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opinion.wpt~˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptƒ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptˆ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptåyD1Ï  ~‰/Y2ê:i¢×+003|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ƒ‰»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼ƒ‰»»»Ôà@hhìàÔ‡îq6ƒ‰ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼ƒ‰»îîq6Ô#ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAugust€3,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XÚ_X»¼ƒ‰ÔÌò òÔ#†¼ƒ‰»XXÚ_Ú#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€MORGAN€JOHNSONòòóóÔ‡XÚ_X»¼ƒ‰Ôó óÐ ï? ÐÌò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€02„07451€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„02349„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€1,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  ÐÌó óÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Morgan€Johnson,€was€convicted€of€resisting€arrest.€€He€was€acquitted€of€two€countsÐ W§  Ðof€assault.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€two€days,€to€be€served€as€one€day€of€incarcerationÐ @ Ðand€ninety€days'€probation.€€In€this€appeal,€the€defendant€asserts€(1)€that€his€conviction€should€beÐ )y Ðdismissed€because€his€arrest€was€unlawful;€(2)€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€hisÐ b Ðconviction;€(3)€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€self„defense;€and€(4)€thatÐ ûK Ðthe€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€request€for€judicial€diversion.€€Because€the€evidence€adduced€atÐ ä4 Ðtrial€fairly€raised€the€issue€of€self„defense,€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€provide€aÐ Í Ðcorresponding€instruction€to€the€jury.€€The€error€cannot€be€classified€as€harmless€beyond€aÐ ¶ Ðreasonable€doubt.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is,€therefore,€reversed€and€the€cause€is€remandedÐ Ÿï Ðfor€a€new€trial.Ð ˆØ ÐÓYÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Reversed€and€Remandedó óÐ Zª ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼ƒ‰»àXÚ_J#ÔÔ‡XÚ_X.¼ƒ‰ÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòThomas€T.€Woodallóó€and€òòNormaÐ -} ÐMcGee€Ogle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð f ÐÌRandall€B.€Tolley,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Morgan€Johnson.Ð è 8  ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€David€H.€Findley,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€andÐ º" " ÐSteven€Jones,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð £#ó# ÐÓ0 ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼ƒ‰»XXÚ__ #ÔÔ‡XÚ_X»¼ƒ‰ÔÐ u%Å % ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼ƒ‰»XXÚ_¿ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÚ_X»¼ƒ‰Ôà  àOn€May€5,€2002,€Memphis€Police€Department€Patrol€Officer€Francis€Cherry€was€workingÐ H'˜"' Ðspecial€detail€at€the€Memphis€in€May€music€festival.€€Officer€Cherry€and€other€plain„clothes€officers,Ð 1(#( ÐMike€England€and€Adam€Pickering,€were€patrolling€the€crowd€for€"major€crimes"€when€OfficerÐ )j$) ÐCherry,€who€was€wearing€blue€casual€pants€and€a€white€shirt€with€a€dragon€design,€observed€six€menÐ *S%* Ðurinating€in€an€alley.€€Officer€Cherry€identified€himself€as€a€Memphis€Police€Officer€and€ordered€theÐ ì*<&+ Ðmen€to€leave.€€Five€of€the€men€left€immediately€but€the€defendant,€who€was€standing€with€his€backÐ Õ+%', Ðâ âto€Officer€Cherry,€looked€briefly€at€the€officer€and€continued€to€urinate.€€When€the€officerÐ ¾,(-ý ÐÔ_Ôapproached€the€defendant,€tapped€him€on€the€shoulder,€and€said,€"Hey,€fellow,"€the€defendant€turnedÐ ° Ðquickly€and€threw€a€drink€in€the€officer's€face,€hitting€him€in€the€ear.Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà  àAt€trial,€Officer€Cherry€testified€that€he€was€initially€stunned€by€the€contact€but€after€OfficerÐ k» ÐEngland€"engag[ed]€the€defendant€up€against€the€chainlink€fence,"€was€able€to€assist.€€According€toÐ T¤ ÐOfficer€Cherry,€the€defendant€resisted€their€efforts,€creating€a€"push€and€pull€into€the€fence."€€HeÐ =  Ðinsisted€that€he€and€Officer€England€repeatedly€informed€the€defendant€that€he€was€under€arrest€butÐ & v Ðthe€defendant€continued€to€resist.Ð  _ ÐÌà  àOfficer€Cherry€testified€that€during€the€struggle,€the€three€men€lost€their€balance€and€"crashedÐ á 1  Ðonto€a€car."€€As€the€defendant€continued€to€resist,€Officer€Pickering€arrived€and€sprayed€theÐ Ê   Ðdefendant€with€pepper€foam.€€Officer€Cherry,€who€was€sprayed€inadvertently,€could€not€see€and€wasÐ ³  Ðforced€to€step€back€from€the€fray.€€According€to€Officer€Cherry,€the€defendant€was€unaffected€by€theÐ œì  Ðpepper€spray€and€continued€to€struggle.€€He€denied€either€punching€or€kicking€the€defendant€andÐ …Õ  Ðclaimed€that€his€"vision€was€on€one€arm,€one€hand,€one€wrist,€and€trying€to€get€it€behind€his€backÐ n¾  Ðand€keep€enough€pressure€on€[the€defendant]€that€he€wouldn't€hurt€me€or€anyone€else."€€OfficerÐ W§  ÐCherry€insisted€that€the€defendant€"just€would€not€stop€fighting."€€Eventually,€he€and€the€otherÐ @ Ðofficers€were€able€to€place€handcuffs€on€the€defendant.€€According€to€Officer€Cherry,€he€left€theÐ )y Ðalley€quickly€because€he€"saw€a€crowd€of€people.€€I€had€just€finished€a€fight.€€I€didn't€need€anotherÐ b Ðone€.€.€.€."Ð ûK ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Officer€Cherry€acknowledged€that€he€did€not€specifically€instructÐ Í Ðthe€defendant€to€leave€the€alley,€explaining€that€he€had€addressed€all€of€the€men€collectively.€€WhenÐ ¶ Ðasked€how€the€defendant€could€see€his€badge€when€there€were€five€people€between€them,€OfficerÐ Ÿï ÐCherry€responded,€"That's€why€I€walked€up€behind€him."€€He€testified€that€his€badge€was€hangingÐ ˆØ Ðfrom€his€neck€as€he€approached€the€defendant.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àOfficer€England,€who€was€wearing€a€long„sleeved€green€shirt€and€blue€jeans€at€the€time€ofÐ C“ Ðthe€offense,€testified€that€his€gun€and€badge€were€attached€to€his€belt€and€concealed€under€his€shirt.€Ð ,| ÐAccording€to€Officer€England,€he€saw€several€men€urinating€in€an€alley€and€heard€Officer€CherryÐ e Ðdirect€them€to€leave.€€Officer€England€testified€that€each€of€the€men€"except€one€.€.€.€quickly€finishedÐ þN Ðup€business€and€headed€down€the€alley."€€He€claimed€that€when€Officer€Cherry€walked€up€behindÐ ç 7 Ðthe€defendant,€the€defendant€threw€a€drink€at€the€officer€and€punched€him€in€the€head.€€He€stated€thatÐ Ð!   Ðhe€identified€himself€as€a€police€officer€and€pushed€the€defendant€into€a€chain€link€fence,€intendingÐ ¹" ! Ðto€arrest€him€for€assaulting€Officer€Cherry,€but€the€defendant€"immediately€started€punching€andÐ ¢#ò" Ðkicking."€€When€Officer€England,€assisted€by€Officer€Cherry,€struggled€to€subdue€the€defendant,€allÐ ‹$Û# Ðthree€men€fell€onto€the€hood€of€a€car.€He€testified€that€the€defendant€continued€to€resist€the€officer'sÐ t%Ä $ Ðefforts€to€place€handcuffs€on€him.€€Officer€England€recalled€that€at€one€point,€the€defendant€said,€"IÐ ]&­!% Ðgive€up,"€and€the€officers€responded€by€backing€away.€€Officer€England€testified€that€when€heÐ F'–"& Ðreached€for€his€handcuffs,€however,€the€defendant€"reached€up,€grabbed€me€by€the€front€of€my€shirt,Ð /(#' Ðyanked€me€forward,€and€tried€to€hit€me€in€the€face,€which€I€was€able€to€duck€.€.€.€,€and€I€ended€upÐ )h$( Ðgetting€hit€on€the€top€of€the€head."€€The€officer€conceded€that€he€struck€the€defendant€in€the€faceÐ *Q%) Ðâ âtwice,€explaining€that€he€was€"trying€to€get€back€away€from€him€and€disengage€as€much€as€I€couldÐ ê*:&* Ðso€that€I€couldn't€be€hit€anymore."€€Officer€England€also€admitted€kicking€the€defendant€three€timesÐ ° Ðas€he€lay€on€the€ground.Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Officer€England,€who€weighed€240€pounds,€acknowledged€thatÐ k» Ðhe€also€punched€the€defendant's€arm€"several"€times.€€When€asked€about€an€injury€to€his€hand,Ð T¤ ÐOfficer€England€responded,€"[The€defendant]€could€have€bit€me,€or€I€could€have€hit€him."€€TheÐ =  Ðofficer€also€admitted€that€Officer€Pickering€was€lying€on€top€of€the€defendant€when€he€kicked€him.Ð & v ÐÌà  àOfficer€Adam€Pickering,€who,€at€the€time€of€the€incident,€was€wearing€blue€jeans,€tennisÐ ø H Ðshoes,€a€t„shirt,€and€a€camouflage€jacket€as€he€worked€plain„clothes€detail€with€officers€Cherry€andÐ á 1  ÐEngland,€testified€that€he€had€a€weapon,€handcuffs,€a€can€of€pepper€foam,€and€a€police€radio€attachedÐ Ê   Ðto€his€belt€and€concealed€under€his€untucked€shirt.€€According€to€Officer€Pickering,€when€the€officersÐ ³  Ðentered€the€alley€they€saw€five€or€six€men€urinating€and€Officer€Cherry€told€them€to€move€along.€Ð œì  ÐOfficer€Pickering€testified€that€all€but€the€defendant,€who€was€"carrying€on€his€business,"€left€theÐ …Õ  Ðalley.€€He€recalled€that€when€Officer€Cherry€said€to€the€defendant,€"Maybe€you€didn't€hear€me.€Ð n¾  ÐMemphis€Police.€€You€need€to€head€on,"€the€defendant€threw€his€drink€and€struck€Officer€CherryÐ W§  Ðin€the€head.€€According€to€Officer€Pickering,€when€Officer€England€tried€to€pin€the€defendant€againstÐ @ Ða€chain€link€fence,€the€defendant€kicked€and€punched€him.€€He€insisted€that€he€identified€himself€asÐ )y Ða€police€officer€and€warned€the€defendant€to€"[s]top€resisting€or€I'm€going€to€spray€you."€€The€officerÐ b Ðacknowledged€spraying€the€defendant€with€pepper€foam€when€he€continued€to€struggle.€€OfficerÐ ûK ÐPickering,€who€denied€kicking€or€punching€the€defendant,€explained,€"I€tried€to€pin€him€with€an€armÐ ä4 Ðbar;€was€unsuccessful€.€.€.€.€€I€tried€for€a€wrist€lock;€was€unsuccessful€.€.€.€.€I€tried€to€pin€him€to€theÐ Í Ðground€by€using€my€body€weight,€my€knees€across€his€shoulders."€€He€confirmed€that€the€defendantÐ ¶ Ðat€one€point€said,€"I€give€up,"€and€yet€continued€to€struggle.Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àBrenda€Kerr€Johnson,€the€defendant's€mother€and€a€witness€for€the€defense,€testified€that€theÐ qÁ Ðdefendant's€brother,€Marcus€Johnson,€telephoned€her€and€told€her€that€some€men€had€beaten€theÐ Zª Ðdefendant€and€that€he€had€been€arrested.€€She€described€the€defendant's€injuries€as€"an€unbelievableÐ C“ Ðsight,"€explaining€that€his€face€was€"distorted."€€She€recalled€that€the€defendant€had€bruises€on€hisÐ ,| Ðneck,€shoulders,€face,€and€back€and€that€his€face€was€swollen,€particularly€his€right€eye,€the€whiteÐ e Ðof€which€was€red.€€Maurice€Johnson,€the€defendant's€father,€took€photographs€of€the€defendant€afterÐ þN Ðhis€release€from€jail.Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àSylvester€Sartor,€an€Assistant€Public€Defender€and€friend€of€the€defendant's€family,€testifiedÐ ¹" ! Ðthat€he€saw€the€defendant€when€he€was€released€from€jail€on€the€day€after€the€arrest.€€SartorÐ ¢#ò" Ðdescribed€the€defendant€as€having€"multiple€facial€injuries."Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àChad€Michael€Roaf,€who€attended€the€Memphis€in€May€music€festival€with€the€defendantÐ ]&­!% Ðand€the€defendant's€brother,€Marcus,€testified€that€they€arrived€at€approximately€9:30€p.m.€and€wentÐ F'–"& Ðto€Pat€O'Brien's€restaurant,€where€they€each€ordered€a€"Hurricane."€€Roaf€recalled€that€as€theyÐ /(#' Ðwalked€down€Beale€Street,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€needed€to€relieve€himself€and€went€into€anÐ )h$( Ðalley€to€do€so.€€According€to€Roaf,€he€was€urinating€in€the€alley€when€he€saw€someone€shove€theÐ *Q%) Ðdefendant€into€the€chain€link€fence.€€Roaf€claimed€that€"three€huge€Caucasian€males€basicallyÐ ê*:&* Ðjump[ed]€[the€defendant],"€"slamm[ing]"€him€onto€the€hood€of€a€car€and€striking€him€in€the€face."€Ð Ó+#'+ ÐRoaf€testified€that€one€officer€grabbed€the€defendant€by€the€neck€and€sprayed€him€with€pepper€spray.€Ð ° ÐHe€contended€that€the€men€never€identified€themselves€as€police€officers.€€According€to€Roaf,€theÐ ™é Ðdefendant€asked€for€help€after€the€officers€"manhandled"€him€to€the€ground.€€He€recalled€that€he€thenÐ ‚Ò Ðsought€help€from€defendant's€brother€and€that€when€the€two€of€them€returned€to€the€alley,€aÐ k» Ðuniformed€officer€shouted,€"Where€are€you€going€boy?"€€Roaf€insisted€that€the€defendant€neverÐ T¤ Ðattempted€to€strike€any€of€the€officers€but,€during€cross„examination,€admitted€that€he€had€previouslyÐ =  Ðinformed€investigators€with€Internal€Affairs€that€the€officers€never€struck€the€defendant.Ð & v ÐÌà  àThe€defendant's€brother,€Marcus€Johnson,€testified€that€he€was€alerted€to€the€altercation€whenÐ ø H ÐRoaf€grabbed€his€shirt€and€said,€"Your€brother's€getting€jumped."€€Johnson€stated€that€as€he€enteredÐ á 1  Ðthe€nearby€alley,€he€saw€several€men€kicking€the€defendant€as€he€lay€on€the€ground.€€He€testified€thatÐ Ê   Ðthe€defendant€was€placed€in€handcuffs€and€led€down€the€alley.€€According€to€Johnson,€theÐ ³  Ðdefendant's€nose€was€swollen€and€his€eyes€were€closed€after€the€altercation.€€Johnson€stated€that€theÐ œì  Ðofficers€threatened€to€place€him€under€arrest€if€he€"[didn't]€go€on€about€[his]€business."Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€a€daycare€director€at€Memphis€Christian€Academy,€testified€that€after€gettingÐ W§  Ðdrinks€at€Pat€O'Brien's,€he€walked€into€an€alley,€where€several€other€men€were€urinating,€to€do€theÐ @ Ðsame.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€then€heard€someone€say,€"You€all€need€to€go€piss€somewhereÐ )y Ðelse,"€and€saw€three€white€men€walking€down€the€alley.€€According€to€the€defendant,€none€of€theÐ b Ðthree€men€ever€identified€themselves€as€police.€€He€explained€that€he€continued€to€urinate€becauseÐ ûK Ðhe€thought€the€men€were€"drunk€people."€€The€defendant€claimed€that€when€one€of€the€men€shovedÐ ä4 Ðhim€into€the€fence,€he€threw€his€drink,€contending€that€he€did€so€only€to€create€a€diversion€so€heÐ Í Ðcould€run€away.€€According€to€the€defendant,€he€was€struck€in€the€head€immediately€after€throwingÐ ¶ Ðthe€drink€and€then€covered€his€face€out€of€instinct.€€He€remembered€being€punched,€kicked,€andÐ Ÿï Ðsprayed€with€pepper€spray,€which€prevented€him€from€opening€his€eyes.€€He€stated€that€the€menÐ ˆØ Ðidentified€themselves€as€police€officers€only€after€he€was€subdued.€€According€to€the€defendant,€heÐ qÁ Ðwas€kicked€so€hard€in€the€abdomen€that€he€defecated.€€He€claimed€that€he€never€kicked€or€punchedÐ Zª Ðany€of€the€officers€and€instead€rolled€into€a€ball€to€resist€the€attack.€€He€testified€that€he€suffered€aÐ C“ Ðbroken€blood€vessel€in€his€eye€and€thirty„seven€bruises€on€his€upper€body.Ð ,| ÐÌÓ  ÓIÐ þN ÐÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€his€conviction€is€illegal€because€the€officers€were€not€actingÐ ç 7 Ðlawfully€when€they€tried€to€arrest€him.€€The€state€argues€that€the€language€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ Ð!   ÐAnnotated€section€39„16„602€specifically€states€that€an€unlawful€arrest€does€not€prohibit€a€convictionÐ ¹" ! Ðfor€resisting€arrest.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àInitially,€as€the€state€correctly€observes,€while€the€defendant€raised€this€issue€in€his€motionÐ t%Ä $ Ðfor€a€new€trial,€he€did€not€contend€during€the€trial€that€his€arrest€was€unlawful.€€Ô‡XŸ XXXÚ_ÔGenerally,€one€mayÐ ]&­!% Ðnot€assert€one€ground€for€relief€at€trial€and€then€pursue€a€new€or€different€theory€on€appeal.€€òòSeeóóÐ F'–"& ÐòòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,€634-35€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸ¶A#Ô€In€consequence,€the€petitionerÐ /(#' Ðhas€waived€our€consideration€of€this€issue.€€Moreover,€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€establishes€thatÐ ° ÐOfficer€England€sought€to€arrest€the€defendant€for€committing€a€misdemeanor€in€his€presence,€theÐ ™é Ðassault€of€Officer€Cherry,€which€was€authorized€by€law.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„7„103(a)(1).€Ð ‚Ò ÐThus,€the€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€the€merits€of€the€issue.€€In€addition,€the€defendantÐ k» Ðwould€not€be€entitled€to€relief€even€if€the€arrest€had€been€unlawful.Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àHistorically,€an€unlawful€arrest€was€a€defense€not€only€to€resisting€arrest€but€also€to€aÐ & v Ðhomicide€committed€during€the€resistance.€€òòSeeóó€òòPoteete€v.€Stateóó,€68€Tenn.€261€(1878).€€In€òòPoteeteóó,Ð  _ Ðthe€victim,€a€deputy€sheriff,€was€shot€and€killed€during€an€attempt€to€arrest€the€brothers€Poteete€onÐ ø H Ðthe€basis€of€mitimuses€issued€by€the€clerk€of€the€court.€€Our€supreme€court€determined€that€the€faultyÐ á 1  Ðmitimuses€conferred€no€authority€on€the€victim€to€arrest€the€defendant€and,€as€a€result,€the€victim'sÐ Ê   Ðattempt€to€make€the€arrest€"would€be€a€trespass."€€òòId.óó€at€265.€€Our€high€court€held€that€"if€the€preceptÐ ³  Ðin€the€hands€of€the€officer€be€unauthorized€by€law,€not€issued€by€authority€of€an€officer€authorizedÐ œì  Ðto€issue€it,€he€attempts€to€execute€it€at€his€peril."€€òòId.óó€€In€òòShelton€v.€Stateóó,€460€S.W.2d€869,€874Ð …Õ  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1970),€this€court€restated€the€rule€as€follows,€emphasizing€that€the€subject€of€anÐ n¾  Ðunlawful€arrest€was€not€entitled€to€resort€to€unnecessary€or€disproportionate€force:Ð W§  ÐÌà8  àà ` àWe€recognize€and€approve€the€general€rule€that€every€person€has€a€right€toÐ )y Ðresist€an€unlawful€arrest,€and€that€in€preventing€such€illegal€restraint€of€his€liberty€heÐ b Ðmay€use€such€force€as€may€be€necessary.€€But€that€is€not€an€unlimited€right.€Ð ûK Ð"Necessary"€is€a€relative€term,€depending€on€the€circumstances€of€each€case.€€ForceÐ ä4 Ðmay€not€be€resorted€to€or€means€of€resistance€adopted€which€are€disproportionate€toÐ Í Ðthe€effort€made€to€take€him€into€custody.жРР ÐÌà  àUnder€current€statutory€law,€however,€a€defendant€charged€with€resisting€arrest€may€notÐ ˆØ Ðclaim€as€a€defense€that€the€arrest€was€unauthorized€by€law.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„Ð qÁ Ð16„602,€adopted€in€1989,€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€as€follows:Ð Zª ÐÌà8  àà ` à(a)€€It€is€an€offense€for€a€person€to€intentionally€prevent€or€obstruct€anyoneÐ ,| Ðknown€to€the€person€to€be€a€law€enforcement€officer,€or€anyone€acting€in€a€lawÐ e Ðenforcement€officer's€presence€and€at€such€officer's€direction,€from€effecting€a€stop,Ð þN Ðfrisk,€halt,€arrest€or€search€of€any€person,€including€the€defendant,€by€using€forceÐ ç 7 Ðagainst€the€law€enforcement€officer€or€another.ÐÐ!  Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(b)€€Except€as€provided€in€ðð€39-11-611,€òòit€is€no€defense€to€prosecution€underÐ ¢#ò" Ðthis€section€that€the€stop,€frisk,€halt,€arrest€or€search€was€unlawfulóó.Ћ$Û#Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„602(a),€(b)€(emphasis€added).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€CommentsÐ ]&­!% Ðto€this€section€note€that€the€statute€"makes€it€clear€that€the€offender€cannot€defend€by€proving€thatÐ F'–"& Ðthe€law€enforcement€activity€was€unlawful,"€and€that€"[t]his€rejects€traditional€authority,€but€isÐ /(#' Ðconsistent€with€the€modern€trend."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„602,€Sentencing€CommissionÐ )h$( ÐComments€(citations€omitted).Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àUnder€certain€circumstances,€however,€self„defense€may€be€a€justification€for€resisting€arrest.€Ð ° Ðâ âThis€rule€is€contained€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„611,€the€relevant€portion€of€whichÐ ™é Ðprovides€as€follows:Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà8  àà ` à(e)€€The€threat€or€use€of€force€against€another€is€not€justified€to€resist€a€haltÐ T¤ Ðat€a€roadblock,€arrest,€search,€or€stop€and€frisk€that€the€person€knows€is€being€madeÐ =  Ðby€a€law€enforcement€officer,€unless:Ð& vÐ Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(1)€€The€law€enforcement€officer€uses€or€attempts€to€use€greater€force€thanÐ ø H Ðnecessary€to€make€the€arrest,€search,€stop€and€frisk,€or€halt;€andÐá 1 Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€€The€person€reasonably€believes€that€the€force€is€immediately€necessaryÐ ³  Ðto€protect€against€the€law€enforcement€officer's€use€or€attempted€use€of€greater€forceÐ œì  Ðthan€necessary.Ð…Õ Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„611(e).€€This€court€has€held€that€subsection€(e)€is€a€restriction€on€the€useÐ W§  Ðof€self„defense€as€justification€for€the€use€of€force€and€emphasized€that€the€statute€should€be€readÐ @ Ðas€a€whole€to€determine€whether€the€defense€is€applicable.€€òòState€v.€Burnette€Mizeóó,€No.€03C01„9405„Ð )y ÐCR-00163€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Sept.€22,€1995);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Richard€C.€Silkóó,€No.Ð b ÐM1999-02526-CCA-R3-CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€Mar.€2,€2001).€€As€observed€in€theÐ ûK ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà ` àSubsection€(e)€represents€a€policy€decision€by€the€commission€that€the€streetÐ ¶ Ðis€not€the€proper€forum€for€determining€the€legality€of€an€arrest.€To€a€large€extent,€theÐ Ÿï Ðrule€is€designed€to€protect€citizens€from€being€harmed€by€law€enforcement€officers.Ð ˆØ ÐResearch€has€shown€that€citizens€who€resist€arrest€frequently€are€injured€by€trainedÐ qÁ Ðofficers€who€use€their€skills€and€weapons€to€protect€themselves€and€effectuate€theÐ Zª Ðarrest.€If€the€defendant€knows€it€is€a€law€enforcement€officer€who€has€stopped€orÐ C“ Ðarrested€him€or€her,€respect€for€the€rule€of€law€requires€the€defendant€to€submit€toÐ ,| Ðapparent€authority.€.€.€.€ÐeÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-611,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€In€any€event,€these€statutesÐ ç 7 Ðclearly€establish€that€the€legality€of€the€arrest€is€irrelevant€in€determining€whether€a€conviction€forÐ Ð!   Ðresisting€arrest€is€proper.€€Under€these€circumstances,€it€is€our€view€that€the€defendant€is€not€entitledÐ ¹" ! Ðto€relief€on€this€ground.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌÓ  ÓIIÐ t%Ä $ ÐÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€also€asserts€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction.€€Ô‡XŸ XXXÚ_ÔOnÐ ]&­!% Ðappeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€allÐ F'–"& Ðreasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð /(#' Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€theÐ )h$( Ðreconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.Ð *Q%) ÐStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÐ ê*:&* Ðchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ Ó+#'+ Ðto€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ ° Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€Ð ™é ÐQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€wellÐ ‚Ò Ðas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199Ð k» ÐTenn.€298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€ofÐ T¤ Ðinnocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€ofÐ =  Ðshowing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838Ð & v ÐS.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Ð  _ ÐÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸ_#ÔÌà  àResisting€arrest€is€defined€as€follows:Ð á 1  ÐÌà8  àà ` àIt€is€an€offense€for€a€person€to€intentionally€prevent€or€obstruct€anyone€knownÐ ³  Ðto€the€person€to€be€a€law€enforcement€officer,€or€anyone€acting€in€a€law€enforcementÐ œì  Ðofficer's€presence€and€at€such€officer's€direction,€from€effecting€a€stop,€frisk,€halt,Ð …Õ  Ðarrest€or€search€of€any€person,€including€the€defendant,€by€using€force€against€the€lawÐ n¾  Ðenforcement€officer€or€another.ÐW§ Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„602(a).€€"'Force'€means€compulsion€by€the€use€of€physical€power€orÐ )y Ðviolence€.€.€.€."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(12).€€As€indicated,€self„defense€can,€in€certainÐ b Ðinstances,€operate€as€a€justification€for€resisting€arrest.€€Here,€however,€the€trial€court€did€not€instructÐ ûK Ðthe€jury€on€the€issue€of€self„defense.€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€each€of€the€three€police€officers€testified€that€they€identified€themselves€as€lawÐ ¶ Ðenforcement€officers€and€repeatedly€informed€the€defendant€that€he€was€under€arrest.€€According€toÐ Ÿï Ðthe€officers,€the€defendant€resisted€all€efforts€to€place€him€under€arrest€by€kicking€and€punching€atÐ ˆØ Ðthem,€even€after€he€had€been€sprayed€by€pepper€spray.€€The€jury€was€free€to€reject€the€defendant'sÐ qÁ Ðclaim€that€he€was€unaware€of€the€officers'€identity€and€that€he€did€not€fight€back,€even€as€he€wasÐ Zª Ðbeaten.€€In€our€view,€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction.Ð C“ ÐÌÓ  ÓIIIÐ e ÐÓ  Óà  àIn€a€related€issue,€the€defendant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€instruct€theÐ þN Ðjury€on€the€issue€of€self„defense.€€While€recognizing€the€viability€of€such€a€defense,€the€state€assertsÐ ç 7 Ðthat€self„defense€was€not€fairly€raised€by€the€proof€at€trial.Ð Ð!   ÐÌà  àÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_ÔUnder€the€United€States€and€Tennessee€Constitutions,€a€defendant€has€a€constitutional€rightÐ ¢#ò" Ðto€trial€by€jury,€which€dictates€that€all€issues€of€fact€be€tried€and€determined€by€twelve€jurors.€€U.S.Ð ‹$Û# ÐConst.€amend€VI;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€1,€ðð€6;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Boboóó,€814€S.W.2d€353,€356€(Tenn.€1991);Ð t%Ä $ ÐòòWillard€v.€Stateóó,€174€Tenn.€642,€130€S.W.2d€99€(1939).Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸon#ÔÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ô€€This€right€encompasses€Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸ]p#ÔÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ôthe€defendantððsÐ ]&­!% Ðright€to€a€correct€and€complete€charge€of€the€law.€€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990).Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸ¸p#ÔÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_ԀРF'–"& ÐIn€consequence,€Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸ‹q#ÔÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ôthe€trial€court€has€a€duty€ð ðto€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€theÐ /(#' Ðfacts€of€a€case.ðð€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.€1986);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€793Ð )h$( ÐS.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€30.Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àOur€law€requires€that€all€of€the€elements€of€each€offense€be€described€and€defined€inÐ ° Ðâ âconnection€with€that€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cravensóó,€764€S.W.2d€754,€756€(Tenn.€1989).€€When€theÐ ™é Ðevidence€in€the€record€fairly€raises€or€supports€the€existence€of€a€defense,€the€trial€court€is€compelledÐ ‚Ò Ðto€instruct€the€jury€on€the€issue.€€òòManning€v.€Stateóó,€500€S.W.2d€913,€915„16€(Tenn.€1973);€òòsee€alsoóóÐ k» ÐòòAlmonrode€v.€Stateóó,€567€S.W.2d€184,€187€(Tenn.€1978).€€As€part€of€its€instruction,€the€trial€courtÐ T¤ Ðmust€inform€the€jury€that€any€reasonable€doubt€on€the€existence€of€the€defense€requires€acquittal.€Ð =  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-203(c);€òòState€v.€Bultóó,€989€S.W.2d€730,€733€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998);€òòStateÐ & v Ðv.€Shropshireóó,€874€S.W.2d€634,€639€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€This€court€has€added€that€ð ðdueÐ  _ Ðprocess€requires€that€a€criminal€defendant€be€afforded€a€meaningful€opportunity€to€present€aÐ ø H Ðcomplete€defense,€which€includes€the€right€to€have€the€jury€instructed€regarding€fundamentalÐ á 1  Ðdefenses€raised€by€the€evidence.ðð€€òòState€v.€Nevensóó,€No.€M2000„00815„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð Ê   ÐApp.€at€Nashville,€Apr.€27,€2001);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„203(c),(d).Ð ³  ÐÌà  àA€defendant€is€not€required€to€enter€a€plea€of€self„defense.€€òòSeeóó€òòMyers€v.€Stateóó,€185€Tenn.Ð …Õ  Ð264,€206€S.W.2d€30€(1947).€€In€òòMyersóó,€our€supreme€court€stated€thatÐ n¾  ÐÌà8  à"It€is€not€true,€as€an€abstract€principle€of€law,€that€a€plea€of€self-defense,€in€aÐ @ Ðprosecution€for€murder€or€manslaughter,€is€an€admission€that€the€defendant€did€theÐ )y Ðkilling.€Self-defense€is€not€a€special€plea.€It€comes€under€the€general€issue€tenderedÐ b Ðby€the€plea€of€not€guilty.€The€defendant€does€not€bear€the€burden€of€proof€that€he€orÐ ûK Ðshe€acted€in€self-defense.€The€state€has€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ ä4 Ðhomicide€was€committed€feloniously€and€therefore€not€in€self-defense."ÐÍÐ Ð  ÐòòóóÌ206€S.W.2d€at€32€(quoting€òòState€v.€Lindenóó,€154€La.€65,€97€So.€299,€300€(1923)).€€Our€high€courtÐ Ÿï Ðruled€that€although€Myers€claimed€that€his€shooting€of€the€victim€was€an€accident,€there€wasÐ ˆØ Ðevidence€from€which€the€jury€could€infer€that€he€was€acting€in€self„defense€and€thus€an€instructionÐ qÁ Ðon€the€issueòòóó€was€warranted.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àWhether€the€evidence€has€raised€a€defense€and,€therefore,€requires€a€jury€instruction€dependsÐ ,| Ðupon€an€examination€of€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€defendant.€€òòBultóó,€989€S.W.2dÐ e Ðat€733.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„611€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€as€follows:Ð þN ÐÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸóq#ÔÌà8  àà ` à(a)€€A€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€against€another€personÐ Ð!   Ðwhen€and€to€the€degree€the€person€reasonably€believes€the€force€is€immediatelyÐ ¹" ! Ðnecessary€to€protect€against€the€other's€use€or€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€TheÐ ¢#ò" Ðperson€must€have€a€reasonable€belief€that€there€is€an€imminent€danger€of€death€orÐ ‹$Û# Ðserious€bodily€injury.€The€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€or€seriousÐ t%Ä $ Ðbodily€injury€must€be€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€at€the€time,€and€must€beÐ ]&­!% Ðfounded€upon€reasonable€grounds.€There€is€no€duty€to€retreat€before€a€personÐ F'–"& Ðthreatens€or€uses€force.Ð/(#'Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ à*à0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à*à0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à*Ð)h$(È(#È(# Ðà8  àà ` à(e)€€The€threat€or€use€of€force€against€another€is€not€justified€to€resist€a€haltÐ *Q%) Ðat€a€roadblock,€arrest,€search,€or€stop€and€frisk€that€the€person€knows€is€being€madeÐ ê*:&* Ðby€a€law€enforcement€officer,€unless:ÐÓ+#'+Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(1)€€The€law€enforcement€officer€uses€or€attempts€to€use€greater€force€thanÐ ™é Ðnecessary€to€make€the€arrest,€search,€stop€and€frisk,€or€halt;€andЂÒÐ Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€€The€person€reasonably€believes€that€the€force€is€immediately€necessaryÐ T¤ Ðto€protect€against€the€law€enforcement€officer's€use€or€attempted€use€of€greater€forceÐ =  Ðthan€necessary.Ð& vÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„611(a),€(e).Ð ø H ÐÌà  àHere,€defense€counsel€requested€that€the€trial€court€instruct€the€jury€on€the€issue€of€self„Ð Ê   Ðdefense,€contending€that€if€the€jury€chose€to€accredit€a€portion€of€the€state's€proof€and€a€portion€ofÐ ³  Ðthe€defendant's€proof,€then€the€issue€had€been€fairly€raised.€€The€state€initially€argued€that€self„Ð œì  Ðdefense€was€not€a€defense€to€resisting€arrest€but€later€asserted€that€self„defense€was€inconsistent€withÐ …Õ  Ðthe€defendant's€theory€of€the€case.€€The€trial€court€refused€the€defendant's€request€for€an€instruction,Ð n¾  Ðobserving€that€it€was€the€defendant's€theory€that€he€did€not€strike€any€of€the€officers€and€had€doneÐ W§  Ðnothing€to€provoke€the€beating€that€he€received.Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€burden€of€proof€is€on€the€state€to€negate€the€existence€of€self„defense€if€it€is€raised€byÐ b Ðthe€proof.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„201(a)(3).€€Further,€the€defendant€is€not€required€to€relyÐ ûK Ðsolely€on€proof€provided€by€his€own€witnesses€to€support€a€defense€of€self„defense€and€may€rely€onÐ ä4 Ðproof€submitted€by€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„201(d).€€Our€supreme€court€hasÐ Í Ðobserved€that€Ô‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ô"[t]he€evidence,€not€the€parties,€controls€whether€an€instruction€is€required."€òòóó€òòState€v.Ð ¶ ÐAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€188€(Tenn.€2002)€(discussing€when€an€instruction€on€a€lesser€included€offenseÐ Ÿï Ðis€required).Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€each€of€the€officers€testified€that€the€defendant€fought€hard,€kicking,€punching,Ð Zª Ðand€otherwise€resisting€their€efforts€to€arrest€him.€€The€defendant€and€his€witnesses€testified€that€theÐ C“ Ðattack€was€unprovoked€and€that€the€conduct€of€the€officers€was€excessive.€€The€defendant€claimedÐ ,| Ðhe€was€initially€unaware€that€his€assailants€were€police€officers€and,"shocked"€by€their€conduct,€triedÐ e Ðto€distract€them€so€he€could€escape.€€He€stated€that€he€was€kicked,€punched,€and€sprayed€with€pepperÐ þN Ðspray€during€the€encounter.€€While€he€denied€striking€any€of€the€officers,€the€defendant€admitted€thatÐ ç 7 Ðhe€used€his€hands€to€cover€his€face,€"block[ed]"€with€his€hands,€and€"curl[ed]€up"€to€avoid€theÐ Ð!   Ðofficers'€putting€his€arms€behind€his€back.€€Certainly€there€was€some€evidence€from€which€the€juryÐ ¹" ! Ðcould€have€determined€that€the€officers€utilized€greater€force€than€was€necessary€to€place€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðdefendant€under€arrest.€€For€example,€Officer€England€admitted€kicking€the€defendant€after€he€wasÐ ‹$Û# Ðpinned€to€the€ground.€€The€jury,€as€fact„finder,€was€free€to€accredit€any€portion€of€each€witness'Ð t%Ä $ Ðtestimony€in€reaching€its€conclusion.€€In€consequence,€it€was€their€prerogative€to€conclude€that€theÐ ]&­!% Ðdefendant€fought€back€only€to€protect€himself€against€police€officers€who€had€used€more€force€thanÐ F'–"& Ðwas€necessary€to€effectuate€the€arrest.€€Under€these€circumstances,€an€instruction€on€self„defense€wasÐ /(#' Ðwarranted€and€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€charge€the€jury€on€Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸTŒ#ÔÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ôthe€issue.Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸ‰”#ÔÐ )h$( ÐÌÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ôà  àWhen€the€error€is€of€constitutional€dimensions,€as€in€this€instance,€reversal€is€required€unlessÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€989€S.W.2d€307,€314„15Ð Ó+#'+ Ð(Tenn.€1999).€€Jury€instructions€must€be€reviewed€in€the€context€of€the€overall€charge€rather€than€inÐ ° Ðisolation.€€òòSeeóó€òòSandstrom€v.€Montanaóó,€442€U.S.€510€(1979);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Phippsóó,€883€S.W.2dÐ ™é Ð138,€142€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€A€charge€is€prejudicial€error€"if,€when€read€as€a€whole,€it€failsÐ ‚Ò Ðto€fairly€submit€the€legal€issues€or€misleads€the€jury€as€to€the€applicable€law."€€òòPhippsóó,€883€S.W.2dÐ k» Ð142€(citing€òòIn€re€Estate€of€Elamóó,€738€S.W.2d€169,€174€(Tenn.€1987)).Ð T¤ ÐÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸë”#ÔÌà  àÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_ÔIn€òòState€v.€John€D.€Joslinóó,€No.€03C01„9510„CR„00299€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Sept.Ð & v Ð22,€1997),€the€defendant€was€charged€with€first€degree€murder€in€the€shooting€death€of€his€formerÐ  _ Ðemployee.€€There€was€proof€that€the€victim€had€threatened€the€defendant€on€several€occasions€priorÐ ø H Ðto€the€shooting€and,€according€to€the€defendant,€had€suddenly€stopped€his€vehicle€in€front€of€theÐ á 1  Ðdefendant,€stepped€out€of€the€vehicle,€and€placed€his€hand€in€his€pocket€as€he€walked€toward€theÐ Ê   Ðdefendant.€€The€defendant€pointed€a€gun€out€his€car€window,€warned€the€victim€to€stop,€and,€whenÐ ³  Ðthe€victim€did€not€respond,€fired€a€warning€shot€over€the€victimððs€head.€€When€the€victim€lunged,Ð œì  Ðthe€defendant€fired€a€fatal€shot.€€The€trial€court€omitted€the€phrase€"attempted€use€of€force"€from€theÐ …Õ  Ðfirst€paragraph€of€its€instruction€on€self„defense€but€used€the€phrase€later€in€the€instructions.€€ThisÐ n¾  Ðcourt€held€that€"the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€include€the€'attempted€use€of€force'€language€at€theÐ W§  Ðbeginning€of€the€instruction€was€error"€but€ruled€that€the€error€was€harmless€because€the€languageÐ @ Ðwas€included€in€another€portion€of€the€charge.Ð )y ÐÌà  àÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸ—˜#ÔIn€a€similar€case,€this€court€determined€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ ûK Ð"attempted€use€of€force"€was€not€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€omissionÐ ä4 Ð"Ô‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ôessentially€deprived€the€defendant€of€right€to€present€a€defenseÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸ3Ÿ#Ô."€€In€òòState€v.€Dennis€V.€Morganóó,€ò òÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_Ôó óNo.Ð Í ÐW2001„00125„CCA„R3„CDÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸàŸ#Ô€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€Mar.€27,€2002),€the€defendant€wasÐ ¶ Ðconvicted€of€second€degree€murder€for€shooting€an€acquaintance€in€a€parking€lot.€€At€trial,€theÐ Ÿï Ðdefendant€claimed€that€the€victim€threatened€to€kill€him€and€moved€to€get€a€weapon€from€his€vehicle.€Ð ˆØ ÐThe€trial€court€completely€omitted€the€"attempted€use€of€force"€language€from€the€jury€instructionÐ qÁ Ðon€self„defense.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€refused€to€include€an€instruction€on€self„defense,€not€only€as€toÐ ,| Ðthe€charge€of€resisting€arrest€but€also€as€to€the€two€counts€of€assault.€€The€omission€of€an€instructionÐ e Ðon€self„defense€on€each€of€the€three€counts€deprived€the€defendant€of€the€right€to€have€the€juryÐ þN Ðdetermine€a€defense€that€was€fairly€raised€by€the€proof.€€Moreover,€the€failure€to€instruct€on€the€issueÐ ç 7 Ðof€self„defense€lessened€the€state's€burden€of€proof€as€it€removed€the€requirement€that€the€state€proveÐ Ð!   Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€did€not€act€in€self„defense.€€The€jury's€verdict€ofÐ ¹" ! Ðacquittal€on€the€assault€counts€indicates€that€it€did€not€wholly€accredit€the€testimony€of€the€witnessesÐ ¢#ò" Ðfor€the€state.€€It€is€our€view,€therefore,€that€the€error€was€not€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð ‹$Û# ÐIn€consequence,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€must€be€reversed€and€the€cause€remanded€for€a€newÐ t%Ä $ Ðtrial.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌÓ  ÓIVÐ /(#' ÐÓ  Óà  àAs€his€final€issue,€the€defendant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€request€forÐ )h$( Ðjudicial€diversion.€€The€state€submits€that€the€denial€was€proper.€€Although€the€conviction€forÐ *Q%) Ðresisting€arrest€has€been€reversed€and€remanded€for€a€new€trial,€this€court€will€address€the€issue€inÐ ê*:&* Ðpart€to€facilitate€any€further€appellate€review.Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_ÔWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€theÐ ° Ðduty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€de€novo€review€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€byÐ ™é Ðthe€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€uponÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÐ k» Ðall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€òòseeóó€òòStateÐ T¤ Ðv.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€600€(Tenn.€1994).€€"If€the€trial€court€applies€inappropriate€factors€orÐ =  Ðotherwise€fails€to€follow€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€the€presumption€of€correctness€falls."€€òòState€v.Ð & v ÐSheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€CommentsÐ  _ Ðprovide€that€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ø H ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€andÐ ³  Ðsentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€pre„sentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€the€argumentsÐ œì  Ðof€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)Ð …Õ  Ðany€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;Ð n¾  Ðand€(7)€the€defendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„Ð W§  Ð103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Ð @ ÐÔ#†XÚ_X XXŸŒ¨#ÔÌà  àÔ‡XŸ XXXÚ_ÔThe€judicial€diversion€statute€provides€that€after€an€adjudication€of€guilt,€a€trial€court€mayÐ b Ðdefer€entry€of€judgment€until€a€defendant€successfully€completes€a€diversion€program€or€violates€aÐ ûK Ðcondition€of€his€release.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„313.€€If€a€defendant€is€successful,€the€statuteÐ ä4 Ðprovides€for€expungement€from€"all€official€records€.€.€.€all€recordation€relating€to€the€person's€arrest,Ð Í Ðindictment€or€information,€trial,€finding€of€guilty,€and€dismissal€and€discharge€pursuant€to€thisÐ ¶ Ðsection."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„313(b).€€The€effect€of€dismissal€under€the€diversion€statute€"isÐ Ÿï Ðto€restore€the€person,€in€the€contemplation€of€the€law,€to€the€status€the€person€occupied€before€suchÐ ˆØ Ðarrest€or€indictment€or€information."€€òòId.óóÐ qÁ ÐÌà  àA€defendant€who€meets€the€prerequisites€of€section€40„35„313(a)(1)€is€not€entitled€to€judicialÐ C“ Ðdiversion€as€a€matter€of€right.€€òòState€v.€Bonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€163,€168€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€Ð ,| ÐThe€decision€to€grant€or€deny€judicial€diversion€rests€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€courtÐ e Ðand€will€be€overturned€only€after€a€finding€of€an€abuse€of€that€discretion.€€òòId.óó€€"This€Court,€.€.€.€willÐ þN Ðnot€interfere€with€the€refusal€of€the€trial€court€to€grant€judicial€diversion€if€there€is€'any€substantialÐ ç 7 Ðevidence€to€support€the€refusal'€contained€in€the€record."€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€857€S.W.2dÐ Ð!   Ð571,€572€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)).Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà  àThe€criteria€that€the€trial€court€must€consider€in€deciding€whether€to€grant€or€deny€judicialÐ ‹$Û# Ðdiversion€include:€(a)€the€accused's€amenability€to€correction,€(b)€the€circumstances€of€the€offense,Ð t%Ä $ Ð(c)€the€accused's€criminal€record,€(d)€the€accused's€social€history,€(e)€the€status€of€the€accused'sÐ ]&­!% Ðphysical€and€mental€health,€and€(f)€the€deterrence€value€to€the€accused€as€well€as€others.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ F'–"& Ðv.€Hammersleyóó,€650€S.W.2d€352,€355€(Tenn.€1983).€€In€addition,€the€trial€court€should€determineÐ /(#' Ðwhether€judicial€diversion€will€serve€the€ends€of€justice.€€òòId.óó€€The€trial€court€must€consider€all€of€the€Ð )h$( Ðenumerated€criteriaòòóó€and€must€clearly€articulate€on€the€record€the€specific€reasons€for€itsÐ *Q%) Ðdetermination.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Herronóó,€767€S.W.2d€151,€156€(Tenn.€1989);€òòState€v.€Markhamóó,€755Ð ê*:&* ÐS.W.2d€850,€853€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).Ô#†XÚ_X XXŸ!°#ÔÔ‡ XŸ XXXÚ_Ô€€If€the€trial€court€fails€to€place€the€reason€for€the€denialÐ Ó+#'+ Ðof€diversion€on€the€record,€this€court€must€review€the€evidence€to€"'determine€whether€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðreached€the€correct€result€notwithstanding€its€failure€to€explain€its€reasoning.'"€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€LarryÐ ™é ÐEldon€Shannonóó,€No.€M2000-00985-CCA-R3-CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€July€27,€2001)Ô#†XÚ_X X XŸH»#ÔÔ‡ XŸ XXXÚ_ÔÐ ‚Ò Ð(quoting€òòState€v.€Electroplating,€Inc.óó,€990€S.W.2d€211,€229€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998)).Ð k» ÐÌÔ#†XÚ_X X XŸ6½#Ôà  àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€determined€that€most€of€the€factors€weighed€in€the€defendant'sÐ =  Ðfavor.€€Specifically,€the€trial€court€noted€that€the€defendant's€family€was€"extremely€supportive,"€thatÐ & v Ðhe€had€a€"positive"€educational€and€employment€background,€and€that€he€"does€things€that€goodÐ  _ Ðcitizens€are€expected€to€do."€€Nevertheless,€the€trial€court€denied€judicial€diversion,€observing€thatÐ ø H Ðthe€"biggest€concern"€was€the€defendant's€"refusal€to€acknowledge€or€his€inability€to€acknowledgeÐ á 1  Ðany€culpability."€€That€finding€was€based€upon€the€pre„sentence€report€wherein€the€defendant€deniedÐ Ê   Ðhaving€resisted€the€arrest.Ð ³  ÐÌà  àThis€court€has€held€that€an€admission€of€guilt€is€not€a€prerequisite€to€the€grant€of€judicialÐ …Õ  Ðdiversion.€€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€978€S.W.2d€558,€567€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€In€òòLewisóó,€this€court€ruledÐ n¾  Ðthat€the€defendant's€"continued€denial€of€guilt€should€not,€in€and€of€itself,€preclude€judicialÐ W§  Ðdiversion."€€òòId.óó€€In€consequence,€the€trial€court€here€should€not€have€based€the€denial€of€diversionÐ @ Ðon€the€defendant's€failure€to€admit€guilt.Ð )y ÐÌà  àThe€record€otherwise€suggests€that€the€pertinent€factors€tend€to€favor€a€grant€of€judicialÐ ûK Ðdiversion.€€The€twenty„five„year„old€defendant€is€married€and€supports€his€child€from€a€previousÐ ä4 Ðmarriage.€€He€has€no€prior€criminal€history€and€has€an€excellent€employment€history.€€At€the€timeÐ Í Ðof€the€trial,€the€defendant€was€completing€his€college€education€and€had€been€named€to€the€Dean'sÐ ¶ ÐList.€€Because,€the€defendant€is€entitled€to€a€new€trial,€any€adjudication€on€this€issue€by€this€courtÐ Ÿï Ðwould€be€premature€and,€perhaps,€advisory.€€òòSeeóó€òòDotson€v.€Blakeóó,€29€S.W.3d€26€(Tenn.€2000)Ð ˆØ Ð(issuance€of€advisory€opinions€improper).€€Nevertheless,€had€the€defendant€been€properly€convicted,Ð qÁ Ðthe€record,€as€it€now€appears,€does€not€indicate€any€basis€for€the€denial€of€judicial€diversion.Ð Zª ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà  àBecause€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€provide€an€instruction€on€self„defense€andÐ ,| Ðbecause€the€error€cannot€be€classified€as€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€defendant'sÐ e Ðconviction€for€resisting€arrest€is€reversed€and€the€cause€is€remanded€for€a€new€trial.€€While€the€trialÐ þN Ðcourt€erred€by€denying€judicial€diversion€solely€on€the€basis€of€the€defendant's€continuing€denial€ofÐ ç 7 Ðguilt,€an€adjudication€ordering€the€imposition€of€judicial€diversion€at€this€time,€absent€anyÐ Ð!   Ðconviction,€would€be€premature.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð t%Ä $ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE