐ ¼  Ðfound€in€the€dirt€underneath€where€the€victimððs€head€had€been.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àSergeant€R.€D.€Ô_ÔRolesonÔ_Ô€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€testified€that€he€was€assigned€toÐ €Ð Ðlocate€the€witnesses€in€this€case.€€Larry€Johnson€was€one€of€the€individuals€whom€Ô_ÔRolesonÔ_Ô€wasÐ l¼ Ðassigned€to€locate.€€After€talking€to€a€witness€named€Melissa€Looney€at€the€homicide€office,€SergeantÐ X ¨ ÐÔ_ÔRolesonÔ_Ô€requested€that€Looney€call€Larry€Johnsonððs€beeper.€€The€number€from€which€JohnsonÐ D!” Ðreturned€the€call€was€traced,€and€the€police€then€went€to€that€location.€€A€consent€to€search€form€forÐ 0"€  Ðthe€house€was€obtained,€but€Johnson€was€not€there.€€While€there,€Sergeant€Ô_ÔRolesonÔ_Ô€learned€thatÐ #l! ÐJohnsonððs€car€was€in€the€parking€lot.€€Ô_ÔRolesonÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€had€the€car€towed€to€the€crime€sceneÐ $X" Ðbuilding€to€be€processed.€€Ô_ÔRolesonÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€had€the€car€towed€because€based€on€hisÐ ô$D # Ðinvestigation,€it€was€likely€that€the€victim€was€last€seen€in€Johnsonððs€vehicle.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àA€warrant€was€later€obtained€to€search€Johnsonððs€vehicle.€€The€warrant€was€based€on€theÐ ¸'#& Ðaffidavit€of€Sergeant€O.€W.€Stewart€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department.€€The€affidavit€states,€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpertinent€part:Ð )à$( Ðà8  à[Ô_ÔA]ffiantÔ_Ô€has€received€information€relating€to€the€shooting€death€of€Ô_ÔKelvertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaileyÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) Ðfrom€a€reliable€witness€who€advised€that€Larry€Johnson€and€Marcus€Glass€wereÐ h+¸&* Ðresponsible€for€the€death€of€Ô_ÔKelvertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaileyÔ_Ô.€€This€witness€did€see€Marcus€GlassÐ ° Ðarmed€with€a€black€automatic€handgun€on€Thursday,€November€6,€1997€two€daysÐ œì Ðafter€the€body€was€recovered€on€Tuesday,€November€4,€1997€at€7:32€a.m.€€ThisÐ ˆØ Ðreliable€witness€gave€information€that€on€Friday,€October€31,€1997€this€witness€sawÐ tÄ ÐLarry€Johnson€in€possession€of€a€chrome€revolver.€€The€victim€had€been€shot€sixÐ `° Ðtimes€in€the€back€and€head€and€only€two€spent€casings€from€a€9mm€automatic€wereÐ L œ Ðfound€on€the€scene€of€the€Homicide,€indicating€that€another€weapon€was€involved.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐThis€witness€also€indicated€that€Marcus€Glass€and€Larry€Johnson€were€together€onÐ $ t ÐMonday€night,€November€3,€1997,€until€the€early€morning€hours€of€Tuesday,Ð  ` ÐNovember€4,€1997,€were€occupying€Larry€Johnsonððs€1984€Buick€Ô_ÔLasabreÔ_Ô,€VIN#Ð ü L  Ð1G4AN69Y8EX422903€and€were€with€the€victim€just€prior€to€the€victimððs€death.€€ò òó óÐè 8 Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àOfficer€Barry€G.€Lane€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€a€member€of€the€Crime€SceneÐ À  ÐUnit,€processed€Larry€Johnsonððs€car.€€A€revolver€was€found€in€its€case€in€the€trunk€of€the€car.€€LaneÐ ¬ü  Ðalso€confiscated€six€live€rounds€from€the€car€and€a€pawn€shop€ticket€ð ðin€regards€to€the€nine„Ð ˜è  Ðmillimeter€pistol.ðð€€Officer€Lane€obtained€fingerprints€from€a€photograph€that€was€found€in€theÐ „Ô  Ðvehicle.€€He€also€obtained€fingerprints€from€the€rearview€mirror€and€a€cologne€bottle€found€inside.€Ð pÀ ÐJames€Hill,€a€latent€print€examiner€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€testified€that€theÐ \¬ Ðfingerprints€on€the€rearview€mirror€belonged€to€Larry€Johnson€and€that€the€fingerprints€on€theÐ H˜ Ðphotograph€belonged€to€Tony€Phillips.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àRonnie€Ô_ÔMcWilliamsÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€worked€as€an€investigator€on€the€anti„gang€team€in€theÐ  \ ÐAttorney€Generalððs€office.€€Ô_ÔMcWilliamsÔ_Ô€testified€that€on€October€6,€1997,€he€interviewed€the€victimÐ øH Ðregarding€a€robbery€investigation.€€Ô_ÔMcWilliamsÔ_Ô€talked€to€the€victim€ð ðto€gain€knowledge€of€gangs€inÐ ä4 Ðhis€area€and€what€he€knew€about€it.ðð€€Ô_ÔMcWilliamsÔ_Ô€testified€that€the€victim€indicated€that€he€was€aÐ Ð  Ðmember€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples,€but€he€did€not€discuss€the€structure€of€the€organization.€Ð ¼  ÐÔ_ÔMcWilliamsÔ_Ô€also€testified€that€he€participated€in€the€execution€of€an€Federal€Bureau€of€InvestigationÐ ¨ø Ð(F.B.I.)€search€warrant€on€Tony€Phillipððs€residence.€€Ô_ÔMcWilliamsÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€found€a€drill€andÐ ”ä Ðdrill€bits€in€the€residence.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àRobert€Daniel€Royce,€a€forensic€scientist€specializing€in€firearms€identification€with€theÐ X ¨ ÐTennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(T.B.I.),€testified€that€the€bullet€found€in€the€ground€beneath€theÐ D!” Ðvictimððs€head€matched€the€nine€millimeter€pistol€that€was€entered€into€evidence.€€Royce€also€testifiedÐ 0"€  Ðthat€the€interior€of€the€Smith€and€Wesson€.357€Magnum€revolver€had€been€drilled€out.€€RoyceÐ #l! Ðtestified€that€he€believed€two€weapons€were€used€to€kill€the€victim:€a€.357€revolver€and€nineÐ $X" Ðmillimeter€pistol.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àDefendant€Jefferson€testified€that€he€was€twenty„two€years€old€and€lived€with€his€parents.€Ð Ì&"% ÐJefferson€testified€that€he€did€not€know€about€the€victimððs€death€until€he€was€arrested€on€NovemberÐ ¸'#& Ð5,€1997.€€Jefferson€stated€that€he€had€never€seen€or€heard€of€the€victim€before€November€5,€1997.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐWhen€questioned€about€where€he€was€on€the€day€of€the€murder,€Jefferson€testified€that€he€did€notÐ )à$( Ðknow.€€Jefferson€also€testified€that€he€did€not€know€Larry€Johnson€and€had€never€heard€of€him€beforeÐ |*Ì%) ÐNovember€5,€1997.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àJefferson€testified€that€he€had€been€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples€since€1994,€whenÐ ° Ðhe€was€seventeen€years€old.€€Jefferson€testified€that€he€did€not€hold€a€position€within€theÐ œì Ðorganization.€€Jefferson€testified€that€in€1995€he€was€charged€with€robbery€and€gave€a€statementÐ ˆØ Ðagainst€his€co„defendant,€also€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€According€to€Jefferson,€GlassÐ tÄ Ðcontacted€Jefferson€and€told€him€that€ð ðsince€[he]€gave€a€statement,€at€that€time€[he]€was€told€to€takeÐ `° Ðthat€charge€for€the€robbery€and€let€the€co„defendant€loose.ðð€€Jefferson€testified€that€he€did€not€believeÐ L œ Ðhe€had€a€choice€and€that€he€had€to€take€the€charge.€€Jefferson€testified€that€when€he€made€it€knownÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€1995€that€he€wanted€out€of€the€organization,€Glass€told€him€that€he€had€to€ð ðsuffer€theÐ $ t Ðconsequences.ðð€€Jefferson€testified€that€the€consequences€were€death€or€being€put€into€a€situation€toÐ  ` Ðð ðget€caught€up.ðð€€Jefferson€testified€that€he€did€not€know€what€positions€Glass€and€Phillips€held€inÐ ü L  Ðthe€Gangsterððs€Disciples,€but€he€knew€they€ð ðranked€high.ðð€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDefendant€Larry€Johnson€testified€that€he€played€the€organ€at€Al€Greenððs€church€in€Memphis.€Ð À  ÐJohnson€testified€that€he€often€visited€his€cousin€Ira€Farris,€who€lived€with€Tony€Phillips€and€Ô_ÔTottiÔ_ÔÐ ¬ü  ÐBrown.€€Johnson€testified€that€Phillips€also€cut€his€hair€sometimes.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€did€notÐ ˜è  Ðknow€that€Phillips€was€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€Johnson€testified€that€met€MarcusÐ „Ô  ÐGlass€at€Phillipsðð€residence.€€Johnson€stated€that€he€sometimes€transported€Glass€to€the€Hurt€VillageÐ pÀ Ðapartment€complex€because€both€of€their€girlfriends€lived€there.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€also€didÐ \¬ Ðnot€know€that€Glass€was€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àJohnson€testified€that€he€met€Robert€Walker€for€the€first€time€at€the€preliminary€hearing.€Ð  p ÐJohnson€testified€that€he€had€met€Ô_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Bonner€when€he€took€Phillips€to€her€apartment.€€JohnsonÐ  \ Ðfurther€testified€that€he€did€not€know€Jefferson€before€he€was€arrested,€and€he€maintained€that€he€hadÐ øH Ðonly€met€the€victim€once.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€did€not€go€to€Bonnerððs€apartment€during€the€dayÐ ä4 Ðon€November€3,€1997,€but€he€admitted€that€he€did€go€there€that€night.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àJohnson€testified€that€on€November€4,€1997,€he€saw€Glass€walking,€so€he€gave€him€a€ride.€Ð ¨ø ÐGlass€asked€if€he€could€put€a€bag€in€the€trunk.€€Johnson€said€that€he€eventually€dropped€Glass€off€atÐ ”ä ÐÔ_ÔKingsgateÔ_Ô€Apartments.€€Johnson€testified€that€his€car€was€having€some€problems,€so€on€NovemberÐ €Ð Ð4,€1997,€he€took€the€car€to€Phillipsðð€apartment€complex€because€Phillips€and€Farris€knew€someÐ l¼ Ðmechanics€that€would€work€inexpensively.€€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àWhen€Johnson€returned€to€work€on€Saturday,€the€car€still€was€not€fixed.€€The€mechanic€toldÐ 0"€  ÐJohnson€that€he€needed€a€wrench,€so€Johnson€testified€that€he€looked€in€his€trunk€to€find€one.€€WhenÐ #l! ÐJohnson€looked€in€the€trunk,€he€saw€that€Glassðð€bag€was€still€there.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€wentÐ $X" Ðthrough€the€bag€and€found€a€gun.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€went€inside€and€told€Phillips€that€GlassÐ ô$D # Ðleft€a€gun€in€his€car.€€According€to€Johnson,€Phillips€told€him€that€he€couldnððt€bring€the€gun€inside,Ð à%0!$ Ðso€Johnson€put€the€gun€back€in€the€trunk€of€his€car.€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àJohnson€testified€that€he€was€driving€his€car€on€the€night€of€November€3,€1997.€€JohnsonÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtestified€that€he€was€with€his€brother€on€the€night€of€the€murder;€however,€his€brother€failed€to€testifyÐ )à$( Ðâ âas€to€Johnsonððs€whereabouts€on€that€night.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€was€at€Phillipsðð€residence€whenÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€police€beeped€him.€€Johnson€stated€that€nobody€answered€when€he€called€the€number€on€hisÐ ° Ðbeeper.€€Johnson€recalled€that€after€attempting€to€return€the€call,€he€left.€€€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àÔ_ÔTottiÔ_Ô€Brown,€Tony€Phillipsðð€roommate€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€testified€that€Johnson€andÐ tÄ ÐJefferson€frequently€came€to€her€apartment€to€see€Phillips.€€Brown€testified€that€on€November€9,Ð `° Ð1997,€she€was€at€home€with€Phillips€and€Johnson.€€At€some€point€during€the€day€Johnson€receivedÐ L œ Ða€page.€€Brown€recalled€that€Johnson€called€the€number€on€the€pager,€but€nobody€answered.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐAccording€to€Brown,€Johnson€then€told€Phillips€that€he€was€going€to€leave€because€ð ðhe€didnððt€knowÐ $ t Ðwhat€was€going€on.ðð€€Brown€testified€that€Phillips€left€about€thirty€minutes€later.€€Soon€thereafter,Ð  ` Ðthe€Memphis€Police€Department€arrived€looking€for€Johnson.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àDebra€Ô_ÔFalascoÔ_Ô€testified€that€she€works€for€the€Title€Division€of€the€Shelby€County€ClerkððsÐ Ô$  ÐOffice.€€As€part€of€her€job,€Ô_ÔFalascoÔ_Ô€is€custodian€of€vehicle€ownership€records€in€Shelby€County.€Ð À  ÐÔ_ÔFalascoÔ_Ô€testified€that€on€October€21,€1997,€Larry€Johnson€applied€for€a€title€on€a€blue€1984€BuickÐ ¬ü  ÐLeSabre.€€The€license€plate€number€in€her€records€matched€the€one€on€Larry€Johnsonððs€car.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àDr.€Wendy€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô,€Medical€Examiner€for€Shelby€County,€performed€the€autopsy€on€theÐ pÀ Ðvictim.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô€testified€that€the€cause€of€death€was€gunshot€wounds€to€the€victimððs€head,€neck,Ð \¬ Ðand€torso.€€€Dr.€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô€testified€that€probably€six€or€seven€bullets€went€through€the€victimððs€body.€Ð H˜ ÐAccording€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô,€two€bullets€went€through€the€victimððs€head.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà@rr$ìàò òII.€ANALYSISó óˆÐ  \ Ðà  àà ` àÌà@<<ìàA.€òòSufficiency€of€the€EvidenceóóˆÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Defendants€argue€that€insufficient€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€to€convict€them€of€firstÐ ¼  Ðdegree€premeditated€murder.€€When€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€anÐ ¨ø Ðappellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÐ ”ä Ðfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÐ €Ð Ðcrime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,Ð l¼ Ð698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€basedÐ X ¨ Ðupon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantialÐ D!” Ðevidence.€€òòState€v.€Pendergrassóó,€13€S.W.3d€389,€392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000).Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ $X" Ðthe€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€thisÐ ô$D # ÐCourt€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,Ð à%0!$ Ð286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956);€òòState€v.€Buggsóó,€995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999).€€QuestionsÐ Ì&"% Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÐ ¸'#& Ðfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859.òòóó€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐòòóóThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ )à$( Ðcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐòòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantÐ h+¸&* Ðremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalÐ ° Ðdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyÐ œì Ðverdict.€€òòId.óó€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àSufficient€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€for€a€rational€jury€to€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ `° Ðthat€the€Defendants€were€guilty€of€first€degree€murder.€€First€degree€murder€is€the€premeditated€andÐ L œ Ðintentional€killing€of€another€person.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Once€a€homicide€hasÐ 8 ˆ Ðbeen€established,€it€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder,€and€the€State€has€the€burden€of€provingÐ $ t Ðpremeditation€to€raise€the€offense€to€first€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€599€(Tenn.Ð  ` Ð1999)€(citing€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔNesbitÔ_Ôóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,€898€(Tenn.€1998)).€Premeditation€is€defined€as€"anÐ ü L  Ðact€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€Ð è 8  Ðà8  à"Premeditation"€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€actÐ Ô$  Ðitself.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accusedÐ À  Ðfor€any€definite€period€of€time.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€theÐ ¬ü  Ðaccused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determineÐ ˜è  Ðwhether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€beÐ „Ô  Ðcapable€of€premeditation.ÐpÀÐ Ð  ÐòòId.óó€€Premeditation€is€the€process€of€thinking€about€a€proposed€killing€before€engaging€in€theÐ \¬ Ðhomicidal€conduct.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€540„41€(Tenn.€1992).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€existence€of€premeditation€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury€to€determine€and€may€beÐ  p Ðinferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€Rosaóó,€996€S.W.2d€833,€837€(Tenn.Ð  \ Ð1999)€(citing€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€539).€€The€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim€andÐ øH Ðdeclarations€by€the€defendant€of€his€intent€to€kill€the€victim€may€support€the€existence€ofÐ ä4 Ðpremeditation.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997).Ð Ð  Ðà  àÌà  àViewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€a€jury€could€have€reasonablyÐ ¨ø Ðfound€that€the€Defendants€killed€the€victim€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð ”ä ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1),€(d).€€Marcus€Glass€testified€that€he€witnessed€the€two€DefendantsÐ €Ð Ðshoot€and€kill€the€victim.€€Glass€testified€that€he€was€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples,€alongÐ l¼ Ðwith€the€victim€and€the€two€Defendants.€€According€to€Glass,€the€victim€had€violated€one€of€the€rulesÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€organization,€and€the€punishment€was€death.€€Glass€testified€that€he,€Johnson,€and€JeffersonÐ D!” Ðtook€the€victim€to€a€deserted€area€on€the€night€of€November€3,€1997€and€that€Johnson€and€JeffersonÐ 0"€  Ðshot€the€victim€as€he€tried€to€run€away.€€Glass€stated€that€he€witnessed€the€entire€incident.€€GlassÐ #l! Ðfurther€testified€that€Johnson€shot€the€victim€twice€in€the€back€with€a€.357€revolver,€Jefferson€shotÐ $X" Ðthe€victim€four€times€with€the€same€gun,€and€then€Jefferson€got€his€nine„millimeter€pistol€and€shotÐ ô$D # Ðthe€victim€twice€more.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àJefferson€and€Johnson€argue€that€there€was€not€sufficient€corroboration€of€Marcus€GlassððÐ ¸'#& Ðtestimony€to€support€the€verdict.€€In€Tennessee,€a€criminal€defendant€cannot€be€convicted€solely€onÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€uncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accomplice.€€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€976€S.W.2d€661,€666€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð )à$( ÐApp.€1997).€€Whether€the€testimony€of€an€accomplice€has€been€sufficiently€corroborated€is€a€questionÐ |*Ì%) Ðfor€the€jury.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔHeflinÔ_Ôóó,€15€S.W.3d€519,€524€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€However,€corroboratingÐ h+¸&* Ðevidence€need€not€be€sufficient€in€and€of€itself€to€support€a€conviction,€but€it€must€fairly€connect€theÐ ° ÐDefendant€with€the€commission€of€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔGaylorÔ_Ôóó,€862€S.W.2d€546,€552€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð œì ÐApp.€1992).€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThere€was€sufficient€corroboration€of€Glassðð€testimony€to€convict€the€Defendants€ofÐ `° Ðpremeditated€first€degree€murder.€€Ô_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Bonner€testified€that€the€Defendants€were€at€her€house€onÐ L œ ÐNovember€3,€1997€and€that€they€left€with€Glass€because€Johnson€told€her€that€they€ð ðhad€someÐ 8 ˆ Ðbusiness€to€take€care€of.ðð€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€Robert€Walker,€also€a€member€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples,€testified€that€he€wasÐ ü L  Ðpresent€at€Ô_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Bonnerððs€house€on€November€3,€1997€where€he€saw€both€Defendants€carryingÐ è 8  Ðguns.€€Walker€testified€that€Johnson€told€Tony€Phillips€that€he€had€the€victim€in€the€car.€€AccordingÐ Ô$  Ðto€Walker,€Phillips€told€Jefferson€to€ð ðtake€care€of€his€businessðð€and€winked€his€right€eye,€whichÐ À  Ðmeant€that€Jefferson€was€supposed€to€ð ðput€[the€victim]€to€sleep.ðð€€Walker€testified€that€Jefferson,Ð ¬ü  ÐJohnson,€and€Glass€all€left€together.€Walker€stated€that€he€walked€outside€with€them,€whereuponÐ ˜è  ÐJohnson€told€him€that€ð ðhe€was€fixing€to€go€kill€dude.ðð€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àFinally,€testimony€by€the€officers€investigating€the€crime€and€the€medical€examinerÐ \¬ Ðcorroborated€Glassðð€testimony.€€Dr.€Wendy€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ôððs€testimony€regarding€the€victimððs€gunshotÐ H˜ Ðwounds€matched€Glassðð€description€of€how€and€where€the€victim€was€shot.€€We€find€this€issue€to€beÐ 4„ Ðwithout€merit.Ð  p ÐÌà@ ìàB.€òòAdmission€of€Gangsterððs€Disciples€ChartóóˆÐ øH ÐÌà  àBoth€Defendants€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€into€evidence€the€organizationalÐ Ð  Ðchart€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€Specifically,€the€Defendants€argue€that€the€demonstrative€exhibitÐ ¼  Ðwas€highly€prejudicial€and€not€relevant€to€the€issue€of€guilt.€€We€disagree.à  àÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€admissibility€of€evidence€is€a€matter€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€whoseÐ €Ð Ðdecision€will€not€be€reversed€on€appeal€absent€a€showing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€òòState€v.€Edisonóó,€9Ð l¼ ÐS.W.3d€75,€77€(Tenn.€1999).€€With€certain€exceptions,€all€relevant€evidence€is€generally€admissible.€Ð X ¨ ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€402.€€Relevant€evidence€is€that€which€has€ð ðany€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€anyÐ D!” Ðfact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€itÐ 0"€  Ðwould€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.òòóó€401.€€The€determination€of€relevancy€is€within€theÐ #l! Ðdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€and€will€not€be€overturned€absent€an€abuse€of€discretion.€òòState€v.Ð $X" ÐWilliamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€69,€78„79€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Relevant€evidence€may€be€excludedÐ ô$D # Ðif€ð ðits€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðissues,€or€misleading€the€jury.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€òòóó403.€€Furthermore,€the€admission€of€demonstrativeÐ Ì&"% Ðevidence€is€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€judge.€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€767€S.W.2d€387,€402€(Tenn.Ð ¸'#& Ð1989).€€Such€a€ruling€will€not€be€disturbed€on€review€absent€a€clear€demonstration€of€an€abuse€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔDelkÔ_Ôóó,€692€S.W.2d€431,€438€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àIn€this€case,€the€State€argued€that€the€victim€was€killed€as€the€result€of€violating€one€of€theÐ ° Ðâ ârules€of€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€According€to€testimony€at€trial,€the€victim€had€given€a€statementÐ œì Ðto€the€police€regarding€another€crime€by€the€Gangsterððs€Disciples.€€The€State€argued€that€high„Ð ˆØ Ðranking€members€of€the€organization€ordered€the€victimððs€death€because€of€this€violation.€€As€such,Ð tÄ Ðthe€chart,€which€was€introduced€as€an€exhibit,€was€used€to€show€the€hierarchy€of€the€GangsterððsÐ `° ÐDisciples.€€We€conclude€that€the€chart€was€relevant,€and€we€conclude€that€its€probative€value€wasÐ L œ Ðnot€outweighed€by€its€prejudicial€effect.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsÐ 8 ˆ Ðdiscretion€in€admitting€the€chart.€€€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€Jefferson€argues€that€even€if€the€chart€were€properly€admitted,€the€trial€court€erredÐ ü L  Ðin€allowing€the€exhibit€to€be€sent€to€the€jury€room€over€the€objection€of€defense€counsel€and€whenÐ è 8  Ðthe€parties€failed€to€consent.€€However,€Rule€30.1€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€ProcedureÐ Ô$  Ðstates:Ð À  Ðà8  àUpon€retiring€to€consider€its€verdict€the€jury€shall€take€to€the€jury€room€all€exhibitsÐ ¬ü  Ðand€writings€which€have€been€received€in€evidence,€except€depositions,€for€theirÐ ˜è  Ðexamination€during€deliberations,€unless€the€court,€for€good€cause,€determines€thatÐ „Ô  Ðan€exhibit€should€not€be€taken€into€the€jury€room.€ÐpÀÐ Ð  ÐJeffersonððs€argument€is€without€merit.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà@ž ž ìàC.€€òòAdmission€of€Jeffersonððs€Prior€ConvictionsóóˆÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àJefferson€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€for€impeachment€purposes€his€priorÐ  \ Ðconvictions€for€robbery€and€theft.€€Specifically,€Jefferson€argues€that€the€admission€of€this€evidenceÐ øH Ðviolated€Rule€609(3)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€because€its€prejudicial€effect€outweighedÐ ä4 Ðits€probative€value€on€credibility.€€We€disagree.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€following€requirements€must€be€met€before€the€credibility€of€a€witness€may€beÐ ¨ø Ðimpeached€with€evidence€of€prior€convictions:€€(1)€ð ðThe€witness€must€be€asked€about€the€convictionÐ ”ä Ðon€cross„examination,ðð€Tenn.€R.€Evidence€609(a)(1);€(2)€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€crime€must€be€punishable€by€deathÐ €Ð Ðor€imprisonment€in€excess€of€one€year,ðð€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€609(a)(2),€or€ð ðthe€crime€must€have€involvedÐ l¼ Ðdishonesty€or€false€statement,ðð€òòidóó.;€and€(3)€ð ð[Ô_Ôi]fÔ_Ô€the€witness€to€be€impeached€is€the€accused€in€aÐ X ¨ Ðcriminal€prosecution,€the€State€must€give€the€accused€reasonable€written€notice€of€the€impeachingÐ D!” Ðconviction€before€trial,€and€the€court€upon€request€must€determine€that€the€conviction's€probativeÐ 0"€  Ðvalue€on€credibility€outweighs€its€unfair€prejudicial€effect€on€the€substantive€issues.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð #l! Ð609(a)(3).€€In€addition,€when€the€current€prosecution€is€commenced€more€than€ten€years€after€the€dateÐ $X" Ðof€release€of€the€prior€conviction€sought€to€be€used€to€impeach€the€witness,€the€prior€conviction€mayÐ ô$D # Ðnot€be€used€to€impeach€the€witness€unless€the€accused€is€given€sufficient€notice€of€the€prosecution'sÐ à%0!$ Ðintent€to€use€such€evidence,€and€the€court€determines€that€the€probative€value€of€the€evidenceÐ Ì&"% Ðsubstantially€outweighs€any€prejudicial€effect.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€609(b).€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àIn€determining€whether€the€probative€value€of€a€prior€conviction€on€the€issue€of€credibilityÐ )à$( Ðoutweighs€its€unfair€prejudicial€effect€on€the€substantive€issues,€a€trial€court€should€assess€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðsimilarity€between€the€pending€prosecution€and€the€underlying€impeaching€conviction,€as€well€as€theÐ h+¸&* Ðrelevance€of€the€impeaching€conviction€with€respect€to€credibility.€€òòState€v.€Farmeróó,€841€S.W.2d€837,Ð ° Ð839€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€The€trial€court€should€state€its€reasons€for€finding€that€the€probativeÐ œì Ðvalue€of€the€prior€conviction€on€the€issue€of€credibility€outweighs€any€prejudicial€effect€on€theÐ ˆØ Ðsubstantive€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€òòLong€v.€Stateóó,€607€S.W.2d€482,€485€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).€€The€trialÐ tÄ Ðcourtððs€decision€to€allow€the€prior€convictions€under€Rule€609€will€not€be€reversed€on€appeal€unlessÐ `° Ðthe€trial€court€abused€its€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBlantonÔ_Ôóó,€926€S.W.2d€953,€960€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€Ð L œ Ðà  àÌà  àJefferson€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€into€evidence€the€Defendant's€priorÐ $ t Ðconvictions€for€robbery€and€theft€because€the€convictionsðð€probative€value€did€not€outweigh€itsÐ  ` Ðprejudicial€effect.€€The€trial€court€weighed€the€probative€value€of€the€prior€convictions€against€itsÐ ü L  Ðprejudicial€effect€and€concluded€that€the€probative€value€outweighed€any€prejudicial€effect.€€JeffersonÐ è 8  Ðhas€failed€to€show€how€the€prejudicial€effect€outweighed€the€probative€value.€€On€this€issue,€we€findÐ Ô$  Ðno€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court.Ð À  Ðà  àà ` àÌà@  ìàD.€€òòJeffersonððs€Motion€to€SeveróóˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àJefferson€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€sever€his€trial€from€that€ofÐ pÀ Ðhis€co„Defendant,€Larry€Johnson.€€Specifically,€Jefferson€argues€that€evidence€introduced€regardingÐ \¬ Ðhis€co„Defendant€was€unfairly€prejudicial€to€him.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àSeverance€is€a€matter€addressed€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Maddoxóó,Ð  p Ð957€S.W.2d€547,€556€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Absent€an€affirmative€showing€of€prejudice,€the€trialÐ  \ Ðcourtððs€exercise€of€that€discretion€will€not€be€reversed.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔEnsleyÔ_Ôóó,€956€S.W.2d€502,€508€(Tenn.Ð øH ÐCrim.€App.€1996).€€The€trial€court,€on€motion€by€the€defendant,€shall€grant€a€severance€of€defendantsÐ ä4 Ðif€ð ðit€is€deemed€appropriate€to€promote€a€fair€determination€of€the€guilt€or€innocence€of€one€or€moreÐ Ð  Ðdefendants.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€14(c)(2)(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô).€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€properly€denied€Jeffersonððs€motion€to€sever€his€case€from€that€of€his€co„Ð ”ä ÐDefendant,€Larry€Johnson.€€Jefferson€and€Johnson€were€named€in€the€same€indictment€for€the€murderÐ €Ð Ðof€Ô_ÔKelvertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaileyÔ_Ô.€€Although€Jefferson€argues€that€he€was€prejudiced€by€being€associated€withÐ l¼ ÐJohnson,€such€an€association€would€have€been€brought€out€even€if€there€had€been€separate€trials.€Ð X ¨ ÐMoreover,€ð ð[Ô_Ôf]rugalityÔ_Ô€in€the€utilization€of€judicial€time€and€resources€are€permissible€considerationsÐ D!” Ðin€determining€whether€to€grant€a€severance,€so€long€as€the€danger€of€prejudice€to€the€defendant€isÐ 0"€  Ðnot€outweighed€by€these€considerations.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔLunatiÔ_Ôóó,€665€S.W.2d€739,€746€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð #l! Ð1983).€€Had€these€two€Defendants€been€tried€separately,€a€ð ðtotal€duplication€of€the€voluminousÐ $X" Ðevidenceðð€would€have€been€required.€€òòState€Ô_Ôv.WisemanÔ_Ôóó,€643€S.W.2d€354,€362€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ô$D # Ð1982).€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€Defendants€were€not€prejudiced€by€the€joinder.€€The€trial€courtÐ ¸'#& Ðinstructed€the€jury€that€they€were€to€consider€the€charges€against€each€Defendant€individually.€€TheÐ ¤(ô#' Ðjury€is€presumed€to€have€followed€this€charge.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Bartonóó,€626€S.W.2d€296,€298€(Tenn.Ð )à$( ÐCrim.€App.€1981).€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà@ÅÅìàE.€òòJohnsonððs€Motion€to€SuppressóóˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àJohnson€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€the€evidenceÐ ˆØ Ðobtained€during€the€search€of€his€vehicle.€€Specifically,€he€argues€that€the€affidavit€in€support€of€theÐ tÄ Ðsearch€warrant€was€insufficient€to€support€the€issuance€of€a€search€warrant.€€We€disagree.Ð `° ÐÌà  àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€that€"[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€right€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpeople€to€be€secure€...€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures,€shall€not€be€violated,€and€noÐ $ t Ðwarrants€shall€issue,€but€upon€probable€cause."€€Article€I,€section€7€of€the€Tennessee€ConstitutionÐ  ` Ðsimilarly€prohibits€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures€and€is€identical€in€intent€and€purpose€to€theÐ ü L  ÐFourth€Amendment.€€A€search€warrant€shall€generally€only€be€issued€on€the€basis€of€an€affidavit,Ð è 8  Ðsworn€before€a€neutral€and€detached€magistrate,€which€establishes€probable€cause€for€its€issuance.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòState€v.€Stevensóó,€989€S.W.2d€290,€293€(Tenn.€1999).€€Because€the€magistrate€must€make€a€neutralÐ À  Ðand€detached€decision€regarding€the€existence€of€probable€cause,€the€affidavit€must€contain€moreÐ ¬ü  Ðthan€ð ðmere€Ô_ÔconclusoryÔ_Ô€allegationsðð€by€the€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô.€€òòId.óóÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àð ðIn€determining€the€reliability€of€information€contained€in€an€affidavit€in€support€of€a€searchÐ pÀ Ðwarrant,€there€is€a€significant€distinction€between€a€ððcitizen€informant,ðð€or€bystander€witnesses,€andÐ \¬ Ðððcriminal€informants,ðð€or€those€from€a€ððcriminal€milieu.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔMelsonÔ_Ôóó,€638€S.W.2dÐ H˜ Ð342,€354€(Tenn.€1982)).€€The€citizen€informant€is€presumed€to€be€more€reliable.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔYeomansÔ_Ôóó,Ð 4„ Ð10€S.W.3d€293,€296€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999)òòóó.€€However,€in€order€to€be€entitled€to€a€presumption€ofÐ  p Ðreliability,€the€affidavit€must€demonstrate€on€its€face€that€the€informant€is€a€concerned€citizen€andÐ  \ Ðnot€a€criminal€informant.€€òòState€v.€James€Norman€Ô_ÔUseryÔ_Ôóó,€No.€02C01„9805„CC„00154,€1999€WLÐ øH Ð569691,€at€*€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Aug.€4,€1999).€€In€addition,€the€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô€must€offer€moreÐ ä4 Ðthan€ð ðÔ_ÔconclusoryÔ_Ô€allegationsðð€that€the€information€was€provided€by€a€citizen€informant.€€òòId.óó€at€*2.€Ð Ð  ÐIn€this€case,€the€affidavit,€sworn€by€Sergeant€O.€W.€Stewart,€merely€listed€the€informant€as€a€ð ðreliableÐ ¼  Ðwitness.ðð€€Thus,€the€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô€failed€to€establish€that€the€information€contained€in€the€affidavit€cameÐ ¨ø Ðfrom€a€citizen€informant.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àHaving€concluded€that€the€ð ðcitizen€informantðð€standard€is€inapplicable€in€this€case,€we€mustÐ l¼ Ðdetermine€whether€the€affidavit€is€sufficient€under€the€ð ðconfidential€informantðð€test.€€When€theÐ X ¨ Ðsource€of€information€for€an€affidavit€establishing€probable€cause€for€a€search€warrant€is€a€criminalÐ D!” Ðinformant,€we€must€use€the€two„pronged€òòÔ_ÔAguilarÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSpinelliÔ_Ôóó€test€adopted€by€the€Tennessee€SupremeÐ 0"€  ÐCourt€in€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔJacuminÔ_Ôóó,€778€S.W.2d€430,€436€(Tenn.€1989).€€Under€this€test,€the€affidavit€mustÐ #l! Ðdemonstrate€(1)€a€basis€for€the€informantððs€knowledge€and€(2)€a€basis€establishing€the€informantððsÐ $X" Ðcredibility€or€a€basis€establishing€that€the€informantððs€information€is€reliable.€€òòÔ_ÔYeomansÔ_Ôóó,€10€S.W.3dÐ ô$D # Ðat€296.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€affidavit€fails€both€prongs€of€the€òòÔ_ÔAguilarÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSpinelliÔ_Ôóó€test.€€First,€the€affidavit€failsÐ ¸'#& Ðto€sufficiently€establish€the€informantððs€basis€of€knowledge.€€The€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô€stated€that€the€witnessÐ ¤(ô#' Ðindicated€that€Glass€and€Johnson€had€been€together€on€the€night€of€November€3,€1997,€in€JohnsonððsÐ )à$( Ðvehicle,€and€they€were€with€the€victim€just€prior€to€his€death.€€Yet,€the€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô€never€states€how€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðwitness€knew€this€information.€€The€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô€also€fails€to€establish€the€informantððs€credibility€or€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€information€is€reliable.€€The€Ô_ÔaffiantÔ_Ô€merely€states€that€the€informant€is€a€ð ðreliable€witness.ðð€Ð ° ÐHowever,€this€assertion€alone€is€insufficient€to€establish€the€veracity€of€the€informant.€€òòSeeóó€òòStevensóó,Ð œì Ð989€S.W.2d€at€295.òòóó€€Thus,€because€the€affidavit€supporting€the€search€warrant€on€Johnsonððs€car€wasÐ ˆØ Ðinsufficient,€we€conclude€that€the€search€of€Johnsonððs€car€was€illegal.€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àHowever,€we€find€that€even€without€the€evidence€procured€from€the€car,€a€reasonable€juryÐ L œ Ðwould€have€concluded€that€the€Defendants€were€guilty€of€the€first€degree€murder.€€The€items€seizedÐ 8 ˆ Ðfrom€the€car€included€the€following:€a€.357€Magnum€revolver,€six€live€.357€rounds,€a€ð ðloginððÐ $ t Ðhandgun€box,€several€pawnshop€tickets,€photos,€and€a€piece€of€paper€with€phone€numbers.€€AlthoughÐ  ` Ðthis€evidence€corroborated€much€of€the€testimony€at€trial,€the€other€evidence€against€the€DefendantsÐ ü L  Ðwas€substantial.€€Marcus€Glass€testified€that€he€saw€the€Defendants€shoot€and€kill€the€victim.€Ð è 8  ÐTestimony€by€the€medical€examiner€corroborated€the€manner€in€which€Glass€described€the€killings.€Ð Ô$  ÐÔ_ÔRanikoÔ_Ô€Bonner€testified€that€Glass€and€the€two€Defendants€left€her€house€together€on€the€eveningÐ À  Ðof€November€3,€1997€because€they€ð ðhad€some€business€to€take€care€of,ðð€and€finally,€Robert€WalkerÐ ¬ü  Ðtestified€that€Tony€Phillips€told€Jefferson€ð ðtake€care€of€his€business,ðð€insinuating€that€Jefferson€wasÐ ˜è  Ðsupposed€to€ð ðput€[the€victim]€to€sleep.ðð€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThus,€even€without€the€items€obtained€from€the€car,€there€was€more€than€ample€evidence€toÐ \¬ Ðconvict€the€Defendants€of€first€degree€murder.€€As€such,€we€hold€that€the€admission€of€the€contentsÐ H˜ Ðof€Johnsonððs€car€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).€€Ð 4„ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àÌà@TT ìàF.€€òòError€Coram€Ô_ÔNobisÔ_ÔóóˆÐ  \ ÐÌà  àFinally,€Defendant€Jefferson€contends€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€petition€for€òòwrit€ofÐ ä4 Ðerror€coram€Ô_ÔnobisÔ_Ôóó.€€Jeffersonððs€co„defendant,€Larry€Johnson,€executed€an€affidavit€post„trial€allegingÐ Ð  Ðdefendant€was€not€involved€in€the€murder.€€òòóóThis€statement€contradicted€Johnsonððs€trial€testimony,Ð ¼  Ðin€which€he€claimed€he€knew€nothing€about€the€murder.€€Thus,€Defendant€Jefferson€asserts€the€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourt€erred€in€failing€to€grant€a€new€trial€based€upon€this€"newly€discovered€evidence."€€Ð ”ä ÐÔ‡X XX X ÔÌà  àUnder€certain€circumstances,€a€criminal€defendant€may€file€for€a€òòwrit€of€error€coram€Ô_ÔnobisÔ_Ôóó.€Ð l¼ ÐòòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„26„105.€€This€remedy€is€available€only€when€an€unknown€issue€wasÐ X ¨ Ðneither€able€to€be€addressed€nor€addressed€at€trial,€and€may€have€resulted€in€a€different€judgment.€Ð D!” ÐòòId.óó,€òòState€v.€Hartóó,€911€S.W.2d€371,€374€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€When€the€petition€addresses€newlyÐ 0"€  Ðor€subsequently€discovered€evidence,€Ô#† X XXX #ó#ÔÔ‡X XX X Ôthe€evidence€must€be€admissible€under€the€rules€of€evidenceÐ #l! Ðand€material€to€an€issue€raised€in€the€petition.€€òòHartóó,€911€S.W.2d€at€375.€€Ô#† X XXX ¢õ#ÔÔ‡X XX X ÔHowever,€the€petition€mustÐ $X" Ðstate:€Ð ô$D # Ðà8  à(1)€à0` Ð Ð àthe€grounds€and€the€nature€of€the€newly€discovered€evidence;€Ðà%0!$` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  à(2)€à0` (#(#àwhy€the€admissibility€of€the€newly€discovered€evidence€may€have€resulted€in€aÐ Ì&"% Ðdifferent€judgment€had€the€evidence€been€admitted€at€the€previous€trial;€Ð¸'#&` (#` (# Ðà0  à(3)€à0` (#(#àthe€petitioner€was€without€fault€in€failing€to€present€the€newly€discovered€evidenceÐ ¤(ô#' Ðat€the€appropriate€time;€and€Ð)à$(` (#` (# Ðà  à(4)€à0 ` àthe€relief€sought€by€the€petitioner.€€Ð|*Ì%)` (#` (# ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐòòÔ_ÔNewsomeÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€995€S.W.2d€129,€133€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998)(citing€òòHartóó,€911€S.W.2d€at€374„Ð ° Ð75).€€Moreover,€the€decision€to€grant€or€deny€a€petition€for€òòwrit€of€error€coram€Ô_ÔnobisÔ_Ôóó€on€the€groundÐ œì Ðof€newly€discovered€evidence€rests€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòHartóó,€911€S.W.€2dÐ ˆØ Ðat€375;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„26„105.€€Ð tÄ ÐÔ#† X XXX †ö#ÔÌà  àJeffersonððs€petition€alleged:€€òòóó(1)€his€attorney€received€an€affidavit€from€co„defendant€Ð L œ ÐJohnson€exculpating€defendant€of€the€murder€for€which€he€was€convicted;€(2)€Johnsonððs€affidavitÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€not€received€by€counsel€until€after€the€trial;€and€(3)€had€this€evidence€been€introduced€at€trial,Ð $ t Ðit€may€have€resulted€in€a€different€judgment.€€Johnsonððs€affidavit€alleged€that€Johnson€was€presentÐ  ` Ðduring€the€murder,€and€defendant€was€not€involved€in€the€murder.€€The€affidavit€contradictedÐ ü L  ÐJohnsonððs€trial€testimony€in€which€he€stated€he€was€not€present€at€the€murder€and€did€not€knowÐ è 8  Ðanything€about€the€murder.€€However,€Johnson€stated€in€his€affidavit€that,€although€he€[Johnson]€wasÐ Ô$  Ðpresent€at€the€murder,€he€had€no€prior€knowledge€of€it€and€did€not€participate€in€it.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€must€determine€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses€who€testify€in€support€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðaccusedððs€petition.€€òòHartóó,€911€S.W.2d€at€375.€€If€the€trial€court€does€not€believe€the€witnessesÐ „Ô  Ðpresented€by€the€accused€are€credible,€the€court€should€deny€the€application.€€òòId.óó€€€Additionally,€ourÐ pÀ Ðsupreme€court€held€that€a€petition€for€òòwrit€of€error€coram€Ô_ÔnobisÔ_Ôóó€will€not€be€granted€where€theÐ \¬ Ðsubsequently€or€newly€discovered€evidence€is€simply€cumulative€to€other€evidence€in€the€record,€orÐ H˜ Ðmerely€contradicts€or€impeaches€the€evidence€adduced€during€the€course€of€the€trial,€when€theÐ 4„ Ðevidence,€if€introduced,€would€not€have€resulted€in€a€different€judgment.€€òòIdóó.€òòóó(citing€òòScruggs€v.€Stateóó,Ð  p Ð404€S.W.2d€485,€486€(Tenn.€1966);€òòHawkins€v.€Stateóó,€417€S.W.2d€774,€778€(Tenn.€1967)).Ð  \ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà  àHere,€the€trial€court€determined€that€ð ðthe€affidavit€of€Larry€Johnson€recanting€his€testimonyÐ ä4 Ðat€trial€indicating€he€also€lied€to€the€police€in€his€statement€of€November€17,€1997,€fails€to€satisfy€theÐ Ð  ÐCourt€as€to€believability€and€credibility.ðð€€Johnson€did€not€testify€at€the€hearing.€€The€only€evidenceÐ ¼  Ðbefore€the€trial€court€was€the€affidavit€of€Johnson,€whose€trial€testimony€the€jury€had€found€lackingÐ ¨ø Ðin€credibility.€€We€find€no€reason€to€dispute€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion,€and€further€find€that€theÐ ”ä Ðaffidavit€contradicts€Johnsonððs€prior€testimony.€€We€concur€in€the€finding€by€the€trial€court€thatÐ €Ð ÐJefferson€has€not€shown€that€the€new€assertions€of€Johnson€would€have€changed€the€trialððs€outcome.€Ð l¼ ÐÌÌà  à€Therefore,€under€the€analysis€of€òòHartóó,€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief.€€Thus,€we€concludeÐ 0"€  Ðthe€trial€court€properly€denied€defendantððs€petition€for€òòwrit€of€error€coram€Ô_ÔnobisÔ_Ôóó.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€judgments€against€the€Defendants€are€AFFIRMED.Ð ô$D # ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGE