ÿWPC; ­œ‡ú«1p¦ÓFd¼}¾ °ÑU÷7Éèú¦Žå¤HãL‡¯Â0TL,æÆ .ÎR±+÷Öh_òsHËlhÅ)!î§X}W7™¨—¾®-EÎCˆÕåÙôÓí‚.Æ©‰Ê!ߊVÜC…·Öµ5”Ì Å–§/¶©8™?;Ýö®¼.ðÐK MV—Ÿ·EL-ÛwÅ{Þå´MÂíNæÚÛæËi Þ€dB$Üz‘ÁÕÝeæ”ÈàplœtÕØ*ƒ½ÇƒœIéPŽöfeRB'¿…›·)cágoJF!ÆÂ™tT þÕz8uzÙþÌ5€&i@í~‹Ïh«äړ³{Ì[£"“Tºü1؃¡V•Ì k›Pú@Üé\|:ýLòx4Wp?¿bæßä·¼O@™LÖPµ™È,´ìè+]Ûpª‚f™tq¯vß³–…ØmI­ôj9ôdø)# >UNI %— 0(U:Åbÿw@4G[jj 0ÔÔ 0‚¨ y* AQ£ U:ô U:. U:h )¢ U:ËË B Æ* 0Dð 0D4 0Dxx D/¼¼ Bë D3˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù- ‡UˆD‰Š{‹ŒE[ŽDÓ€›n~<$mes Ne3|x› `Ý ƒ wÂ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XœXXXÔÔ€&œR &XXœÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ý€€The€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€also€applied€factor€(16),€which€is€that€theÐ `  Ðcrime€was€committed€under€circumstances€in€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€wasÏgreat.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(16).€€However,€from€a€reading€of€the€record,€it€does€notÏappear€that€the€trial€court€applied€this€factor€when€sentencing€the€Defendant.€€Therefore,€weÏhave€not€considered€it€in€our€review.€€(‚*2¤2$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X¸‚XXXÔÔ€&¬(&XX¸‚ÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€(A ¶$Ô€XX6XXXÔÔ€ŠSŠXXX6ÔòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó oÝ ƒ wÂ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XœXXXÔÔ€&œR &XXœÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ý€€We€note€that€some€facts€which€may€have€been€used€to€uphold€application€of€factorÐ `  Ð(5)€in€this€case€may€have€been€related€to€the€commission€of€the€rape,€although€it€is€unclear€fromÏa€reading€of€the€record€precisely€which€facts€the€trial€judge€relied€upon€in€applying€theÏexceptional€cruelty€factor.€€As€we€have€previously€mentioned,€the€Defendant€was€tried€andÏconvicted€in€our€jurisdiction€only€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping. !"#%Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regularï"Arial Regular Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X4!XXXÔÔ€ËNXX4!ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X4!XËNÔÐ  ÐÌò òNovember€10,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô ôXX4!ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular dƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýññ›ññÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€Š ŠXXÔÔ€Š“1ŠŠŠ ÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€,ÒXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òñ›ñññßr€(<,(j 8` `€€@Eôf ` ttx$,` ð Úrßñññ›ññ›ññ›ññ›ñññ›ñññ›ññ›ññ›ññ›ñ›ñ›ññ›ñ›ñ›ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€JACKSONÌñ›ñœßt€(>.*jx2»` `€€@E& ` ttx$^` N tß›ñ›ñÌAUGUST€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À à)à  àC.C.A.€NO.€02C01„9801„CR„00007Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellee,à  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àSHELBY€COUNTYÐ `  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHON.€JOSEPH€B.€DAILEYó óÐ `  Ðò òWALTER€JOHNSON,ó óà h àà À àò ò)à  àJUDGEó óÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò ò)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  àó ó(Especially€Aggravated€Kidnapping)ò òÐ ` Ðó óÌÌÓ  Óò òON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÐ Pð ÐCRIMINAL€COURT€OF€SHELBY€COUNTYó óÐ Pð ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà  àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð @ à ÐÌROBERT€C.€BROOKSà h àà À àà  àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ 0"Ð Ð707€Adams€Avenueà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ (#È ÐMemphis,€TN€38177Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àELIZABETH€T.€RYANÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€5th€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€L.€GIBBONSÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€M.€LAMMEYÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCriminal€Justice€Complex,€Suite€301Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à201€Poplar€œStreet›€œÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àMemphis,›€TN€38103ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ  x8/09 ÐÓ  ÓÔ€°º8°ŠŠ“1Ôò òòòÑ7€ÃˆˆdXXdð7ÑOPINIONóóó óÔ€Š“1а°º8ÔÐ `  ÐÌÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà ` àOn€May€1,€1997,€the€Defendant,€Walter€Johnson,€was€convicted€by€aÏShelby€County€jury€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€was€subsequentlyÏsentenced€to€twenty„five€years€as€a€Range€I€offender.€€The€Defendant€nowÏappeals€his€conviction€and€sentence€as€of€right,€pursuant€to€Rule€3€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÏcourt.ÌÌà ` àOn€appeal,€the€Defendant€presents€three€issues€for€review:€(1)€whether€theÏin„court€identification€of€the€Defendant€was€tainted€by€an€unduly€suggestiveÏlineup;€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€properly€allowed€proof€of€the€rape€of€the€victimÏduring€the€Defendantððs€trial€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping;€and€(3)€whetherÏthe€trial€court€properly€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€twenty„five€years€for€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnapping.ÌÌà ` àOn€January€27,€1994,€between€œnoon›€and€one€oððclock€p.m.,€the€victim€in€thisÏcase,€Joyce€Davis,€stopped€on€her€way€home€to€use€a€pay€phone€on€McLemoreÏStreet€in€Memphis.€€While€she€was€using€the€phone,€the€œDefendant,›€whom€sheÏdid€not€know,€pulled€up€in€a€red€pick„up€truck€and€asked€how€she€was€doing.€€SheÏresponded€that€she€was€fine.€€The€Defendant€then€got€out€of€the€truck,€walkedÏover€to€her,€touched€her€with€a€knife,€and€told€her,€ð ðI€think€you€need€to€get€in€myÏtruck.ðð€€Fearful,€the€victim€followed€his€commands.Ìâ âÐ Î6n-. Ðà ` àThe€Defendant€escorted€the€victim€to€the€passenger€side€of€his€truck,€andÏâ âbefore€he€shut€the€door,€he€tore€the€knob€œfrom›€the€window€lever€and€threw€it€onÏthe€floorboard.€€Once€inside€the€truck,€the€victim€noticed€that€the€passenger€sideÏdoor€handle€had€also€been€removed.€€The€Defendant€proceeded€to€drive€theÏtruck€across€a€bridge€to€Arkansas.€€During€the€drive,€the€Defendant€asked€theÏvictim€to€raise€up€her€skirt€so€that€he€could€see€her€legs.€€In€Arkansas,€they€droveÏon€a€dirt€road€to€a€secluded€spot,€where€they€stopped.€€The€Defendant€turned€toÏthe€victim€and€said,€ð ðBitch,€Iððm€going€to€kill€you.ðð€€The€victim€began€to€cry,€and€theÏDefendant€told€her€to€stop€crying€so€that€she€would€not€arouse€the€suspicions€ofÏthe€police€should€they€drive€by€or€stop.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€had€the€victim€place€one€leg€on€the€floorboard€and€the€otherÏon€the€seat€of€the€truck,€and€he€tore€her€pantyhose.€€His€penis€was€outside€of€hisÏœpants;›€and€as€he€tore€the€victimððs€pantyhose,€he€was€ejaculating.€€He€stated,Ïð ðWhat€is€a€piece€of€p____y€compared€to€your€life.ðð€€He€performed€cunnilingus€onÏthe€œvictim›€and€then€penetrated€her,€holding€to€the€back€of€her€neck€a€knife,€whichÏthe€victim€described€at€trial€as€having€a€black€handle€and€a€long€blade.ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€penetrated€the€victim€for€approximately€thirty€minutes€butÏstopped€the€rape€when€he€heard€another€car€approaching.€€The€DefendantÏemerged€from€the€truck€to€relieve€himself,€leaving€the€knife€on€the€dash€of€theÏtruck.€€When€he€got€back€into€the€truck,€he€drove€to€another€location.€€At€theÏsecond€location,€evidently€the€truck€almost€got€stuck,€and€the€Defendant€decidedÏto€take€the€victim€home.€€At€that€time,€the€Defendant€placed€the€knife€in€the€sunÏvisor€above€his€head.€€ÌÐ Ð9p02 Ðà ` àDuring€the€abduction€and€rape,€the€Defendant€referred€to€himself€severalÏtimes€as€ð ðWillie.ðð€€Several€times€he€told€the€victim,€ð ðCall€me€Mr.€Willie.ðð€€One€itemÏof€evidence€introduced€at€trial€was€a€piece€of€paper€taken€from€the€DefendantððsÏresidence€on€which€the€œwords›€ð ðWillie€call€œmeðð›€were€written.€€ÌÌà ` àOn€the€way€back€to€Memphis,€the€Defendant€apologized€for€raping€theÏvictim€and€asked€if€she€had€been€raped€before.€€Although€the€Defendant€believedÏthat€he€was€taking€the€victim€to€her€own€home,€the€victim€had€the€Defendant€dropÏher€off€at€a€neighborððs€house€instead.€€The€Defendant€€ordered€her€not€to€call€theÏpolice€and€then€backed€the€truck€down€the€street.€€The€victim€was€able€to€seeÏthree€of€the€digits€on€the€truckððs€license€plate€as€he€backed€down€the€street.€€SheÏtestified€at€trial€that€she€had€seen€the€numbers€ð ð363,ðð€although€she€also€admittedÏthat€she€was€not€entirely€sure€she€remembered€the€correct€numbers.€€After€theÏDefendant€left,€the€victim€went€inside,€called€the€œpolice,›€and€was€taken€to€theÏRape€Crisis€Center,€where€she€submitted€to€medical€testing.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€Ìà ` àThe€victim€told€police€that€the€Defendantððs€truck€had€the€word€ð ðFordðð€on€theÏoutside€and€the€word€ð ðRangerðð€on€the€inside.€€She€described€it€as€having€a€redÏexterior€and€some€white€trim,€a€darker€panel€on€the€driverððs€front€side€near€theÏfender,€and€torn€seats€in€the€interior.€€She€described€her€perpetrator€as€ð ða€maleÏblack,€approximately€200€pounds€with€a€heavy€build,€a€full€gray€beard,€a€blueÏflannel€shirt,€blue€jeans,€and€some€type€of€green€shoes.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àA€few€days€after€the€abduction€and€rape,€the€victim€saw€the€DefendantÏdriving€in€the€same€truck,€and€she€went€into€a€nearby€store€to€call€the€police.€€OnÏthis€occasion,€she€was€able€to€take€down€the€full€license€tag€œnumber,ððYHN„633,ðð›Ð Ð9p02 Ðwhich€she€relayed€to€the€police.€€However,€evidently€the€victim€was€mistakenÏabout€the€œtag,›€because€the€license€numbers€that€she€provided€belonged€to€aÏ1985€Ford€pick„up€which€was€not€red€and€which€was€registered€to€a€man€namedÏVictor€McGee.Ìà ` àÌà ` àOn€August€18,€1994,€a€Memphis€police€officer€who€was€working€on€theÏinvestigation€in€this€case€received€information€that€he€could€find€the€DefendantÏnear€Vance€and€Orleans€streets€around€six€oððclock€a.m.€€The€officer€went€to€theÏarea€at€that€hour€but€had€no€luck€finding€the€Defendant.€€He€returned€theÏfollowing€morning€at€the€same€time€and€saw€a€red€pick„up€truck€with€ladder€racksÏon€the€top€driven€by€a€man€who€matched€the€description€of€the€victimððs€assailant.ÏThe€license€plate€on€the€vehicle€was€ð ðYHW„363.ðð€€When€he€stopped€the€vehicle,Ïthe€officer€noted€and€photographed€a€knife€which€was€stuck€in€the€sun€visorÏabove€the€driverððs€seat.€€He€then€arrested€the€driver,€whom€he€identified€as€theÏDefendant,€Walter€Johnson.€ÌÌà ` àThe€police€conducted€two€separate€lineups€in€which€the€DefendantÏparticipated.€€Ms.€Davis€was€present€at€the€second€lineup€and€picked€theÏDefendant€out€of€the€lineup€as€her€assailant.€€At€the€police€station,€she€alsoÏidentified€the€Defendantððs€truck€as€the€vehicle€driven€by€her€assailant.ÌÌÓ  ÓI.€€MOTION€TO€SUPPRESS€IN„COURT€IDENTIFICATIONÌÓß&Óà ` àThe€Defendant€first€argues€that€the€victimððs€in„court€identification€of€him€as€Ïher€abductor€and€rapist€was€tainted€by€an€unduly€suggestive€lineup.€€He€arguesÏâ âthat€although€the€trial€court€did€suppress€the€lineup€identification,€the€court€erredÐ à7€.0 Ðin€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€the€victimððs€in„court€identification€of€him.€€HeÏcontends€that€this€error€resulted€in€a€violation€of€his€due€process€rights.Ìâ âÌ€€à ` àThe€Defendant€points€to€the€fact€that€he€was€the€only€person€in€the€lineupÐ 0Ð Ðwho€had€a€full,€salt„and„pepper€beard€and€salt„and„pepper€hair.€€He€thereforeÏasserts€that€he€was€the€only€suspect€in€the€lineup€who€completely€matched€theÏdescription€of€the€perpetrator€provided€by€the€victim.€€The€Defendant€argues€thatÏthe€lineup€ð ðwas€so€extraordinarily€suggestive€that€it€created€a€virtual€certainty€ofÏirreparable€misidentification.ðð€€He€contends€that€the€lineup€thus€tainted€theÏvictimððs€in„court€identification€of€him€as€her€perpetrator.ÌÌà ` àOn€a€motion€to€suppress,€deference€is€given€to€the€trial€court€to€assess€theÏcredibility€of€the€witnesses€and€determine€issues€of€fact,€and€the€prevailing€partyÏis€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928Ð "0 ÐS.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€findings€of€fact€of€the€trial€court€at€aÏsuppression€hearing€will€not€be€disturbed€on€appeal€unless€the€evidence€in€theÏrecord€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòId.Ð `(  ÐÌà ` àóóThe€law€in€Tennessee€concerning€lineup€procedures€is€quite€clear.€€ð ðAÐ @,à"$ Ðdefendantððs€due€process€rights€may€be€violated€by€a€lineup€if€the€identificationÏprocedure€was€so€suggestive€as€to€give€rise€to€ðða€very€substantial€likelihood€ofÏirreparable€identification.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Larry€Blairóó,€No.€01C01„9703„CR„€00084,€1998Ð 2°(* ÐWL€158750,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Apr.€7,€1998)€(quoting€òòSimmonsÐ 4 *, Ðv.€United€Statesóó,€390€U.S.€377,€384€œ(1968)).›€€ð ðA€pretrial€confrontation€œprocedure›Ð ð5,. Ðâ âmay€be€unlawful€if€it€is€unnecessarily€suggestive€and€conducive€to€irreparableÐ à7€.0 Ðmistaken€identification€under€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Philpottóó,Ð `  Ð882€S.W.2d€394,€399€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Ìâ  Ìà ` àHowever,€ð ð[e]ven€when€pretrial€identification€procedures€are€found€to€beÏsuggestive,€out„of„court€and€in„court€identifications€may€still€be€admissible.€€TheÏinquiry€is€whether€the€identification€was€reliable€even€though€the€procedure€wasÏsuggestive.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€400;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€795€S.W.2d€689,€694€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð    ÐApp.€1990).€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€set€forth€five€factors€to€beÏconsidered€when€evaluating€the€propriety€of€the€identification€process.€€òòNeil€v.Ð à€ ÐBiggersóó,€409€U.S.€188,€199„200€(1972);€òòBennett€v.€Stateóó,€530€S.W.2d€511,€514€Ð Ðp Ð(Tenn.€1975).€€They€are€ð ð[1]€the€opportunity€of€the€witness€to€view€the€criminal€atÏthe€time€of€the€crime,€[2]€the€witnessðð€degree€of€attention,€[3]€the€accuracy€of€theÏwitnessðð€prior€description€of€the€criminal,€[4]€the€level€of€certainty€demonstratedÏby€the€witness€at€the€confrontation,€and€[5]€the€length€of€time€between€the€crimeÏand€the€confrontation.ðð€€òòNeilóó,€409€U.S.€at€199„200.Ð €$  ÐÌà ` àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€suppressed€the€lineup€identification€butÏoverruled€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€victimððs€in„court€identification.€ÏThe€trial€judge€stated€that€he€ð ðwas€satisfied€that€[the€victimððs]€in„courtÏidentification€was€based€on€her€recollection€of€the€events€and€not€on€refreshingÏof€any€memory€as€a€result€of€the€lineup€that€took€place.ðð€€We€agree€with€the€trialÏcourtððs€decision€to€exclude€the€lineup€identification€at€trial€because€of€itsÏsuggestive€nature.€€However,€we€cannot€agree€with€the€Defendant€that€theÏsuggestive€lineup€tainted€the€victimððs€in„court€identification€of€her€perpetrator.€Ìâ âÐ à7€.0 Ðà ` àApplying€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€standard€and€the€five€factorsÏâ âenumerated€above,€we€find€that€the€victimððs€in„court€identification€of€theÏDefendant€as€her€assailant€was€sufficiently€reliable.€€With€regard€to€factor€one,Ïthe€victimððs€opportunity€to€view€her€assailant,€the€victim€in€this€case€spentÏapproximately€two€hours€during€the€middle€of€the€day€with€her€assailant,€whoÏmade€no€attempt€to€conceal€his€identity.€€Factor€two€is€the€degree€of€attention€theÏvictim€paid€to€her€assailant.€€Like€the€victim€in€òòNeil€v.€Biggersóó,€the€victim€in€thisÐ    Ðcase€ð ðwas€no€casual€observer,€but€rather€the€victim€of€one€of€the€most€personallyÏhumiliating€of€all€crimes.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€200.€€The€entire€encounter,€including€the€rape,Ð à€ Ðlasted€approximately€two€hours,€giving€the€victim€ample€time€and€cause€to€payÏclose€attention€to€her€assailant.€€Factor€three€is€the€degree€of€accuracy€of€theÏvictimððs€description.€€In€this€case,€the€description€the€victim€gave€to€the€police€ofÏher€assailant€was€detailed€and€accurate.€€She€also€described€the€DefendantððsÏtruck€with€great€detail€and€even€provided€the€police€a€strikingly€similar€licenseÏplate€number€to€that€on€the€Defendantððs€truck.€€With€regard€to€factor€four,€theÏvictim€expressed€absolutely€no€doubt€in€court€or€at€any€other€time€as€to€theÏidentity€of€her€assailant.€€Finally,€factor€five€is€the€only€factor€that€couldÏconceivably€weigh€against€the€reliability€of€the€victimððs€identification€since€thereÏwas€a€three„year€lag€between€the€crime€and€the€trial.€€However,€in€light€of€theÏtotality€of€the€circumstances€and€the€other€four€factors,€we€believe€that€this€factorÏdid€not€substantially€affect€the€victimððs€ability€to€correctly€identify€the€DefendantÏas€her€assailant.€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÓ  Ó€€òòà @` àóóII.€€PROOF€OF€THE€RAPEÐ ð5,. ÐÓ½>Óà ` àThe€Defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€limiting€theÏproof€of€rape.€€While€the€kidnapping€in€this€case€took€place€in€Tennessee,€theÐ Ð9p02 Ðactual€rape€of€the€victim€took€place€in€Arkansas.€€Therefore,€the€Defendant€wasÏnot€tried€for€rape€in€Tennessee.€€Basing€his€decision€on€Rule€403€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€the€trial€judge€decided€to€allow€evidence€of€theÏrape€during€the€Defendantððs€trial€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€concludingÏthat€the€probative€value€of€the€rape€testimony€outweighed€any€prejudicial€effectÏit€might€have.€€He€determined€that€evidence€of€the€rape€was€not€only€relevant€toÏa€determination€of€the€victimððs€credibility,€but€also€inseparable€from€theÏkidnapping€evidence€in€this€case.ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€probative€value€of€the€rape€testimony€wasÏsubstantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€theÏissues,€and€misleading€the€jury.€€He€contends€that€the€trial€court€allowed€theÏvictim€to€recount€too€many€details€of€the€rape,€which€shocked€and€horrified€theÏjury,€ð ðeffectively€turning€what€was€technically€a€trial€for€kidnaping€in€to€[sic]€whatÏwas,€for€all€practical€purposes,€a€trial€for€rape.ðð€€The€Defendant€contends€that€theÏtrial€courtððs€decision€to€allow€œdetailed›€rape€testimony€was€an€abuse€of€discretion.ÌÌà ` àIn€Tennessee,€evidence€is€deemed€relevant€if€it€has€ð ðany€tendency€to€makeÏthe€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€actionÏmore€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€€Tenn.ÏR.€Evid.€401.€€However,€relevant€evidence€ð ðmay€be€excluded€if€its€probative€valueÏis€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€theÏissues,€or€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undue€delay,€waste€of€time,Ïor€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€Thus,Ïunder€Rule€403,€prejudicial€evidence€is€not€automatically€excluded;€in€order€forÏit€to€be€excluded,€its€probative€value€must€be€ð ðòòsubstantiallyóó€outweighedðð€by€itsÐ Ð9p02 Ðprejudicial€effect.€€(Emphasis€added.)€€As€this€Court€has€previously€noted,€ð ð[a]nyÏevidence€which€tends€to€establish€the€guilt€of€an€accused€is€highly€prejudicial€toÏthe€accused,€but€this€does€not€mean€that€the€evidence€is€inadmissible€as€a€matterÏof€law.ðð€€òòState€v.€Dulsworthóó,€781€S.W.2d€277,€287€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€Ð 0Ð ÐÌà ` àThe€determination€of€whether€evidence€is€relevant,€and€if€so,€whether€itÏshould€be€excluded€under€Rule€403€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€isÏwithin€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€judge.€€òòState€v.€Williamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€69,Ð ð  Ð78€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€885€S.W.2d€357,€361€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Ð à€ Ð1994).€€ð ðIn€deciding€these€issues,€the€trial€court€must€consider,€among€otherÏthings,€the€questions€of€fact€that€the€jury€will€have€to€consider€in€determining€theÏaccusedððs€guilt€as€well€as€other€evidence€that€has€been€introduced€during€theÏcourse€of€the€trial.ðð€€òòWilliamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€78.€œ€This›€Court€will€not€overturnÐ   @ Ða€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€Rule€403€issue€absent€a€clear€showing€of€abuse€ofÏdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Hayesóó,€899€S.W.2d€175,€183€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€œ1995);›€òòStateóóÐ €$  Ðòòv.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€806€(Tenn.€1994).Ð p& М̛à ` àIn€this€case,€when€ruling€in€favor€of€admitting€evidence€of€the€rape,€the€trial€œÌñ„ñÌñ„ñjudge›€stated:€Ìœñ…ñÌñ…ññ†ñÓÓñ†ñ›à8 ` à[T]he€burden€on€the€State€is€to€convince€the€jury,€to€prove€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt€and€to€do€so€by€convincing€the€jury€that€thisÏvictim€is€a€credible€witness.€.€.€.€And€so€to€the€extent€to€which€thisÏwitness€can€articulate€what€happened€to€her,€and€the€details€of€whatÏhappened,€and€the€accuracy€of€what€happened€will€go€a€long€wayÏin€convincing€the€jury€that€she€is€to€be€believed.€€This€is€a€JanuaryÏðð94€event.€€And€so€I€think€itððs€important€to€allow€this€witness€toÏexplain€as€much€detail€as€she€can€to€convince€the€jury€that€she€stillÏremembers€what€went€on€over€three€years€œago.ñ‡ñÐ ` ü!` ü! Ðñ‡ñ›Ìâ âÐ à7€.0 ÐÓÓIt€is€clear€from€the€foregoing€that€the€trial€court€was€aware€of€the€prejudicial€effectÏâ âof€the€rape€testimony,€but€balanced€it€against€the€probative€value€of€the€œtestimony›Ïand€concluded€that€it€was€necessary€to€the€case.€€Viewing€the€case€as€a€whole,Ïwe€cannot€agree€with€the€Defendant€that€the€trial€judge€abused€his€discretion€inÏadmitting€evidence€of€the€rape.ÌÌÓ  ÓœñˆñÐ     ÐñˆñIII.›€€SENTENCINGÌÓ™QÓà ` àThe€Defendant€next€contends€that€œthe€trial›€court€improperly€sentenced€himÏto€twenty„five€years€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€He€argues€that€theÏcourt€should€not€have€applied€the€following€enhancement€factors€whenÏsentencing€him:€Ìñ‡ñœñ‡ñÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ à(1)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÏconvictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€toÏestablish€the€appropriate€range;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€à8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àИ!8¸ ¤¸ ¤ Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(5)€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treatedÏwith€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(6)€The€personal€injuries€inflicted€upon€.€.€.€the€victim€[were]Ïparticularly€great;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(7)€The€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratifyÏthe€defendantððs€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(10)€The€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÏcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌœTenn.›€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(5),€(6),€(7),€(10).œ×ƒ ×Ý ƒ  ¶ÝÔ€Šã_ŠŠŠã_ÔÔ€Šã_ŠŠŠã_ÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  כР8-Ø#% МÓÓÌ›à ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€the€manner€of€serviceÏof€a€sentence,€this€court€has€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentenceÐ 2°(* Ðwith€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€Ð 4 *, МòòId.óóñŠñ€ñŠñ€ñ‰ñððñ‰ññ‹ñ€40„35„401(d).€€ñ‹ñThis€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÐ `  Ðshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÏall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.óó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169Ð @ à Ð(Tenn.€1991).€€ÌÌà ` àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider:€(a)Ð °  Ðthe€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing;€(b)€theÏpresentence€report;€(c)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€toÏsentencing€alternatives;€(d)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conductÏinvolved;€(e)€any€statutory€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors;€(f)€any€statementÏthat€the€defendant€made€on€his€own€behalf;€and€(g)€the€potential€or€lack€ofÏpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€„¼210;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€If€ourÐ   @ Ðreview€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,Ïimposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€and€properÏweight€to€the€factors€and€principles€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€and€that€theÏtrial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€we€mayÏnot€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€different€result.€€òòStateÐ P*ð " Ðv.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð @,à"$ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓA.€€High€Risk€to€Human€LifeóóÐ  0À&( ÐÓ_Óà ` àWe€first€find€that€enhancement€factor€(10),€which€provides€that€ð ð[t]heÏdefendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€lifeÏwas€high,ðð€was€improperly€applied.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).€€ThisÏfactor€is€essential€to€the€crime€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€In€òòManningÐ à7€.0 Ðv.€Stateóó,€this€Court€differentiated€between€crimes€requiring€ð ðthat€the€criminalÐ Ð9p02 Ðactivity€be€ððaccomplished€by€the€use€of€a€deadly€weaponðððð€and€those€requiringÏonly€ð ðthat€the€defendant€be€ððarmed€with€a€deadly€weapon.ðððð€€883€S.W.2d€635,€640Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€This€Court€concluded€that€statutes€including€theÏphrase,€ð ðarmed€with€a€deadly€weapon,ðð€ð ðdo€not€require€that€the€weapon€beÏactually€employed€in€the€commission€of€the€offenseðð€and€therefore€warrantÏapplication€of€enhancement€factor€(10).€€òòId.óó;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Kernóó,€909€S.W.2d€5,€7Ð °  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).ÌÌà ` àOur€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€statute€employs€the€followingÏlanguage:€ð ðEspecially€aggravated€kidnapping€is€false€imprisonment€.€.€.Ï[a]ccomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€by€display€of€any€article€used€orÏfashioned€to€lead€the€victim€to€believe€it€to€be€a€deadly€weapon€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„305(1).€€There€is€necessarily€a€high€risk€to€human€lifeÏwhenever€a€deadly€weapon€is€used.€€Therefore,€we€find€that€enhancement€factorÏ(10)€was€improperly€applied€in€sentencing€the€Defendant.Ì€€€€€ÌòòÓ  ÓB.€€Exceptional€CrueltyóóÐ `(  ÐÓteÓà ` àIn€addition,€we€find€that€there€was€not€sufficient€evidence€in€this€case€toÏuphold€application€of€enhancement€factor€(5),€that€the€defendant€treated€theÏvictim€with€exceptional€cruelty€in€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„Ð 0.Ð$& Ð114(5).€€The€statute€specifically€requires€a€showing€of€ð ðexceptionalðð€cruelty,€whichÏis€usually€found€in€cases€of€abuse€or€torture.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€825€S.W.2dÐ 2°(* Ð109,€113€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991);€òòState€v.€Haynesóó,€720€S.W.2d€76,€80€(Tenn.Ð 4 *, ÐCrim.€App.€1994).€€A€showing€of€exceptional€cruelty€under€the€statute€requiresÏsomething€beyond€that€needed€to€effectuate€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Embryóó,€915Ð à7€.0 ÐS.W.2d€451,€456€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€€Ð Ð9p02 Їà ` àIn€òòManning€v.€Stateóó,€the€cruelty€factor€was€found€not€applicable€in€a€caseÐ `  Ðin€which€the€Defendant€abducted€the€victim€and€forced€her€to€participate€in€fourÏsexual€acts€while€holding€a€knife€to€her€person,€using€abusive€language€towardÏher,€and€making€threats€to€harm€her.€€883€S.W.2d€at€639.€€This€Court€also€foundÏthe€exceptional€cruelty€factor€did€not€apply€in€a€case€in€which€the€defendantÏentered€the€victimððs€apartment,€pushed€her€into€the€bathtub,€and€hit€her€in€theÏmouth€causing€injuries.€€òòState€v.€David€Patrick€Pearsonóó,€No.€03C01„9103„CR„87,Ð    Ð1992€WL€70547,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Apr.€9,€1992),€òòaffððd€in€partÐ ð  Ðand€remanded€for€resentencingóó,€858€S.W.2d€879€(Tenn.€1993)€(on€appeal,€theÐ à€ ÐTennessee€Supreme€Court€did€not€specifically€address€the€exceptional€crueltyÏfactor€but€upheld€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€with€regard€toÏenhancement€and€mitigation€factors.).€€ð ðIn€òòState€v.€Edwardsóó,€868€S.W.2d€682Ð °P Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€this€[C]ourt€rejected€this€enhancement€factor€for€a€rapeÏconviction€in€which€the€defendant€ððgagged,€threatened€and€struck€the€victimðð€whileÏcommitting€the€offense.€€The€court€held€that€the€crime€was€ððcruel€but€notÏexceptionally€so,€so€as€to€warrant€application€of€the€exceptional€crueltyÏenhancement€factor.ðððð€€òòEmbryóó,€915€S.W.2d€at€456.Ð `(  ÐÌà ` àClearly,€the€victim€has€suffered€a€great€deal€of€emotional€pain€and€anguishÏas€a€result€of€her€assault.€€As€this€Court€has€previously€noted,€ð ð[a]nytime€that€anÏindividual€is€raped€exceptional€cruelty€has€been€perpetrated€upon€the€victim€in€theÏeyes€of€this€Court.€.€.€.€The€crime€of€rape€.€.€.€is€always€a€cruel,€ruthless,€andÏatrocious€crime.€€Rapists€dehumanize€their€victims€and€generally€inflictÏeverlasting€scars€on€their€lives.ðð€€òòPearsonóó,€1992€WL€70547,€at€*5.€€Not€only€didÐ ð5,. Ðthe€victim€suffer€the€dehumanizing€experience€of€rape,€but€she€was€alsoÏabducted€at€knife€point,€threatened€with€her€life,€and€driven€to€a€secluded€spot€inÐ Ð9p02 Ðanother€state€to€suffer€her€fate,€all€of€which€is€the€basis€for€the€crime€for€which€theÏDefendant€was€convicted€in€the€court€below.€€ÌÌà ` àWe€acknowledge€that€the€crime€committed€against€the€victim€in€this€caseÏwas€especially€cruel.€€It€is€for€this€reason€that€the€legislature€has€classified€theÏcrime€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€as€a€Class€A€felony,€the€most€seriousÏcrime€under€our€law€excepting€only€those€crimes€which€potentially€carry€the€deathÏpenalty.€€While€fully€recognizing€the€severity€of€this€crime,€we€are€unable€toÏconclude€that€the€record€supports€application€of€enhancement€factor€(5).€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).׃ ×Ý ƒ  ¶ÝÔ€Šã_ŠŠŠã_ÔÔ€Šã_ŠŠŠã_ÔòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Although€we€certainly€do€not€intend€to€belittle€theÐ Ðp Ðimpact€of€this€crime€on€the€victim,€we€do€not€believe€that€the€harm€inflicted€uponÏthe€victim€in€this€case€rises€to€the€level€of€ð ðexceptional€crueltyðð€€prescribed€by€ourÏstatute.Ì€ÌòòÓ  ÓC.€Other€Enhancement€FactorsóóÐ €$  ÐÓ©uÓà ` àDespite€the€trial€courtððs€misapplication€of€factors€(5)€and€(10),€based€uponÏthe€other€facts€in€this€case,€we€do€not€hesitate€to€uphold€the€sentence€imposedÏupon€the€Defendant.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„114(5),€(10).€€Enhancement€factor€(1)€requiresÐ P*ð " Ðthat€the€court€consider€the€defendantððs€past€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÏbehavior.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„114(1).€€The€Defendant€in€this€case€has€been€arrestedÐ 0.Ð$& Ðmany€times,€although€his€presentence€report€does€not€provide€clearÏdocumentation€of€all€charges€and€convictions.€€It€is€clear,€however,€from€theÏpresentence€report€that€in€1979€the€Defendant€was€convicted€of€murder€in€theÐ 4 *, Ðfirst€degree€and€that€the€Defendant€was€also€convicted€of€robbery€in€1971.€€ThisÏevidence€is€clearly€sufficient€to€warrant€application€of€enhancement€factor€(1).ÌÌà ` àEnhancement€factor€(6)€requires€that€the€court€consider€whether€theÏpersonal€injuries€inflicted€upon€the€victim€were€particularly€great.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„Ð  À Ð114(6).€€This€factor€is€not€applicable€to€a€crime€involving€serious€bodily€injuryÏbecause€it€is€considered€an€essential€element€of€such€a€crime.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð    ÐCroweóó,€914€S.W.2d€933€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Although€serious€bodily€injuryÐ ð  Ðmay€be€an€element€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€Defendant€in€thisÏcase€was€charged€because€of€his€ð ðuse€of€a€deadly€weapon.ðð€€The€indictmentÏdoes€not€charge€the€Defendant€with€the€infliction€of€serious€bodily€injury€on€theÏvictim€during€the€commission€of€the€kidnapping.€€Therefore,€enhancement€factorÏ(6)€may€be€applied€here.€€In€applying€this€factor,€the€trial€judge€read€the€victimððsÏimpact€statement€for€the€record€and€concluded,€ð ð[T]he€damage€that€was€done€inÏthis€specific€case€.€.€.€was€extensive€and€far„reaching.€€Virtually€destroyed€thisÏwomanððs€mental€health,€stability,€family€life.ðð€€After€reviewing€the€record,€we€agreeÏthat€factor€(6)€was€properly€applied€in€sentencing€the€Defendant.ñŒñ€€òòId.óóñŒñÌ€€ÓÓ€€€€ÌÌÓÓà ` àThe€final€enhancement€factor€at€issue€is€factor€(7),€which€requires€that€theÏoffense€be€committed€to€gratify€the€defendantððs€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(7).€€The€State€has€the€burden€of€demonstratingÏthat€a€crime€is€sexually€motivated.€€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€864€S.W.2d€31,€35€(Tenn.Ð 2°(* Ð1993);€òòState€v.€Claboóó,€905€S.W.2d€197,€206„07€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòStateÐ 4 *, Ðv.€Smithóó,€910€S.W.2d€457,€460€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€the€case€at€hand,€theÐ ð5,. Ðtrial€judge€stated€that€he€believed€a€court€should€presume€that€a€crime€of€thisÏnature€is€sexually€motivated€unless€there€is€evidence€to€the€contrary.€€While€weÐ Ð9p02 Ðrespectfully€disagree€with€the€trial€courtððs€statement,€we€believe€that€there€isÏsufficient€evidence€in€this€case€to€uphold€application€of€factor€(7).€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(7);€òòÔ‡Šã_ŠŠŠã_Ôseeóó€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482,€491€(Tenn.€1996);Ð @ à ÐòòState€v.€James€Lloyd€Julianññóóññ,€IIññóóññ,€No.€03C01„9511„CV„00371,€1997€WL€412539Ð 0Ð Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€July€24,€1997).Ô#†Šã_ŠŠŠã_ ‚#Ô€€Ð  À ÐÌà ` àThe€record€reflects€that€the€Defendant€kidnapped€the€victim€for€the€expressÏpurpose€of€raping€her.€€The€Defendant€abducted€the€victim€and€drove€herÏimmediately€to€a€secluded€spot€in€Arkansas,€asking€her€on€the€way€to€pull€up€herÏskirt€so€that€he€could€see€her€legs.€€As€he€ripped€her€pantyhose,€he€was€alreadyÏejaculating.€€He€then€penetrated€the€victim,€both€orally€and€with€his€penis,€overÏnearly€a€two€hour€period.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€properly€applied€this€factor€inÏsentencing€the€Defendant.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà ` àFinally,€the€Defendant€argues€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„¼305(b)(2)€should€have€been€applied€in€sentencing€him.€€This€section€provides€thatÏð ð[i]f€the€offender€voluntarily€releases€the€victim€alive€.€.€.€,€such€action[]€shall€beÏconsidered€by€the€court€as€a€mitigating€factor€at€the€time€of€sentencing.ðð€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„305(b)(2).€€We€find€no€indication€in€the€record€that€the€trialÏcourt€applied€this€factor€when€sentencing€the€Defendant.€€However,€in€light€of€allÏcircumstances,€we€do€not€believe€that€this€factor€is€of€sufficient€weight€to€warrantÏreducing€the€sentence€imposed€on€the€Defendant€by€the€trial€court.€€ÌÌà ` àWe€therefore€affirm€the€Defendantððs€conviction€and€sentence€of€twenty„fiveÏyears€for€the€crime€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€€€€€€€ÌÐ Ð9p02 ÐÓM~ÓÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌñŽñÐ  0Ð ÐñŽñCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOHN€K.€BYERS,€SENIOR€JUDGE