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ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyŠ é 9 Šą@@ųųģąNo.€98„13085€€€€€€Chris€Craft,€JudgeŠ Ó # ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` Aߊ ‘į  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2002„00747„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€17,€Ō_Ō2003Ō_ŌŠ ŠŚ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<]` Aߊ ^®  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThis€direct€appeal€of€right€for€first€degree€murder€for€which€the€defendant€received€a€sentence€of€lifeŠ V¦  Šwithout€parole€raises€five€issues€of€alleged€error:€(1)€sufficiency€of€evidence;€(2)€failure€to€suppressŠ ? Šthe€defendantššs€statements;€(3)€improper€admission€of€photographs;€(4)€improper€testimony€ofŠ (x Šexperts€at€the€penalty€phase€of€trial;€and€(5)€improper€admission€of€evidence€concerning€a€priorŠ a Šconviction€of€the€defendant.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€first€degreeŠ śJ Šmurder€conviction.€€The€issue€concerning€admissibility€of€the€defendantššs€statement€is€waived€byŠ ć3 Šthe€defendantššs€failure€to€include€the€suppression€hearing€in€the€appellate€record.€€We€conclude€thatŠ Ģ Šthe€remaining€issues€were€properly€decided€by€the€trial€court,€and€we,€therefore,€affirm€theŠ µ Šconviction.€Š žī ŠÓ«ÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óŠ pĄ ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼ŃY»ąXw‡#ŌŌ‡XwX.¼ŃYŌJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€ņņJoeŠ C“ ŠG.€Riley,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ,| ŠĢBill€Anderson€and€James€V.€Ball,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Geraldrick€Jones.Š žN ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€John€H.€Bledsoe,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š Š! ! ŠWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Katrina€U.€Early€and€James€M.€Lammey,€Jr.,Š ¹" " ŠAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š ¢#ņ# ŠÓ ÓĢĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼ŃY»XXwH #ŌŌ‡XwX»¼ŃYŌŠ ]&­!& ŠĢņ ņņņStatement€of€FactsóóŠ 0(€#( ŠĢņņóóGuilt€Phase€of€Trialó óŠ *T%* ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼ŃY»XXw #ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XwX»¼ŃYŌÓ XÓKathaleen€Champion,€the€mother€of€the€victim,€Natosha€Hampton,€testified€that€she€last€sawŠ ×+'', Šher€daughter€alive€on€May€28,€1998,€at€their€shared€residence€in€Memphis.€€The€victim€left€atŠ Ą,(- Šapproximately€7:00€to€7:30€p.m.€with€her€friend,€Michelle€Caery,€whom€the€victim€referred€to€as€herŠ ©-ł(.ż Šaunt.€€Ms.€Champion€stated€that€the€victim€worked€at€the€Dixie€Boys€and€Girls€Club€and€atŠ ° ŠSycamore€View€Nursing€Home.€€She€said€the€victim€had€an€unknown€amount€of€money€in€her€purse,Š ™é Šbut€Ms.€Champion€had€repaid€the€victim€$140€that€day,€for€a€previously€existing€debt.€€Ms.Š ‚Ņ ŠChampion€warned€her€daughter€that€the€purse€she€was€carrying€allowed€someone€to€easily€take€theŠ k» Šmoney€out€of€the€top.€€The€warning€was€unheeded,€and€the€victim€took€the€purse.€€The€victim€hadŠ T¤ Ša€car€payment€due€the€following€day€in€an€amount€Ms.€Champion€recalled€as€being€between€$200Š =  Što€$300.€€Ms.€Champion€described€the€victimššs€attire€as€black€Guess€jeans,€a€black€shirt,€and€a€blackŠ & v Šsheer€blouse€on€top.€€The€next€time€Ms.€Champion€saw€the€victim€was€at€the€funeral€home€whereŠ  _ Šshe€viewed€the€body.Š ų H ŠŠ į 1  ŠMichelle€Caery€testified€that€she€had€known€the€victim€about€twelve€years,€had€a€š šprettyŠ Ź   Šclosešš€relationship€with€the€victim,€and€referred€to€her€as€a€niece.€€Ms.€Caery€had€known€theŠ ³  Šdefendant,€Geraldrick€Jones,€since€January€of€1998.€€She€had€introduced€the€victim€and€defendantŠ œģ  Šabout€one€and€one„half€months€before€their€first€date€on€May€28,€1998.€€Ms.€Caery€had€picked€upŠ …Õ  Šthe€victim€and€taken€her€to€the€defendantššs€home€on€Meda€Street.€€Ms.€Caery€said€the€defendant€wasŠ n¾  Šnot€at€home€when€they€first€arrived,€but€came€ten€to€fifteen€minutes€later.€€Ms.€Caery€and€herŠ W§  Šboyfriend€left€but€had€planned€to€have€breakfast€at€the€defendantššs€home€the€following€morning.€Š @ ŠMs.€Caery€arrived€there€at€9:30€or€10:00€a.m.€on€May€29,€without€knowledge€of€the€interveningŠ )y Ševents.€€Ms.€Caery€testified€she€had€never€observed€the€victim€use€drugs€or€alcohol.€€She€said€theŠ b Švictim€had€her€purse€when€she€last€saw€her,€and€the€victim€had€expressed€her€intention€to€return€toŠ ūK Šher€home€that€night.Š ä4 ŠŠ Ķ ŠKevin€Ward€had€known€the€defendant€for€eight€or€nine€years€and€was€his€roommate€andŠ ¶ Šclose€friend.€€In€their€shared€residence,€there€was€one€bedroom€which€was€used€by€the€defendant.€Š Ÿļ ŠMr.€Ward€slept€in€the€living€room€on€a€long€couch.€€Ward€recalled€that€on€May€28,€1998,€the€victimŠ ˆŲ Šcame€to€the€defendantššs€residence€with€Michelle€Caery.€€He€said€no€one€else€was€present€but,€atŠ qĮ ŠCaeryššs€request,€he€paged€the€defendant,€who€arrived€fifteen€to€twenty€minutes€later€atŠ ZŖ Šapproximately€10:00€p.m.€€The€two€couples€left,€but€the€defendant€and€victim€returned€with€food.€Š C“ ŠWard€and€the€defendant€drank€whiskey€and€smoked€marijuana€while€watching€television.€€TheŠ ,| Švictim€did€not€participate€in€the€marijuana€smoking€or€drinking€of€whiskey.Š e ŠŠ žN ŠThe€defendant€signaled€Ward€to€leave,€and€he€went€to€a€house€next€door,€occupied€by€twoŠ ē 7 Šolder€men.€€While€there,€Ward€and€one€of€his€companions€drank€the€remainder€of€the€whiskey.€Š Š!   ŠWard€returned€to€the€defendantššs€residence€after€about€two€hours€and€was€met€at€the€door€by€theŠ ¹" ! Šdefendant.€€Ward€and€the€defendant€ingested€cocaine.€€The€defendant€asked€Ward€to€go€and€get€moreŠ ¢#ņ" Šcocaine.€€Ward€returned€about€3:00€a.m.€and€heard€laughing€and€giggling€from€the€defendantššsŠ ‹$Ū# Šbedroom.€€The€defendant€came€back€to€the€living€room,€and€he€and€Ward€ingested€more€cocaine.Š t%Ä $ ŠŠ ]&­!% ŠAt€approximately€4:00€a.m.,€the€defendant€returned€to€the€bedroom,€and€Ward€went€to€sleep.€Š F'–"& ŠWard€woke€to€the€sound€of€screams€coming€from€the€bedroom.€€Upon€Wardššs€entry,€he€saw€theŠ /(#' Šdefendant€striking€the€victim€in€the€head€with€a€five„pound€weight.€€Ward€asked€the€defendant€whatŠ )h$( Šhe€was€doing,€and€the€defendant€replied€that€the€victim€had€tried€to€steal€his€money.€€Ward€asked€ifŠ *Q%) Šthe€defendant€had€recovered€the€money,€and€the€defendant€said€yes.€€Ward€then€told€the€defendantŠ ź*:&* Što€let€the€victim€go,€and€the€defendant€responded€that€he€could€not€as€it€would€violate€his€probation.€Š Ó+#'+ ŠThe€defendant€kept€hitting€the€victim,€and€Ward€pulled€him€away.€€The€victim€then€pushed€both€theŠ ° Šdefendant€and€Ward€into€the€living€room€where€Ward€fell€on€the€couch.€€Ward€saw€blood€on€the€bed,Š ™é Šon€the€walls,€and€on€the€defendant.€€From€the€couch,€Ward€rolled€onto€the€floor€while€the€defendantŠ ‚Ņ Šwas€on€top€of€the€victim,€striking€her€with€his€fist.€€Ward€pulled€the€defendant€off€of€the€victim,€whoŠ k» Šattempted€an€escape€down€a€hallway€leading€to€the€kitchen.€€The€defendant€caught€the€victim€in€theŠ T¤ Šhallway€and€began€striking€her€with€the€weight€again.€€Ward€estimated€the€defendant€had€struck€theŠ =  Švictim€with€the€weight€more€than€five€times€while€in€the€bedroom€and€š šseveralšš€more€times€in€theŠ & v Šhallway.€€The€victim€appeared€unconscious€to€Ward€as€she€lay€half€in€the€bathroom€and€half€in€theŠ  _ Šhallway.€€Ward€described€a€pool€of€blood€near€the€victim€and€could€tell€she€was€bleeding€from€theŠ ų H Šhead.€€Ward€also€saw€blood€on€the€defendantššs€chest,€abdomen,€arms,€and€hands.€€Ward€stated€thatŠ į 1  Šthe€defendant€threw€down€the€weight€and€obtained€a€knife€from€the€kitchen.€Š Ź   ŠŠ ³  ŠWard€stated€the€defendant€said€he€was€going€to€cut€the€victim€up€and€wanted€WardššsŠ œģ  Šassistance.€€When€the€defendant€turned€toward€the€victim,€Ward€grabbed€his€shoes,€ran€to€a€nearbyŠ …Õ  Šservice€station,€and€called€the€police.€€Ward€did€not€go€back€into€the€house€that€morning.€€WardŠ n¾  Šstated€that€the€victim€was€clothed€in€black€pants€and€a€black€thin€shirt€with€possibly€a€black€bra.Š W§  ŠŠ @ ŠOn€cross„examination,€Ward€stated€that€the€victim€was€bigger€than€the€defendant.€€HeŠ )y Šrecounted€that€the€defendant€dropped€the€weight€when€the€victim€pushed€him€from€the€bedroom.€Š b ŠAfter€Ward€grabbed€the€defendant€a€second€time,€the€victim€attempted€to€run€through€the€hallwayŠ ūK Šbut€was€grabbed€by€the€defendant,€and€the€defendant€began€striking€the€victim€with€the€weight€again.€Š ä4 ŠWard€estimated€that€he€and€the€defendant€drank€a€pint€of€Crown€Royal€and€had€shared€five€or€sixŠ Ķ Šmarijuana€joints€and€about€two€and€one„half€grams€of€cocaine.€€Ward€admitted€he€was€drunk€andŠ ¶ Šhigh€and€also€believed€the€defendant€was€as€well.€€Š Ÿļ ŠŠ ˆŲ ŠWard€acknowledged€that€he€gave€a€statement€to€Officer€Ō_ŌA.J.Ō_Ō€Christian€of€the€Memphis€PoliceŠ qĮ ŠDepartment€on€May€29,€1998.€€He€did€not€mention€a€bread€knife€being€in€the€defendantššs€possessionŠ ZŖ Šin€that€five„page€statement.€€Neither€did€he€make€mention€of€the€violation€of€the€defendantššsŠ C“ Šprobation€statement.€€Ward€also€failed€to€mention€the€defendantššs€probation€during€his€preliminaryŠ ,| Šhearing€testimony.€€Also,€during€that€testimony,€Ward€denied€seeing€any€other€weapon.€€Ward€saidŠ e Šthat€he€thought€the€questioner€was€referring€to€a€gun.€€Ward€admitted€that€he€did€not€Ō_ŌknowŌ_Ō€if€theŠ žN Švictim€was€unconscious€or€dead€at€the€time€she€lay€in€the€hallway€and€restroom.€€Ward€did€hear€theŠ ē 7 Šdefendant€say,€š šI€believe€she€dead.šš€€Ward€said€the€defendant€made€this€statement€before€theŠ Š!   Šdefendant€got€the€knife.€€On€redirect,€Ward€stated€the€victim€was€trying€to€cover€herself€from€theŠ ¹" ! Šdefendantššs€blows.€€He€did€not€see€the€defendant€cut€the€victim€with€the€knife.Š ¢#ņ" ŠŠ ‹$Ū# ŠOfficer€Dennis€Norman€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€was€the€next€witness€called€byŠ t%Ä $ Šthe€State.€€On€May€29,€1998,€he€was€working€as€a€uniform€patrol€officer€on€the€midnight€shift.€€AŠ ]&­!% Šfew€minutes€before€7:00€a.m.,€Norman€received€a€dispatcherššs€report€of€a€killing€at€1224€MedaŠ F'–"& ŠStreet.€€He€drove€to€the€address€and€knocked€on€the€front€door€without€any€response.€€He€was€thenŠ /(#' Šjoined€by€his€patrol€partner,€Officer€Johnson.€€Together€they€attempted€to€look€in€the€windows€andŠ )h$( Šknocked€on€the€door€several€times€over€a€period€of€fifteen€to€twenty€minutes.€€By€looking€in€aŠ *Q%) Škitchen€window,€Norman€saw€the€victimššs€leg€in€the€hallway.Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ ŠThe€front€door€was€forced€open,€and€the€two€officers€entered.€€Officer€Norman€immediatelyŠ ° Šsaw€the€defendant€face€down€on€his€stomach€with€his€eyes€closed.€€He€could€also€observe€the€victimŠ ™é Šlying€face€up€in€the€hallway.€€Norman€described€her€as€partially€naked,€with€her€throat€severely€cut,Š ‚Ņ Šand€also€with€her€arm€cut€to€the€bone€at€the€shoulder.€€The€paramedics€followed€the€officers€in€theŠ k» Šhouse€and€began€checking€the€defendant.€€Norman€observed€the€defendant€had€blood€on€his€torso,Š T¤ Šchest,€sides,€and€ribs.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€opened€his€door€in€response€to€a€knock€and€wasŠ =  Šknocked€unconscious.€€The€defendant€was€taken€to€the€hospital€due€to€his€injury€claim.€€TheŠ & v Šdefendant€was€wearing€only€boxer€shorts.€€While€the€defendant€was€on€the€gurney,€Norman€noticedŠ  _ Šblood€on€the€soles€of€the€defendantššs€feet€with€leaves€and€dirt.€€After€the€defendantššs€release€fromŠ ų H Šthe€hospital,€Norman€transported€him€to€201€Poplar€for€questioning.€€Norman€was€asked€if€theŠ į 1  Šdefendant€appeared€to€be€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€or€drugs.€€Norman€said€that€he€did€not€smellŠ Ź   Šalcohol,€that€the€defendantššs€eyes€were€pretty€clear,€and€that€the€defendantššs€speech€wasŠ ³  Šunderstandable.€€Norman€did€not€believe€the€defendant€was€under€the€influence.€€On€cross„Š œģ  Šexamination,€Norman€confirmed€that€the€dispatcher€reported€a€call€from€a€person€who€said€theirŠ …Õ  Šroommate€had€killed€a€person,€and€the€caller€then€ran€from€the€scene.Š n¾  ŠŠ W§  ŠShan€Tracy,€a€Memphis€police€officer€in€the€crime€scene€unit,€was€next€to€testify.€€He€wasŠ @ Šsent€to€1224€Meda€Street€on€the€morning€of€May€29,€1998,€and€prepared€a€sketch€of€the€area.€€TracyŠ )y Šdescribed€where€blood€appeared€and€the€location€of€the€victim€in€the€hallway.€€In€the€bathroom,€heŠ b Šsaw€a€large€black„handled€knife€with€a€serrated€edge.€€A€white€sheet€was€in€the€bathtub.€€In€the€toiletŠ ūK Šwere€a€bloody€pair€of€menššs€boxer€shorts€and€a€blue„handled€mop.€€In€the€kitchen€he€saw€bloodŠ ä4 Šsmears€on€the€range,€the€floor,€and€the€door,€and€a€package€of€trash€bags€on€the€floor.Š Ķ ŠŠ ¶ ŠIn€the€bedroom,€Officer€Tracy€observed€a€box€fan€just€inside€the€doorway€and,€next€to€it,€aŠ Ÿļ Šcircular€five„pound€weight.€€Bloody€bed€linens€were€on€a€chair€and€bloodstains€were€on€the€bed€andŠ ˆŲ Šon€the€one€sheet€still€on€the€bed.€€On€a€table€next€to€the€bed€Ō_ŌwereŌ_Ō€a€purse€and€a€cordless€phone.€€OnŠ qĮ Ša€dresser€were€a€manššs€hat€and€a€quantity€of€crack€cocaine.€€There€was€no€money€found€in€the€purse.€Š ZŖ ŠA€large€trash€can€was€in€the€hallway.€€On€the€outside€in€the€back€porch€area€was€a€green€garbage€canŠ C“ Šthat€contained€a€broken€mop,€a€pair€of€loop€earrings,€a€gold€necklace,€a€black€pair€of€jeans,€a€brokenŠ ,| Šfingernail,€a€white€t„shirt,€multi„colored€panties,€and€two€green€floor€mats.Š e ŠŠ žN ŠOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Tracy,€by€referring€to€the€evidence€log,€stated€that€crackŠ ē 7 Šcocaine€found€in€the€bedroom€weighed€.9€grams€and€was€found€in€the€hatband€on€the€hat€on€theŠ Š!   Šdresser.€€There€was€$218€found€in€a€drawer€of€the€dresser.€€Marijuana,€weighing€2.6€grams,€wasŠ ¹" ! Šfound€in€the€living€room.€€There€was€$2.10€and€the€victimššs€Tennessee€driversšš€license€found€in€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šblack€Guess€jeans€located€in€the€outside€garbage€can.€€Also€found€in€the€residence€was€a€WinchesterŠ ‹$Ū# Štwelve€gauge€Model€1300€shotgun€and€seven€slugs.Š t%Ä $ ŠŠ ]&­!% ŠSergeant€Sammie€Ballard€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€stated€he€was€assigned€to€theŠ F'–"& ŠHomicide€Bureau€at€the€time€of€this€incident.€€Ballard€and€Officer€Scott€Ledford€went€to€the€hospitalŠ /(#' Šwhere€the€defendant€had€been€taken.€€Ballard€first€administered€the€defendantššs€Miranda€rights€andŠ )h$( Šhad€the€defendant€sign€an€acknowledgment.€€The€defendant€made€an€initial€statement€that€he€hadŠ *Q%) Šbeen€knocked€out€while€answering€his€door€at€about€4:00€a.m.€and€was€then€taken€to€the€hospital.€Š ź*:&* ŠBallard€said€the€defendant€seemed€to€comprehend€the€process.Š Ó+#'+ ЇLater€in€the€afternoon,€the€defendant€gave€another€statement€after€again€being€advised€of€hisŠ ° ŠņņMirandaóó€rights.€€This€statement€was€typed€and€signed€by€the€defendant.€€In€that€statement€theŠ ™é Šdefendant€gave€an€account€of€the€events€as€follows.€€The€victim€was€at€the€defendantššs€home€whenŠ ‚Ņ Šhe€arrived€at€9:00€or€9:30€the€previous€night.€€Kevin€Ward€and€the€victimššs€friend,€Michelle,€wereŠ k» Šwith€the€victim,€and€Michelle€left€thirty€minutes€later.€€The€defendant€and€the€victim€left€to€attendŠ T¤ Ša€movie,€but€it€was€closed€and€they€bought€food€and€returned€to€the€defendantššs€home€about€11:30Š =  Šp.m.€€The€defendant€and€Ward€drank€Crown€Royal,€and€the€victim€drank€cognac.€€Marijuana€wasŠ & v Šsmoked.€€About€one€hour€later,€the€defendant€asked€Ward€to€leave€and,€after€Wardššs€exit,€theŠ  _ Šdefendant€and€the€victim€watched€television€and€engaged€in€petting.€€Ward€returned€in€an€hour,€andŠ ų H Šhe€and€the€defendant€snorted€cocaine€in€the€bedroom.€€The€defendant€and€victim€then€went€to€theŠ į 1  Šbedroom€and€had€sex,€and€the€victim€fell€asleep.€€The€defendant€went€into€the€living€room,€he€andŠ Ź   ŠWard€took€more€cocaine,€and€he€returned€to€the€bedroom.€€The€defendant€wanted€to€engage€in€moreŠ ³  Šsex,€and€the€victim€resisted,€which€resulting€in€arguing.€€The€defendant€hit€the€victim,€and€theyŠ œģ  Šfought,€with€him€striking€her€several€times€with€his€fist€in€the€face€and€head.€€She€tried€to€escape,Š …Õ  Šand€he€struck€her€head€with€the€weight.€€The€victim€fell€to€the€floor€of€the€hallway,€and€the€defendantŠ n¾  Šstruck€her€again€with€the€weight.€€The€defendant€got€a€long€knife€from€the€kitchen€and€stabbed€theŠ W§  Švictim€in€the€neck.€€Ward€was€standing€in€the€living€room/hallway€door,€telling€the€defendant€notŠ @ Što€kill€the€victim.€€The€defendant€told€Ward€to€help€him€get€rid€of€the€body€because€she€was€dead.€Š )y ŠThe€defendant€attempted€to€take€the€victim€into€the€bathroom€and€put€her€body€in€the€tub€so€he€could€Š b Šclean€up€the€blood.€€The€defendant€could€not€lift€the€victim€into€the€tub.€€He€heard€the€front€doorŠ ūK Šslam€and€supposed€that€Ward€had€left€to€call€the€police.€€After€locking€the€front€door,€the€defendantŠ ä4 Šretrieved€the€knife€in€order€to€cut€off€the€arms€and€legs€of€the€victim€and€dispose€of€them€in€theŠ Ķ Šgarbage.€€After€being€unsuccessful€at€severing€the€bone€of€the€victimššs€right€arm,€he€decided€to€placeŠ ¶ Šthe€body€into€a€garbage€bag€and€then€into€a€can€to€remove€from€the€house.€€The€defendant€got€theŠ Ÿļ Švictimššs€clothes€from€the€bedroom,€removed€her€panties,€placed€them€in€a€garbage€bag,€and€placedŠ ˆŲ Šit€in€a€large€city€cart€on€the€outside.€€Upon€seeing€the€police€come€by,€the€defendant€stuck€the€mopŠ qĮ Šin€the€toilet€and€hid€behind€the€front€door.€€The€defendant€contrived€a€plan€to€say€that€someone€brokeŠ ZŖ Šin€and€knocked€him€out.€€In€answer€to€specific€questions,€the€defendant€stated€he€stabbed€the€victimŠ C“ Šonce,€struck€her€with€the€weight€twice,€and€struck€her€with€his€fists€several€times.€€This€was€his€firstŠ ,| Šdate€with€the€victim.€€The€defendant€said€he€and€the€victim€fought€in€the€doorway€of€the€bedroom,Š e Šand€she€fell€against€the€end€of€the€couch,€but€was€not€on€the€couch.€€The€defendant€said€he€was€bothŠ žN Šdrunk€and€high,€but€had€not€blacked€out,€and€clearly€recalled€the€details€recounted.€€The€defendantŠ ē 7 Šsaid€he€suffered€no€injury€during€the€incident.Š Š!   ŠŠ ¹" ! ŠOn€May€31,€the€defendant€made€corrections€to€his€previous€statement.€€The€defendant€saidŠ ¢#ņ" Šhe€caught€the€victim€attempting€to€steal€his€money€from€his€dresser€drawer,€and€an€argument€ensued.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠThe€defendant€struck€the€victim€and€continued€to€beat€her.€€The€defendant€claimed€the€source€of€hisŠ t%Ä $ Šmoney€was€from€his€mother€and€from€cutting€yards€and€selling€of€a€few€drugs.Š ]&­!% ŠŠ F'–"& ŠOn€cross„examination,€Ballard€testified€that€the€defendant€seemed€physically€and€mentallyŠ /(#' Šcapable€of€giving€a€statement€on€the€first€occasion€they€talked.€€Prior€to€taking€the€written€statement,Š )h$( ŠBallard€was€aware€of€Wardššs€allegation€that€he€had€seen€the€defendant€beat€the€victim€and€ask€WardŠ *Q%) Šfor€help€in€disposing€of€the€body.€€Ballard€told€the€defendant€of€Wardššs€statement€prior€to€theŠ ź*:&* Štypewritten€statement€taken€from€the€defendant.Š Ó+#'+ ЇNext,€Dr.€O.€C.€Smith,€the€Shelby€County€Medical€Examiner,€testified€and€was€accepted€asŠ ° Šan€expert€on€pathology.€€Dr.€Smith€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victim€on€May€29„30,€1998.€€HeŠ ™é Štestified€that€the€victim€died€of€multiple€injuries.€€He€described€the€injuries€as€blunt€trauma€to€theŠ ‚Ņ Šhead,€compressive€force€to€the€neck,€and€sharp€force€to€the€neck.€€In€addition,€the€victim€sufferedŠ k» Šdefensive€wounds€to€the€arms€and€hands.€€Dr.€Smith€stated€the€five„pound€weight€could€have€causedŠ T¤ Šthe€blunt€trauma€to€the€head.€€The€sharp€force€wounds€to€the€neck€were€not€stab€wounds,€but€a€seriesŠ =  Šof€multiple€incisions€resulting€in€a€long,€wide,€and€deep€wound.€€According€to€Dr.€Smith,€the€knifeŠ & v Šfound€at€the€scene€could€have€caused€the€neck€wound.€€He€described€finding€petechial€hemorrhages,Š  _ Šsmall€red€areas€in€the€whites€of€the€eyes,€that€indicate€asphyxial„type€deaths.Š ų H ŠŠ į 1  ŠThe€neck€incisions€cut€through€the€victimššs€wind€pipe,€esophagus,€jugular€vein€€on€bothŠ Ź   Šsides,€carotid€artery€on€the€right€side,€and€into€the€front€surface€of€the€spine.€€He€opined€that€thereŠ ³  Šwere€nine€blows€to€the€victimššs€head.€€Dr.€Smith€also€testified€that€he€believed€the€victim€was€aliveŠ œģ  Šwhen€her€neck€was€cut,€due€to€the€existence€of€a€heartbeat€that€caused€bleeding€into€the€cut€tissuesŠ …Õ  Šand€the€blood€breathed€into€her€lungs.€€The€presence€of€sharp€force€wounds€to€the€hands€andŠ n¾  Šfingernails€indicated€to€Dr.€Smith€that€defensive€wounds€occurred€during€life.€€The€sharp€force€neckŠ W§  Šwound€could€cause€death€within€one€to€two€minutes.Š @ ŠŠ )y ŠDr.€Smith€testified€there€were€seven€separate€incisions€at€the€right€shoulder€and€armpit€andŠ b Šbelieved€the€wound€was€inflicted€after€death.€€No€evidence€of€alcohol€or€drugs€was€detected€fromŠ ūK Štests€performed€on€the€victim.€€The€doctorššs€opinion€was€that€the€victim€experienced€physical€abuseŠ ä4 Šbeyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€€He€also€observed€that€the€large€amount€of€blood€on€theŠ Ķ Šcouch€in€the€living€room€near€the€hallway€door€was€more€blood€than€would€have€resulted€from€theŠ ¶ Šblunt€trauma€and€scalp€lacerations€alone.Š Ÿļ ŠŠ ˆŲ ŠOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Smith€stated€the€victim€was€five€feet,€seven€inches€tall€andŠ qĮ Šweighed€166€pounds.€€He€stated€that€the€blows€to€the€victimššs€head€were€sufficient€to€cause€death.€Š ZŖ ŠWhile€it€is€possible€the€head€blows€could€cause€unconsciousness,€he€could€not€determine€that€ifŠ C“ Šunconsciousness€did€result.€€If€the€blows€were€the€primary€reason€for€death,€then€unconsciousnessŠ ,| Šwould€precede€death.€€He€also€stated€that€a€lay€person€might€believe€an€unconscious€person€was€deadŠ e Šby€the€outward€appearances.€€Dr.€Smith€agreed€that€the€incisions€to€the€victimššs€neck€could€haveŠ žN Šbeen€an€attempt€to€sever€the€head.€€The€defensive€wounds€described€on€the€victimššs€fingernails€andŠ ē 7 Šhands€could€have€been€received€while€the€victimššs€hands€were€at€her€throat,€but€the€doctor€agreedŠ Š!   Šhe€could€not€say,€to€a€medical€certainty,€that€the€hands€had€to€be€in€that€position.€€The€fingernailsŠ ¹" ! Šon€the€victim€were€her€natural€nails,€and€there€was€no€evidence€of€applied€nails€or€remnants.€€TheŠ ¢#ņ" Šfake€fingernail€found€at€the€scene€could€not€be€linked€to€any€of€her€natural€fingernails.€€Dr.€SmithŠ ‹$Ū# Šstated€the€petechial€hemorrhages€to€the€eyes€were€not€the€result€of€the€neck€incision,€but€ofŠ t%Ä $ Šcompression€by€an€undiscovered€source.€€On€redirect€examination,€Dr.€Smith€clarified€thatŠ ]&­!% Šstrangulation€can€occur€without€leaving€a€neck€mark,€and€in€this€case,€the€neck€tissues€wereŠ F'–"& Šdisrupted€by€the€incision€wounds.Š /(#' ŠŠ )h$( ŠBased€on€the€above€facts,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€of€guilt€as€to€first€degree€murder.Š *Q%) ŠŠ ź*:&* ŠÓ  ÓÓ XÓą8 @` ąņ ņPenalty€Phase€of€Trialó óŠ Ó+#'+ ŠÓ XiÓŠ ° ŠÓ  ÓPaulette€Sutton,€a€forensic€scientist,€was€accepted€as€an€expert€in€the€field€of€bloodstainŠ ™é Špattern€analysis.€€She€testified€that€when€she€visited€the€crime€scene€on€May€29,€1998,€her€first€actŠ ‚Ņ Šwas€to€make€a€cursory€tour€of€the€premises.€€She€explained€that€she€uses€the€area€of€least€amount€ofŠ k» Šblood€spatter€as€one€method€of€determining€a€starting€point.€€In€the€bedroom,€she€pointed€outŠ T¤ Šbloodstains€that€indicated€an€origination€from€the€area€of€the€bed€headboard.€€The€stains€wereŠ =  Šmedium€velocity,€consistent€with€beating€or€stabbing„type€of€activity.€€The€next€area€of€stainsŠ & v Šindicated€an€origin€near€the€foot€of€the€bed.€€The€stains€found€near€the€bedroom€doorway€indicatedŠ  _ Što€Ms.€Sutton€that€a€standing€individual€received€a€blow€in€that€area.€€She€stated€there€was€a€passiveŠ ų H Špool€of€blood€on€two€of€the€cushions€of€the€couch€in€the€living€room.€€No€large€blood€pool€was€foundŠ į 1  Šin€the€living€room€floor€or€bedroom.€€A€blood€trail€was€present€on€the€end€arm€of€the€couch,€but€noneŠ Ź   Šin€the€floor€in€front€of€the€couch.€€Ms.€Sutton€found€a€large€amount€of€diluted€blood€in€the€hallwayŠ ³  Šand€bathroom.€€Due€to€cleanup€efforts,€she€could€not€establish€a€definitive€sequence€by€blood€spatterŠ œģ  Špattern€past€the€living€room.€€In€the€bathroom,€Ms.€Sutton€found€diluted€bloodstains€on€the€floor€andŠ …Õ  Šon€the€bathtub€edge€consistent€with€beating€or€stabbing„type€activity.€€She€testified€she€found€theŠ n¾  Šknife€in€the€bathroom€floor,€and€it€had€been€placed€on€top€of€bloodstains€on€the€floor.€€Š W§  ŠŠ @ ŠMs.€Sutton€said€that€from€her€analysis€of€the€bloodstains,€the€events€began€in€the€bedroomŠ )y Šand€proceeded€to€the€living€room.€€Due€to€dilution€from€the€cleanup€effort,€she€could€not€follow€theŠ b Šsequence€further.€€She€did€find€an€Ō_ŌindicationŌ_Ō€of€blow€or€stab€activity€in€the€bathroom.€€The€largestŠ ūK Špool€of€blood€was€found€on€the€couch€cushions€of€the€living€room.€€The€witness€said€this€wasŠ ä4 Šconsistent€with€the€victimššs€neck€being€cut€on€the€couch.€€Ms.€Sutton€did€not€find€an€indication€ofŠ Ķ Šan€š šarterial€gushšš€anywhere€within€the€house.€€In€explaining€the€blood€on€the€victimššs€face,€Ms.Š ¶ ŠSutton€said€it€was€undiluted€bloodstain€transferred€by€a€pliable€substance€consistent€with€the€couchŠ Ÿļ Šcushions.Š ˆŲ ŠŠ qĮ ŠOn€cross„examination,€Ms.€Sutton€agreed€there€had€been€a€diligent€cleanup€effort,€but€noŠ ZŖ Ševidence€of€any€in€the€living€room.€€The€witness€could€not€find€blood€evidence€of€the€victimššs€bodyŠ C“ Šbeing€dragged€on€the€floor.Š ,| ŠŠ e ŠDoctor€Steven€Symes€is€a€forensic€anthropologist€who€works€with€the€Medical€ExaminerššsŠ žN ŠOffice.€€His€testimony€related€his€examination€of€the€victimššs€skull,€cervical€vertebra,€and€right€Š ē 7 Šupper€arm.€€He€described€finding€a€stain€or€scuff€mark€on€the€skull.€€Associated€with€point€of€impactŠ Š!   Šwas€a€circumferential€fracture€on€the€external€side€but€did€not€show€up€internally.Š ¹" ! ŠŠ ¢#ņ" ŠThe€cervical€vertebra€he€examined€contained€a€defect€on€the€front€side,€which€was€aŠ ‹$Ū# Šhorizontal€cut€mark.€€Under€magnification,€he€stated€the€cut€was€v„shaped€with€striations€indicativeŠ t%Ä $ Šof€a€serrated€knife.€€In€examining€the€bone€of€the€right€arm,€he€was€able€to€count€thirteen€grooves,Š ]&­!% Šsome€superficial€and€some€deep.€€He€estimated€it€would€take€š šseveral€minutesšš€to€inflict€these€cuts.Š F'–"& ŠŠ /(#' ŠMs.€Kathaleen€Champion,€mother€of€the€victim,€presented€victim€impact€testimony.€€SheŠ )h$( Šdescribed€the€twenty„one„year„old€victim€as€an€outgoing€person,€loved€by€those€who€knew€her.€€SheŠ *Q%) Šspoke€of€the€victimššs€employment€and€plans€for€advancement.€€The€victim€lived€with€her€mother€andŠ ź*:&* Ša€nineteen„year„old€brother.€€Ms.€Champion€Ō_ŌdescribedŌ_Ō€the€void€left€by€the€victimššs€death.€€She€alsoŠ Ó+#'+ Šsaid€that€she€and€the€victim€relied€on€each€other€financially,€and€the€death€had€also€impacted€her€inŠ ° Šthat€respect.Š ™é ŠŠ ‚Ņ ŠA€stipulation€was€entered€that€the€defendant€had€been€previously€convicted€of€robbery€andŠ k» Šaggravated€assault.€Š T¤ ŠŠ =  ŠMr.€Prince€Edward€Jones,€the€defendantššs€father,€testified€for€the€defendant.€€The€witnessŠ & v Šstated€he€and€the€defendantššs€mother€had€not€lived€together€since€1984€and€were€divorced.€€InŠ  _ Šreference€to€the€death€of€the€victim,€Mr.€Jones€said€it€came€as€a€surprise€to€him,€and€this€was€notŠ ų H Šcharacteristic€of€the€defendant.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€was€always€š šmannerable€and€respectful,ššŠ į 1  Šand€the€witness€never€knew€the€defendant€to€be€in€trouble€like€that.€€Mr.€Jones€was€not€aware€beforeŠ Ź   Šthis€incident€that€the€defendant€dealt€in€selling€drugs.€€The€witness€apologized€for€his€sonššs€actionsŠ ³  Šand€asked€that€the€defendantššs€life€be€spared.€€On€cross„examination,€Mr.€Jones€claimed€he€wasŠ œģ  Špretty€close€to€his€son€but€was€unaware€of€the€defendantššs€1994€conviction€for€selling€drugs.€€Mr.Š …Õ  ŠJones€also€did€not€know€of€the€defendantššs€convictions€for€assault,€robbery,€and€aggravated€assault.Š n¾  ŠŠ W§  ŠKaffranda€Mason€was€next€to€testify€for€the€defendant.€€She€stated€the€defendant€is€the€fatherŠ @ Šof€her€four„year„old€daughter.€€She€stated€she€had€caused€the€defendant€to€be€arrested€before,€andŠ )y Šhe€pled€guilty€to€assault.€€She€stated€the€defendant€never€struck€her€on€that€occasion.€€She€said€thatŠ b Šthe€defendant€had€provided€support€for€their€child.Š ūK ŠŠ ä4 ŠTelska€Pollard€testified€she€had€dated€the€defendant€for€ten€years,€and€they€had€been€marriedŠ Ķ Šfor€two€years.€€They€had€two€children,€a€ten„year„old€son€and€an€eight„year„old€daughter.€€TheŠ ¶ Šdefendant€had€provided€support€for€the€children.€€€Ms.€Pollard€testified€she€had€caused€the€defendantŠ Ÿļ Što€be€arrested€once,€but€she€had€not€pursued€the€matter€and€did€not€remember€if€the€defendant€wasŠ ˆŲ Šconvicted.€€She€stated€that€she€cooperated€with€the€defendant€in€keeping€his€father€from€knowingŠ qĮ Šof€the€defendantššs€convictions.€€On€cross„examination,€it€was€revealed€that€on€the€occasion€of€herŠ ZŖ Šbringing€charges€against€the€defendant,€they€had€fought€and€he€had€hit€her€with€a€bar€used€to€lockŠ C“ Šthe€steering€wheel€of€an€automobile.Š ,| ŠŠ e ŠBarry€Jordan,€the€defendantššs€uncle,€testified€next.€€He€recalled€that€the€defendant,€whenŠ žN Šyounger,€had€a€temper€and€was€picked€on€by€others€due€to€his€small€size.€€The€witness€was€shockedŠ ē 7 Šat€the€murder€charge€and€had€thought€the€defendant€had€improved€in€managing€his€temper.Š Š!   ŠŠ ¹" ! ŠVanessa€Dale€Luellen,€the€defendantššs€mother,€testified€that€she€was€a€recovering€drug€addictŠ ¢#ņ" Šand€had€been€drug„free€for€eleven€years.€€From€1985€through€1991,€she€was€on€drugs.€€She€describedŠ ‹$Ū# Šhow€her€drug€use€adversely€affected€the€defendant€and€that€the€defendant€had€dropped€out€of€schoolŠ t%Ä $ Šin€the€tenth€grade€and€tried€to€support€her€other€children.€€She€concluded€by€taking€responsibilityŠ ]&­!% Šfor€the€results€of€her€past€addiction€and€its€affect€on€the€defendant.€€She€pled€for€the€defendantššs€lifeŠ F'–"& Što€be€spared.Š /(#' ŠŠ )h$( ŠThe€defendant€testified€in€his€own€behalf.€€He€stated€he€was€twenty„eight€years€old€and€hadŠ *Q%) Šchildren€that€he€supported€before€his€incarceration.€€He€admitted€killing€the€victim€and€said€he€hadŠ ź*:&* Šbeen€using€drugs€and€alcohol.€€He€stated€that€he€snapped€when€he€caught€the€victim€going€into€hisŠ Ó+#'+ Šmoney€drawer.€€He€apologized€to€the€victimššs€mother€and€asked€the€jury€to€spare€his€life.€€DuringŠ ° Šcross„examination,€he€stated€that€he€had€not€learned€from€his€previous€sentence€on€aggravatedŠ ™é Šassault€and€robbery€convictions.€€He€testified€he€did€not€remember€cutting€the€victimššs€neck€or€whyŠ ‚Ņ Šhe€did€not€stop.€€He€stated€he€was€high€on€drugs.€€He€could€not€remember€telling€his€roommate€thatŠ k» Šthe€defendant€had€to€kill€the€victim€due€to€the€defendantššs€probation€status.Š T¤ ŠŠ =  Šņ ņÓ XÓÓ  ÓņņAnalysisóóó óŠ & v ŠÓĻÓÓ XĮÓŠ  ` ŠWe€first€examine€the€defendantššs€contention€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€aŠ ł I Šfinding€of€first€degree€murder.€€The€defendant€argues€that€his€ingestion€of€alcohol,€cocaine,€andŠ ā 2  Šmarijuana,€combined€with€his€discovery€of€attempted€theft€by€the€victim€established,€at€most,€proofŠ Ė   Šof€second€degree€murder.Š “  ŠŠ ķ  ŠŌ‡ X§M XXXwŌWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€must€review€theŠ †Ö  Šrecord€to€determine€if€the€evidence€adduced€during€the€trial€was€sufficient€š što€support€the€findingŠ oæ  Šby€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.šš€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€This€rule€isŠ XØ  Šapplicable€to€findings€of€guilt€predicated€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€aŠ A‘ Šcombination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€18€(Tenn.€Crim.Š *z ŠApp.€1996).Š c ŠŠ üL ŠIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€theŠ å5 Ševidence.€€ņņState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€itsŠ Ī Šinferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.€€ņņLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199Š · ŠTenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€To€the€contrary,€this€Court€is€required€to€afford€theŠ  š ŠState€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonableŠ ‰Ł Šand€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Elkinsóó,€102€S.W.3d€578,Š rĀ Š581€(Tenn.€2003).Š [« ŠŠ D” ŠThe€trier€of€fact,€not€this€Court,€resolves€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€theŠ -} Šwitnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theŠ f Ševidence.€€ņņId.óó€€In€ņņState€v.€Graceóó,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€stated,€š š[a]€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,Š ’O Šapproved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€allŠ č 8 Šconflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.šš€€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€€Š Ń!!  ŠŠ ŗ" ! ŠBecause€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€it€with€aŠ £#ó" Špresumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€Court€of€illustrating€why€the€evidence€isŠ Œ$Ü# Šinsufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914Š u%Å $ Š(Tenn.€1982);€ņņGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€476.€€ņ ņó óŌ#†XwX X X§MŪ#ŌŠ ^&®!% ŠŠ G'—"& ŠAt€the€time€of€this€killing,€first€degree€murder€was€defined,€in€pertinent€part€as:Š 0(€#' ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓ(1)€€A€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another;Š )i$( Š.€.€.€.Š *R%) ŠÓ$”,Č’X°œX$Óą 4 ąą0 ` ąą 4 ą(d)€As€used€in€subdivision€(a)(1)€š špremeditationšš€is€an€act€done€after€the€exerciseŠ ė*;&* Šof€reflection€and€judgment.€€š šPremeditationšš€means€that€the€intent€to€killŠ Ō+$'+ Šmust€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€theŠ ° Špurpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definite€period€ofŠ ™é Štime.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€the€accused€allegedlyŠ ‚Ņ Šdecided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determine€whether€theŠ k» Šaccused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€to€be€capable€ofŠ T¤ Špremeditation.Š= ` Š ` Š  ŠÓ( °œX”,Č’Xݚ(ÓÓ XYšÓÓ XKšÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(a)(1)€and€(d)€(1995).€€š šIntentionalšš€is€defined€in€Tennessee€CodeŠ & v ŠAnnotated€section€39„11„106(a)(18)€(1997)€as€š šconscious€objective€or€desire€to€.€.€.€cause€the€result.ššŠ  _ ŠĢÓ XgšÓThe€elements€of€premeditation€and€intent€are€questions€for€the€jury.€€The€jury€may€analyzeŠ į 1  Šthe€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing€in€reaching€a€determination.€€ņņState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2dŠ Ź   Š651,€660€(Tenn.€1997).Š ³  ŠŠ œģ  ŠAfter€reviewing€the€proof€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€as€we€are€required,€weŠ …Õ  Šagree€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€convict€the€defendant€of€€premeditated€first€degree€murder.€Š n¾  ŠThe€defendant€began€his€assault€on€the€victim€in€the€bedroom€using€a€five„pound€weight€to€strikeŠ W§  Šthe€victimššs€head.€€The€defendantššs€attack€persisted€in€spite€of€his€roommateššs€attemptedŠ @ Šintervention€and€efforts€to€pull€the€defendant€away€from€the€victim.€€Despite€pleas€from€theŠ )y Šdefendantššs€roommate€to€let€the€victim€go,€the€defendant€frustrated€the€victimššs€attempt€to€escapeŠ b Šand€continued€his€brutal€assault.€€The€defendant€further€told€his€roommate€that€he€could€not€releaseŠ ūK Šthe€victim€due€to€his€probationary€status,€from€which€the€jury€could€infer€his€intent€to€kill.€€AfterŠ ä4 Šapparently€rendering€the€victim€unconscious,€the€defendant€obtained€a€large€knife€and€incised€a€deepŠ Ķ Šwound€to€the€victimššs€neck.€The€medical€examiner€attributed€the€victimššs€death€to€multiple€injuries.Š ¶ ŠŠ Ÿļ ŠThe€jury€heard€and€rejected€the€defendantššs€claim€of€diminished€capacity€due€to€voluntaryŠ ˆŲ Šintoxication.€€The€evidence€in€this€record€supports€the€juryššs€finding€that€the€defendant€acted€withoutŠ qĮ Špassion€and,€consciously,€with€premeditation,€engaged€in€the€conduct€which€caused€the€victimššsŠ ZŖ Šdeath.€€The€issue€is€without€merit.Š C“ ŠŠ ,| ŠThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€its€failure€to€suppress€twoŠ e Šstatements€given€by€the€defendant.€€In€support€of€this€,€the€defendant€argues€the€statements€were€notŠ žN Šfreely€and€voluntarily€given€due€to€his€ingestion€of€alcohol€and€drugs€in€the€hours€preceding€theŠ ē 7 Šstatements.Š Š!   ŠŠ ¹" ! ŠThe€technical€record€indicates€that€a€suppression€hearing€was€held€and€that€the€defendantššsŠ ¢#ņ" Šmotions€to€suppress€were€denied.€€However,€the€defendant€has€failed€to€include€the€transcript€of€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šsuppression€hearing€in€the€record€before€us.€€This€issue€is€waived€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€ofŠ t%Ä $ ŠAppellate€Procedure€24(b).€€Ō‡ X§M XXXwŌIt€is€the€duty€of€the€accused€to€provide€a€record€which€conveys€a€fair,Š ]&­!% Šaccurate,€and€complete€account€of€what€transpired€with€regard€to€the€issues€which€form€the€basis€ofŠ F'–"& Šthe€appeal.€Ō_ŌŌ_Ō€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€24(b);€ņņseeóó€ņņState€v.€Tayloróó,€992€S.W.2d€941,€944€(Tenn.€1999).Ō#†XwX X X§MŖ#ŌŠ /(#' ŠŠ )h$( ŠThe€defendantššs€next€issue€deals€with€certain€photographs€admitted€during€the€guilt€andŠ *Q%) Špenalty€phases€of€the€trial.€€The€defendantššs€argument€is€grounded€in€Tennessee€Rules€of€EvidenceŠ ź*:&* ŠRule€401€as€to€relevance,€and€Rule€403€contending€that€the€probative€value€was€substantiallyŠ Ó+#'+ Šoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€We€note€initially€that€the€defendantššs€brief€has€failedŠ ° Što€make€reference€to€the€specific€exhibit€numbers€to€which€objection€was€made.€€However,€we€willŠ ™é Šaddress€the€photographs€that€are€readily€capable€of€identification.€Š ‚Ņ ŠŠ k» ŠIn€reviewing€the€admissibility€of€photographs,€we€must€first€determine€if€the€photographsŠ T¤ Šwere€relevant.€€Relevant€evidence€is€evidence€š šhaving€any€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€anyŠ =  Šfact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€thanŠ & v Šit€would€be€without€the€evidence.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€Ō‡X§M XXXwŌŠ  _ ŠŠ ų H ŠTennessee€courts€follow€a€policy€of€liberality€in€the€admission€of€photographs€in€both€civilŠ į 1  Šand€criminal€cases.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949€(Tenn.€1978)€(citations€omitted).€Š Ź   ŠAccordingly,€š šthe€admissibility€of€photographs€lies€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€courtšš€whoseŠ ³  Šruling€š šwill€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€except€upon€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.šš€Š œģ  ŠņņIdņņ.óóóó€€Notwithstanding,€a€photograph€must€be€found€relevant€to€an€issue€at€trial€with€its€probative€valueŠ …Õ  Šoutweighing€any€prejudicial€effect€before€it€may€be€admitted€into€evidence.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Vannóó,€976Š n¾  ŠŌ#adddŌS.W.2d€93,€102€(Tenn.€1998)ņņóó.€€ņņóóņņóóPhotographs€of€a€corpse€are€generally€admissible€in€murder€prosecutionsŠ W§  ŠŌ#ddadŌif€they€are€relevant€to€the€issues€at€trial.€€ņņBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€950„51;€ņņseeņņóó€óóTenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€Š @ Šņ ņó óNotwithstanding€this€broad€interpretation€of€admissibility,€evidence€that€is€not€relevant€to€proveŠ )y Šsome€part€of€the€prosecutionššs€case€should€not€be€admitted€solely€to€inflame€the€jury€and€prejudiceŠ b Šthe€defendant.€€ņņBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951.Ō#†XwX XX§M,°#ŌŠ ūK ŠŠ ä4 ŠThe€defendant€objects€to€Exhibit€12,€a€picture€of€the€defendantššs€upper€body€which€showedŠ Ķ Šencrusted€blood€in€various€places€on€the€defendantššs€upper€body,€as€well€as€a€tattoo€of€a€skull€withŠ ¶ Ša€smoking€cigarette.€€The€defendant€describes€the€tattoo€as€š šviolentšš€and€alleges€that€it€has€noŠ Ÿļ Šprobative€value.€€The€testimony€at€trial€produced€evidence€of€a€very€bloody€scene.€Exhibit€12€wasŠ ˆŲ Šrelevant€to€show€the€defendantššs€participation,€as€well€as€the€issues€of€intent€and€premeditation.€€ItŠ qĮ Šis€not€unfairly€prejudicial€and€was€properly€admitted.Š ZŖ ŠŠ C“ ŠThe€photographs€next€asserted€as€unduly€prejudicial€are€of€the€garbage€can€with€the€victimššsŠ ,| Šbody€next€to€it€in€the€hallway€of€the€defendantššs€home.€€Exhibits€20€and€21€both€show€a€blue€garbageŠ e Šcan€with€a€body€partially€visible.€€We€presume€these€to€be€the€object€of€the€defendantššs€objectionŠ žN Šon€appeal.€€Exhibit€20€depicts€a€hallway€scene€showing€copious€blood€smears€on€a€door,€the€facing,Š ē 7 Šand€the€floor.€€Only€the€victimššs€unmarked€left€arm€is€visible€next€to€a€bloodstained€garbage€can.Š Š!   ŠThough€bloody,€the€photograph€is€not€gruesome€and€advanced€the€Stateššs€theory€of€a€continuingŠ ¹" ! Šattack€relating€to€intent€and€premeditation.€€Exhibit€21€shows€the€interior€of€the€garbage€can€seenŠ ¢#ņ" Šin€Exhibit€20€which€contains€pooled€blood.€€Only€a€portion€of€the€victimššs€unmarked€body€is€visible.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠThough€arguably€non„essential,€this€photograph€is€not,€in€the€context€of€the€trial,€gruesome.€€TheŠ t%Ä $ Štrial€court€reviewed€both€pictures€upon€the€defendantššs€objection€at€trial€and€found€them€probativeŠ ]&­!% Šof€the€defendantššs€culpable€mental€state€in€attempting€to€dispose€of€the€body.€€The€exhibits€wereŠ F'–"& Šproperly€admitted.Š /(#' ŠŠ )h$( ŠThe€defendant€next€cites€as€an€issue€the€following:€€š šThe€court€erred€in€allowing€in€certainŠ *Q%) Šā āphotos€as€evidence€during€the€testimony€of€Dr.€O.€C.€Smith,€depicting€prejudicial€views€of€theŠ ź*:&* Šdeceased.€€The€defendant€contends€that€these€pictures,€objected€to€at€trial,€were€extremely€graphicŠ ° Šand€that€their€prejudicial€value€was€not€outweighed€by€the€probative€value.ššŠ ™é Šā āŠ ‚Ņ ŠThe€photographs€introduced€through€Dr.€Smith€were€Exhibit€3,€a€picture€of€the€victimššs€faceŠ k» Štaken€at€the€autopsy;€and€Exhibits€36€and€37.€€The€latter€two€exhibits€were€each€large€boardsŠ T¤ Šcontaining€a€number€of€photographs€of€each€exhibit.€€Exhibits€36€and€37€were€retained€by€the€trialŠ =  Šcourt€clerk,€unless€requested€by€this€Court.€€We€assume€the€defendant€refers€to€Exhibits€36€and€37Š & v Šas€being€overly€prejudicial€in€proportion€to€their€probative€value.Š  _ ŠŠ ų H ŠThe€trial€court€conducted€an€extensive€voir€dire€of€Dr.€Smith€prior€to€his€testimony,€and€eachŠ į 1  Špicture€was€examined€and€weighed€appropriately€by€the€applicable€rules€of€evidence.€€The€trial€courtŠ Ź   Šsustained€the€defendantššs€objection€in€part€and€removed€five€of€the€pictures.€€Viewing€the€evidenceŠ ³  Šin€this€case€in€its€entirety,€we€are€compelled€to€note€the€overwhelming€evidence€in€the€record€thatŠ œģ  Šestablishes€the€defendantššs€guilt.€€We€do€not€believe€a€review€of€these€exhibits€would€serve€toŠ …Õ  Šchange€that€conclusion.€€We€accept€the€trial€courtššs€careful€analysis€of€the€subject€exhibits€and€findŠ n¾  Šthe€issue€without€merit.Š W§  ŠŠ @ ŠThe€defendantššs€brief€states€its€next€issue€as€follows:Š )y ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓThe€court€erred€in€admitting€certain€photos,€objected€by€defense€counsel€during€theŠ b Špenalty€stage€of€the€trial,€that€depicted€graphic€scenes€of€the€residence€where€theŠ ūK Šmurder€took€place€and€graphic€scenes€of€the€victim€herself.€€The€defendant€contendsŠ ä4 Šthat€these€picturesšš€probative€value€was€far€outweighed€by€the€prejudicial€value.Š Ķ ŠŌ_ŌŌ_ŌÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓŠ ¶ ŠInitially,€we€note€that€there€were€42€photographs€admitted€during€the€sentencing€stage.€Š Ÿļ ŠThirty„seven€of€these€were€introduced€through€Ms.€Sutton,€the€blood€spatter€pattern€expert.€Š ˆŲ ŠAlthough€the€defendantššs€brief€does€not€specify€the€exhibit€numbers,€the€record€shows€the€defendantŠ qĮ Šobjected€to€thirteen€of€the€exhibits.€€The€trial€court€conducted€a€jury„out€hearing€and€examined€eachŠ ZŖ Šproposed€exhibit€individually.€€Ultimately,€all€were€admitted€after€an€appropriate€weighing€of€theirŠ C“ Šprobative€value€versus€their€prejudicial€impact.€€The€State€introduced€five€photographs€of€theŠ ,| Švictimššs€bones€through€Dr.€Symes,€the€forensic€anthropologist.Š e ŠŠ žN ŠOur€review€of€these€photographs€leads€us€to€conclude€that€some€are€prejudicial,€but€notŠ ē 7 Šunduly€so,€in€light€of€the€Stateššs€obligation€to€prove€the€murder€was€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel.€Š Š!   ŠThe€introduction€of€pictures€for€this€purpose€has€been€repeatedly€upheld.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Hallóó,€976Š ¹" ! ŠS.W.2d€121,€161€(Tenn.€1998).€€We€conclude€that€there€was€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€admitting€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šsubject€photographs€at€the€sentencing€phase.Š ‹$Ū# ŠŠ t%Ä $ ŠThe€defendant€next€generally€avers€that€evidence€of€other€crimes€was€improperly€admittedŠ ]&­!% Šthrough€the€defendantššs€father€on€cross„examination.€€The€defendantššs€father€testified€for€theŠ F'–"& Šdefendant€during€the€sentencing€phase€that€the€events€of€this€case€did€not€fit€with€the€son€he€knew.€Š /(#' ŠThe€witness€described€the€defendant€as€always€š šmannerablešš€and€respectful,€and€the€witness€wasŠ )h$( Šnot€aware€the€defendant€was€dealing€in€drugs.€€The€witness€concluded€his€direct€testimony€by€sayingŠ *Q%) Šā āthe€defendant€is€š šnot€that€type€of€personšš€and€something€was€wrong€with€him€at€the€time.€€On€cross„Š ź*:&* Šexamination,€the€witness€claimed€that€he€was€close€to€his€son€and€that€the€defendant€was€not€the€typeŠ ° Šof€person€to€commit€murder.Š ™é Šā āŠ ‚Ņ ŠThe€witness€was€then€asked€if€he€was€aware€the€defendant€had€been€convicted€for€sellingŠ k» Šdrugs.€€The€trial€court€gave€a€limiting€instruction€as€to€the€use€of€the€defendantššs€misdemeanorŠ T¤ Šassault€and€explained€it€could€only€be€used€for€impeachment.€€The€witness€was€then€questioned€asŠ =  Što€his€awareness€of€three€other€convictions€of€the€defendantššs,€respectively;€assault,€robbery,€andŠ & v Šaggravated€assault.€€The€robbery€and€aggravated€assault€convictions€had€been€previously€stipulated.Š  _ ŠŠ ų H ŠOur€standard€of€review€when€determining€whether€evidence€of€other€crimes€has€beenŠ į 1  Šimproperly€admitted€is€whether€the€trial€judge€abused€his€discretion.€€ņņState€v.€Duboseóó,€953€S.W.2dŠ Ź   Š649,€652€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€this€case,€we€conclude€he€did€not.€€All€the€convictions€were€utilized€toŠ ³  Šrebut€the€witnessšš€claim€of€closeness€with€the€defendant€and€his€ability€to€judge€the€defendantššsŠ œģ  Šcharacter.€€The€trial€courtššs€limiting€instruction€explained€the€use€of€the€misdemeanor€conviction.€Š …Õ  ŠThe€admission€of€the€convictions€in€rebuttal€of€the€witnessššs€assertions€did€not€constitute€an€abuseŠ n¾  Šof€discretion.Š W§  ŠŠ @ Šņ ņÓ  ÓÓ XÓņņConclusionóóó óŠ )y ŠÓ XvÖÓÓjÖÓŠ c ŠAfter€careful€consideration€of€the€defendantššs€contentions,€we€conclude€that€the€defendantššsŠ üL Šallegations€as€to€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€errors€occurring€during€the€guilt€and€penalty€phasesŠ å5 Šof€the€trial€are€without€merit.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€convictions.Š Ī ŠŠ · ŠŠ  š ŠŠ ‰Ł ŠŠ rĀ ŠŠ [« ŠŠ D” Šą ` ąą ø ą€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€___________________________________€Š -} Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą€€€€JOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE