ÿWPCø –‡Ýc¨2œÆÐQ¿°C`jq"P¢ê«$þvg;7Puàö™üzÊço£…7%[át0æƒÔÚ0ý³YJj§¿Y·ãgåv¤÷îuTä˜MÀ•ßá§TaÕÒ™ì!ÓHö·I'(RËëÜGѺöÇ8]Vºz’½Ò‰Ó=y½4jŠšnÑ.ë+Ÿç…/ë$çð:Æ"FÏ'ùZFÅpÑJ¼~ˆ›íé$ˆî2VÁ­7(àËs«Dx9vo™[ˆ°ŸÂ÷ PR(øÛ°ä¬déôÈ™¯.(È·µkË^ª$¬ö¿'vnò¯Þá'fîc\ l~€&üxì*Û3ÆãlF|H½2¿–{•ý¢MaÙX.¼gˆ"÷ôCñW7ÛrdÏm¡îÄvÞ¢µ0$ºUã‰nCñ®6…4ÐÈ©Œ°kÄÐá¶FÐÙZÉ9qˆ¹¸õÓ8ÇúÊOá5žfm1ðžÕAÛ¨#3™½ÛÕßy¨c%Ú:n . >©×™ üòφ¼äWòì,ý k·0róG÷˜ Üi ³$[O.Ž¨Üðø¦­åÆv®ó* çƒ~í?±”6¯šS–j© Ýð3/ﳶèZê^Uú!HÊC©ÒíÜܳ¼Âeu‘»b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U)N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz N‘ Æ“ ÆY Æ Æå UN«NùU>û9EAôC 0D7p{{{{{Nëëëëëëëëëëëëëëëëbíííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííí 0ëõõõõ Bàà 0¤ý D3¡ D-Ô 0K ASLÆŸ 0¤e 0D  A«M˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»IkÛ,s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo†)˜Cð4¦ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regularô\  `‹&Times New Roman  êÝ ƒRu‡$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôê=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€affidavit,€as€read,€varies€slightly€from€the€typed€version.€€However,€the€differences€were€not€material.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó fÝ ƒRu‡$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôê=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€videotape€does€not€show€ð ðmillionsðð€of€maggots,€there€were€a€very€large€number€in€what€appearedÐ ° Ðto€be€an€approximately€four„foot„in„diameter€pool€containing€blood€and,€perhaps,€other€substances.- ù-(|G2u‡$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N…»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôê=ò»»Ô d(|3‰]$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N…»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‰]$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N…»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€N…»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼N…»»»ÔÑ8€iXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îQ$N…ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼N…»îîQ$ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMarch€12,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XiX»¼N…ÔÌò òÔ#†¼N…»XXi#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€JUDY€JOHNSON€and€STANLEY€JOHNSONòòóóÔ‡XiX»¼N…Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Gibson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€6803€€€€€€George€R.€Ellis,€Chancellor,€Sitting€by€InterchangeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„01272„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€June€26,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òó óThe€husband€and€wife€defendants,€Stanley€and€Judy€Johnson,€were€convicted€of€eleven€counts€ofÐ xÈ  Ðcruelty€to€animals,€as€the€result€of€conditions€at€a€kennel€in€Gibson€County€where€they€were€keepingÐ d´ Ðapproximately€350€dogs.€€Stanley€Johnson€was€sentenced€to€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€onÐ P  Ðeach€count,€with€all€sentences€to€be€served€concurrently,€and,€as€to€these€sentences,€to€serve€ninetyÐ <Œ Ðdays€in€the€county€jail€with€the€remainder€on€probation.€€Judy€Johnson€was€sentenced,€likewise,€toÐ (x Ðeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€on€each€count,€with€all€sentences€to€be€served€concurrently,€butÐ d Ðshe€was€to€serve€six€months€before€being€put€on€probation.€€Both€defendants€were€fined€$1000€inÐ P Ðeach€of€the€eleven€counts.€€On€appeal,€they€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€testimony€asÐ ì< Ðto€a€prior€similar€complaint€against€Stanley€Johnson€and€in€denying€total€probation€for€both.€Ð Ø( ÐAdditionally,€they€argue€that€the€proof€is€insufficient€to€sustain€the€verdicts.€€We€affirm€theÐ Ä Ðjudgments€of€conviction.Ð ° ÐÔ#†¼N…»XXiš#ÔÔ‡XiX»¼N…ÔÓÖÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼N…»àXiÕ #ÔÔ‡XiX.¼N…ÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joined.€Ð `° ÐòòGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€filed€a€concurring€opinion.Ð L œ ÐÌScott€G.€Kirk,€Jackson,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellants,€Judy€Johnson€and€Stanley€Johnson.Ð $"t! ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Braden€H.€Boucek,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ü#L# ÐGarry€G.€Brown,€District€Attorney€General;€Larry€Hardister,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General;€andÐ è$8 $ ÐHal€Dorsey,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Ô%$!% ÐÓr ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼N…»XXi¡ #ÔÔ‡XiX»¼N…ÔÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼N…»XXiœ #ÔÔ€XiX»¼N…ÔÓ  ÓÑ8€iXXdìXXdì8Ñà  àIn€their€appeal,€the€defendants€present€the€following€issues:à0 È àЄ)Ô$)È(#È(# ÐÌÓ*°,XƒXŒ –X°œX*Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI.à0Œ ` x` xàThe€trial€court€erred€in€permitting€the€State€to€cross„examineÐ \+¬&+ ÐStanley€Johnson€regarding€a€1993€arrest€for€cruelty€to€animals.ÐH,˜',Œ xŒ x ÐÐ 4-„(-ý  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àII.à Œ àThe€trial€court€made€the€following€sentencing€errors:а` x` x ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ  h•X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àA.à0 ` x` xàUtilizing€inapplicable€enhancement€factors€and€ignoringÐ ˆØ Ðapplicable€mitigating€factors;ÐtÄ x x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àB.à  àAccepting€letters€from€private€citizens€regarding€sentencing;ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àC.à0 ` x` xàAllowing€testimony€from€a€representative€of€the€DyersburgÐ $ t ÐHumane€Society€regarding€restitution;Ð ` x x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àD.à0 ` x` xàAccepting€a€ð ðvictim€impactðð€statement€from€the€DyersburgÐ è 8  ÐHumane€Society;€andÐÔ$  x x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àE.à0 ` x` xàNot€granting€each€defendant€complete€probation.Ьü  x x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIII.à0Œ ` x` xàThe€evidence€was€insufficient€as€to€each€count€of€the€indictmentÐ „Ô  Ðto€support€a€conviction.ÐpÀŒ xŒ x ÐÌà  àWe€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction€and€sentences.Ð H˜ ÐÌò òòòÓ  ÓBACKGROUNDóóó óÐ  p ÐÓkÓÌà  àOne€of€the€issues€presented€on€appeal€is€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theÐ øH Ðconvictions.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€both€defendants€were€convicted€of€all€eleven€counts€of€theÐ ä4 Ðindictment,€we€will€detail€the€proof€in€ascertaining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€To€do€so,€we€firstÐ Ð  Ðwill€review€generally€the€witnesses€testifying€in€the€matter€and€then€consider€their€testimony€whichÐ ¼  Ðwas€specific€as€to€the€three€locations€where€the€dogs€were€kept,€as€well€as€to€each€count€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðindictment.Ð ”ä ÐÌò òòòÓ  ÓSTATEððS€PROOFóóó óÐ l¼ ÐÓ0ÓÌà  àThe€Stateððs€first€witness€was€Don€Curry,€an€investigator€for€the€Gibson€County€SheriffððsÐ D!” ÐDepartment.€€He€testified€that€he€had€executed€a€search€warrant€at€the€defendantsðð€residence€inÐ 0"€  ÐHumboldt€on€September€16,€1999,€and€then€read€his€affidavit€to€the€jury:׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOn€September€12th,€1999,€I€bought€a€puppy€from€Mrs.€Judy€JohnsonÐ ô$D # Ðand€in€doing€so€I€found€the€puppy€to€be€very€sick€and€it€appeared€toÐ à%0!$ Ðhave€something€wrong€with€its€eyes.€€I€took€the€puppy€to€aÐ Ì&"% Ðveterinarian€and€the€veterinarian€said€that€the€puppy€was€almost€blindÐ ¸'#& Ðand€might€even€be€ð!ð€was€almost€blind€and€might€even€be€blind.€€I€thenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcalled€Mrs.€Johnson.€€I€told€her€of€the€situation€and€she€told€me€sheÐ )à$( Ðwould€not€refund€any€money€but€would€replace€the€puppy€withÐ ° Ðanother€puppy,€so€we€agreed.€€On€Monday,€September€13th,€1999,€IÐ œì Ðtook€the€puppy€to€Mr.€Stanley€Johnson€and€Mrs.€Judy€JohnsonððsÐ ˆØ Ðhouse€and€she€asked€me€ð!ð€she€asked€me€in€but€would€not€let€me€goÐ tÄ Ðpast€the€first€room.€€She€then€brought€two€puppies€out€to€this€roomÐ `° Ðand€I€noticed€the€brown€dog€was€getting€sick€and€had€no€hair€on€hisÐ L œ Ðears€and€places€on€his€body.€€So,€I€picked€the€black€puppy€and€tookÐ 8 ˆ Ðthis€puppy€home.€€When€I€got€this€dog€home€I€noticed€this€puppy€wasÐ $ t Ðgetting€sick€also.€€The€next€day,€which€was€September€14th,€1999,€theÐ  ` Ðpuppy€seemed€very€sick€and€was€still€throwing€up.€€So,€I€took€theÐ ü L  Ðpuppy€to€the€veterinarian€and€that€is€where€the€puppy€is€now.€€TheÐ è 8  ÐSheriffððs€Department€has€had€several€other€complaints€of€this€sameÐ Ô$  Ðnature€in€the€recent€past.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà  àHe€then€continued€with€his€testimony,€narrating€the€showing€of€a€videotape,€which€had€beenÐ ˜è  Ðrecorded€during€the€execution€of€the€search€warrant.€€We€will€set€out€the€details€of€his€testimony€asÐ „Ô  Ðwe€review€the€proof€for€each€count€of€the€indictment.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€next€witness€was€Dr.€Tim€Agee,€a€veterinarian€who€operated€an€animal€hospitalÐ H˜ Ðin€Milan.€€He€testified€as€to€his€visit€to€the€defendantsðð€kennel€the€day€of€the€execution€of€the€searchÐ 4„ Ðwarrant,€estimating€there€were€approximately€350€dogs€on€the€premises.€€The€dogs€were€kept€in€threeÐ  p Ðstructures:€€a€large€kennel,€a€mobile€home€located€on€the€property,€and€inside€the€defendantsðð€house,Ð  \ Ðwhere€three€dogs€were€found.€€The€remainder€of€his€testimony€will€be€detailed€as€to€each€locationÐ øH Ðwhere€dogs€were€kept.Ð ä4 ÐÌÓ  Óò òòòDwelling€Houseóó€(Counts€1€„€3)ó óÐ ¼  ÐÌÓn$Óà@³ ³ ìàò òA.€€Count€1€„€Black€Pomeranian€Within€the€Dwelling€Houseó ó€€€ˆÐ ”ä ÐÌà@O O ìàò òB.€€Count€2€„€White€Dog€Within€the€Dwelling€Houseó óˆÐ pÀ ÐÌò òà@_ _ ìàC.€€Count€3€„€Black€Scottish€Terrier€Within€the€Dwelling€Houseó óˆÐ H!˜ ÐÌà  àMuch€of€the€Stateððs€proof€as€to€these€counts€applied€to€all€three,€rather€than€being€directedÐ  #p! Ðto€a€single€count.Ð  $\" ÐÌà  àDon€Curry€was€asked€about€the€general€conditions€within€the€defendantsðð€house:Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàWhat€about€the€general€condition€of€the€house?€€Iððm€not€talkingÐ ¼' #& Ðabout€as€to€messiness,€but€Iððm€talking€about€the€atmosphere€in€theÐ ¨(ø#' Ðhouse€or€the€odor?Д)ä$(Œ xŒ x Ðâ âÐ €*Ð%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàThe€house?€€The€house€was€hot.€€There€wasnððt€no€air€on.€€It€wasÐ ° Ðâ âprobably€in€the€high€90s€in€the€house€and€the€house€had€a€veryÐ œì Ðstrong€odor€of€it€but€not€like€the€trailer€did.Ј، xŒ x ÐÌà  àDr.€Agee€agreed€that€the€conditions€in€the€dwelling€house€were€ð ð[n]ot€very€good:ððÐ `° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à[I]t€was€not€clean,€not€very€sanitary.€€There€was€feces€in€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðbathtub€where€puppies€had€been€kept€in€the€bathtub.€€I€found€a€wholeÐ $ t Ðtoenail€with€a€first€bone€laying€in€the€hallway€floor.€€There€were€threeÐ  ` Ðpuppies€that€were€caged€in€the€living€room€in€a€single€cage.€€It€had€aÐ ü L  Ðlot€of€feces€and€urine.€€Very€much€an€ammonia€smell€in€there€as€well.€Ð è 8  ÐÐ ` x` x Ðà  àDr.€Agee€said€that€some€of€the€dogs€kept€in€the€house€did€not€have€access€to€water,€their€bowlÐ À  Ðbeing€turned€over.€€He€responded,€when€asked€on€cross„examination€if€more€than€50%€of€the€dogsÐ ¬ü  Ðwere€in€ð ðgood€condition:ðð€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€couldnððt€say€that.€€Almost€every€single€cage€that€I€walked€up€to€IÐ pÀ Ðcould€physically€look€at€the€dog€and€€tell€that€there€was€somethingÐ \¬ Ðthat€needed€to€be€done.€€Iððm€talking€about€eye€infections,€skinÐ H˜ Ðproblems€ð!ð€whelping€dogs.€€You€know,€the€Miniature€Pinscher€thatÐ 4„ Ðwas€whelping€puppies€had€a€severe€skin€problem.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà  àDr.€Agee€agreed€that€some€dogs,€when€whelping,€do€experience€hair€loss,€but€said:€€ð ðSomeÐ øH Ðbreeds€do€due€to€hormonal€changes.€That€particular€dog,€though,€had€definite€secondary€staphÐ ä4 Ðinfections€because€there€were€ð!ð€there€were€pustules€all€over€the€sides€of€that€dog€and€thatððs€notÐ Ð  Ðnormal.ðð€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà@LLìàò òòòMobile€Homeóó€(Counts€4€„€6)ó óˆÐ ”ä ÐÌà  àDr.€Agee€gave€the€conditions€of€the€dogs€in€the€mobile€home€a€grade€of€ð ðF€minus.ðð€€AskedÐ l¼ Ðabout€the€ð ðgeneral€conditions€inside€the€mobile€home,ðð€Dr.€Agee€responded:€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àWorse€than€the€kennel.€€When€we€opened€the€door€and€wentÐ 0"€  Ðinside€the€mobile€home€the€ammonia€smell€was€so€bad€that€we€didnððtÐ #l! Ðeven€go€in.€€We€just€immediately€stepped€back€out€because€of€that.€Ð $X" ÐYour€eyes€and€nose€and€everything€were€burning.€€Once€we€did€goÐ ô$D # Ðinside€it€was€ð!ð€it€was€pretty€bad.€€The€ð!ð€there€were€dogs€that€were€ð!ðÐ à%0!$ Ðthere€was€one€dog€that€was€a€Miniature€Pinscher€that€was€in€theÐ Ì&"% Ðprocess€of€delivering€puppies.€€There€was€a€dead€puppy€in€the€cage.€Ð ¸'#& ÐShe€had€another€puppy€that€had€just€been€born.€€The€grates€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdogs€were€whelping€on,€the€puppies€could€not€stand€up.€€Their€legsÐ )à$( Ðwere€sticking€through€the€grates€and€dangling€down€in€two€or€threeÐ |*Ì%) Ðinches€thick€of€feces€and€urine.€€There€were€puppies€in€cages€ð!ð€IÐ h+¸&* Ðremember€one€puppy€was€curled€up€sleeping€in€its€food€bowl€becauseÐ ° Ðthere€was€nothing€in€there.€Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€ð!ð€there€was€a€Yorkshire€Terrier€and€a€Dachshund€that€bothÐ tÄ Ðlooked€to€me€to€have€very€visible€signs€of€mange.€€They€basically€hadÐ `° Ðno€hair€over€at€least€two„thirds€of€their€body.€€Eye€infections,€veryÐ L œ Ðnoticeable€skin€infections.€€Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌò òà@k k ìàD.€€Count€4€„€Yorkshire€Terrier€Within€the€Mobile€Homeó óˆÐ  ` ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Curryððs€testimony€during€the€showing€of€the€videotape:€€ð ðà8 @P àà8 @P àThat€dog€right€thereÐ è 8  Ðis€the€Yorkshire€Terrier€thatððs€in€count€4.€€If€you€look€at€if€from€the€shoulders€back€it€has€no€hair€andÐ Ô$  Ðit€has€all€kinds€of€sores€on€it€ð!ð€on€its€face.ðð€à8 À àà8@ÀÐ Ð àÐÀ ÀÀ ÐÌà@--ìàò òE.€€Count€5€„€Two€Adult€Female€Dogs€with€Puppies€Within€the€Mobile€Homeó óˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àCurry€described€the€conditions€in€which€these€dogs€were€kept:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThis€dog€right€here€is€one€of€ððem€in€Count€5.€€What€sheððs€gotÐ H˜ Ðthere€is€one€puppy.€€Sheððs€trying€to€ð!ð€I€donððt€know€if€sheððs€trying€toÐ 4„ Ðprotect€it€or€what.€€I€donððt€want€to€make€a€decision€on€that,€but€sheÐ  p Ðwas€ð!ð€you€can€see€how€she€was€acting,€though,€and€in€the€cage€withÐ  \ Ðher€ð!ð€after€we€get€back€up€on€it€ð!ð€youððll€see€there€was€[sic]€two€deadÐ øH Ðpuppies€in€the€cage€with€her.€Ðä4` x` x ÐÌò òà@³ ³ ìàF.€€Count€6€ð!ð€90€to€100€Female€Dogs€Within€the€Mobile€Homeó óˆÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àAs€to€the€90€to€100€female€dogs€which€were€the€subject€of€this€count,€Curry€said:Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àItððs€because€if€you€see€the€shape€of€ððem€and€it€was€so€hot€in€thereÐ l¼ Ðð!ð€half€of€ððem€in€there€did€not€have€water.€€They€all€had€food.€€TheyððreÐ X ¨ Ðlaying€in€all€them€feces€and€the€dead€dogs.€€The€smell€was€justÐ D!” Ðunbelievable.€€Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà  àAs€he€provided€narrative€during€the€showing€of€the€videotape,€Investigator€Curry€describedÐ $X" Ðthe€condition€of€dogs€which€were€caged€in€the€mobile€home:Ð ô$D # ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€trailer€right€there€was€well€over€100€degrees€in€there.€€It€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðso€hot€and€it€stunk€so€bad€it€just€ð!ð€it€took€your€breath.€€Ð¸'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€there€is€just€showing€how€high€the€feces€was€piled€up€underÐ )à$( Ðthe€cage€that€they€was€in.Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThis€dog€here€is€ð!ð€that€little€puppyððs€laying€in€front€of€it.€You€canÐ ˆØ Ðsee€that€it€will€move.€€Itððs€barely€alive.€€It€just€kicks€every€now€ð!ð€andÐ tÄ Ðthe€dog€did€die€later€that€night€and€in€the€cage,€if€youððll€look,€thereððllÐ `° Ðbe€two€other€dogs€in€there€dead€with€it.€€She€had€two€puppies€that€wasÐ L œ Ðdead€and€that€one€there€is€just€more€or€less€kicking.€€It€was€on€its€backÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€couldnððt€move.€Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ü L  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€there€is€a€little€puppyððs€feeding€stuff€hanging€through€theÐ Ô$  Ðcage€in€that€feces€and€stuff€is€why€we€shot€that.€€See€them€puppiesÐ À  Ðright€there?€€Their€feet€and€everything€just€go€through€there.€€That€oneÐ ¬ü  Ðright€there€is€the€second€dog€that€we€was€talking€about.€€The€one€onÐ ˜è  Ðthe€right€there€is€a€dead€puppy.€€The€one€in€the€middle€is€still€alive,Ð „Ô  Ðbut€then€that€one€laying€on€the€water€bowl€is€dead.€€The€one€sheððs€gotÐ pÀ Ðher€head€over€now,€thatððs€a€dead€puppy€and€thatððs€a€dead€one€rightÐ \¬ Ðthere,€and€that€one€thatððs€in€the€middle€there€is€alive€still,€but€that€oneÐ H˜ Ðin€the€water€bowl€is€dead€and€the€one€on€the€far€side€was€dead.€€Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà  àWhen€asked€to€compare€the€smell€within€the€trailer€to€one€with€which€the€jury€might€beÐ  \ Ðfamiliar,€Curry€said:€€Ð øH ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàAmmonia€ð!ð€I€guess€if€you€took€like€a€bottle€of€ammonia€and€stuckÐ Ð  Ðit€right€up€to€your€nose€and€smelled€it,€thatððs€probably€what€it€ð!ð€itÐ ¼  Ðdid€ð!ð€I€mean,€it€just€took€your€breath.ШøŒ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàDid€it€have€any€physical€effect€on€you€ð!ð€the€atmosphere€out€there?ЀЌ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàYes,€sir.€€Thatððs€what€we€was€[sic]€talking€about.€€It€was€so€hotÐ X ¨ Ðand€just€like€when€you€walked€in€there€you€could€actually€feelÐ D!” Ðyour€skin€burn.€€You€could€fee[l]€your€skin€burn€and€just€yourÐ 0"€  Ðbreathing€ð!ð€I€donððt€know€how€they€went€in€there€to€feed€the€dogs.€Ð#l!Œ xŒ x ÐÌÓ  Óò òòòKennelóó€(Counts€7€„€11)ó óÐ ô$D # ÐÌÓÁKÓà  àAs€to€conditions€within€the€kennel,€Dr.€Agee€said€that€they€were€ð ðabsolutely€notðð€acceptableÐ Ì&"% Ðfor€whelping.€€He€first€described€the€general€conditions€at€the€kennel:Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWell,€it€was€ð!ð€it€varied€from€pen€to€pen,€but€overall€it€was€pretty€bad.Ð )à$( ÐMost€of€them€ð!ð€sanitation€was€not€good.€€We€did€have€some€dogs€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðdid€not€have€water,€some€that€did€not€have€food.€€Some€areas€whereÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€food€had€just€been€poured€out€on€the€ground€and€with€all€the€fecesÐ ° Ðon€the€ground€it€was€not€very€clean.€€Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà  àOn€a€grading€scale,€he€testified€that,€although€the€conditions€of€the€dogs€varied,€he€wouldÐ tÄ Ðgrade€the€overall€condition€of€the€kennel€as€a€ð ðD€minus.ðð€€Feces€in€ð ðatrocious€amountsðð€was€presentÐ `° Ðin€the€stalls.€€He€spoke€of€the€effect€that€this€had€on€the€dogs:Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWell,€thereððs€a€lot€of€things€it€ð!ð€that€it€could€cause€ð!ð€poor€sanitation,Ð $ t Ðskin€problems,€feet€problems€as€well€as€respiratory€and€digestiveÐ  ` Ðproblems,€transference€of€hookworms€and€whipworms€from€one€dogÐ ü L  Ðto€the€other€and€when€that€stays€there€for€a€long€period€of€time€theyÐ è 8  Ðcontinue€to€pick€them€up€and€it€makes€for€increased€infestations.€ÐÔ$ ` x` x Ðà  àà ` àÌò òà@Ø Ø ìàG.€€Count€7€„€All€Dachshunds€Within€the€KennelˆÐ ¬ü  ÐÌó óà  àDuring€his€narration€of€the€videotape,€Curry€testified€that€the€cage€with€the€Dachshunds,€theÐ „Ô  Ðsubjects€of€Count€7,€as€well€as€other€cages€in€the€kennel,€contained€ð ðpiles€and€pilesðð€of€feces€on€theÐ pÀ Ðconcrete.€€One€of€the€Dachshunds€had€hair€missing€from€it.Ð \¬ ÐÌà@  ìàò òH.€€Count€8€„€All€Scottish€Terriers€Within€the€KennelˆÐ 4„ Ðó óÌà  àAs€to€the€Scottish€Terriers,€the€subjects€of€Count€8,€which€were€shown€on€the€videotape,€DonÐ  \ ÐCurry€testified:Ð øH ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThere€was€[sic]€five€of€ððem€in€there€and€that€pool€of€blood€thatÐ Ð  Ðyou€see€over€there€is€urine€and€blood€mixed€together€ð!ð€they€was€[sic]Ð ¼  Ðinfected€so€bad.Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAll€that€stuff€on€the€floor€is€feces.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àYou€can€see€their€water€was€green.€€They€had€food€and€water,€butÐ X ¨ Ðthe€water€was€green€and€when€these€dogs€used€the€bathroom€thereÐ D!” Ðwas€actually€blood€in€their€urine.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà@Û Û ìàò òI.€€Count€9€„€All€Pomeranians€Within€the€Kenneló óˆÐ $X" ÐÌà  àCurry€described€the€cage€which€contained€approximately€ten€Pomeranians,€the€subjects€ofÐ à%0!$ ÐCount€9:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIt€was€about€a€4€by€12€foot€ð!ð€maybe€4€by€12€foot€long€or€10€footÐ ¤(ô#' Ðlong.Ð)à$(` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àà8Œ ` x` xàAll€of€that€on€the€floor€is€nothing€but€feces.Ðh+¸&*Œ LŒ L Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àYou€can€see€the€dog€right€here€that€weððre€going€to€zoom€in€onÐ ° Ðright€there.€€Heððs€matted€up€so€bad€and€ð!ð€he€could€barely€walk.€€HeÐ œì Ðwas€sick.€He€was€in€pitiful€shape.€€Thatððs€his€fur€that€youððre€lookingÐ ˆØ Ðat.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà  àDr.€Agee€said€that€ð ðthere€was€a€lot€more€[dogs]€than€shouldððve€been€in€one€area€that€size.ððÐ L œ ÐHe€related€what€he€recalled€about€these€dogs,€saying€ð ðthe€feces€in€those€runs€was€an€extra€largeÐ 8 ˆ Ðamount,€more€than€some€of€the€others,€and€I€noticed€that€several€of€those€dogs€had€eye€infections.ðð€Ð $ t ÐÌà@† † ìàò òJ.€€Count€10€„€All€Poodles€Within€the€Kenneló óˆÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àDr.€Agee€described€the€condition€of€the€poodles,€the€subject€of€Count€10,€kept€in€the€kennel:Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€guess€they€probably€stick€in€my€mind€more€than€the€rest€of€themÐ ¬ü  Ðbecause€their€general€appearance€without€even€being€able€to€do€aÐ ˜è  Ðphysical€exam€on€one,€their€general€appearance€was€not€ð!ð€not€goodÐ „Ô  Ðdoesnððt€really€describe€it.€€It€was€really€bad.€€They€had€not€been€keptÐ pÀ Ðat€all.€€One€dog€was€limping.€€There€were€very€noticeable€eyeÐ \¬ Ðinfections€on€most€of€the€dogs.€€Large€mats€ð!ð€what€I€would€considerÐ H˜ Ðdreadlocks€ð!ð€just€hanging€off€of€some€of€these€dogs€all€the€way€to€theÐ 4„ Ðground€which€was€affecting€mobility€and€also€attributing€to€skinÐ  p Ðproblems.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà@“ “ ìàò òK.€€Count€11€„€All€Lhasa€Apsos€Within€the€Kenneló óˆà x àÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àDr.€Agee€said€that€the€Lhasa€Apsos,€the€subjects€of€Count€11,€also€had€ð ðvery€large€mats.€Ð ¼  ÐTheir€whole€sides€ð!ð€some€of€them€their€whole€sides€were€completely€covered.ðð€€The€mats,€he€said,Ð ¨ø Ðcontributed€to€skin€infections,€and€were€ð ða€great€nesting€area€for€external€parasites€like€fleas.ðð€Ð ”ä Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà  àInvestigator€Curry€described€another€dog,€whose€breed€he€could€not€identify,€in€the€kennel:Ð l¼ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThis€hereððs€on€the€far€side€of€the€kennel.€€If€you€look,€that€dogÐ D!” Ðright€thereððs€missing€hair€off€its€head.€€Itððs€got€some€off€its€stomach.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThis€hereððs€ð!ð€I€donððt€know€what€kind€of€dog€you€call€that,€but€thisÐ $X" Ðhereððs€where€you€can€see€him€when€heððs€walking€through€all€that€andÐ ô$D # Ðyouððll€see€itððs€maggots€in€his€cage€that€theyððve€been€using€going€overÐ à%0!$ Ðevery€ð!ð€going€to€the€bathroom€and€ð!ð€just€in€and€out€of€it.ÐÌ&"%` x` x Ðâ âÐ ¸'#& Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThere€was€just€millions€of€maggots€right€there.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×а` x` x Ðâ âÌà  àDr.€Agee€said€that,€as€constructed,€the€runs€for€the€kennel€were€ð ðnot€bad,ðð€but€that€there€wereÐ ˆØ Ðtoo€many€in€one€area.€€He€said€ð ðthat€thereððs€no€way€those€runs€had€been€cleaned€in€several€days.ðð€HeÐ tÄ Ðagreed€that€if€the€runs€ð ðwere€being€cleaned€and€food€and€water€provided€on€a€regular€basis,ðð€his€onlyÐ `° Ðobjection€would€be€to€the€number€of€dogs€in€some€of€the€kennels.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àOn€rebuttal,€Dr.€Agee€identified€a€photograph€of€a€pen€which€housed€two€or€three€Shar„peis,Ð $ t Ðsaying€that,€based€upon€their€size,€he€estimated€the€age€of€the€maggots€in€the€feces€was€ð ðprobablyÐ  ` Ðthree€to€four€days.ðð€€He€then€said,€on€surrebuttal,€that€it€ð ðwas€very€obviousðð€the€pen€was€not€beingÐ ü L  Ðcleaned€on€a€daily€basis.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€final€witness€was€Derrick€Avery,€the€supervisor€of€the€Dyersburg€HumaneÐ À  ÐSociety.€€He€said€that,€as€he€visited€the€defendantsðð€premises,€he€had€seen€a€ð ðcarcass€in€the€hallwayÐ ¬ü  Ðand€it€was€decayed.ðð€€During€the€five€to€seven€days€he€spent€on€the€premises,€in€removing€the€dogs,Ð ˜è  Ðhe€spent€at€least€eight€hours€a€day€the€first€three€days.€€He€considered€it€to€be€an€emergency€situation.Ð „Ô  ÐHe€said€that€approximately€thirty„six€of€the€dogs€stayed€at€the€Dyersburg€Humane€Society,€whereÐ pÀ Ðgeneral€health€care€was€provided€for€them.€€Approximately€eighteen€to€twenty€had€hookworms€andÐ \¬ Ðwhipworms,€which€are€intestinal€worms€that€come€from€unsanitary€conditions.Ð H˜ ÐÌò òòòÓ  ÓDEFENSE€PROOFóóó óÐ  p ÐÓ2mÓÌà  àStanley€Johnson,€testifying€in€his€own€behalf,€was€the€first€witness€for€the€defense.€€He€saidÐ øH Ðthat€he€and€his€wife€had€been€raising€and€selling€puppies€for€about€ten€years,€under€the€name€ð ðD€JððsÐ ä4 ÐCountry€€Kennel.ðð€€He€described€the€arrangement:Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€the€back€of€the€house€I€had€a€large€kennel€with€a€number€of€runsÐ ¨ø Ðand€it€was€all€closed€in€and€roofed€over.€€It€was€in€the€dry.€€None€ofÐ ”ä Ðthe€dogs€were€on€dirt.€€This€all€had€concrete€runs€and€chain€linkÐ €Ð Ðfences€between€and€dog€houses€at€the€end.€Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌà  àHe€said€that€the€mobile€home€was€used€for€female€dogs€having€puppies:€€ð ð[W]e€had€three€tierÐ D!” Ðcages€with€catch€pans€under€each€cage€so€the€fetus€[sic]€would€fall€through€to€the€catch€pan€and€notÐ 0"€  Ðinto€the€next€cage.€€They€were€set€up€with€water€and€food.€€They€were€watered€and€fed€on€a€dailyÐ #l! Ðbasis.ððÐ $X" ÐÌà  àHe€said€that€about€two€and€a€half€years€previously,€his€wife€had€cornea€transplants€in€bothÐ à%0!$ Ðeyes,€and€her€health€began€to€deteriorate.€€A€week€before€the€search€warrant€was€executed,€she€hadÐ Ì&"% Ðbreast€surgery€and€was€incapacitated€for€a€short€period.€€He€said€that€her€doctor€had€suggested€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðshe€ð ðbe€away€from€the€stress€of€the€kennel€for€a€while,ðð€and€they€had€taken€their€camper€toÐ ¤(ô#' ÐChickasaw€State€Park,€which€was€about€ten€minutes€away€from€his€place€of€employment.€€He€wouldÐ ° Ðspend€the€night€there€and€ð ðgo€home€and€take€care€of€the€feeding€and€watering€and€come€back€andÐ œì Ðgo€to€work.ðð€€He€said€that€he€went€to€their€home€in€Humboldt€and€checked€the€kennel€on€a€dailyÐ ˆØ Ðbasis:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWell,€I€would€check€on€everything.€€Of€course,€pick€up€the€mail€andÐ L œ Ðcheck€all€the€runs,€put€out€feed,€fill€up€all€the€water€buckets,€check€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðtrailer€and€they€had€to€be€watered€daily€and€fed€daily€because€theyÐ $ t Ðwerenððt€on€the€large€feeders.€€In€the€kennel€section€where€we€had€theÐ  ` Ð4€by€12€foot€runs€they€all€had€25€pound€feeders.€€So,€they€only€had€toÐ ü L  Ðbe€checked,€you€know,€a€couple€of€times€a€week€and€filled€up€asÐ è 8  Ðneeded.€€But€the€trailer€itself€had€to€be€checked€and€watered€and€fedÐ Ô$  Ðeveryday.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà  àHe€said€that,€at€the€time€the€search€warrants€were€executed,€he€did€not€have€an€assistant.€Ð ˜è  ÐPersons€that€were€hired€would€ð ðcome€out€and€work€for€a€day€and€never€come€back€and€it€was€ð!ð€weÐ „Ô  Ðfound€it€very€difficult€to€find€any€help.ðð€€He€said€that€the€temperature€in€the€trailer,€where€the€puppiesÐ pÀ Ðwere,€had€to€be€kept€at€a€higher€temperature€because€the€puppies€could€not€ð ðmaintain€their€ownÐ \¬ Ðtemperature.ðð€€They€had€used€a€window€air€conditioning€unit€to€cool€the€trailer,€but€it€ð ðhad€justÐ H˜ Ðrecently€quit€operating.ðð€He€said€that€they€had€ð ða€number€of€€fansðð€operating€to€circulate€the€air.€€HeÐ 4„ Ðdid€not€believe€that€the€interior€was€hot€to€the€dogs€because€the€videotape€showed€that€ð ðthey€was€inÐ  p Ðthere€jumping€around€and€moving€around€and€they€werenððt€panting€and€dying€of€thirst€or€anythingÐ  \ Ðlike€that.ðð€€He€said€that€he€had€last€been€at€the€property€the€day€before€the€search€warrant€wasÐ øH Ðexecuted.€€He€found€the€first€search€warrant€the€following€day€when€he€had€gone€to€feed€and€waterÐ ä4 Ðthe€dogs.€€The€day€after€that,€he€returned€and€found€another€search€warrant€and€that€more€of€the€dogsÐ Ð  Ðhad€been€taken.€€He€said€that€he€would€have€turned€himself€in€if€he€had€known€there€was€a€warrantÐ ¼  Ðfor€his€arrest.€€Looking€at€several€of€the€photographs€which€had€been€admitted€during€the€StateððsÐ ¨ø Ðpresentation€of€evidence,€he€said€that€there€appeared€to€be€nothing€wrong€with€the€dogs€shown.€€HeÐ ”ä Ðsaid€that€it€was€common€for€female€dogs€having€puppies€to€lose€their€hair€as€they€were€getting€newÐ €Ð Ðcoats.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àHe€testified€that€his€wife€had€been€left€about€100€dogs€by€another€breeder€who€had€died€andÐ D!” Ðwhose€husband€had€no€means€of€keeping€the€dogs.€€He€said€that,€although€the€indictment€referredÐ 0"€  Ðto€a€Lhasa€Apso,€they€had€none€of€that€breed,€but€did€have€a€Shih„tzu€which€was€a€similar,€butÐ #l! Ðsmaller,€dog.€€On€the€day€before€the€search€warrant€was€executed,€he€ð ðdid€what€[he]€couldðð€to€cleanÐ $X" Ðthe€kennel.€€He€said€that€ð ð[t]here€just€wasnððt€enough€time€with€me€working€80€hours€as€[sic]€weekÐ ô$D # Ðto€have€time€to€clean€it€thoroughly.ðð€€Although€he€had€not€looked€specifically€for€maggots,€he€saidÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€he€had€not€seen€any€that€day.€€It€only€took€a€day€for€them€to€hatch€in€hot€weather,€he€said.€Ð Ì&"% ÐLikewise,€he€said€that€he€had€not€seen€a€dead€dog€at€the€kennel€the€day€before€the€search€warrant€wasÐ ¸'#& Ðexecuted.€€He€said€that€they€were€in€the€process€of€ð ðdownsizing€trying€to€get€out€of€the€dogÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbusiness.ðð€€They€had€gone€from€89€to€59€runs€at€their€kennel.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àHe€agreed€that€some€of€their€dogs€had€matted€hair€but€stated€that€his€ð ðwifeððs€health€did€notÐ ° Ðâ âallow€her€to€maintain€the€hair€on€the€dogs€as€well€as€she€used€to.ðð€Ð œì ÐÌà  àWhen€asked€on€cross„examination€whether€the€conditions€at€the€kennel€were€acceptable,€heÐ tÄ Ðsaid:Ð `° Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àWell,€what€Iððm€saying€is€that€my€wifeððs€health€condition€and€theÐ L œ Ðnumber€of€hours€that€I€was€having€to€work€we€was€doing€the€best€weÐ 8 ˆ Ðcould€at€that€short€period€of€time.€€In€the€past€the€runs€were€kept€cleanÐ $ t Ðand€the€dogs€were€kept€groomed,€but€my€wifeððs€health€deterioratedÐ  ` Ðand€I€had€to€work.€€She€had€to€have€insurance€for,€you€know,€herÐ ü L  Ðoperation.€€Yeah,€I€wouldððve€like€to€have€kept€everything€ð!ð€all€theÐ è 8  Ðdogs€groomed€and€the€runs€washed€down€spotless,€but€it€just€wasnððtÐ Ô$  Ðpossible€at€that€short€period€of€time.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà  àHe€described€when€their€problems€had€begun€as€they€tried€to€keep€up€the€kennel:Ð ˜è  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àWell,€it€wasnððt€ð!ð€gradually€things€just€sort€of€began€to€get€a€littleÐ pÀ Ðworse.€€It,€you€know€ð!ð€we€were€trying€to€get€out€of€the€dogs€becauseÐ \¬ Ðwe€knew€her€health€wasnððt€going€to€allow€her€to€be€able€to€take€careÐ H˜ Ðof€ððem.€€Weððd€downsized.€€I€had€cut€back€on€the€number€of€runs.€€WeÐ 4„ Ðhad€been€able€to€reduce€quite€a€few€of€the€dogs€we€had,€but,€youÐ  p Ðknow,€if€youððve€got€300€dogs€itððs€kind€of€hard€to€get€rid€of€thatÐ  \ Ðquantity€in€a€hurry.€€And,€so,€it€was€taking€a€little€time€but€it€wasÐ øH Ðgoing€down.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà  àHe€said€that€his€wife€had€been€instructed€by€her€physician€not€to€do€any€lifting€the€weekÐ ¼  Ðfollowing€her€surgery,€ð ð[s]o,€there€was€a€week€there€that€we€could€not€take€as€good€a€care€of€the€dogsÐ ¨ø Ðas€we€wouldððve€liked.ðð€€He€said€that€his€salary€from€Premier€Manufacturing,€where€he€wasÐ ”ä Ðemployed,€was€ð ðforty„something€thousandðð€a€year.€€He€did€not€know€how€much€they€made€each€yearÐ €Ð Ðfrom€their€operation€of€the€kennel.€€He€said€that€it€took€ð ðfive,€10€minutesðð€to€clean€a€twelve„foot€runÐ l¼ Ðwith€a€water€hose,€and€that€he€had€cleaned€all€of€the€kennels€in€ð ðone€or€two€hours,ðð€but€sometimesÐ X ¨ Ðin€as€little€as€45€minutes.€€It€was€difficult€to€properly€clean€the€kennels€ð ð[f]or€that€short€period€of€timeÐ D!” Ðwhen€[his]€wife€had€her€surgery.ðð€Ð 0"€  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8Œ ` x` xàà8 Œ LŒ LàÐ  Õ Õ Ðà  àAsked€on€cross„examination€why€they€had€not€hired€someone€to€assist€with€the€kennel,€heÐ $X" Ðsaid€that€his€wife€ð ðwasnððt€really€making€anything€on€the€dogs.ðð€€He€said€that€when€he€began€havingÐ ô$D # Ðtrouble€keeping€up€with€the€kennel€that€he€had€not€hired€an€assistant€because€he€ð ðcould€not€affordÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€extra€labor.ðð€€Asked€why€they€had€been€willing€to€take€the€additional€100€dogs,€he€respondedÐ Ì&"% Ðð ð[h]ow€do€you€tell€a€man€that€ð!ð€whose€wife€has€just€died€that,€no,€youððre€not€going€to€take€the€dogsÐ ¸'#& Ðand€she€was€a€friend€of€the€family?ðð€€When€asked€if€he€was€saying€that€water€in€the€cages€hadÐ ¤(ô#' Ðð ðturn[ed]€green€within€less€than€24€hours,ðð€that€ð ð[p]retty€much€soðð€this€is€what€had€occurred.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€next€defense€witness€was€James€Davenport,€who€was€the€son„in„law€of€the€defendants.Ð ° Ðâ âHe€said€that€he€had€gotten€two€dogs€from€the€defendantsðð€kennel,€and€both€were€in€good€condition.Ð œì ÐThe€defendantsðð€kennel€was€ð ðin€good€condition€for€the€amount€of€dogs€that€they€have.ðð€€DavenportÐ ˆØ Ðtestified€that€he€had€helped€the€defendants€with€their€dogs€in€the€past,€and€the€dogs€were€in€ð ðveryÐ tÄ Ðgood€conditionðð€when€he€was€there.€€He€estimated€that€he€had€helped€the€defendants€clean€the€kennelÐ `° Ðð ð[m]aybe€two€or€three€timesðð€during€the€two€months€preceding€the€execution€of€the€search€warrant.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àAnn€Dover,€the€final€witness€for€the€defense,€testified€that€she€had€known€the€defendants€forÐ $ t Ðthirteen€to€fourteen€years,€including€the€entire€time€the€defendants€had€been€in€the€kennel€business,Ð  ` Ðand€had€become€friends€with€Judy€Johnson.€€Ms.€Dover€said€that€she€owned€two€dogs,€a€PomeranianÐ ü L  Ðand€a€Boston€Terrier,€that€the€defendants€raised€in€their€kennel.€€She€stated€that€these€dogs,€as€wellÐ è 8  Ðas€other€dogs€she€had€kept€for€the€defendants€in€the€past,€were€in€ð ðperfect€condition.ðð€€Ms.€Dover€hadÐ Ô$  Ðvisited€the€kennel€on€many€occasions€and€did€not€think€there€was€anything€wrong€about€the€numberÐ À  Ðof€dogs€confined€at€the€kennel.€€She€said€that€ð ð[a]s€long€as€[the€dogs]€were€being€took€[sic]€care€of[,]Ð ¬ü  Ðit€was€none€of€my€business€more€or€less.ðð€€She€did€not€see€any€dogs€with€matted€hair€or€maggots.Ð ˜è  ÐHowever,€Ms.€Dover€admitted€that€she€had€not€been€to€the€kennel€for€approximately€one€year€beforeÐ „Ô  Ðthe€day€the€officers€shut€it€down€and€was€unaware€of€the€kennelððs€condition€at€that€time.Ð pÀ ÐÌà@òò&ìàòòò òANALYSISó óóóˆÐ H˜ ÐÌà@ÓÓìàò òI.€€Testimony€Regarding€Stanley€Johnsonððs€1993€Arrest€for€Cruelty€to€Animalsó óˆÐ  p ÐÌà  àStanley€Johnson€has€presented€as€an€issue€on€appeal€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€permittingÐ øH Ðthe€State€to€cross„examine€him€ð ðregarding€a€1993€arrest€for€cruelty€to€animals,€in€violation€of€RuleÐ ä4 Ð608(b),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.ðð€€As€to€this€matter,€he€argues€first€that€because€the€State€failed€to€give€noticeÐ Ð  Ðof€the€arrest,€utilizing€it€was€improper€because€the€ð ðdoorðð€had€not€been€opened€during€directÐ ¼  Ðexamination.€€Additionally,€he€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€conducting€a€hearing€toÐ ¨ø Ðdetermine€if€its€probative€value€outweighed€the€prejudice€it€created.€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àPreviously,€we€have€set€out€portions€of€Stanley€Johnsonððs€testimony.€€The€thrust€of€theÐ l¼ Ðdefense€was€that€the€kennel€problems€were€of€recent€origin€and€resulted€from€Judy€Johnsonððs€illnessÐ X ¨ Ðand€Stanley€Johnsonððs€employment€requirements.€€We€now€will€review€the€series€of€questions€andÐ D!” Ðanswers€which€preceded€the€assailed€question€by€the€State.€€The€cross„examination€of€the€defendantÐ 0"€  Ðbegan€in€the€following€fashion:€Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàMr.€Johnson,€you€did€stand€over€here€and€look€at€the€video€as€itÐ ô$D # Ðwas€being€played,€didnððt€you?Ðà%0!$Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàYes.€€I€did.и'#&Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàItððs€no€question€about€it€that€that€was€a€video€of€the€premises€thatÐ )à$( Ðyou€and€your€wife€own€at€94€Pleasant€Hill€Road€here€inÐ |*Ì%) ÐHumboldt.€€Is€that€right?Ðh+¸&*Œ xŒ x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàThatððs€right.аŒ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàOr€you€did€own€at€the€time.Ј، xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàThatððs€right.Ð`°Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàAnd€itððs€no€question€about€it€that€that€video€depicted€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðcircumstances€as€the€officers€found€them€on€that€day€when€theyÐ $ t Ðwent€out€and€made€it.€€Is€that€right?Ð `Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàThatððs€right.Ðè 8 Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàAre€you€telling€this€Court€that€you€subjectively€find€thoseÐ À  Ðconditions€depicted€on€that€video€acceptable€to€you€as€a€dogÐ ¬ü  Ðbreeder?Ð˜è Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàWell,€what€Iððm€saying€is€that€my€wifeððs€health€condition€and€theÐ pÀ Ðnumber€of€hours€that€I€was€having€to€work€we€was€doing€the€bestÐ \¬ Ðwe€could€at€that€short€period€of€time.€€In€the€past€the€runs€wereÐ H˜ Ðkept€clean€and€the€dogs€were€kept€groomed,€but€my€wifeððs€healthÐ 4„ Ðdeteriorated€and€I€had€to€work.€€She€had€to€have€insurance€for,Ð  p Ðyou€know,€her€operation.€€Yeah,€I€wouldððve€like€to€have€keptÐ  \ Ðeverything€ð!ð€all€the€dogs€groomed€and€the€runs€washed€downÐ øH Ðspotless,€but€it€just€wasnððt€possible€at€that€short€period€of€time.Ðä4Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàWell,€how€long€had€things€been€falling€to€pieces€out€there,€Mr.Ð ¼  ÐJohnson?ШøŒ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàWell,€I€donððt€know€that€I€agree€with€falling€to€pieces.ЀЌ xŒ x ÐÌà  à€Later€in€the€cross„examination,€the€following€colloquy€occurred:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàAre€you€saying€you€and€your€wife€operated€this€kennel€for€theÐ 0"€  Ðprevious€10€years€and€never€had€any€problems?Ð#l!Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàOh,€I€wouldnððt€say€that€weððve€never€had€any€problems,€but€for€theÐ ô$D # Ðmost€part€we€didnððt€have€any€problems.Ðà%0!$Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàWell,€Iððm€asking€you€are€you€saying€you€operated€it€properly€forÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€last€10€years?€€Is€that€what€you€were€trying€to€tell€me?€€ThatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðeverything€was€just€fine€and€the€dogs€were€treated€correctly€forÐ )à$( Ðthe€last€10€years?Ð|*Ì%)Œ xŒ x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMR.€KIRK:€€Your€Honor,€I€think€he€answered€that€question.€€HeÐ ° Ðsaid€for€the€most€part€that€everything€had€been€fine.Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€And€your€objection€is?ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMR.€KIRK:€€That€heððs€asked€and€answered€that.€€Heððs€alreadyÐ L œ Ðasked€that€question€and€Mr.€Johnson€answered€it.€€Now€heððs€askingÐ 8 ˆ Ðit€again€and€thatððs€not€proper.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àGENERAL€HARDISTER:€€Well,€I€thought€it€was€being€a€littleÐ ü L  Ðmore€specific.€[]€I€wanted€to€ask€him€if€he€was€saying€that€the€dogsÐ è 8  Ðhad€been€treated€completely€properly€for€the€past€10€years.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€Go€ahead.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàSir?Ð„Ô Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0Œ ` x` xàIn€my€opinion€they€have€been.Ð\¬Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0Œ ` x` xàWasnððt€there€a€period€when€ð!ð€was€she€ever€under€a€ð!ð€any€sort€ofÐ 4„ Ðsupervision€or€any€contact€with€authorities€about€the€way€the€dogsÐ  p Ðwere€treated?Ð \Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMR.€KIRK:€€Your€Honor,€Iððm€going€to€object€to€that€and€requestÐ ä4 Ða€sidebar€at€this€point€in€time.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€All€right.Шø` x` x ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€sidebar€conference,€the€trial€court€ruled€as€follows:Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€Iððm€not€following€you.€€His€testimony€is€theÐ X ¨ Ðmajority€of€the€time€there€has€not€been€any€problems€ð!ð€ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMR.€KIRK:€€Right.Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€ð!ð€and€I€think€theyððre€entitled€to€go€into€thatÐ ô$D # Ðquestion.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMR.€KIRK:€€Youððre€ruling€that€theyððre€entitled€to€ask€him€aboutÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€fact€that€they€were€charged€with€misdemeanors,€the€same€offenseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðas€this.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€If€he€says€on€the€stand€that€they€have€had€no€otherÐ ° Ðâ âproblems,€I€think€heððs€entitled€to€ask€the€question.Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMR.€KIRK:€€He€said€the€majority€of€the€time.€€He€didnððt€say€thatÐ tÄ Ðtheyððd€never€had€any€other€problems.€€He€just€said€the€majority€of€theÐ `° Ðtime.€€Thatððs€one€charge€seven€years€ago.€€Theyððve€been€in€businessÐ L œ Ð10€years.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àGENERAL€HARDISTER:€€If€he€wants€to€hedge€about€talkingÐ  ` Ðabout€what€sort€of€problems€he€has,€and€heððs€obviously€hedging€aboutÐ ü L  Ðit,€then€I€think€Iððm€entitled€to€ask€ð!ð€Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€I€think€you€are,€too.€€Iððm€going€to€allow€it.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà  àTrial€court€Ô‡XiXXXiÔrulings€on€the€propriety€and€form€of€cross„examination€are€subject€to€an€abuse€ofÐ ˜è  Ðdiscretion€analysis,ò òó ó€òòseeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Hutchisonóó,€898€S.W.2d€161,€172€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð „Ô  Ð516€U.S.€846,€116€S.€Ct.€137,€133€L.€Ed.€2d€84€(1995);€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€72€(Tenn.Ð pÀ Ð1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.€Ct.€1368,€122€L.€Ed.€2d€746€(1993),€and€òòóósuch€rulings€willÐ \¬ Ðnot€be€reversed€on€appeal€absent€an€abuse€of€that€discretion,€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Caughron,óó€855€S.W.2d€526,Ð H˜ Ð541€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€979,€114€S.€Ct.€475,€126€L.€Ed.€2d€426€(1993).Ô#†XiXXXii¼#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àInitially,€we€note€that,€through€Investigator€Curryððs€reading€of€the€search€warrant€affidavit,Ð  \ Ðjurors€learned€of€prior€complaints€against€the€defendants.€€Relating€that€the€second€puppy€he€hadÐ øH Ðgotten€from€the€defendants€ð ðseemed€very€sick€and€was€still€throwing€up,ðð€Curry€then€read:€ð ðSo€I€tookÐ ä4 Ðthe€puppy€to€the€veterinarian€and€that€is€where€the€puppy€is€now.€€The€Sheriffððs€Department€has€hadÐ Ð  Ðseveral€other€complaints€on€this€same€nature€in€the€recent€past.ðð€€Accordingly,€without€objection,€theÐ ¼  Ðjurors€had€earlier€learned€of€complaints€regarding€the€defendantsðð€selling€other€puppies€which€soonÐ ¨ø Ðbecame€sick.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€defendants€argue€that€neither€the€State€nor€the€trial€court€complied€with€the€requirementsÐ l¼ Ðof€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€608€and€that,€accordingly,€it€was€error€to€allow€cross„examinationÐ X ¨ Ðas€to€the€defendantsðð€prior€problems€with€the€kennel.€€This€rule€provides,€in€pertinent€part:Ð D!” Ðà  àÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)€Specific€Instances€of€Conduct.€€Specific€instances€of€conduct€ofÐ #l! Ða€witness€for€the€purpose€of€attacking€or€supporting€the€witness'sÐ $X" Ðcredibility,€other€than€convictions€of€crime€as€provided€in€Rule€609,Ð ô$D # Ðmay€not€be€proved€by€extrinsic€evidence.€€They€may,€however,€ifÐ à%0!$ Ðprobative€of€truthfulness€or€untruthfulness€and€under€the€followingÐ Ì&"% Ðconditions,€be€inquired€into€on€cross-examination€of€the€witnessÐ ¸'#& Ðconcerning€the€witness's€character€for€truthfulness€or€untruthfulnessÐ ¤(ô#' Ðor€concerning€the€character€for€truthfulness€or€untruthfulness€ofÐ )à$( Ðanother€witness€as€to€which€the€character€witness€beingÐ |*Ì%) Ðcross-examined€has€testified.€€The€conditions€which€must€be€satisfiedÐ h+¸&* Ðbefore€allowing€inquiry€on€cross-examination€about€such€conductÐ ° Ðprobative€solely€of€truthfulness€or€untruthfulness€are:Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(1)€The€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearing€outside€the€jury'sÐ tÄ Ðpresence€and€must€determine€that€the€alleged€conduct€has€probativeÐ `° Ðvalue€and€that€a€reasonable€factual€basis€exists€for€the€inquiry;ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(2)€The€conduct€must€have€occurred€no€more€than€ten€years€beforeÐ $ t Ðcommencement€of€the€action€or€prosecution,€but€evidence€of€aÐ  ` Ðspecific€instance€of€conduct€not€qualifying€under€this€paragraph€(2)Ð ü L  Ðis€admissible€if€the€proponent€gives€to€the€adverse€party€sufficientÐ è 8  Ðadvance€notice€of€intent€to€use€such€evidence€to€provide€the€adverseÐ Ô$  Ðparty€with€a€fair€opportunity€to€contest€the€use€of€such€evidence€andÐ À  Ðthe€court€determines€in€the€interests€of€justice€that€the€probative€valueÐ ¬ü  Ðof€that€evidence,€supported€by€specific€facts€and€circumstances,Ð ˜è  Ðsubstantially€outweighs€its€prejudicial€effect;€andÐ„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(3)€If€the€witness€to€be€impeached€is€the€accused€in€a€criminalÐ \¬ Ðprosecution,€the€State€must€give€the€accused€reasonable€written€noticeÐ H˜ Ðof€the€impeaching€conduct€before€trial,€and€the€court€upon€requestÐ 4„ Ðmust€determine€that€the€conduct's€probative€value€on€credibilityÐ  p Ðoutweighs€its€unfair€prejudicial€effect€on€the€substantive€issues.€€TheÐ  \ Ðcourt€may€rule€on€the€admissibility€of€such€proof€prior€to€the€trial€butÐ øH Ðin€any€event€shall€rule€prior€to€the€testimony€of€the€accused.€€If€theÐ ä4 Ðcourt€makes€a€final€determination€that€such€proof€is€admissible€forÐ Ð  Ðimpeachment€purposes,€the€accused€need€not€actually€testify€at€theÐ ¼  Ðtrial€to€later€challenge€the€propriety€of€the€determination.Шø` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendants€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€having€a€jury„out€hearing€to€weigh€theÐ €Ð Ðprobative€versus€prejudicial€effect€of€this€evidence.€€Additionally,€they€argue€that€the€State€is€notÐ l¼ Ðallowed€to€ð ðopen€the€doorðð€during€its€cross„examination€of€the€defendant,€in€an€effort€to€makeÐ X ¨ Ðadmissible€that€which,€otherwise,€would€not€be€admitted.€€The€defendants€argue€that€to€do€so€wouldÐ D!” Ðbe€in€violation€of€the€comments€to€Rule€608,€which€provide,€in€pertinent€part,€as€follows:Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIf€the€witness€makes€a€sweeping€claim€of€good€conduct€on€directÐ $X" Ðexamination,€that€claim€may€open€the€door€to€cross-examinationÐ ô$D # Ðwithout€pretrial€notice€and€with€a€lower€standard€of€probativeness,€asÐ à%0!$ Ðrebuttal€of€the€broad€claim€would€itself€tend€to€show€untruthfulness.€Ð Ì&"% ÐAlso,€there€may€be€instances€where€the€prosecution€would€notÐ ¸'#& Ðdiscover€the€accusedððs€bad€acts€until€after€the€trial€begins,€makingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpretrial€notice€impossible;€in€such€cases€immediate€notice€and€aÐ )à$( Ðhearing€on€the€issue€before€the€accused€testifies€should€satisfy€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðspirit€of€the€rule.Ðh+¸&*` x` x ЇÌà  àWe€agree€that€the€State€cannot,€by€carefully€crafted€but€improper€questions€on€cross„Ð œì Ðexamination,€make€admissible€evidence€which,€otherwise,€would€be€irrelevant.€€Thus,€in€òòState€v.Ð ˆØ ÐWestóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€149€(Tenn.€1992),€our€supreme€court€concluded€that€the€State€could€not€setÐ tÄ Ðup€rebuttal€testimony€by€asking€improper€questions€of€the€defendant€during€its€cross„examination:Ð `° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIn€this€case,€West€never€made€an€issue€of€his€good€character.€€NotÐ 8 ˆ Ðuntil€the€state€asked€him€on€cross-examination€whether€he€wasÐ $ t Ðpeaceful€did€he€indicate€that€he€was€ð ðas€peaceful€as€anybody€else.ðð€€Ð  ` ÐWest€had€never€described€himself€as€a€non-threatening€person€beforeÐ ü L  Ðthe€state€asked€him€if€he€had€threatened€Copas.€€The€trial€court€clearlyÐ è 8  Ðerred€by€allowing€the€state€to€attempt€to€show€Westððs€propensity€forÐ Ô$  Ðviolence€by€questioning€him€about€his€ð ðpeacefulðð€nature€and€about€hisÐ À  Ðprior€threat.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌòòId.óóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àHowever,€the€situation€in€the€instant€case€is€quite€different€from€that€in€òòWestóó.€€This€case€wasÐ \¬ Ðdefended€on€the€premise€that€the€kennel€conditions€were€of€recent€origin€and€caused€by€factors€notÐ H˜ Ðcontrolled€by€the€defendants.€€In€response€to€the€Stateððs€question€on€cross„examination€to€theÐ 4„ Ðdefendant€Stanley€Johnson€as€to€whether€he€ð ðsubjectively€[found]€those€conditions€depicted€on€thatÐ  p Ðvideo[tape]€acceptable€[€]€as€a€dog€breeder,ðð€he€dodged€the€question,€saying€that€they€were€ð ðdoingÐ  \ Ðthe€bestðð€they€could,€and€that€ð ð[i]n€the€past€the€runs€were€kept€clean€and€the€dogs€were€keptÐ øH Ðgroomed.ðð€€Thus,€he€had€claimed€that€the€conditions€began€with,€and€resulted€from,€his€wifeððsÐ ä4 Ðmedical€problems.€€The€Stateððs€question€on€cross„examination€as€to€whether€he€was€ð ðsaying€that€theÐ Ð  Ðdogs€had€been€treated€completely€properly€for€the€past€10€yearsðð€was€reasonably€related€to€theÐ ¼  Ðdefense€presented€as€well€as€Stanley€Johnsonððs€nonresponsive€claim,€deflecting€a€question€requiringÐ ¨ø Ðonly€an€affirmative€or€negative€response.€While€we€recognize€that€an€attorney,€on€cross„examination,Ð ”ä Ðcannot€manipulate€questions€so€as€to€make€the€inadmissible€become€admissible,€we€cannot€conclude,Ð €Ð Ðas€the€defense€urges,€that€a€witness€making€a€volunteered€claim,€simply€because€it€occurs€duringÐ l¼ Ðcross„examination,€is€procedurally€insulated€from€ð ðopening€the€doorðð€to€related€questions.€€€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€obligation€of€a€witness€to€testify€truthfully€on€cross„examination€was€explained€in€òòUnitedÐ 0"€  ÐStates€v.€Havensóó,€446€U.S.€620,€627,€100€S.€Ct.€1912,€1916,€64€L.€Ed.€2d€559,€566€(1980):Ð #l! ÐÌÔ#†XiXXXiƒ¿#Ôà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€terms€of€impeaching€a€defendantððs€seemingly€false€statements€withÐ ô$D # Ðhis€prior€inconsistent€utterances€or€with€other€reliable€evidenceÐ à%0!$ Ðavailable€to€the€government,€we€see€no€difference€of€constitutionalÐ Ì&"% Ðmagnitude€between€the€defendantððs€statements€on€direct€examinationÐ ¸'#& Ðand€his€answers€to€questions€put€to€him€on€cross„examination€that€areÐ ¤(ô#' Ðplainly€within€the€scope€of€the€defendantððs€direct€examination.Ð )à$( ÐWithout€this€opportunity,€the€normal€function€of€cross„examinationÐ |*Ì%) Ðwould€be€severely€impeded.Ðh+¸&*` x` x ЇÌà  àGiven€the€defense€that€the€kennel€problems€were€recent,€it€would€appear€to€be€highlyÐ œì Ðprobative€that€some€years€earlier,€Stanley€Johnson€had€been€alleged€to€have€committed€cruelty€toÐ ˆØ Ðanimals€at€the€kennel.€€Further,€since€the€State€was€not€then€permitted€to€present€extrinsic€evidence,Ð tÄ Ðif€any€they€had,€to€impeach€hisÔ‡XiXXXiÔ€explanation€of€the€earlier€charge,€that€its€resolution€required€only€Ð `° Ðremedial€work,€and€he€had€ð ðenclosed€the€kennel,€put€a€roof€over€all€of€it,€new€doghouses,€concreteÐ L œ Ðon€all€the€runs,ðð€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€revelation€of€this€charge€affected€the€outcome€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðtrial.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àAs€to€the€claim€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€having€a€jury„out€hearing,€we€note€that€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendants,€themselves,€requested€a€bench€conference€to€make€their€argument€as€to€inadmissibility,Ð è 8  Ðand€counsel€then€took€up€the€matter€out€of€the€hearing€of€the€jury.€€No€claim€is€made€as€to€how€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendants€would€have€benefitted€from€a€jury„out€hearing,€as€opposed€to€a€bench€conference.€€TheÐ À  Ðdefendants,€having€requested€and€gotten€a€bench€conference,€cannot€now€profit€from€the€fact€that€theÐ ¬ü  Ðtrial€court€did€not€overrule€the€request€and,€òòsua€sponteóó,€order€a€jury„out€hearing.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.Ð ˜è  ÐP.€36(a).Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àWe€reach€a€similar€conclusion€as€to€the€complaint€that€the€State€did€not€provide€pretrialÐ \¬ Ðnotice€of€this€charge,€as€required€by€Rule€608.€€Given€the€defendantððs€testimony,€it€is€difficult€toÐ H˜ Ðenvision€how€these€charges€would€have€been€defended€differently€had€notice€been€given.€€In€viewÐ 4„ Ðof€€the€graphic€nature€of€the€testimony€and€videotape,€the€fact€the€jury€had€learned€of€other€recentÐ  p Ðcomplaints€against€the€defendantsðð€kennel,€and€the€overwhelming€proof€of€guilt,€we€conclude€thatÐ  \ Ðany€error€in€allowing€Stanley€Johnson€to€be€asked€about€the€previous€charge€was€harmless.€€òòSeeóóÐ øH ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).Ð ä4 ÐÌà@ggìàò òII.€€Sentencing€Issuesó óˆÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€defendants€present€several€sentencing€issues€which,€because€of€their€relationship,€we€willÐ ”ä Ðconsider€together.€€The€defendantsðð€claims€as€to€sentencing€are€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowingÐ €Ð Ðthe€humane€association€to€prepare€a€victim€impact€statement€for€the€presentence€report,€in€allowingÐ l¼ Ðinto€evidence€approximately€500€letters€supporting€the€prosecution,€and€in€not€granting€bothÐ X ¨ Ðdefendants€total€probation.€€We€will€consider€these€issues.Ð D!” ÐÌÓ  Óò òòòVictim€Impact€Statementóóó óÐ #l! ÐÌÓ×ðÓà  àThe€defendants€argue€that€ð ðit€was€improper€for€the€Court€to€consider€a€ððvictim€impactÐ ô$D # Ðstatementðð€from€the€Dyersburg€Humane€Societyðð€because€it€was€not€the€victim.€€The€requirement€forÐ à%0!$ Ðsuch€a€statement€is€set€out€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„38„205:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àPrior€to€imposition€of€sentence€in€a€felony€case,€the€department€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcorrection€shall€prepare€a€written€victim€impact€statement€as€part€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€pre-sentence€report€on€the€defendant.€€The€statement€shall€includeÐ |*Ì%) Ðapplicable€information€obtained€during€consultation€with€the€victimÐ h+¸&* Ðor€the€victim€representative.€€If€the€victim€or€victim€representativeÐ ° Ðcannot€be€located€or€declines€to€participate€in€the€preparation€of€theÐ œì Ðstatement,€the€department€shall€include€a€notation€to€that€effect€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðstatement.€€If€there€are€multiple€victims€and€preparation€of€individualÐ tÄ Ðvictim€impact€statements€is€not€feasible,€the€department€may€submitÐ `° Ðone€(1)€or€more€representative€statements.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌÔ#†XiXXXiÍæ#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔà  àAlthough€criticizing€the€fact€that€the€humane€association€furnished€the€so„called€victimÐ $ t Ðimpact€statement,€the€defendants€do€not€specify€any€of€its€contents€which€were€not€accurate.€€ForÐ  ` Ðproper€sentencing,€it€is€clear€that€the€trial€court€needed€complete€and€accurate€information,€includingÐ ü L  Ðdetailed€information€as€to€the€conditions€of€the€dogs€removed€from€the€defendantsðð€premises.€€If€theirÐ è 8  Ðconditions€were€less€serious€than€originally€thought,€this€information€would€be€beneficial€to€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendants.€€Since€it€was€the€humane€association€which€took€custody€of€the€dogs,€and€becameÐ À  Ðresponsible€for€their€care,€it€is€difficult€to€envision€what€person€or€entity€would€have€had€moreÐ ¬ü  Ðrelevant€information€about€the€dogs€than€the€humane€association€or€its€representative.€€ObjectionsÐ ˜è  Ðby€the€defendants€to€the€fact€of€or€amount€of€restitution€sought€by€the€humane€association€for€itsÐ „Ô  Ðexpenses€in€care€and€treatment€of€the€dogs€could€have€been€addressed€by€the€defendants€at€theÐ pÀ Ðsentencing€hearing.€€Additionally,€information€from€the€humane€association€would€appear€essentialÐ \¬ Ðto€a€complete€and€accurate€presentence€report,€regardless€of€the€form€in€which€it€was€provided.€Ð H˜ ÐAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit.€Ô#†XiXXXiHö#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ 4„ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓòòLettersóóó óÐ  \ ÐÌÓ’üÓà  àThe€defendants€object€also€to€the€fact€that€the€trial€court€accepted€ð ðinto€evidenceððÐ ä4 Ðapproximately€500€letters€from€a€number€of€states,€the€letters€apparently€coming€from€persons€withÐ Ð  Ðonly€secondhand€knowledge€of€the€facts.€€Based€upon€those€letters€which€we€reviewed,€it€appearsÐ ¼  Ðthat€information€about€the€case€was€available€on€one€or€more€internet€websites€or€publications€ofÐ ¨ø Ðhumane€associations.€€Other€than€allowing€these€letters€to€be€put€into€the€record,€over€the€objectionÐ ”ä Ðof€the€defendants,€no€other€references€were€made€to€them.€We€note€that€the€letters€come€from€aÐ €Ð Ðnumber€of€different€states.€€The€great€public€interest€in€the€prosecution€is€shown€by€the€volume€ofÐ l¼ Ðthe€letters,€which€appear€to€come€from€humane€associations,€kennels,€dog€fanciers,€and€otherÐ X ¨ Ðinterested€persons.€€Although€objecting€to€the€letters,€the€defendants€have€presented€no€authority€asÐ D!” Ðto€why€their€reception€was€improper.€€We€note€that€letters€sent€directly€to€a€trial€court,€received€inÐ 0"€  Ðchambers€or€open€court€ð ðshould€be€filed€in€the€cause€and€made€a€public€record.ðð€€òòState€v.€Birgeóó,€792Ð #l! ÐS.W.2d€723,€725€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Further,€we€conclude€that€these€letters€were€relevant€toÐ $X" Ðestablish€the€widespread€interest€in€this€matter,€which€is€a€consideration€in€ascertaining€the€deterrentÐ ô$D # Ðeffect€of€the€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1,€11€(Tenn.€2000).€€Accordingly,€weÐ à%0!$ Ðconclude€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit.€Ô#†XiXXXiZü#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ Ì&"% ÐÌò òÓ  ÓòòSentencingóóÐ ¤(ô#' Ðó óÌÓýÓà  àMisdemeanor€sentencing€is€governed€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40-35-302.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐAlthough€otherwise€entitled€to€the€same€considerations€under€the€Sentencing€Reform€Act,€aÐ h+¸&* Ðmisdemeanant,€unlike€a€felon,€is€not€entitled€to€the€presumption€of€a€minimum€sentence.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ ° Ðv.€Seatonóó,€914€S.W.2d€129,€133€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(citation€omitted).€€The€procedure€forÐ œì Ðsentencing€misdemeanants€was€explained€by€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Troutmanóó,€979€S.W.2dÐ ˆØ Ð271,€273„74€(Tenn.€1998):Ð tÄ ÐÌÔ#†XiXXXiÅ#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÔ‡ôê=òXXiÔà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÔ#†XiXòôê=#Ôà Œ àThe€sentencing€considerations€generally€used€in€determining€theÐ L œ Ðmanner€of€service€for€both€misdemeanors€and€felony€sentences€areÐ 8 ˆ Ðcodified€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€€40„35„102,€„103.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ $ t ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„102€(noting€considerations€used€in€determining€whetherÐ  ` Ðconfinement€shall€be€imposed);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103Ð ü L  Ð(setting€forth€considerations€to€be€used€when€issuing€sentencing€ofÐ è 8  Ðconfinement).€€In€addition€to€the€statutory€considerations€for€issuingÐ Ô$  Ðsentences€of€confinement,€the€misdemeanor€sentencing€statute€merelyÐ À  Ðrequires€a€trial€judge€to€consider€enhancement€and€mitigating€factorsÐ ¬ü  Ðwhen€calculating€the€percentage€of€a€misdemeanor€sentence€to€beÐ ˜è  Ðserved€in€confinement.€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„35„302€(ð ðtoÐ „Ô  Ðconsider€the€purpose€of€this€chapter,€the€principles€of€sentencing,€andÐ pÀ Ðthe€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€set€forth€hereinðð)€òòwithóó€Tenn.Ð \¬ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€€40„35„210(f)€(stating€court€shall€place€on€record€eitherÐ H˜ Ðorally€or€in€writing€what€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors€it€found).Ô#†XiXXXiá#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ4„` x` x ÐÌà  àA€misdemeanor€sentence,€as€opposed€to€a€felony€sentence,€contains€no€sentence€range.€€SinceÐ  \ Ða€sentencing€hearing€is€not€mandatory,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-302(a),€trial€courts€are€notÐ øH Ðrequired€to€explicitly€place€their€findings€on€the€record.€€In€misdemeanor€cases,€the€trial€judge,€whoÐ ä4 Ðis€able€to€observe€firsthand€the€demeanor€and€responses€of€the€defendant€while€testifying,€must€beÐ Ð  Ðgranted€discretion€in€arriving€at€the€appropriate€sentence.Ð ¼  Ðà  àÌà  àIn€cases€of€misdemeanor€sentencing,€the€sentencing€court€has€the€authority€to€place€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendant€on€probation€either€after€service€of€part€of€the€sentence€in€confinement,€or€immediatelyÐ €Ð Ðafter€sentencing.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-302(e)(1)-(2).€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€basis€for€a€trial€courtððs€determining€whether€confinement€is€appropriate€is€controlled€byÐ D!” ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„103(1),€which€provides€as€follows:Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àSentences€involving€confinement€should€be€based€on€the€followingÐ $X" Ðconsiderations:Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(A)à  àConfinement€is€necessary€to€protect€society€by€restraining€aÐ Ì&"% Ðdefendant€who€has€a€long€history€of€criminal€conduct;и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(B)à  àConfinement€is€necessary€to€avoid€depreciating€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âseriousness€of€the€offense€or€confinement€is€particularly€suited€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðprovide€an€effective€deterrence€to€others€likely€to€commit€similarÐ ° Ðoffenses;€orÐœì` x` x Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(C)à  àMeasures€less€restrictive€than€confinement€have€frequentlyÐ tÄ Ðor€recently€been€applied€unsuccessfully€to€the€defendant[.]Ð`°` x` x ÐÌÔ#†XiXXXiÄ #ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing€in€the€instant€matter,€the€trial€court€sentenced€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendants:Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€Court€finds€that€Judy€Fay€Johnson€and€Stanley€Paul€JohnsonÐ ü L  Ðhave€been€found€guilty€of€11€counts€of€cruelty€to€animals.€€BondsÐ è 8  Ð[sic]€are€set€at€$1000€in€each€of€the€11€counts€which€was€done€by€aÐ Ô$  Ðjury€of€good€and€lawful€citizens€of€Gibson€County.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àOver€350€puppies€and€dogs€were€victims€of€this€gross€violation€ofÐ ˜è  Ðthe€law.€€The€victims€of€this€crime€were€animals€that€could€not€speakÐ „Ô  Ðup€to€the€unbelievable€conduct€of€Judy€Fay€Johnson€and€Stanley€PaulÐ pÀ ÐJohnson€that€they€suffered.€€Several€of€the€dogs€have€died€and€mostÐ \¬ Ðhad€physical€problems€such€as€intestinal€worms,€mange,€eyeÐ H˜ Ðproblems,€dental€problems€and€emotional€problems€and€socializationÐ 4„ Ðproblems.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àSince€dogs€have€entered€domestic€service€of€human€beings,€theyÐ øH Ðhave€given€solace€and€companionship€when€needed.€€They€haveÐ ä4 Ðhelped€hunt,€guard€flocks,€and€in€ice€and€snow€have€pulled€sleds.€Ð Ð  ÐThey€have€rescued€people€when€lost€in€snow€drifts.€€They€act€asÐ ¼  Ðpolice€in€sniffing€out€crimes,€and€they€become€eyes€for€those€whoÐ ¨ø Ðcannot€see.€€They€guard€homes€and€possessions.€€All€this,€theseÐ ”ä Ðcreatures€do€for€kind,€humane€treatment.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àWatching€this€video€of€the€conditions€that€these€dogs€wereÐ X ¨ Ðsubjected€to€was€one€of€the€most€deplorable€things€this€Court€hasÐ D!” Ðobserved€in€the€22€years€in€the€course€of€being€on€the€bench.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€though,€Judy€Fay€Johnson,€you€urge€this€Court€to€take€intoÐ $X" Ðconsideration€the€mitigating€factors€that€youððve€been€sick€up€to€twoÐ ô$D # Ðyears€prior€to€them€being€rescued€from€your€care.€€You€say€youððveÐ à%0!$ Ðbeen€sick.€€You€talked€about€reducing€the€population,€but€the€onlyÐ Ì&"% Ðthing€you€did€was€sell€puppies.и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€Court€finds€that€you€have€a€previous€history€of€criminalÐ )à$( Ðconvictions€or€criminal€behavior,€that€the€offense€involved€more€thanÐ |*Ì%) Ðone€victim,€that€the€victims€were€particularly€vulnerable,€that€youÐ h+¸&* Ðhave€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€conditionsÐ ° Ðof€a€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community,€and€that€youÐ œì Ðabused€the€position€of€public€or€private€trust.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€Court€further€finds€that€you€were€charged€with€this€exactÐ `° Ðsame€charge€in€1993,€and€after€a€period€of€probation,€the€matter€wasÐ L œ Ðnollied.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àJudy€Fay€Johnson,€youððre€sentenced€to€11€months€and€29€days€inÐ  ` Ðeach€of€the€11€counts€of€cruelty€to€animals.€€These€will€be€runÐ ü L  Ðconcurrent.€€Further,€this€Court€finds€that€probation€would€not€serveÐ è 8  Ðthe€ends€of€justice,€nor€be€in€the€best€interest€of€the€public,€nor€wouldÐ Ô$  Ðthis€have€a€deterrent€effect€for€such€gross€behavior.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTherefore,€you,€Judy€Fay€Johnson,€shall€serve€six€months€of€yourÐ ˜è  Ðsentence€on€condition€that€you€make€restitution€to€the€DyersburgÐ „Ô  ÐHumane€Society€for€$3242.84€for€the€expenses€involved€in€freeingÐ pÀ Ðthose€dogs€from€their€purgatory€and€your€payment€of€the€fine€andÐ \¬ Ðcosts€in€full.€€You€are€further€prohibited€from€ever€running€or€owningÐ H˜ Ðany€animal€kennel€or€owning€any€animal€as€a€pet.€€Your€releaseÐ 4„ Ðclassification€status€shall€be€75€percent.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àStanley€Johnson,€the€Court€finds€that€your€offenses€involve€moreÐ øH Ðthan€one€victim.€€The€victims€were€particularly€vulnerable.€€YouÐ ä4 Ðtreated€the€victims€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€You€abused€the€positionÐ Ð  Ðof€public€or€private€trust.€€You€were€charged€with€the€exact€sameÐ ¼  Ðcharge€in€1993€that€after€a€period€of€probation€was€nollied.Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àYou€are€sentenced€to€11€months€and€29€days€in€each€of€the€11Ð €Ð Ðcounts.€€Further,€the€Court€finds€that€probation€would€not€serve€theÐ l¼ Ðends€of€justice,€nor€be€in€the€best€interest€of€the€public,€nor€would€thisÐ X ¨ Ðhave€a€deterrent€effect€for€such€gross€behavior€to€animals.€€You€shallÐ D!” Ðserve€90€days€of€your€sentence€on€condition€that€$3242.84€be€paid€toÐ 0"€  Ðthe€Dyersburg€Humane€Society€for€the€expenses€involved€inÐ #l! Ðremoving€the€helpless€dogs€from€your€custody.€€You€are€furtherÐ $X" Ðprohibited€from€ever€running€or€owning€any€animal€kennel€or€owningÐ ô$D # Ðany€animal€as€a€pet.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThere€are€those€who€would€argue€that€you€should€be€confined€inÐ ¸'#& Ða€house€trailer€with€no€ventilation€or€in€a€cell€three€by€seven€withÐ ¤(ô#' Ðeight€or€ten€other€inmates€with€no€plumbing,€no€exercise€and€noÐ )à$( Ðopportunity€to€feel€the€sun€or€smell€fresh€air.€€However,€the€Courts€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðthis€land€have€held€that€such€treatment€is€cruel€and€inhuman,€and€it€is.€Ð h+¸&* ÐYou€will€not€be€treated€in€the€same€way€that€you€treated€theseÐ ° Ðhelpless€animals€that€you€abused€to€make€a€dollar.Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà  àIn€their€brief,€the€defendants€argue€not€as€to€the€imposition€of€the€eleven„months„and„twenty„Ð tÄ Ðnine„days€sentence€as€to€each€count,€but,€instead,€that€both€should€have€received€total€probation.€Ð `° ÐThey€assert€that€ð ð[t]he€Court€did€not€observe€or€properly€follow€the€sentencing€considerations€andÐ L œ Ðprinciples€of€the€Reform€Actðð€in€that€a€period€of€partial€confinement€was€not€the€ð ðleast€severeÐ 8 ˆ Ðmeasure€necessary€to€achieve€the€purposes€for€which€the€sentence€is€imposed.ðð€€They€interpret€thatÐ $ t Ðð ðdeterrenceðð€was€the€only€reason€expressed€by€the€trial€court€in€ordering€confinement.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àWe€respectfully€disagree€with€these€arguments.€€First,€it€is€clear€that€the€trial€court€observedÐ è 8  Ðand€followed€the€principles€of€the€Sentencing€Reform€Act€in€imposing€punishment€and€determiningÐ Ô$  Ðthat€each€defendant€should€serve€a€portion€of€the€sentence€in€confinement.€€The€court€noted€theÐ À  Ðð ðunbelievable€conductðð€of€the€defendants,€detailed€the€injuries€to€the€dogs€in€their€care,€and€statedÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€ð ðthe€conditions€that€these€dogs€were€subjected€to€was€one€of€the€most€deplorable€things€thisÐ ˜è  ÐCourt€has€observed€in€the€22€years€in€the€course€of€being€on€the€bench.ðð€€As€to€each€defendant,€theÐ „Ô  Ðcourt€then€determined€that€ð ðprobation€would€not€serve€the€ends€of€justice,€nor€be€in€the€best€interestÐ pÀ Ðof€the€public,€nor€would€this€have€a€deterrent€effect€for€such€gross€behavior€to€animals.ðð€Ð \¬ ÐAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€found,€as€to€each€defendant,€that€ð ð[c]onfinement€[was]Ð H˜ Ðnecessary€to€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousness€of€the€offenseðð€and€was€ð ðparticularly€suited€toÐ 4„ Ðprovide€an€effective€deterrence€to€others€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses.ðð€€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„Ð  p Ð35„103(1)(B).€€We€will€next€consider€the€defendantsðð€complaints€as€to€the€enhancement€andÐ  \ Ðmitigating€factors€applied€by€the€trial€court.Ô#†XiXXXiv#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ øH ÐÌà  àReferring€to€the€notice€filed€by€the€State€as€to€enhancement€factors€for€sentencing,€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendants€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€these€factors€and€in€not€applying€applicableÐ ¼  Ðmitigating€factors.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€defendants€argue€that€the€trial€court,€in€sentencing,€failed€to€properly€consider€asÐ €Ð Ðmitigating€factors€the€facts€that:€€their€conduct€ð ðneither€caused€nor€threatened€serious€bodily€injury,ððÐ l¼ Ðòòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(1);€the€conditions€at€the€kennel€resulted€from€the€fact€of€JudyÐ X ¨ ÐJohnsonððs€surgery€one€week€before€the€ð ðincidentðð€and€Stanley€Johnsonððs€working€ð ðextensive€hoursÐ D!” Ðout€of€town,ðð€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(3);€ð ðJudy€Johnsonððs€physical€condition€significantlyÐ 0"€  Ðreduced€her€culpability€for€the€offense,ðð€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(8);€it€was€unlikely€thatÐ #l! Ðtheir€conduct€was€motivated€by€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð $X" Ð113(11);€and,€at€the€preliminary€hearing,€they€surrendered€the€ð ðcustody€and€controlðð€of€the€dogs,€fewÐ ô$D # Ðof€the€dogs€required€ð ðmedical€attention,ðð€the€dogs€ð ðwere€in€relatively€good€condition€and€that€theÐ à%0!$ Ðonly€complaint€was€as€to€the€condition€of€their€confinement,ðð€and€the€defendants€ð ðhave€no€intentionÐ Ì&"% Ðof€returning€to€the€business€of€raising€dogs€for€sale,ðð€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(13).€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àWe€respectfully€disagree€with€the€defendantsðð€assertion€that€these€mitigating€factors€wereÐ )à$( Ðapplicable.€€First,€assuming€òòarguendoóó€that€this€factor€is€even€applicable€in€animal€crueltyÐ |*Ì%) Ðprosecutions,€the€claim€that€the€defendantsðð€conduct€ð ðneither€caused€nor€threatened€serious€bodilyÐ h+¸&* Ðinjury,ðð€€ignores€the€fact€that€the€dogs,€many€with€physical€and€emotional€problems,€were€caged€inÐ ° Ðdeplorable€conditions,€and€that€some€of€the€puppies€had€died.€€Likewise,€the€various€mitigatingÐ œì Ðfactors€claiming€partial€absolution€because€of€Judy€Johnsonððs€illness€and€Stanley€Johnsonððs€workÐ ˆØ Ðrequirements€ignores€their€responsibility€to€provide€care,€by€employees€or€friends,€for€the€dogs.€€TheÐ tÄ Ðkennel€was€intended€€to€be€a€money„making€operation€and€their€legal€responsibility€to€provide€careÐ `° Ðdid€not€end€simply€when€it€became€difficult€to€do€so.€€As€for€the€defendants€ð ðsurrenderingðð€the€dogsÐ L œ Ðat€the€time€of€the€preliminary€hearing,€it€appears€that€a€number€of€the€dogs€had€already€been€removedÐ 8 ˆ Ðfrom€the€premises€by€that€time.€€Thus,€as€for€these€and€the€other€proffered€mitigating€circumstances,Ð $ t Ðwe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€declining€to€apply€them.Ô#†XiXXXiZ7#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ  ` ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€the€defendants€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€accepting€as€enhancementÐ è 8  Ðfactors:€€that€the€offenses€involved€more€than€one€victim,€the€indictments€covering€all€of€the€dogs,Ð Ô$  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(3);€that€the€victims€were€ð ðparticularly€vulnerable€because€of€age€orÐ À  Ðphysical€or€mental€disability,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(4);€and€that€the€defendants€ð ðabused€aÐ ¬ü  Ðposition€of€public€or€private€trust,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(15).€€Judy€Johnson€argues€that€theÐ ˜è  Ðtrial€court€erred€in€concluding€that€she€had€ð ða€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminalÐ „Ô  Ðbehavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð pÀ Ð114(1),€and€that€she€Ô#†XiXXXiÚC#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔð ðhad€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€aÐ \¬ Ðsentence€involving€release€in€the€community,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(8).€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAs€to€these€factors,€we€first€note€that€it€is€somewhat€difficult€to€convert€enhancement€factorsÐ  p Ðto€a€cruelty€to€animals€case,€many€of€the€factors€contemplating€a€human€as€the€victim€of€the€crime.Ð  \ ÐSince€the€defendantsðð€argument€is€not€as€to€the€length€of€the€sentences,€but€that€they€should€haveÐ øH Ðreceived€total€probation,€we€would€be€limiting€the€trial€courtððs€flexibility€in€misdemeanor€sentencingÐ ä4 Ðif€we€engaged€in€the€same€analysis€as€for€sentencing€in€a€felony€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€15Ð Ð  ÐS.W.3d€515,€518€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999)€(ð ðthe€trial€court€has€more€flexibility€in€misdemeanorÐ ¼  Ðsentencing€than€in€felony€sentencingðð),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2000).€€The€trial€court€orderedÐ ¨ø Ðpartial€confinement€as€to€both€defendants€because€of€the€gross€nature€of€their€acts€and€the€need€forÐ ”ä Ðdeterrence.€€The€letters€sent€to€the€prosecutor€from€throughout€the€United€States€demonstrate€theÐ €Ð Ðwide€interest€in€this€matter€and€establish€that,€because€of€the€publicity,€the€punishment€would€haveÐ l¼ Ða€deterrent€effect.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1,€11€(Tenn.€2000).€€The€geographic€spread,Ð X ¨ Ðincluding€Tennessee,€from€which€these€letters€came€supports€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€as€to€theÐ D!” Ðdeterrent€effect€of€the€sentences.Ð 0"€  ÐÌÔ#†XiXXXi¯G#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔà  àThe€record€demonstrates€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€facts€of€the€case€and€the€applicableÐ $X" Ðsentencing€principles,€as€was€required.€€Given€the€latitude€afforded€to€the€court€in€misdemeanorÐ ô$D # Ðsentencing,€we€conclude€that€the€sentences€were€proper.€€Likewise,€since€misdemeanants€are€notÐ à%0!$ Ðentitled€to€a€presumption€regarding€alternative€sentencing,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102(6),€weÐ Ì&"% Ðcannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€either€defendant€total€probation.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€sentences€of€both€defendants.Ô#†XiXXXiÁN#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* Ðà@©©ìàò òIII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆà È àÐ ° ÐÌà  àò òÔ#†XiXXXi”Q#Ôó óThe€defendants€argue€that€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€insufficient€as€a€matter€of€lawÐ ˆØ Ðto€convict€them€of€the€eleven€counts€of€the€indictment.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€considering€this€issue,€we€apply€the€familiar€rule€that€where€sufficiency€of€the€convictingÐ L œ Ðevidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€of€the€reviewing€court€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÐ $ t Ðthe€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ð  ` Ð319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560,€573€(1979);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,Ð ü L  Ð190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)òòóó;€Tenn.€R.Ð è 8  ÐApp.€P.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€setÐ Ô$  Ðaside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€aÐ À  Ðreasonable€doubt.ðð).€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€beÐ ¬ü  Ðgiven€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754Ð ˜è  ÐS.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)òòóó.€€ð ðA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,Ð „Ô  Ðaccredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theoryÐ pÀ Ðof€the€State.ðð€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Our€supreme€court€stated€theÐ \¬ Ðrationale€for€this€rule:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trial€judgeÐ  p Ðand€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimony€andÐ  \ Ðobserve€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€and€jury€areÐ øH Ðthe€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weight€andÐ ä4 Ðcredibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trialÐ Ð  Ðforum€alone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€theÐ ¼  Ðevidence€cannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.Шø` x` x ÐÌòòBolin€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€4,€11,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€212€Tenn.€464,Ð €Ð Ð370€S.W.2d€523€(1963)).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convictedÐ X ¨ Ðdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð D!” ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ô‡XiXXXiÔ€When€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses€was€resolved€by€the€jury€inÐ 0"€  Ðfavor€of€the€State,€the€appellate€court€ð ðmay€not€reconsider€the€juryððs€credibility€assessments.ðð€òòStateÐ #l! Ðv.€Carruthersóó,€35€S.W.3d€516,€558€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€533€U.S.€953,€121€S.€Ct.€2600€(2001).Ð $X" ÐÌà  àEach€count€of€the€indictment€charges€that€the€defendants€ð ðdid€unlawfully€and€knowinglyÐ à%0!$ Ðconfine€an€animal€in€a€cruel€manner€and€did€unreasonably€fail€to€provide€necessary€care€for€anÐ Ì&"% Ðanimal€in€their€custody€.€.€.€in€violation€of€T.C.A.€39„14„202[.]ðð€Ô#†XiXXXi{^#ÔÔ‡XiXXXiÔÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àÔ#†XiXXXiPa#ÔAs€to€the€inadequacy€of€the€proof,€the€defendants€argue€that€ð ð[the]€structures€in€which€all€ofÐ )à$( Ð[their]€dogs€were€confined€were€described€as€adequate.ðð€€They€describe€Dr.€Ageeððs€objection€to€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðkennel€area€was€ð ðthe€number€of€dogs€per€kennel€and€the€unsanitary€conditions;ðð€as€to€the€mobileÐ h+¸&* Ðhome,€ð ðthe€temperature€.€.€.€and€the€unsanitary€conditions;ðð€and€as€to€ð ðthe€three€dogs€in€the€cage€inÐ ° Ðthe€house,€the€objection€was€that€feces€and€urine€were€present€in€the€cage€and€the€water€bowl€wasÐ œì Ðturned€over.ðð€Thus,€the€defendants€argue,€ð ðthe€veterinarian€was€of€the€opinion€their€care€wasÐ ˆØ Ðacceptable,€if€one€assumes€someone€was€changing€the€water€daily€and€feeding€them€daily€andÐ tÄ Ðcleaning€the€cage.ðð€Ô‡XiXXXiÔÐ `° ÐÌà  àWe€disagree€with€the€defendantsðð€cast€of€the€evidence.€€First,€the€assumption€that€€the€dogsÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€being€fed€and€watered€and€their€cages€cleaned€on€a€daily€basis€is€belied€by€the€videotape€whichÐ $ t Ðshows€little€food€and€water€available,€and€virtually€none,€if€any,€of€it€clean,€as€well€as€a€substantialÐ  ` Ðaccumulation€of€feces€throughout€the€kennel.€€Although€Stanley€Johnson€testified€that€he€was€caringÐ ü L  Ðfor€the€dogs€on€a€daily€basis,€the€jury€was€not€bound€to€accept€his€testimony€as€truthful.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àTaking€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€which€prevailed€at€the€trial€onÐ À  Ðeach€of€the€eleven€counts€of€the€indictment,€the€evidence€reveals€that€the€defendants€maintained,Ð ¬ü  Ðunder€horrific€conditions,€in€excess€of€350€dogs€on€their€premises,€housing€them€in€a€kennel,€a€trailer,Ð ˜è  Ðand€inside€their€residence.€€The€conditions€were€filthy€and€unsanitary€in€each€of€these€locations.€Ð „Ô  ÐPoor,€or€nonexistent,€means€of€cooling€or€even€circulating€the€air€caused€it€to€be€very€foul,€with€anÐ pÀ Ðammonia„like€smell.€€A€number€of€the€dogs€were€not€provided€food€or€water€and€what€food€wasÐ \¬ Ðmade€available€was€often€unsanitary,€with€water€green€in€color.€€Many€of€the€dogs€and€puppies€wereÐ H˜ Ðkept€in€very€crowded€and€inhumane€conditions,€apparently€without€necessary€veterinary€treatmentÐ 4„ Ðbeing€provided€for€worms,€mange,€eye€and€skin€problems.€€Feces€was€allowed€to€accumulateÐ  p Ðthroughout€the€facility,€with€huge€numbers€of€maggots€infesting€it€in€one€cage.€€The€coats€of€someÐ  \ Ðof€the€dogs€had€very€extensive€matting€problems.€€Some€of€the€puppies€were€kept€on€wire€mesh,Ð øH Ðwhich€allowed€large€amounts€of€feces€to€collect€on€the€unemptied€trays€beneath€their€cages,€andÐ ä4 Ðtrapped€them,€as€their€legs€slipped€through,€making€them€immobile.€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€aÐ Ð  Ðreasonable€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€that€the€defendants€unlawfully€and€knowingly€confined€theÐ ¼  Ðdogs€in€a€cruel€manner€and€unreasonably€failed€to€provide€necessary€care,€as€alleged€in€theÐ ¨ø Ðindictment.Ð ”ä ÐÌòòò òà@FF%ìàCONCLUSIONˆÐ l¼ Ðó óóóÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€areÐ D!” Ðaffirmed.Ð 0"€  ÐÔ#†XiXXXie#ÔÌÌà  àà ` àà Œ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ô$D # Ðà  àà ` àà Œ àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE