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TeelHarbisona]lthoughconclusoryi]ssuesAshbySheltonW]henPonce Ý ƒRµc$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôµ¬ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€judgment€for€each€offense€on€which€the€defendant€received€a€ten„year€sentence€erroneously€reflects€aÐ ° Ðsentence€of€eight€years.€€The€transcript€of€the€sentencing€hearing€reflects€that€ten„year€sentences€were€imposed.€€ð ð[W]henÐ qÁ Ðthere€is€a€conflict€between€the€judgment€of€conviction€and€the€transcript€of€the€proceedings,€the€transcript€controls.ðð€Ð 2‚ ÐòòRonald€W.€Rice€v.€David€Mills,€Wardenóó,€No.€E2003„00328„CCA„R3„PC,€slip€op.€at€____€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€atÐ óC ÐKnoxville,€Aug.€19,€2003).€€That€the€sentences€are€ten€years€for€each€offense€is€not,€however,€in€dispute.Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€‹ »»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼‹ »»»ÔÑ8€ݧXXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡î{¶î»¼‹ ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼‹ »îî{¶#ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àSeptember€14,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ ÔÌò òÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧ&#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóDARIUS€JONESÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ Ôó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€01„04380„92€€€€€€John€P.€Colton,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„02225„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€December€15,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Darius€Jones,€was€convicted€of€one€count€of€felony€murder,€four€counts€ofÐ V¦  Ðaggravated€robbery,€three€counts€of€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€two€counts€ofÐ ? Ðattempted€aggravated€robbery,€and€one€count€of€aggravated€burglary.€€The€trial€court€orderedÐ (x Ðconsecutive€sentences€of€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole€for€the€felony€murder,€ten€years€for€eachÐ a Ðof€the€aggravated€robberies€and€attempted€especially€aggravated€robberies,€and€four€years€for€eachÐ úJ Ðof€the€attempted€aggravated€robberies€and€the€aggravated€burglary,€for€an€effective€sentence€of€lifeÐ ã3 Ðplus€eighty„one€years.׃®×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€wasÐ Ì Ðinsufficient,€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€photographs€of€the€crime€scene,€that€the€trial€courtÐ µ Ðerred€by€limiting€the€defense€cross„examination€of€a€homicide€detective,€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÐ žî Ðadmitting€the€videotaped€preliminary€hearing€testimony€of€one€of€the€victims,€that€the€trial€courtÐ ‡× Ðerred€in€its€instructions€to€the€jury,€that€the€sentence€was€excessive,€and€that€cumulative€errorÐ pÀ Ðrequires€reversal.€€The€conviction€for€felony€murder€and€sentence€of€life€with€the€possibility€ofÐ Y© Ðparole€are€affirmed.€€The€remaining€judgments€of€conviction€are€affirmed,€but€the€causes€areÐ B’ Ðremanded€for€resentencing.€€Ð +{ ÐÓÃÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgments€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmed€in€Part,€Remanded€in€Partó óÐ ýM ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼‹ »àXݧš#ÔÔ‡XݧX.¼‹ ÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòNorma€McGee€Ogleóó€and€òòAlanÐ Ð! ! ÐE.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ¹" " ÐÌLarry€Copeland€(at€trial),€Paul€Guibao€(at€trial),€and€Michael€E.€Scholl€(on€appeal€and€at€trial),Ð ‹$Û$ ÐÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧû #ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ ÔMemphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Darius€Jones.Ð t%Ä % Ðâ âÐ ]&­!&ý ÐÔ_ÔPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€andÐ ° ÐKaren€Cook„Twele,€Mike€Davis,€and€Tom€Hoover,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€theÐ ™é Ðappellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ‚Ò Ðâ âÓÌ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧ^ #ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ ÔÐ T¤ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧh#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ ÔÓ  Óà  àOn€the€night€of€September€29,€2000,€Enrique€Diaz€CastilloÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧÆ#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ Ô€Ô#†¼‹ »XXݧY#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ Ôand€some€friends€were€playingÐ ' w Ða€card€game€at€the€apartment€of€Jose€Gomez€at€Marina€Cove€in€Memphis€when€two€masked€blackÐ  ` Ðmales€entered€the€front€door€and€demanded€money.€€Castillo,€who€required€an€interpreter€at€trial,€wasÐ ù I Ðin€the€living€room€with€three€other€men,€Pablo€Alvarado,€Armando€Becerra,€and€Hector€MorenoÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧœ#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ Ô.€Ð â 2  ÐThe€taller€of€the€two€robbers,׃¦×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€who€carried€a€black€revolver,€took€the€money€from€the€menððs€cardÐ Ë   Ðtable€and€demanded€more.€€According€to€Castillo,€when€Moreno€and€Alvarado€answered€that€theyÐ ´  Ðhad€no€money,€the€taller€robber€shot€Moreno€in€the€arm€and€Alvarado€in€the€leg.€€The€taller€robberÐ í  Ðtook€$400€from€Castillo€and€walked€to€the€kitchen,€where€he€demanded€money€from€Gomez,Ð †Ö  ÐAlfonso€Enrique€Becerra,€and€Hector€Martinez€Hernandez.€€On€his€way€out€of€the€apartment,€theÐ o¿  Ðtaller€robber€shot€Armando€Becerra€in€the€chest,€causing€his€death.€€Ð X¨  ÐÌà  àHector€Moreno,€who€also€testified€at€trial€through€an€interpreter,€Ô#†¼‹ »XXݧT#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ Ôcorroborated€much€ofÐ *z ÐCastilloððs€testimony.€€Moreno,€who€collected€the€gambling€proceeds€from€the€table€and€handed€themÐ c Ðto€the€robbers,€was€reaching€for€his€wallet€when€the€taller€man€shot€him€in€the€arm€with€a€blackÐ üL Ðrevolver.€€He€remembered€that€Castillo€had€handed€the€robbers€some€$400€and€that€Alvarado€wasÐ å5 Ðshot€in€the€leg€when€he€was€unable€to€produce€any€money€of€his€own.€€Moreno€related€that€the€tallerÐ Î Ðof€his€assailants€then€robbed€the€men€in€the€kitchen.€€It€was€his€recollection€that€the€taller€robber€shotÐ · ÐArmando€Becerra,€who€was€seated€on€the€couch,€as€he€left.€€Ð  ð ÐÌà  àBecause€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce€was€unavailable€for€trial,€a€videotape€of€his€testimony€at€theÐ r Ðpreliminary€hearing€was€used€as€evidence.€€Through€an€interpreter,€he€had€testified€that€on€theÐ [« Ðevening€of€the€offense,€he€was€in€the€kitchen€of€the€Gomez€residence€drinking€tequila€with€JoseÐ D” ÐJesus€Romero€Ponce,€Hector€Martinez€Hernandez,€Jose€Gomez,€and€Alfonso€Enrique€Becerra€€whenÐ -} Ðhe€saw€a€man€with€a€gun€in€the€living€room.€€Ponce€recalled€that€he€immediately€alerted€hisÐ f Ðcompanions€and€hid€his€wallet€in€the€trash.€€He€testified€that€he€heard€two€gunshots€before€theÐ ÿO Ðgunman€entered€the€kitchen€and€demanded€money.€€Ponce,€who€saw€only€one€of€the€two€robbers,Ð è 8 Ðheard€a€third€gunshot€as€his€assailant€left€the€apartment.€€€Ð Ñ!!  ÐÌà  àDr.€Teresa€Campbell€performed€the€autopsy€on€Armando€Becerra.€€She€concluded€that€hisÐ £#ó" Ðdeath€was€caused€by€a€gunshot€wound€to€the€left€lower€chest.Ð Œ$Ü# ÐÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧæ#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ ÔÌÔ#†¼‹ »XXݧ9#ÔÔ‡XݧX»¼‹ Ôà  àMemphis€Police€Department€Patrol€Officer€Adrienne€Ô#†¼‹ »XXݧ|#ÔÔ€XݧX»¼‹ ÔDobbins,€the€first€to€arrive€at€the€scene,Ð ^&®!% Ðâ âdetermined€that€two€black€males€with€guns€had€committed€the€robbery.€€One€victim€had€been€shotÐ G'—"& Ðin€the€arm,€another€in€the€leg,€and€a€third€in€the€chest.€€The€officer€found€a€quart„sized€Busch€beerÐ ° Ðbottle€directly€outside€the€apartment€door.Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà  àOfficer€Ricky€Davison€of€the€Crime€Response€Unit€gathered€evidence€and€documented€theÐ k» Ðscene,€arriving€at€approximately€9:08€p.m.€on€the€night€of€the€offense.€€He€collected€the€Busch€beerÐ T¤ Ðbottle€from€outside€the€apartment€door€and€took€it€to€the€laboratory€for€latent€fingerprint€processing.€Ð =  ÐOfficer€Kevin€Shaver€processed€the€bottle€and€was€able€to€recover€ð ðsix€cardsðð€of€prints,€none€ofÐ & v Ðwhich€assisted€officers€in€the€investigation.Ð  _ ÐÌà  àLemmie€Wells,€a€neighbor€of€Jose€Gomez€at€the€Marina€Cove€apartments,€was€aware€thatÐ á 1  Ðthe€defendant€had€lost€his€job€and€needed€to€make€some€ð ðquick€money.ðð€€On€the€day€of€the€offense,Ð Ê   ÐWells€overheard€the€defendant€say€that€he€intended€ð ðto€rob€some€Mexicans.ðð€€He€recalled€that€a€manÐ ³  Ðknown€as€ð ðTwinðð€handed€the€defendant€a€.22€long„barreled€revolver.€€Wells,€who€discouraged€theÐ œì  Ðdefendant€from€proceeding€with€his€plan,€was€at€a€store€near€the€apartments€when€he€heard€gunshots.€Ð …Õ  ÐWhen€he€returned€to€the€apartment€complex,€he€saw€the€defendant€and€Spencer€Peterson€runningÐ n¾  Ðaway.€€Wells€recalled€that€the€defendant€later€admitted€that€he€had€shot€three€Mexicans,€throwingÐ W§  Ðthe€weapon€in€ð ðthe€lake,ðð€and€disposing€of€his€clothing€under€some€bushes€near€a€swimming€pool.€Ð @ ÐWhile€acknowledging€during€cross„examination€that€he€was€the€initial€suspect€identified€by€police,Ð )y ÐWells€maintained€that€he€was€not€involved€in€the€offense.€€Ð b ÐÌà  àDewayne€Dickerson,€who€also€lived€in€the€Marina€Cove€apartments,€remembered€that€on€theÐ ä4 Ðdate€of€the€offense,€the€defendant€had€said€that€he€ð ðneeded€some€money€that€night.ðð€€When€calledÐ Í Ðas€a€state€witness€at€trial,€however,€Dickerson€denied€having€told€police€that€he€had€overheard€theÐ ¶ Ðdefendant€make€other€incriminatory€remarks,€even€though€he€had€signed€a€statement€to€police.Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àSergeant€Michael€Caudill€then€testified€that€he€had€interviewed€Dewayne€Dickerson€priorÐ qÁ Ðto€trial€and€that€Dickerson€had€made€the€following€statement:Ð Zª ÐÌà8  àà ` àWe€were€standing€at€the€green€box€and€[the€defendant]€and€Spencer€walkedÐ ,| Ðdown€to€the€other€end€of€the€apartments€just€past€the€entrance.€€About€four€minutesÐ e Ðlater,€they€came€back€wearing€ski€masks,€and€when€they€got€to€the€green€[electricalÐ þN Ðtransformer]€box,€they€started€to€put€their€ski€masks€on.€€The€owner€of€Z€MarketÐ ç 7 Ðcame€out€of€the€store€and€was€looking€at€us€so€they€took€them€back€off.ÐÐ!  Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à[The€defendant]€pulled€out€some€gold€bullets€that€were€in€a€paper€sack€in€hisÐ ¹" ! Ðpocket.€€Four€Mexicans€came€towards€the€dark€cut.€€The€[the€defendant]€said€toÐ ¢#ò" ÐSpencer€weððre€fixing€to€go€make€us€some€money.€€Then€[the€defendant]€pulled€outÐ ‹$Û# Ða€black€revolver€with€a€long€barrel€and€a€black€handle,€and€they€put€the€ski€masks€onÐ t%Ä $ Ðas€they€was€walking€towards€the€Mexicans.€€The€Mexicans€walked€in€the€dark€cutÐ ]&­!% Ðand€[the€defendant]€and€Spencer€followed€them.ÐF'–"&Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àSergeant€J.€C.€Burton,€a€homicide€investigator€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department,Ð )h$( Ðinterviewed€the€defendant.€€After€waiving€his€rights,€the€defendant€admitted€participation€in€theÐ *Q%) Ðrobberies:Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà8  àà ` àBefore,€I€bought€an€eight€ball€of€cocaine€and€did€it€all.€€Then€I€bought€someÐ ° Ðgin€from€the€[l]iquor€store€on€Winchester€and€Mendenhall.€€Then€I€bought€a€quarterÐ ™é Ðounce€of€weed€and€three€bottles€of€Busch€Beer.€€We€drank€all€the€beer€and€then€meÐ ‚Ò Ðand€Spencer€[Peterson]€went€around€looking€for€someone€to€rob,€mainly€dope€folks.€Ð k» ÐWe€saw€the€door€cracked€to€the€Mexicans[ðð]€apartment€and€pulled€down€our€masks.€Ð T¤ ÐSpencer€went€in€the€house€with€the€gun€and€I€came€in€behind€him€and€got€the€moneyÐ =  Ðfrom€off€the€table.€€Then€the€Mexican[]s€and€Spencer€started€tussling€over€the€gunÐ & v Ðand€then€€the€other€Mexican€started€coming€out€of€the€kitchen.€€I€ran€out€of€the€houseÐ  _ Ðand€then€[three]€shots€were€fired€and€then€we€separated.€€I€went€and€bought€anotherÐ ø H Ðeight€ball.€€I€snorted€some€and€put€some€in€some€weed.Ðá 1 Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€defendant€told€the€officers€that€he€had€been€wearing€black€jeans,€a€gray€shirt,€and€a€black€maskÐ ³  Ðwith€a€screen€that€covered€his€face.€€He€described€the€gun€as€a€ð ðrusty€black€.22€revolver€with€a€longÐ œì  Ðbarrel.ðð€€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àChristopher€Heard,€who€lived€down€the€street€from€the€Marina€Cove€apartment€complex,Ð W§  Ðtestified€on€behalf€of€the€defense.€€He€claimed€that€just€prior€to€the€shootings,€he€was€ð ðhanging€outÐ @ Ðon€the€green€box,ðð€smoking€marijuana€with€the€defendant,€Peterson,€and€another€man€known€asÐ )y Ðð ðA.T.L.ðð€€Heard€maintained€that€he€saw€no€ski€masks€or€weapons€during€that€time.€€He€contendedÐ b Ðthat€there€was€no€more€than€five€minutes€between€the€time€that€he€left€the€two€men€and€when€heÐ ûK Ðheard€the€sirens€of€the€emergency€vehicles€responding€to€the€shootings.Ð ä4 ÐÌà@ËË*ìàIˆÐ ¶ ÐÌà  àInitially,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€any€of€hisÐ ˆØ Ðconvictions.€€The€state€disagrees.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€andÐ C“ Ðall€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð ,| Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€theÐ e Ðreconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.Ð þN ÐStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÐ ç 7 Ðchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ Ð!   Ðto€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ ¹" ! Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€Ð ¢#ò" ÐQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€wellÐ ‹$Û# Ðas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199Ð t%Ä $ ÐTenn.€298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€ofÐ ]&­!% Ðinnocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€ofÐ F'–"& Ðshowing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838Ð /(#' ÐS.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Ð )h$( ÐÔ#†XݧX XXÏ@7#ÔÌà  àIn€addition€to€the€felony€murder€and€aggravated€burglary,€the€defendant€was€convicted€ofÐ ê*:&* Ðfour€counts€of€aggravated€robbery,€three€counts€of€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€twoÐ Ó+#'+ Ðcounts€of€attempted€aggravated€robbery.€€Robbery€ð ðis€the€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€propertyÐ ° Ðfrom€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð ™é Ð401(a).€€Robbery€becomes€aggravated€where€it€is€ð ð[a]ccomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€byÐ ‚Ò Ðdisplay€of€any€article€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€to€reasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadlyÐ k» Ðweaponðð€or€where€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„402(a).€Ð T¤ ÐEspecially€aggravated€robbery€occurs€where€both€a€deadly€weapon€is€used€and€the€victim€suffersÐ =  Ðserious€bodily€injury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„403(a).€€ð ðSerious€bodily€injuryðð€means€bodilyÐ & v Ðinjury€involving€a€substantial€risk€of€death,€protracted€unconsciousness,€extreme€physical€pain,Ð  _ Ðprotracted€or€obvious€disfigurement,€or€protracted€loss€or€substantial€impairment€of€a€function€ofÐ ø H Ða€bodily€member,€organ€or€mental€faculty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(34).Ð á 1  ÐÌà  à€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€when,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwiseÐ ³  Ðrequired€for€the€offense,€he:Ð œì  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€[i]ntentionally€engages€in€action€or€causes€a€result€that€would€constituteÐ n¾  Ðan€offense€if€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€were€as€the€person€believesÐ W§  Ðthem€to€be;Ð@Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€[a]cts€with€intent€to€cause€a€result€that€is€an€element€of€the€offense,€andÐ )y Ðbelieves€the€conduct€will€cause€the€result€without€further€conduct€on€the€person'sÐ b Ðpart;€€orÐûKÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€[a]cts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€or€cause€a€result€thatÐ ä4 Ðwould€constitute€the€offense,€under€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€theÐ Í Ðperson€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutes€a€substantial€step€toward€theÐ ¶ Ðcommission€of€the€offense.ПïÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(a).€€Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àGenerally,€the€evidence€at€trial€established€that€two€black€men€wearing€masks€entered€theÐ C“ ÐGomez€apartment€without€permission€and€that€the€taller€of€the€two,€who€was€brandishing€a€blackÐ ,| Ðrevolver,€demanded€money€from€those€victims€in€both€the€living€room€and€the€kitchen.€€Two€of€theÐ e Ðvictims€were€shot,€one€fatally.€€The€defendant,€a€black€male,€admitted€his€involvement€to€the€police.€Ð þN ÐHe€explained€that€he€had€consumed€cocaine,€marijuana,€liquor,€and€beer€before€he€and€a€man€namedÐ ç 7 ÐSpencer€Peterson€had€ð ðlook[ed]€for€someone€to€robðð€and€found€the€door€to€the€Gomez€apartmentÐ Ð!   Ðopen.€€An€empty€quart„sized€bottle€of€Busch€beer,€the€brand€the€defendant€claimed€to€have€drunkÐ ¹" ! Ðthat€night,€was€found€behind€a€post€directly€outside€the€Gomez€apartment.€€Lemmie€Wells€confirmedÐ ¢#ò" Ðthat€just€before€the€shootings,€the€defendant,€armed€with€a€revolver,€expressed€his€intent€to€ð ðrobÐ ‹$Û# Ðsome€Mexicansðð€for€some€ð ðquick€money.ðð€€The€defendant€later€admitted€to€Wells€that€he€had€shotÐ t%Ä $ Ðthree€Mexicans€and€then€disposed€of€his€weapon€and€clothing.€€Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Alfonso€Enrique€Becerra,€EnriqueÐ /(#' ÐDiaz€Castillo,€Jose€Jesus€Romero€Ponce,€and€Jose€Gomez.€€Enrique€Diaz€Castillo€testified€that€theÐ )h$( Ðarmed€robbers€took€approximately€$400€from€him.€€Hector€Moreno€corroborated€his€testimony.€Ð *Q%) ÐWhile€the€defendant€argues€that€the€state€failed€to€prove€that€the€victims€in€the€kitchen€were€actuallyÐ ê*:&* Ðrobbed,€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce€affirmatively€testified€that€all€of€the€other€victims€in€the€kitchen€gaveÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtheir€money€to€the€armed€robber.€€While€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce€had€hidden€his€wallet€in€the€garbage€can,Ð ° Ðhe€confirmed€that€the€other€men€placed€their€money€on€the€counter€or€table€as€the€robber€hadÐ ™é Ðinstructed.€€The€evidence€was€sufficient,€therefore,€to€support€the€four€convictions€for€aggravatedÐ ‚Ò Ðrobbery.Ð k» ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€also€convicted€of€the€attempted€aggravated€robbery€of€Hector€MartinezÐ =  ÐHernandez€and€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce.€€Castillo€and€Ponce€both€testified€that€Hernandez€was€in€theÐ & v Ðkitchen€when€the€taller€robber€demanded€money€from€the€men€in€that€room.€€Ponce€testified€that€heÐ  _ Ðpersonally€witnessed€the€taller€man€attempt€to€rob€every€man€in€the€kitchen.€€Ponce€explained€thatÐ ø H Ðhe€was€spared€only€because€he€had€hidden€his€wallet€in€the€garbage€can.€€There€was€sufficientÐ á 1  Ðevidence,€therefore,€for€a€jury€to€find€that€the€defendant€attempted€to€rob€Hernandez€and€Ponce€withÐ Ê   Ða€deadly€weapon.Ð ³  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€also€convicted€of€the€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€of€PabloÐ …Õ  ÐAlvarado,€Hector€Moreno,€and€Armando€Becerra.€€Castillo€testified€that€the€taller€robber€took€theÐ n¾  Ðmoney€in€the€ð ðpotðð€and€then€demanded€money€from€each€of€the€men€in€the€living€room.€€Alvarado,Ð W§  ÐMoreno,€and€Becerra€were€among€those€in€the€living€room.€€Castillo€further€testified€that€when€noneÐ @ Ðof€the€three€men€were€able€to€produce€any€additional€money,€the€taller€robber€shot€Alvarado€in€theÐ )y Ðleg,€Moreno€in€the€arm,€and€Becerra€in€the€chest.€€In€our€view,€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€supportÐ b Ðthe€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€convictions.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àBurglary€is€defined€by€our€Code€as€follows:Ð Í ÐÌà8  àà ` àA€person€commits€burglary€who,€without€the€effective€consent€of€the€propertyÐ Ÿï Ðowner:ЈØÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(1)€Enters€a€building€other€than€a€habitation€(or€any€portion€thereof)€not€openÐ qÁ Ðto€the€public,€with€intent€to€commit€a€felony,€theft€or€assault;ÐZªÐ Ð  Ðà@bbìà*€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€*ˆÐ C“ Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€Enters€a€building€and€commits€or€attempts€to€commit€a€felony,€theft€orÐ ,| Ðassault€.€.€.€.ÐeÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„402(a)(1)€ð!ð€(3).€€Aggravated€burglary€is€burglary€of€a€habitation.€€Tenn.Ð ç 7 ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„14„403(a).€€Habitation€ð ð[m]eans€any€structure,€including€buildings,€module€units,Ð Ð!   Ðmobile€homes,€trailers,€and€tents,€which€is€designed€or€adapted€for€the€overnight€accommodation€ofÐ ¹" ! Ðpersons.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„401(1)(A).Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àAlthough€Jose€Gomez€was€not€a€witness€at€the€trial,€Castillo,€Moreno,€and€Ponce€identifiedÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€Marina€Cove€apartment€where€the€offense€occurred€as€Gomezððs€residence.€€Castillo€and€Moreno,Ð ]&­!% Ðwho€were€both€in€the€living€room€when€the€robbers€entered€the€front€door,€testified€that€no€one€hadÐ F'–"& Ðconsented€to€the€entry.€€There€was€testimony€that€the€men€did€not€knock€or€provide€any€otherÐ /(#' Ðwarning:€€ð ðThey€push€out€the€door€and€they€ask€for€money.ðð€€In€our€view,€this€evidence€wasÐ )h$( Ðsufficient€to€establish€that€the€defendant€entered€a€habitation,€the€Gomez€apartment,€with€the€intentÐ *Q%) Ðto€commit€a€felony.€€Thus,€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction€for€aggravatedÐ ê*:&* Ðburglary.€€Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àFinally,€the€defendant€was€also€convicted€of€the€first€degree€felony€murder€of€ArmandoÐ ° ÐBecerra.€€The€offense€is€defined€as€ð ð[a]€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attemptÐ ™é Ðto€perpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€act€of€terrorism,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,Ð ‚Ò Ðkidnapping,€aggravated€child€abuse,€aggravated€child€neglect€or€aircraft€piracy.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð k» Ððð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€There€was€proof€that€the€defendant€shot€and€killed€Armando€Becerra€during€theÐ T¤ Ðcourse€of€committing€no€fewer€than€four€aggravated€robberies€and€an€aggravated€burglary.€Ð =  ÐAlthough€the€defendant€complains€that€the€killing€was€ð ðseparate€and€distinct€from€any€robbery,ðð€heÐ & v Ðcites€no€authority€or€facts€to€support€his€position.€€In€considering€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficientÐ  _ Ðto€support€a€conviction€of€first€degree€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€theft,€a€reviewing€court€mustÐ ø H Ðdetermine€whether€the€killing€is€closely€connected€to€the€initial€taking€of€the€property€in€time,€place,Ð á 1  Ðcausation,€and€continuity€of€action.€€òòState€v.€Pierceóó,€23€S.W.3d€289,€295€(Tenn.€2000).€€ð ð[I]t€is€notÐ Ê   Ðrequired€that€the€felony€be€committed€contemporaneously€with€the€murder.ðð€€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24Ð ³  ÐS.W.3d€788,€799€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€this€case,€the€killing€of€Armando€Becerra€was€inextricablyÐ œì  Ðconnected€to€the€aggravated€robberies€and€the€aggravated€burglary.€€There€was€no€break€in€the€chainÐ …Õ  Ðof€events.€€As€such,€the€evidence€was€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€conviction€forÐ n¾  Ðmurder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€felony.Ð W§  ÐÌà@©©)ìàIIˆÐ )y ÐÌà  àCiting€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€403,€the€defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ ûK Ðby€admitting€an€excessive€number€of€crime€scene€photographs.€€The€state€argues€otherwise.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€admissibility€of€photographs€is€discretionary€with€the€trial€court.€€A€ruling€will€not€beÐ ¶ Ðdisturbed€on€appeal€absent€a€clear€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Zirkleóó,€910€S.W.2d€874,€888€(Tenn.Ð Ÿï ÐCrim.€App.€1995).€€In€order€to€be€admissible,€photographs€must€be€relevant,€and€their€probativeÐ ˆØ Ðvalue€must€not€substantially€outweigh€any€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403;€òòState€v.Ð qÁ ÐBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€950„51€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€term€ð ðunfair€prejudiceðð€has€been€defined€asÐ Zª Ðð ð[a]n€undue€tendency€to€suggest€decision€on€an€improper€basis,€commonly,€though€not€necessarily,Ð C“ Ðan€emotional€one.ðð€€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951.€€Autopsy€photos€should€be€particularly€scrutinizedÐ ,| Ðbecause€ð ðthey€present€an€even€more€horrifying€sight€and€show€the€body€in€an€altered€condition.ðð€Ð e ÐòòId.óóÐ þN ÐÌà  àThe€record€includes€a€total€of€nine€photographs€of€the€scene:Ð Ð!   ÐÌà  àòòExhibitóóà0 ¸ àòòWitnessóóà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àòòContentsóóТ#ò"À(#À(# Ðà  à1à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDobbinsà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àclose„up€of€blood€droplets€on€living€room€carpetÐ ‹$Û# Ðmarked€ð ðitem€2ððÐt%Ä $À(#À(# Ðà  à2à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDobbinsà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àview€of€living€room€floor€from€interiorÐ]&­!%À(#À(# Ðà  à3à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDobbinsà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àBusch€beer€bottle€outside€apartmentÐF'–"&À(#À(# Ðà  à9à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDavisonà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àoverhead€view€of€blood€droplets€on€living€roomÐ /(#' Ðcarpet€marked€ð ðitem€2ððÐ)h$(À(#À(# Ðà  à10à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDavisonà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àclose„up€of€blood€droplets€on€living€room€carpetÐ *Q%) Ðâ âmarked€ð ðitem€3ððÐê*:&*À(#À(# Ðà  à11à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDavisonà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àclose„up€of€blood€droplets€on€living€room€carpetÐ ° Ðâ âmarked€ð ðitem€2ððЙéÀ(#À(# Ðà  à12à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDavisonà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àclose„up€of€bullet€fragment€on€living€room€carpetÐ ‚Ò Ðmarked€ð ðitem€1ððÐk»À(#À(# Ðà  à13à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDavisonà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àview€of€living€room€from€front€doorwayÐT¤À(#À(# Ðà  à14à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDavisonà0h¸ (#¸ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àBusch€beer€bottle€outside€apartmentÐ= À(#À(# ÐÌà  àThe€record€indicates€that€defense€counsel€objected€only€to€the€photographs€introducedÐ  _ Ðthrough€officer€Davison,€contending€that€they€were€cumulative.€€The€trial€court€indicated€partialÐ ø H Ðagreement€with€defense€counsel€but€determined€that€any€duplication€was€not€unfairly€prejudicial.€Ð á 1  ÐAlthough€Exhibits€1€and€11€are€almost€identical,€the€remainder€of€the€photos€vary€by€subject€matterÐ Ê   Ðand€angle,€providing€the€jury€with€different€views€of€the€evidence€and€the€scene.€€The€blood€dropletsÐ ³  Ðon€the€living€room€carpet€would€have€been€particularly€relevant€evidence€in€light€of€the€defendantððsÐ œì  Ðclaim€to€officers€that€the€shootings€occurred€during€a€ð ðtussleðð€over€the€gun.€€Moreover,€unlike€manyÐ …Õ  Ðcrime€scene€photographs,€these€were€not€particularly€graphic€in€nature.€€In€our€view,€the€trial€courtÐ n¾  Ðacted€within€its€discretionary€authority€by€admitting€the€photographs.Ð W§  ÐÌà@ˆˆ)ìàIIIˆÐ )y ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€prohibiting€him€from€cross„examiningÐ ûK ÐSergeant€Burton€regarding€other€home€invasion€robberies€in€Memphis€near€the€time€of€the€offenseÐ ä4 Ðin€this€case.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€properly€excluded€the€evidence€as€irrelevant€andÐ Í Ðthat€the€defendant€was€not€prejudiced€by€the€limitation.Ð ¶ ÐÌÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔà  àDenial€of€the€right€to€effectively€cross„examine€is€ð ðððconstitutional€error€of€the€firstÐ ˆØ Ðmagnitudeðððð€and€amounts€to€the€denial€of€a€basic€right€essential€to€a€fair€trial.€€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€598Ð qÁ ÐS.W.2d€815,€819€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980)€(quoting€òòDavis€v.€Alaskaóó,€415€U.S.€308€(1974)).€€WhileÐ Zª Ðthe€right€is€fundamental,€the€propriety,€scope,€and€control€of€cross„examination€is€left€to€the€soundÐ C“ Ðdiscretion€of€the€trial€judge.€€òòDavis€v.€Stateóó,€186€Tenn.€545,€212€S.W.2d€374,€375€(1948).€€AppellateÐ ,| Ðcourts€cannot€interfere€with€the€exercise€of€that€discretion€absent€a€clear€and€plain€abuse.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ e Ðv.€Fowleróó,€213€Tenn.€239,€373€S.W.2d€460,€464€(1963);€òòCoffee€v.€Stateóó,€188€Tenn.€1,€4,€216€S.W.2dÐ þN Ð702,€703€(1948).Ð ç 7 ÐÔ#†XݧX XXÏ­x#ÔÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Sergeant€Burton€testified€that€ð ðpretty€much€every€one€in€[theÐ ¹" ! Ðhomicide]€section€assisted€in€this€case.ðð€€When€asked€why,€she€responded,€ð ðBecause€we€help€eachÐ ¢#ò" Ðother.€€If€thereððs€something€to€do,€we€assist€each€other.€.€.€.ðð€€Defense€counsel€then€asked,€ð ðWouldÐ ‹$Û# Ðthat€be€in€any€relation€to€the€problem€that€was€happening€down€there€in€South€Memphis€at€that€timeÐ t%Ä $ Ðwith€all€the€home€invasion€robberies?ðð€€At€a€jury„out€hearing€on€an€objection€to€the€question,Ð ]&­!% Ðdefense€counsel€asserted€that€he€intended€to€show€that€Sergeant€Burton€was€under€ð ðextremeÐ F'–"& Ðpressureðð€to€solve€a€string€of€home€invasion€robberies.€€A€voir€dire€of€the€sergeant,€however,Ð /(#' Ðindicated€that€she€had€no€recollection€of€any€other€home€invasion€robberies€being€investigated€at€theÐ )h$( Ðtime€of€the€offense€or€of€any€pressure€from€ð ðon€high.ðð€€The€trial€court,€after€concluding€that€theÐ *Q%) Ðtestimony€was€irrelevant,€prohibited€the€questioning.Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà  àIn€his€brief,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€cross„examination€should€have€been€permittedÐ ° Ðbecause€ð ð[p]ressure€within€the€homicide€unit€to€close€cases€in€this€particular€area€of€town€goesÐ ™é Ðdirectly€to€the€credibility€of€the€officers€and€possibly€creates€a€motive€for€the€police€to€force€aÐ ‚Ò Ðconfession€or€fabricate€evidence.ðð€€Any€pressure€on€the€investigating€officers€to€quickly€solve€thisÐ k» Ðparticular€offense€quickly€may€have€been€relevant€to€show€bias€or€prejudice€on€the€part€of€the€police.€Ð T¤ ÐòòSeeóóTenn.€R.€Evid.€616.€€Nevertheless,€the€defendant€has€failed€to€demonstrate€how€evidence€ofÐ =  Ðother,€unrelated€home€robberies€would€have€been€relevant.€€òòSeeóóTenn.€R.€Evid.€401,€403.€€Likewise,Ð & v Ðthe€defendant€has€failed€to€establish€how€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.€€TheÐ  _ Ðdefendantððs€examination€of€Sergeant€Burton€outside€the€presence€of€the€jury€did€not€suggest€anyÐ ø H Ðparticular€ð ðpressureðð€on€the€police€to€solve€the€crime.€€In€our€view,€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsÐ á 1  Ðdiscretion€by€disallowing€questioning€about€the€other€home€invasion€robberies.Ð Ê   ÐÌà@ƒƒ)ìàIVˆÐ œì  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€the€videotaped€preliminaryÐ n¾  Ðhearing€testimony€of€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce.€€The€state€argues€that€the€videotape€was€properly€presentedÐ W§  Ðto€the€jury.Ð @ ÐÌà  àUnder€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€804,€former€testimony€by€a€declarant€who€isÐ b Ðð ðunavailableðð€as€a€witness€at€trial€is€not€excluded€by€the€hearsay€rule.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€804(b)(1).€Ð ûK ÐFormer€testimony€is€defined€as€follows:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà ` àTestimony€given€as€a€witness€at€another€hearing€of€the€same€or€a€differentÐ ¶ Ðproceeding€or€in€a€deposition€taken€in€compliance€with€law€in€the€course€of€the€sameÐ Ÿï Ðor€another€proceeding,€if€the€party€against€whom€the€testimony€is€now€offered€hadÐ ˆØ Ðboth€an€opportunity€and€a€similar€motive€to€develop€the€testimony€by€direct,€cross,Ð qÁ Ðor€redirect€examination.ÐZªÐ Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€€The€Advisory€Commission€Comment€specifically€notes€that€the€rule€permits€preliminary€hearingÐ ,| Ðtestimony.€€òòId.óó,€Advisory€Commission€Comment.€€This€court€has€previously€stated€that€ð ðaÐ e Ðpreliminary€hearing€transcript€is€precisely€the€type€of€former€testimony€contemplated€under€theÐ þN Ðrule.ðð€€òòState€v.€Michael€Dwayne€Hatfield,€et€al.óó,€Nos.€03C01„9307„CR„00233,€et€al.,€slip€op.€at€8Ð ç 7 Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€March€29,€1994),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó(Tenn.€1994).€€€€€Ð Ð!   ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€stipulated€that€Ponce€was€unavailable€for€trial.€€He€contends€that€the€trial€courtÐ ¢#ò" Ðcommitted€error€by€admitting€the€videotaped€testimony€because€his€cross„examination€of€Ponce€atÐ ‹$Û# Ðthe€preliminary€hearing€was€cut€short€by€the€general€sessions€court.€€The€defendant€also€claims€thatÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€evidence€should€have€been€excluded€for€three€reasons:€(1)€because€he€did€not€have€a€ð ðsimilarÐ ]&­!% Ðmotiveðð€under€the€terms€of€the€rule€to€develop€Ponceððs€testimony€at€the€preliminary€hearing;€(2)Ð F'–"& Ðbecause€he€was€represented€by€different€counsel€at€the€preliminary€hearing;€and€(3)€because€he€didÐ /(#' Ðnot€have€an€opportunity€to€challenge€the€translation€of€Ponceððs€written€statement€to€police.Ð )h$( ÐÌà  àIn€our€view,€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€admitting€the€preliminary€hearingÐ ê*:&* Ðtestimony€of€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce.€€òòSeeóóòòState€v.€Monquez€L.€Summersóó,€No.€M2003„00379„CCA„R3„Ð Ó+#'+ ÐCD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€Sept.€15,€2004)€(finding€no€error€in€the€admission€of€804(b)(1)Ð ° Ðformer€testimony€under€an€abuse€of€discretion€standard).€€Our€review€of€the€videotaped€testimonyÐ ™é Ðindicates€that€the€direct€examination€of€Ponce,€who€saw€only€one€robber€and€could€not€make€anÐ ‚Ò Ðidentification,€was€brief.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€cross„examination€by€the€defense€was€more€lengthyÐ k» Ðand€focused€on€Ponceððs€limited€knowledge€of€the€circumstances€of€the€offense.€€Further,€there€is€noÐ T¤ Ðrequirement€that€there€be€continuity€of€counsel€for€the€party€against€whom€former€testimony€isÐ =  Ðoffered€under€Rule€804(b)(1).€€Finally,€the€tape€establishes€that€the€preliminary€hearing€judge€didÐ & v Ðnot€prevent€the€defendant€from€developing€Ponceððs€testimony€on€cross„examination.€€AfterÐ  _ Ðpermitting€defense€counsel€to€question€Ponce€at€length€regarding€the€circumstances€of€the€statementÐ ø H Ðand€his€contradiction€thereof,€the€judge€simply€asked€defense€counsel€to€ð ðmove€on,ðð€suggesting€thatÐ á 1  Ða€recess€might€be€necessary€because€of€other€cases€on€the€docket.€€Defense€counsel€receivedÐ Ê   Ðpermission€for€an€additional€question€and€then€announced€that€the€cross„examination€had€beenÐ ³  Ðcompleted.€€Otherwise,€the€defendant€received€an€extended,€unhampered€opportunity€to€cross„Ð œì  Ðexamine€Ponce.€€Under€these€circumstances,€it€was€not€error€to€admit€the€preliminary€hearingÐ …Õ  Ðtestimony€of€Carlos€Diaz€Ponce.Ð n¾  ÐÌà@¤¤*ìàVˆÐ @ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€various€of€its€instructions€to€the€jury.€Ð b ÐThe€state€contends€that€the€issues€have€been€waived.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔUnder€the€United€States€and€Tennessee€Constitutions,€a€defendant€has€a€constitutional€rightÐ Í Ðto€trial€by€jury,€which€dictates€that€all€issues€of€fact€be€tried€and€determined€by€twelve€jurors.€€U.S.Ð ¶ ÐConst.€amend€VI;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€1,€ðð€6;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Boboóó,€814€S.W.2d€353,€356€(Tenn.€1991);Ð Ÿï ÐòòWillard€v.€Stateóó,€174€Tenn.€642,€130€S.W.2d€99€(1939).Ô#†XݧX XXÏã˜#ÔÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔ€€This€right€encompasses€Ô#†XݧX XXÏÑš#ÔÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔthe€defendantððsÐ ˆØ Ðright€to€a€correct€and€complete€charge€of€the€law.€€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990).Ô#†XݧX XXÏ,›#ÔÔ‡XÏ XXXݧԀРqÁ ÐIn€consequence,€Ô#†XݧX XXÏÿ›#ÔÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔthe€trial€court€has€a€duty€ð ðto€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€theÐ Zª Ðfacts€of€a€case.ðð€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.€1986);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€793Ð C“ ÐS.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€30.Ô#†XݧX XXÏgœ#ÔÐ ,| ÐÌà  àThe€defense€brief€cites€four€alleged€errors€by€the€trial€court€in€its€instructions€to€the€jury,Ð þN Ðquoted€verbatim€as€follows:Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  à1)à0 ` àthe€inclusion€of€the€illegal€charge€of€criminal€attempt€homicide[;]й" !` (#` (# Ðà  à2)à0 ` àthe€definition€of€murder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€felony[;]Т#ò"` (#` (# Ðà0  à3)à0` (#(#àthe€victimsðð€names€in€the€indictments€were€wrong[;€and]Ћ$Û#` (#` (# Ðà  à4)à0 ` àthe€verdict€form€was€incorrect.Ðt%Ä $` (#` (# ÐÌThe€defendant€argues€that€ð ð[a]lthough€these€errors€were€eventually€corrected,€the€number€ofÐ F'–"& Ðmistakes€and€the€cumulative€nature€of€the€mistakes€could€only€cause€widespread€confusion€for€theÐ /(#' Ðjury.ððÐ )h$( ÐÌà  àWith€regard€to€the€first€claim,€the€record€reflects€that€the€defendant€was€charged€with,€butÐ ê*:&* Ðacquitted€by€the€jury€of,€the€attempted€premeditated€killings€of€Hector€Moreno€and€Pablo€Alvarado.€Ð Ó+#'+ ÐThese€victims€were€shot€in€the€arm€and€leg,€respectively.€€The€transcript€of€the€trial€courtððsÐ ° Ðinstructions€to€the€jury€reflects€that€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€attempted€recklessÐ ™é Ðhomicide,€which€is€not€an€offense,€was€a€lesser€included€offense€of€those€charges.€€€òòSeeState€v.Ð ‚Ò ÐVernon€Lamar€Bryantóó,€No.€E2002„01234„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Oct.€21,Ð k» Ð2003).€€During€a€recess,€the€state€pointed€out€the€possible€error€and€the€trial€court€agreed.€€At€theÐ T¤ Ðconclusion€of€the€short€hearing,€which€included€other€matters,€the€trial€court€stated,€ð ðWeððll€try€andÐ =  Ðstraighten€that€out,€lawyers,€and€I€think€the€rest€of€it€[will]€straighten€itself€out€on€the€verdict€partÐ & v Ð.€.€.€.ððÐ  _ ÐÌà  àThe€record€is€silent€as€to€any€curative€measures€that€the€trial€court€may€have€undertaken.€Ð á 1  ÐNevertheless,€the€defendant€concedes€that€the€error€was€corrected.€€The€jury€was€not€charged€on€theÐ Ê   Ðelements€of€attempted€reckless€homicide€and€no€further€reference€to€the€non„existent€offense€wasÐ ³  Ðmade.€€Most€importantly,€the€defendant€was€actually€acquitted€by€the€jury€of€the€attemptedÐ œì  Ðpremeditated€murder€charges.€€An€acquittal€on€a€greater€charge€serves€as€an€acquittal€on€all€lesserÐ …Õ  Ðincluded€offenses.€€òòSee€generallyóó€òòRay€v.€Stateóó,€563€S.W.2d€218,€220€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977).€Ð n¾  ÐBecause€no€convictions€at€all€resulted€from€those€counts€in€the€indictment,€any€error€was€harmlessÐ W§  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€instruction€on€felony€murder€was€incorrect,€that€theÐ b Ðnames€of€the€victims€included€in€the€indictments€were€erroneous,€and€that€the€verdict€form€wasÐ ûK Ðincorrect.€€He€does€not,€however,€provide€this€court€with€any€guidance€as€to€the€nature€of€the€allegedÐ ä4 Ðerrors,€with€citations€to€the€record,€or€with€specific€authority€supportive€of€his€claims.€€The€state,Ð Í Ðasserting€that€these€arguments€have€been€waived,€contends€that€it€is€unable€to€respond€because€it€isÐ ¶ Ðunable€to€find€the€alleged€errors€in€the€record.Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€has€provided€this€court€with€little€more€than€conclusory€allegations.€€TheÐ qÁ Ðrecord€does€not€contain€any€verdict€forms.€€Any€errors€in€the€names€of€the€victims€are€not€apparent.€Ð Zª ÐGenerally,€ð ð[i]ssues€which€are€not€supported€by€argument,€citation€to€authorities,€or€appropriateÐ C“ Ðreferences€to€the€record€will€be€treated€as€waived€by€the€court.ðð€€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€R.€10(b).€€TheÐ ,| Ðrecord€does€reflect€that€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€to€the€jury€were€lengthy,€but€not€unusually€soÐ e Ðgiven€the€number€of€charges€against€the€defendant.€€There€is€no€indication€in€the€transcript€of€anyÐ þN Ðapparent€error€as€to€the€felony€murder€instructions.€€Under€these€circumstances,€this€issue€does€notÐ ç 7 Ðentitle€the€defendant€to€relief.€€Ð Ð!   ÐÌà@ƒƒ)ìàVIˆÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€all€of€his€sentences,€except€for€the€felony€murder€sentence,€Ð t%Ä $ Ðwere€excessive€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€ordering€consecutive€service.€€The€state€arguesÐ ]&­!% Ðotherwise.Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€theÐ )h$( Ðduty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€de€novo€review€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€byÐ *Q%) Ðthe€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€uponÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÐ Ó+#'+ Ðall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€òòseeóó€òòStateÐ ° Ðv.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€600€(Tenn.€1994).€€ð ðIf€the€trial€court€applies€inappropriate€factors€orÐ ™é Ðotherwise€fails€to€follow€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€the€presumption€of€correctness€falls.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð ‚Ò ÐSheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€CommentsÐ k» Ðprovide€that€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ T¤ ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Ð =  ÐÌà  àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€andÐ  _ Ðsentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€the€argumentsÐ ø H Ðof€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)Ð á 1  Ðany€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;Ð Ê   Ðand€(7)€the€defendantððs€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„Ð ³  Ð103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€Ð œì  ÐÌà  àNo€testimony€was€presented€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€After€hearing€the€arguments€ofÐ n¾  Ðcounsel,€the€trial€court€found€the€following€enhancement€factors€to€be€applicable€to€each€of€theÐ W§  Ðdefendantððs€convictions:Ð @ ÐÌà  à(2)à0 ` àthe€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€inÐ b Ðaddition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;ÐûK` (#` (# Ðà0  à(3)à0` (#(#àthe€defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€two€or€moreÐ ä4 Ðcriminal€actors;ÐÍ` (#` (# Ðà0  à(4)à0` (#(#àthe€offense€involved€more€than€one€victim;ж` (#` (# Ðà0  à(9)à0` (#(#àthe€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditionsÐ Ÿï Ðof€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community;ЈØ` (#` (# Ðà0  à(19)à0` (#(#àa€victim,€under€ðð€39„15„402€(aggravated€child€abuse€and€neglect),€sufferedÐ qÁ Ðpermanent€impairment€of€either€physical€or€mental€functions€as€a€result€of€the€abuseÐ Zª Ðinflicted;ÐC“` (#` (# Ðà0  à(21)à0` (#(#àthe€defendant€was€adjudicated€to€have€committed€a€delinquent€act€or€acts€as€aÐ ,| Ðjuvenile€that€would€constitute€a€felony€if€committed€by€an€adult;€andÐe` (#` (# Ðà  à(23)à0 ` àthe€defendant€intentionally€selected€the€victims€in€whole€or€in€part€because€of€race.ÐþN` (#` (# ÐÌòòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2),€(3),€(4),€(9),€(19),€(21),€(23).€€The€trial€court€declined€toÐ Ð!   Ðconsider€the€defendantððs€youth€as€a€mitigating€factor€because€of€his€juvenile€record.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà  àWhen€this€appeal€was€first€initiated,€the€defendant€challenged€only€the€application€ofÐ ‹$Û# Ðenhancement€factors€(7),€which€was€not€actually€applied€by€the€trial€court,€and€(9).€€In€aÐ t%Ä $ Ðsupplemental€brief€filed€after€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,Ð ]&­!% Ð542€U.S.€__,€124€S.€Ct.€2531,€159€L.€Ed.€2d€403€(2004),€the€defendant€argued€that€none€of€theÐ F'–"& Ðenhancement€factors€would€apply.Ð /(#' ÐÌà  àòòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó€calls€into€question€the€continuing€validity€of€our€current€sentencingÐ *Q%) Ðscheme.€€In€that€case,€the€Court,€applying€the€rule€in€òòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466€(2000)Ô‡XÏ XXXݧÔ,Ð ê*:&* Ðstruck€down€a€provision€of€the€Washington€sentencing€guidelines€that€permitted€a€trial€judge€toÐ Ó+#'+ Ðimpose€an€ð ðexceptional€sentenceðð€upon€the€finding€of€certain€statutorily€enumerated€enhancementÐ ° Ðfactors.€€òòId.óó€€The€Court€observed€that€ð ðthe€ððstatutory€maximumðð€for€òòApprendióó€purposes€is€theÐ ™é Ðmaximum€sentence€a€judge€may€impose€òòsolely€on€the€basis€of€the€facts€reflected€in€the€jury€Ô% ‡£ ÔÔ#†XݧX XXϘÂ#ÔÔ%†£ŸÄÔÔ‡XÏ XXXݧÔverdictÐ ‚Ò Ðor€admitted€by€the€defendantóó.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€2537.€€Finally,€the€Court€concluded€that€ð ðevery€defendant€hasÐ k» Ða€right€to€insist€that€the€prosecutor€prove€to€a€jury€all€facts€legally€essential€to€the€punishment.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ T¤ Ðat€2543.Ð =  ÐÌà  àIn€our€view,€the€decision€in€òòBlakelyóó,€coupled€with€the€state€of€the€record,€requires€that€eachÐ  _ Ðof€the€defendantððs€sentences,€except€that€imposed€for€felony€murder,€be€vacated€and€that€the€causesÐ ø H Ðbe€remanded€for€resentencing.€€Notwithstanding€the€ruling€in€òòBlakelyóó,€the€trial€court€failed€to€makeÐ á 1  Ðadequate€findings€as€to€the€potential€enhancement€factors.€€No€information€regarding€any€relativeÐ Ê   Ðweight€or€value€assigned€thereto€is€contained€in€the€record.€€Additionally,€while€the€trial€courtÐ ³  Ðconsidered€the€presentence€report,€it€is€not€in€the€record.€€Because€this€was€not€an€aggravated€childÐ œì  Ðabuse€or€neglect€case,€enhancement€factor€(19)€could€not€have€been€applied€pre„òòBlakelyóó.€€UnderÐ …Õ  Ðthese€circumstances,€these€causes€should€be€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€resentencing€inÐ n¾  Ðconformity€with€the€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòBlakelyóó.€€Enhancement€factor€(2)€may€properlyÐ W§  Ðbe€applied€to€each€of€the€defendantððs€convictions€if€he€possesses€the€requisite€criminal€history.€Ð @ ÐOtherwise,€additional€enhancement€factors€may€be€applied€based€ð ðsolely€on€the€basis€of€factsÐ )y Ðreflected€in€the€jury€verdict€or€admitted€by€the€defendant.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€2537.€€Ð b ÐÔ#†XݧX XXÏàÄ#ÔÌà  àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€ordering€consecutive€service€of€hisÐ ä4 Ðsentences.€€Prior€to€the€enactment€of€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,€the€limitedÐ Í Ðclassifications€for€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€in€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2dÐ ¶ Ð391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€In€that€case€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€aggravating€circumstances€mustÐ Ÿï Ðbe€present€before€placement€in€any€one€of€the€classifications.€€Later,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2dÐ ˆØ Ð227€(Tenn.€1987),€the€court€established€an€additional€category€for€those€defendants€convicted€of€twoÐ qÁ Ðor€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€minors.€€There€were,€however,€additional€wordsÐ Zª Ðof€caution:€€Ð C“ ÐÌà8  à[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€routinely€be€imposed€.€.€.€and€.€.€.€the€aggregateÐ e Ðmaximum€of€consecutive€terms€must€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theÐ þN Ðoffenses€involved.òòÐç 7Ð Ð  ÐÌTayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€at€230.€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€adopted€the€cautionaryÐ ¹" ! Ðlanguage.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,€the€codification€of€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðholdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€be€imposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trialÐ ‹$Û# Ðcourt€only€upon€a€determination€that€one€or€more€of€the€following€criteria׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€exist:Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà8  à(1)€€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€himself€toÐ F'–"& Ðcriminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood;Ð/(#'Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;аРР Ðà8  à(3)€€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€so€declared€by€aÐ ™é Ðcompetent€psychiatrist€who€concludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÐ ‚Ò Ðsentencing€that€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€a€patternÐ k» Ðof€repetitive€or€compulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€to€consequences;ÐT¤Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(4)€€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€noÐ =  Ðregard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskÐ & v Ðto€human€life€is€high;€€€€à h à€€€€Ð _Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(5)€€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutory€offenses€involvingÐ ø H Ðsexual€abuse€of€a€minor€with€consideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arisingÐ á 1  Ðfrom€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€the€time€span€ofÐ Ê   Ðdefendant's€undetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€acts€and€theÐ ³  Ðextent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mental€damage€to€the€victim€or€victims;Мì Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(6)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€on€probation;Ð…Õ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(7)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.Ðn¾ Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€length€of€the€sentence,€when€consecutive€in€nature,€must€be€ð ðjustly€deserved€in€relationÐ b Ðto€the€seriousness€of€the€offense,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð40„35„102(1),€and€ð ðno€greater€than€thatÐ ûK Ðdeservedðð€under€the€circumstances,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(2);€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456Ð ä4 Ð(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð Í ÐÌà  àIn€òòGrayóó,€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€before€consecutive€sentencing€could€be€imposed€uponÐ Ÿï Ðthe€dangerous€offender,€considered€the€most€subjective€of€the€classifications€and€the€most€difficultÐ ˆØ Ðto€apply,€other€conditions€must€be€present:€€(a)€that€the€crimes€involved€aggravating€circumstances;Ð qÁ Ð(b)€that€consecutive€sentences€are€a€necessary€means€to€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant;€andÐ Zª Ð(c)€that€the€term€reasonably€relates€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.€€In€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2dÐ C“ Ð933,€938€(Tenn.€1995),€our€high€court€reaffirmed€those€principles,€holding€that€consecutiveÐ ,| Ðsentences€cannot€be€required€of€the€dangerous€offender€ð ðunless€the€terms€reasonably€relate[]€to€theÐ e Ðseverity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€(society)€fromÐ þN Ðfurther€criminal€acts€by€those€persons€who€resort€to€aggravated€criminal€conduct.ðð€€The€òòWilkersonóóÐ ç 7 Ðdecision,€which€modified€somewhat€the€strict€factual€guidelines€for€consecutive€sentencing€adoptedÐ Ð!   Ðin€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,€814€S.W.2d€378,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€described€sentencing€as€a€ð ðhumanÐ ¹" ! Ðprocess€that€neither€can€nor€should€be€reduced€to€a€set€of€fixed€and€mechanical€rules.ðð€€òòWilkersonóó,Ð ¢#ò" Ð905€S.W.2d€at€938.€Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€record€indicates€that€the€trial€court€determined€the€defendant€to€be€aÐ ]&­!% Ðdangerous€offender.€€The€additional€findings€required€for€that€classification€are€not,€however,Ð F'–"& Ðincluded€in€the€transcript.€€This€court€cannot€properly€review€the€issue€further€without€theÐ /(#' Ðpresentence€report.€€Upon€remand,€the€trial€court€should€revisit€the€issue€of€consecutive€sentencing,Ð )h$( Ðplacing€its€specific€findings€on€the€record.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Gregory€Robinsonóó,€146€S.W.3d€469,€No.Ð *Q%) Ðâ âW2001„01299„SC„R11„DD,€slip€op.€at€26€n.14€(Tenn.€Sept.€28,€2004)€(noting€that€several€courtsÐ ê*:&* Ðhave€rejected€the€applicability€of€òòApprendióóand€òòBlakelyóó€to€the€consecutive€sentencingÐ ° Ðdetermination).Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà@aa)ìàVIIˆÐ k» ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€asserts€that€he€should€be€granted€a€new€trial€on€the€basis€of€cumulativeÐ =  Ðerror.€€Because€the€trial€was€properly€conducted,€the€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€the€basisÐ & v Ðof€cumulative€error.Ð  _ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€felony€murder€and€his€sentence€of€lifeÐ á 1  Ðimprisonment€with€the€possibility€of€parole€are€affirmed.€€The€defendantððs€convictions€forÐ Ê   Ðaggravated€robbery,€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€attempted€aggravated€robbery,€andÐ ³  Ðaggravated€burglary€are€also€affirmed,€but€the€causes€are€remanded€for€resentencing€in€accordanceÐ œì  Ðwith€this€opinion.Ð …Õ  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð )y Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE