ÿWPCÍ éÂpÅs§£DI}Á¬Ûp [l¥¬•Sèàe |šxniL I(çD} b‰Á¦a97Ò[¾r é šé1WpÍäÀ+CH!_ay<½éë©ßHéÑi­2¸¿Ç¶%&Æ—Õ¬os<{ô¿8Èç·^‹P‹÷l¹³DÓ*l¯<§¥Žoš.ä²6ˆ©ÏÉ^ O¿kQžmÁf“m0X+üÚŒy|¡Vú’BìÔ­ƒ6‹±Òf³;_@èóÉÐG ų“Ãö*Õù:A,; z"Gqœ9K á jâ/ÏæUýçaX‹¾Eâ2~éÆ/-½¸ùç›^Æ6kYø©L™T ¤½âÒ‘Yjß-B¹ý[ÇïÞ£=w¢9y)À™ò¹tc>Y­l‰MÎY=;&)  Lb %\ 1ub 0ˆ×UKN_ 72­ 0cß^ B zN ÒÈ wš 4ž ² Á ÆÃ Ɖ ÆO Æ mÛ Nò #Éô ½EÁà 0wÙ 0ŠP 0 Ú 0´z 0Ç. 0Ûõ 0ïÐ 0D¿ 1‹ 72ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽbÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀÀ 0ëÈÈÈÈ B³³ 0¤Ð D5t D-© 0KÖÖ AS!Æt 0¤: 0DÞ A«"»3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regulari)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à‘‰//Ï  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptóbï.ê:i¢×+003|x Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S08T\knoxclerk3ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 LATRECEWoodallArdenaParkeCarlonBowensErlanger LeggPippingerMcClianMcClain BleaPryorBrainardShallowfordDonyellRandstaffChildsplayTamekaTerrellTellisTyniesepulselessintubated NICUPippengerWellness T.C. U.T.neurosurgical hyperextension Crim TeelSandstromPhipps EvidBurlisonairbags Ñ e Ñ(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ ÙxÚ"Icgkosw{Large BulletLarge Bullet - ù-(|G2‹R$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€\Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôö¥ò»»Ô d(|3¿‰$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€\Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3¿‰$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€\Å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€\Å»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼\Å»»»ÔÑ8€ XXdì»»d8ÑÑ€ïO Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îIT\ÅÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼\Å»îîIT#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€March€19,€2003Ð üL ÐÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔÌò òÔ#†¼\Å»XX 0#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€LATRECE€JONESòòóóÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Hamilton€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€226487€€€€€€Rebecca€J.€Stern,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„00893„CCA„R3„CDÐ ¥õ  ÐSeptember€15,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÌA€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€herÐ d´ Ðas€a€mitigated€offender€to€.9€years€of€unsupervised€probation.€€The€defendant€appeals€her€convictionÐ P  Ðand€alleges€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€allowed€the€improper€admission€of€evidence€regardingÐ <Œ Ðchild€restraint€laws€and€insufficient€evidence€to€support€a€conviction.€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX ¥#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔAfter€careful€review,€weÐ (x Ðaffirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð d ÐÓÚÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€ó óÐ ì< ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼\Å»àX ¹#ÔÔ‡X X.¼\ÅÔJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€andÐ Ä ÐòòThomas€T.€Woodall,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ° ÐÌArdena€J.€Garth,€District€Public€Defender,€and€Donna€Robinson€Miller,€Assistant€District€PublicÐ ˆØ ÐDefender,€for€the€appellant,€Latrece€Jones.Ð tÄ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Thomas€E.€Williams,€III,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ L œ ÐGeneral;€William€H.€Cox,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€and€C.€Parke€Masterson,€Jr.,€AssistantÐ 8!ˆ  ÐDistrict€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $"t! ÐÓÂÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼\Å»XX ñ#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔÐ ü#L# ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ8 ÓÓ  Óà  àA€Hamilton€County€Criminal€Court€jury€found€the€defendant,€Latrece€Jones,€guilty€ofÐ Ô%$!% Ðcriminally€negligent€homicide€of€her€son,€Carlon€Bowens,€Jr.€€The€defendant€was€sentenced€as€aÐ À&"& Ðmitigated€offender€to€.9€years€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction.€€The€trial€court€orderedÐ ¬'ü"' Ðthe€defendantððs€sentence€suspended,€to€be€served€on€unsupervised€probation.€€The€trial€court€deniedÐ ˜(è#( Ðthe€defendantððs€Motion€for€New€Trial.€€This€appeal€timely€followed.€€The€defendant€contends€thereÐ „)Ô$) Ðwas€insufficient€evidence€to€support€her€conviction,€and€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€evidenceÐ p*À%* Ðregarding€child€restraint€laws.€€Ð \+¬&+ Ðâ âÓU ÓÔ#†¼\Å»XX  #ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔÐ H,˜',ý ÐÔ_ÔÓ  Óà  àThis€case€relates€to€the€November€9,€1998€car€accident€in€which€the€victim€was€killed.€€TheÐ ° Ðâ âdefendant€held€the€victim,€her€two„year„old€son,€on€her€lap€while€she€rode€in€the€front€passenger€seatÐ œì Ðof€a€rental€sedan€driven€by€Letitia€Abernathy.€€Six€other€individuals€were€in€the€backseat.€€DuringÐ ˆØ Ðthe€accident,€the€vehicleððs€air€bags€deployed.€€The€only€person€wearing€a€seat€belt€was€the€driver.€TheÐ tÄ Ðvictim€sustained€a€broken€neck€and€was€declared€dead€a€day€and€a€half€later€by€Erlanger€HospitalÐ `° Ðphysicians.€€Ð L œ ÐÓæÓÓ  ÓÌÓ‘ÓÓ  Óà  àOfficer€Craig€Joel,€Investigator€Gary€Legg,€Brooke€Pippinger,€Lisa€McClain,€LetitiaÐ $ t ÐAbernathy,€Dr.€Joseph€Earl€Kelley,€Jr.€and€paramedics€Billy€Blea,€Glen€King,€Scott€Pryor,€Jr.,€andÐ  ` ÐJake€Carroll€testified€at€the€defendantððs€trial.€€Ð ü L  ÐÓ®ÓÌÓ  Óà  àOfficer€Craig€Joel€testified€that€he€has€been€a€police€information€officer€for€the€ChattanoogaÐ Ô$  ÐPolice€Department€since€January€of€1998.€€He€stated€that€he€was€a€patrol€officer€in€Zone€7,€EastÐ À  ÐBrainard€area€in€1998.€€Officer€Joel€testified€that€he€was€called€to€respond€to€a€vehicle€wreck€at€aboutÐ ¬ü  Ð5:40€in€the€evening€at€or€near€the€intersection€of€Shallowford€Road€and€Jersey€Pike.€€The€prosecutionÐ ˜è  Ðshowed€the€witness€photographs€of€the€accident,€and€Officer€Joel€said€the€pictures€depicted€the€sceneÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€accident€as€he€remembered€it.€€He€testified€that€one€of€the€pictures€accurately€depicted€theÐ pÀ Ðlayout€of€the€Jersey€Pike€and€Shallowford€Road€intersection.€€Several€of€the€pictures€showed€the€rearÐ \¬ Ðof€a€white€Chevrolet€at€an€L„shape€with€a€red€Buick.€€Officer€Joel€testified€that€nine€people€occupiedÐ H˜ Ðthe€Chevrolet€and€the€airbags€were€deployed.€€He€said€the€defendant€told€him€that€she€was€seated€onÐ 4„ Ðthe€passengerððs€side€of€the€Chevrolet€without€a€seatbelt€and€held€the€victim.€€There€were€no€child„Ð  p Ðrestraint€devices€inside€the€Chevrolet.€€€The€defendant€and€Carlon€Donyell€Bowens,€Jr.€are€theÐ  \ Ðparents€of€the€victim.€€On€cross„examination,€Officer€Joel€testified€that€the€driver€of€the€BuickÐ øH ÐLeSabre€caused€the€accident€by€failing€to€yield,€crossing€in€front€of€the€white€Chevrolet€Cavalier.€Ô#†¼\Å»XX ž#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔÐ ä4 ÐÓÓÌÓ  Óà  àLetitia€Abernathy,€aunt€of€the€victim,€testified€that€she€operated€a€daycare€business€out€of€herÐ ¼  Ðhome€during€November€of€1998.€€She€said€that€the€automobile€accident€occurred€at€about€5:40€p.m.Ð ¨ø Ðon€November€9,€1998.€€At€2:00€p.m.€that€same€day,€she€drove€a€rental€carÔ#†¼\Å»XX A#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ€to€her€brotherððs€house€toÐ ”ä Ðpick€him€up€for€work.€€Three€children€from€her€daycareÔ#†¼\Å»XX ó#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ€were€passengers€in€her€car€at€the€time.€€TheÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€and€the€victim,€who€was€two€years€and€four€months€old,€Ô#†¼\Å»XX #ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔwere€at€her€brotherððs€apartmentÐ l¼ Ðwhen€she€arrived.€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX b#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔShe€testified€that€she€and€her€brother€were€in€the€front€seat€and€the€victim,€theÐ X ¨ Ðdefendant,€and€three€daycare€children€were€in€the€backseat.€€Ms.€Abernathy€drove€her€brother€to€hisÐ D!” Ðworkplace,€Planters,€on€Jersey€Pike€and€dropped€him€off.€€The€defendant€and€the€victim€got€into€theÐ 0"€  Ðfront€seat.€€Ms.€Abernathy€wore€a€seat€belt€and€thought€the€children€were€also€wearing€seat€belts.€Ð #l! ÐShe€testified€that€there€were€no€child„restraint€seats€in€the€car.€€After€she€dropped€off€her€brother,€sheÐ $X" Ðdrove€back€to€her€home€to€pick€up€her€daughter€and€a€nine„month„old€infant€who€stays€in€herÐ ô$D # Ðdaycare.€€Everyone€got€out€of€the€car€and€then€got€back€in€the€car€after€a€couple€of€minutes.€€She€saidÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€when€everyone€got€back€into€the€car,€the€defendant€and€the€victim€sat€in€the€front€seat,€and€theÐ Ì&"% Ðfive€children€sat€in€the€back€seat.€€She€drove€the€defendant€to€Randstaff€and€dropped€her€and€theÐ ¸'#& Ðvictim€off€before€picking€her€mother€up€at€Childsplay.€€After€she€picked€her€mother€up,€she€droveÐ ¤(ô#' Ðback€to€Randstaff€to€pick€up€the€defendant€and€the€victim.€€At€this€point,€she€had€three€adults€andÐ )à$( Ðsix€children€in€her€car.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àAt€the€time€of€the€wreck,€the€defendant€and€the€victim€were€seated€in€the€front€passenger€seat.€Ð ° ÐHer€mother€and€four€of€the€children€were€seated€in€the€back€seat,€with€one€of€the€children€holdingÐ œì Ðan€infant€in€her€lap.€€She€testified€that€at€the€time€of€the€wreck€she€was€on€her€way€to€Cromwell€RoadÐ ˆØ Ðto€drop€off€the€defendant€and€the€victim.€€Ms.€Abernathy€testified€that€her€vehicle€was€hit€from€theÐ tÄ Ðrear€at€the€intersection€of€Shallowford€and€Jersey€Pike,€and€at€the€time€of€impact,€the€victim€wasÐ `° Ðsleeping€and€that€she€did€not€see€any€response€from€him.€€She€said€paramedics€and€emergencyÐ L œ Ðpersonnel€responded€within€approximately€six€to€eight€minutes.€€She€further€testified€that,€with€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðexception€of€the€victim,€all€of€her€other€passengers€were€walking€and€talking.€€The€victim€wasÐ $ t Ðbrought€to€the€emergency€room.€€She€said€that€she€has€also€been€charged€in€the€death€of€the€victimÐ  ` Ðand€with€violating€the€child€restraint€seat€law€and€that€her€case€has€not€been€disposed€of.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Letitia€Abernathy€testified€that€she€normally€drives€a€Jeep€whichÐ Ô$  Ðcontains€two€car€seats€and€carries€up€to€five€children€in€her€car.€€She€said€that€on€the€day€of€theÐ À  Ðwreck,€one€of€her€car€seats€remained€in€her€Jeep€and€one€was€left€at€home.€€Ms.€Abernathy€testified€Ð ¬ü  Ðthat€she€only€needed€one€car€seat€for€the€victim€and€one€for€the€nine„month„old€infant.€€One€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðother€children€was€under€four€years€old.€€She€further€testified€that€although€she€wore€a€seat€belt,€sheÐ „Ô  Ðdid€not€make€arrangements€to€have€child€restraint€seats€for€anyone€in€the€car€that€day€because€thereÐ pÀ Ðwere€too€many€people€riding€in€the€car.€€Ms.€Abernathy€testified€that€she€did€not€expect€to€pick€upÐ \¬ Ðall€of€the€people€that€she€had€in€her€car.€€She€said€that€earlier€on€the€day€of€the€wreck,€she€had€a€carÐ H˜ Ðaccident€in€her€van€and€called€the€day€care€parents€to€tell€them€that€she€would€have€difficultyÐ 4„ Ðtransporting€the€children.€€She€did€not€make€arrangements€to€get€a€larger€car€to€handle€the€size€of€theÐ  p Ðnumber€of€people€she€had€to€transport.€Ô#†¼\Å»XX î#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ€She€decided€to€transport€them€without€child€restraint€seats.€Ð  \ ÐShe€testified€that€the€defendant€had€nothing€to€do€with€the€children€sitting€in€the€back€seat€of€herÐ øH Ðrental€car.€€She€said€there€were€only€two€lap€belts€in€the€back€seat€for€the€five€people€she€transported.€Ð ä4 ÐShe€stated€that€she€has€not€been€charged€with€failing€to€have€a€child€restraint€seat€for€the€nine„month„Ð Ð  Ðold€infant.€€Ms.€Abernathy€babysat€the€victim€two€or€three€times€per€week,€but€was€not€consideredÐ ¼  Ðhis€care€giver€when€he€was€with€his€father.€€She€said€that€her€brother€was€the€victimððs€Ô#†¼\Å»XX ,#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔcustodialÐ ¨ø Ðparent,€not€the€defendant.€€She€testified€that€the€victim€has€his€own€child€restraint€seat,€but€it€was€atÐ ”ä Ðhis€house€on€the€day€of€the€accident.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àOn€redirect,€Ms.€Abernathy€testified€that€Ô#†¼\Å»XX ñ.#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔshe€was€aware€of€the€fact€that€the€younger€childrenÐ X ¨ Ðshould€have€been€in€child€safety€seats.€€She€said€that€at€the€time€her€daughter€was€born,€she€wasÐ D!” Ðinstructed€by€Erlanger€Hospital€to€have€a€car€seat€for€her€child.€€She€did€not€know€if€any€of€the€sixÐ 0"€  Ðindividuals€in€the€back€seat€were€wearing€a€seat€belt.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àJake€Carroll,€who€works€as€program€manager€for€the€Tennessee€Safety€and€Health€CouncilÐ ô$D # Ðand€as€a€paramedic€with€the€Hamilton€County€Emergency€Medical€ServiceÔ#†¼\Å»XX B0#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ,€testified€that€he€treatedÐ à%0!$ Ðtwo€of€the€passengers,€ages€three€and€four€years€old.€€He€said€that€his€two€patients€seemed€to€be€inÐ Ì&"% Ðgood€condition,€despite€minor€injuries.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àScott€Pryor,€Jr.,€a€Hamilton€County€paramedic,€testified€that€he€was€called€to€respond€to€aÐ )à$( Ðâ âwreck€on€Shallowford€Road€and€Jersey€Pike€between€€5:45€p.m.€and€6:00€p.m.€Ô#†¼\Å»XX Æ2#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔon€November€9,€1998.Ð |*Ì%) ÐHe€said€that€he€was€personally€assigned€to€care€for€the€driver,€the€nine„month„old€infant,€and€anotherÐ ° Ðof€the€rear€passengers.€€He€testified€that€all€three€of€his€patients€had€minor€injuries.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àGlenn€King,€a€Hamilton€County€paramedic,€testified€that€on€November€9,€1998,€Ô#†¼\Å»XX Á4#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔhe€wasÐ tÄ Ðassigned€to€care€for€two€of€the€passengers,€ages€six€and€seven€years€old.€€He€said€that€one€of€theÐ `° Ðpassengers€sustained€an€abrasion€to€the€lower€right€leg.€€He€testified€that€he€discovered€that€theÐ L œ Ðchildren€were€not€restrained€in€the€car.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àBilly€Blea,€a€Hamilton€County€paramedic,€testified€that€he€determined€that€the€victim€wasÐ  ` Ðto€be€given€priority€for€treatment.€€He€said€that€the€initial€scene€survey€revealed€several€walkingÐ ü L  Ðwounded€with€the€victim€receiving€CPR€from€fire€fighters€on€the€scene.€€Blea€testified€that€the€victimÐ è 8  Ðwas€apneic€and€had€no€pulse.€€The€victim€was€immobilized,€and€his€airway€was€secured€andÐ Ô$  Ðintubated€for€breathing€assistance.€€Paramedics€had€to€decompress€the€victimððs€chest€to€help€with€theÐ À  Ðexpansion€of€the€chest€and€lungs€to€forcefully€ventilate€him.€€The€victim€was€given€intravenous€drugsÐ ¬ü  Ðto€help€stimulate€his€heart.€€Blea€testified€that€his€initial€primary€survey€of€the€victim€revealed€aÐ ˜è  Ðhematoma€to€his€forehead,€but€no€other€obvious€injuries€such€as€fractures€or€bleeding.€€As€the€victimÐ „Ô  Ðwas€transported€to€Childrenððs€Hospital,€he€showed€no€signs€of€neurological€responses€and€neverÐ pÀ Ðregained€consciousness€or€spontaneous€respiration.€€Blea€testified€that€the€paramedics€were€able€toÐ \¬ Ðget€a€pulse€and€blood€pressure€back€on€the€victim,€but€he€was€still€not€breathing€when€they€arrivedÐ H˜ Ðat€the€emergency€department.€€On€cross„examination,€Blea€testified€that€ð ðitððs€fairly€obvious€thatðð€theÐ 4„ Ðvictimððs€ð ðinjuries€occurred€from€the€wreck.ðð€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àLisa€McClain,€Administrator€for€the€Womenððs€and€Infants€Services€Division€at€ErlangerÐ øH ÐHospital,€testified€that€she€was€the€nurse€manager€of€the€Neonatal€Intensive€Care€Unit€(NICU)€in€JulyÐ ä4 Ðof€1996.€€She€said€that€the€victim€spent€four€months€in€the€NICU€after€his€birth.€€Ms.€McClainÐ Ð  Ðtestified€that€it€is€the€policy€and€procedure€in€effect€at€the€NICU€that€ð ðparents€will€place€infant€in€carÐ ¼  Ðseat.€€Nurse€may€not€place€infant€in€car€seat.€€If€parent€is€unsure€of€proper€usage€of€car€seat,€adviseÐ ¨ø Ðthem€to€follow€manufacturerððs€instructions.€€If€car€seat€is€not€available,€nurse€must€document€in€theÐ ”ä Ðnurseððs€notes€and€instruct€parents€to€contact€the€Health€Department€for€a€loaner,€and€remind€parentsÐ €Ð Ðit€is€a€Tennessee€State€law.ðð€€She€testified€that€between€1993€and€1997,€parents€being€dischargedÐ l¼ Ðfrom€the€hospital€were€given€a€pamphlet€and€a€videotape€concerning€car€seat€safetyÔ#†¼\Å»XX x6#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ.€€It€has€been€theÐ X ¨ Ðpolicy€of€the€hospital€to€inform€about€car€seat€safety€since€June€of€1988.€€The€hospitalððs€policy€wasÐ D!” Ðgiven€to€the€defendant€at€discharge.€€On€cross„examination,€she€said€that€the€original€car€seat€policyÐ 0"€  Ðwas€in€effect€from€June€of€1988€through€May€of€1996,€and€the€second€document€concerning€car€seatÐ #l! Ðsafety€went€into€effect€in€May€of€1996.€€Ms.€McClain€testified€that€the€old€policy€stated€thatÐ $X" Ðð ð[i]nfants€should€be€strapped€into€car€seat€by€parents,€according€to€State€of€Tennessee€seat€belt€lawððÐ ô$D # Ðand€that€front€or€back€seat€was€not€covered€specifically€in€the€old€policy.€€She€testified€that€she€wouldÐ à%0!$ Ðnot€have€instructed€parents€on€any€criminal€liability.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àBrooke€Pippenger€testified€that€she€was€the€assistant€director€of€programs€at€the€ChildrenððsÐ ¤(ô#' ÐWellness€Center€in€November€of€1998Ô#†¼\Å»XX 'B#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ.€€She€said€that€the€Childrenððs€Wellness€Center€is€a€programÐ )à$( Ðstarted€by€the€Siskin€Foundation€to€inform€the€community€about€how€to€prevent€their€children€fromÐ |*Ì%) Ðinjury.€€€Her€program€provided€the€community€with€car€seat€checkup€events€free€of€charge€andÐ h+¸&* Ðprovided€the€media€with€information€on€injury€prevention.€€€Her€program€was€providing€informationÐ ° Ðto€the€media€in€October€of€1997.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€Pippenger€testified€that€herÐ œì Ðorganization€provided€information€about€the€child€restraint€law,€adult€restraint€law,€and€seat€belt€law.€Ð ˆØ ÐShe€said€that€she€did€not€find€any€law€making€it€illegal€to€put€a€child€safety€seat€or€a€child€in€frontÐ tÄ Ðof€an€air€bag.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àGary€Legg,€investigator€with€the€District€Attorneyððs€office,€testified€that€he€took€photographsÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€wrecked€car€driven€by€Letitia€Abernathy.€€One€of€the€photographs€depicted€the€impact€areaÐ $ t Ðon€the€windshield€and€the€deployed€air€bag.€€Investigator€Legg€testified€that€there€is€a€warning€signÐ  ` Ðon€each€of€the€car€visors€stating:€€ð ðDeath€or€serious€injury€can€occur€children€twelve€months€ð!ð€or€twoÐ ü L  Ðand€under,€can€be€killed€by€the€air€bag.€€The€back€seat€is€the€safest€place€for€children.€€Never€putÐ è 8  Ðfront€facing€child€seat€in€the€front.€€Sit€as€far€back€as€possible€from€the€air€bag.€€Always€use€seat€beltsÐ Ô$  Ðand€child€restraints.ðð€€On€cross„examination,€he€testified€that€there€is€also€a€warning€on€the€middleÐ À  Ðof€the€front€passenger€seat€belt,€but€that€he€was€reading€the€warning€from€the€visor.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àDr.€Joseph€Earl€Kelley,€Jr.,€€a€pediatric€surgeon€at€T.C.€Thompson€Childrenððs€Hospital€andÐ „Ô  Ðan€assistant€professor€of€pediatric€surgery€with€the€University€of€Tennessee€College€of€Medicine€inÐ pÀ ÐChattanooga,€testified€that€he€Ô#†¼\Å»XX `F#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔwas€called€to€the€emergency€room€to€deal€with€the€victimððs€injuriesÐ \¬ Ðon€November€9,€1998.€€The€victim€arrived€with€CPR€in€progress,€was€intubated,€and€was€unstableÐ H˜ Ðfrom€the€standpoint€of€his€blood€pressure€and€pulse€rate.€€He€testified€x„rays€revealed€that€the€victimÐ 4„ Ðsuffered€a€broken€neck.€€Dr.€Kelley€testified€that€there€was€too€much€separation€between€the€base€ofÐ  p Ðthe€skull€and€the€first€vertebral€body.€€He€said€that€the€victim€ð ðwas€not€living€on€his€ownðð€when€heÐ  \ Ðarrived€at€the€hospital.€€The€victim€died€after€two€days€of€being€maintained€on€ventilator€support€andÐ øH Ðmedications€for€his€heart€rate€and€blood€pressure.€€Dr.€Kelley€testified€that€the€type€of€injury€sufferedÐ ä4 Ðby€the€victim€is€always€fatal.€€He€said€that€after€neurosurgical€consultation€and€confirmation€by€allÐ Ð  Ðof€the€other€physicians,€it€was€elected€to€discontinue€life€support€to€the€victim.€€He€testified€that€asÐ ¼  Ða€trauma€surgeon,€he€has€seen€these€types€of€injuries€before.€€He€further€stated€that€there€are€noÐ ¨ø Ðbroken€bones€and€that€ligaments€hold€the€vertebral€bodies€and€the€skull€together€on€top€of€theÐ ”ä Ðvertebral€column.€€Dr.€Kelley€said€that€the€injury€ð ðcomes€most€commonly€from€what€we€refer€to€asÐ €Ð Ðan€extension€and€distraction€injury€so€that€there€is€a€hyperextension€of€the€neck€and€at€the€same€timeÐ l¼ Ða€distracting€force€thatððs€pulling€the€skull€off€of€the€cervical€column.ðð€€He€testified€that€the€air€bagÐ X ¨ Ðdeployment€provides€the€distracting€force€for€this€injury.€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Kelley€stated€that€the€force€of€the€unrestrained€people€in€the€backÐ #l! Ðseat€would€have€pressed€against€the€people€in€the€front€seat.€€At€the€moment€of€impact,€aÐ $X" Ðcombination€of€forces€from€opposite€directions€existed.€€Dr.€Kelley€testified€that€the€pressure€comingÐ ô$D # Ðfrom€behind€would€not€have€resulted€in€this€kind€of€injury€and€that€the€deployment€of€the€air€bagÐ à%0!$ Ðcaused€the€victimððs€death.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÌÌÌà@ìì*ìàˆÐ h+¸&* ÐÓ†Óò òANALYSISó óÐ ° ÐÌò òÓ  ÓI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÔ#†¼\Å»XX ËN#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓAXÓÓ  Óà  à€The€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€conviction€of€criminallyÐ `° Ðnegligent€homicide,€a€Class€E€felony.€€à À àà  àÐ L œ ÐÓ×XÓò òó óÌÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€When€a€defendant€questions€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€our€standard€of€review€isÐ $ t Ðð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trierÐ  ` Ðof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJacksonÐ ü L  Ðv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweighÐ è 8  Ðthe€evidence€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allÐ Ô$  Ðreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€State.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2dÐ À  Ð542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Questions€aboutÐ ¬ü  Ðwitness€credibility€were€resolved€by€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àÌÓÎYÓò òÓ  ÓA.€€Evidenceó óÐ pÀ ÐÌÓØ]ÓÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€her€criminally€negligentÐ H˜ Ðhomicide€conviction€because€the€State€failed€to€prove€that€the€death€of€the€victim€was€the€direct€andÐ 4„ Ðproximate€result€of€the€defendantððs€criminal€negligence.Ð  p ÐÓ^ÓÌÓ  Óà  àOne€is€guilty€of€criminally€negligent€homicide€if€he€or€she€engages€in€criminally€negligentÐ øH Ðconduct€which€results€in€death.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„212(a).€€The€death€of€the€victim€must€beÐ ä4 Ðthe€direct€and€proximate€result€of€the€defendantððs€criminal€negligence.€€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€916€S.W.2dÐ Ð  Ð471,€474€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ð ¼  ÐÓ{_ÓÌà0 @ àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„302(d)€defines€criminal€negligence€as€follows:Ð ”ä ÐÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ  ÓÌð ðCriminal€negligenceðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€with€criminal€negligence€withÐ l¼ Ðrespect€to€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€personððs€conduct€or€the€result€of€thatÐ X ¨ Ðconduct€when€the€person€ought€to€be€aware€of€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€thatÐ D!” Ðthe€circumstances€exist€or€the€result€will€occur.€The€risk€must€be€of€such€a€nature€andÐ 0"€  Ðdegree€that€the€failure€to€perceive€it€constitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standardÐ #l! Ðof€care€that€an€ordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances€as€viewedÐ $X" Ðfrom€the€accused€personððs€standpoint.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÓ XºaÓÓ XÈaÓÓÖaÓÓ•ÓÌà  àð ðIn€other€words,€the€accused€must€know,€or€should€know,€that€his€or€her€conduct,€or€the€resultÐ Ì&"% Ðof€that€conduct,€will€imperil€the€life€of€another€given€the€circumstances€that€exist€when€the€conductÐ ¸'#& Ðtakes€place.ðð€€òòAdamsóó,€916€S.W.2d€at€474.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àTestimony€presented€at€trial€revealed€that€the€defendant€knew€that€by€failing€to€place€herÐ |*Ì%) Ðchild€in€a€child€restraint€seat,€she€was€exposing€her€child€to€serious€bodily€harm€or€death.€€TestimonyÐ h+¸&* Ðfrom€hospital€personnel€reveals€thatÔ#†¼\Å»XX ’X#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ€the€defendant€was€verbally€informed€of€child€restraint€laws€andÐ ° Ðwas€given€written€information€regarding€the€dangers€of€placing€a€child€in€the€front€seat€of€a€vehicleÐ œì Ðequipped€with€air€bags.€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX hg#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔThe€rental€car€in€which€the€defendant€and€victim€were€riding€displayed€threeÐ ˆØ Ðwarning€labels€regarding€the€danger€of€operating€the€vehicle€with€children€under€twelve€in€the€frontÐ tÄ Ðseat€and€the€reminder€to€always€use€seat€belts€and€child€restraints.€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX ’h#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔThe€two€warning€labels€on€theÐ `° Ðvehicleððs€visors€read€as€follows:Ð L œ ÐÌÓ XÓÓ XÓ!€WARNINGÐ $ t ÐDEATH€or€SERIOUS€INJURY€can€occurÐ  ` ÐÓ€ (Ú"y3ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓ ø§ð°œXÓÝ‚3£pkÝÔ2Ú"ÔððÔ3  Ôà0 ø àÝ  Ýà è àChildren€12€and€under€can€be€killed€by€the€air€bag.݃3£pk»kÝŒÐü L øÐ øÐ  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ƒlÝÔ2Ú"ÔððÔ3  Ôà0 ø àÝ  Ýà è àThe€BACK€SEAT€is€the€SAFEST€place€for€children.݃3£ƒl°lÝŒÐè 8 øÐ øÐ  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£tmÝÔ2Ú"ÔððÔ3  Ôà0 ø àÝ  Ýà è àNEVERà0¸ øÐ øÐ à€put€a€rear„facing€child€seat€in€the€front.݃3£tm¡mÝŒÐÔ$ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£znÝÔ2Ú"ÔððÔ3  Ôà0 ø àÝ  Ýà è àSit€as€far€back€as€possible€from€the€air€bag.݃3£zn§nÝŒÐÀ øÐ øÐ  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ioÝÔ2Ú"ÔððÔ3  Ôà0 ø àÝ  Ýà è àALWAYS€use€SEAT€BELTS€and€CHILD€RESTRAINTS.݃3£io–o݌Ьü øÐ øÐ  ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ XjÓÓ XjÓÌTestimony€also€revealed€that€the€defendant€and€her€ex„husband€possessed€a€child€restraint€seat€andÐ „Ô  Ðhad€used€it€to€transport€the€victim€on€other€occasions.€€Furthermore,€during€the€year€prior€to€theÐ pÀ Ðaccident,€assorted€public€service€announcements€in€print€and€television€were€circulated€regardingÐ \¬ Ðthe€importance€of€using€child€restraint€seats.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà   àThe€evidence€demonstrates€that€the€defendantððs€conduct€was€the€proximate€cause€of€the€victimððsÐ  p Ðdeath.€€Testimony€reveals€that€the€defendant€put€the€victim€into€the€Abernathyððs€overcrowded€vehicleÐ  \ Ðthree€times€on€the€day€of€the€incident€and€placed€the€victim€on€her€lap€on€each€occasion.€€TheÐ øH Ðdefendant€did€not€use€a€seat€belt€for€herself€or€place€her€child€in€a€child€restraint€seat€prior€to€theÐ ä4 Ðaccident.€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX ôi#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔThe€defendant€repeatedly€ignored€the€warnings€that€the€passenger€side€air€bag€could€killÐ Ð  Ðor€seriously€injure€her€child.€€The€evidence€demonstrated€that€the€victim€died€when€his€neck€wasÐ ¼  Ðbroken€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX Bt#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔas€a€result€of€the€force€of€his€body€moving€forward€and€the€force€of€the€air€bag€moving€inÐ ¨ø Ðthe€opposite€direction.€€None€of€the€back€seat€passengers€sustained€serious€injuries,€despite€their€notÐ ”ä Ðbeing€in€proper€restraints.€The€evidence€clearly€demonstrates€that€the€victim€died€because€theÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€placed€the€victim€in€her€lap€in€front€of€a€passenger„side€air€bag,€as€opposed€to€placing€himÐ l¼ Ðin€a€child€restraint€device€in€the€back€seat€of€the€vehicle.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌò òB.€€Jury€Chargeó óÐ 0"€  ÐÌà   àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€instructing€the€jury€regarding€proximate€cause.€Ð $X" ÐThe€defendant€states€the€jury€was€instructed€that€in€order€ð ðto€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€criminallyÐ ô$D # Ðnegligent€homicide,€the€State€must€have€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€following€essentialÐ à%0!$ Ðelements:€1)€that€the€defendantððs€conduct€resulted€in€the€death€of€the€victim;€and€2)€that€theÐ Ì&"% Ðdefendant€acted€with€criminal€negligence.ðð€€The€defendant€states€the€jury€was€told€ð ðit€is€onlyÐ ¸'#& Ðnecessary€that€the€defendant€unlawfully€contributed€to€the€death€of€the€deceasedðð€and€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðð ðintervening€cause€is€no€defense€.€.€.€if€in€any€other€way€the€defendant€contributed€to€the€death€of€theÐ )à$( Ðdeceased.ðð€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€regarding€ð ðcontributionðð€is€ð ðtooÐ |*Ì%) Ðtenuous€a€causal€connection€to€meet€the€requirement€of€proximate€cause.ðð€€The€State€argues€that€theÐ h+¸&* Ðdefendantððs€challenge€is€without€merit€because€the€ð ðconcepts€of€merely€contributing€to€a€result€andÐ ° Ðbeing€the€proximate€cause€of€a€result€are€not€mutually€exclusive.ðð€€We€agree€with€the€State€that€theÐ œì Ðconcepts€of€contributing€to€a€result€and€being€the€proximate€cause€of€a€result€are€not€mutuallyÐ ˆØ Ðexclusive.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà   àAn€accused€is€entitled€to€a€complete€and€correct€charge€of€the€law.€€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,Ð L œ Ð249€(Tenn.€1990).€€We€review€a€jury€charge€to€determine€if€it€fairly€defined€the€legal€issues€involvedÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€did€not€mislead€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€696€(Tenn.€1997).€€We€review€theÐ $ t Ðjury€instruction€in€the€context€of€the€overall€charge€rather€than€in€isolation.€€òòSeeóó€òòSandstrom€v.Ð  ` ÐMontanaóó,€442€U.S.€510,€99€S.€Ct.€2450,€Ô#†¼\Å»XX nu#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ61€L.€Ed.€2d€39€(1979);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Phippsóó,€883€S.W.2dÐ ü L  Ð138,€142€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€Erroneous€jury€instructions€require€a€reversal,€unless€the€errorÐ è 8  Ðis€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòWelch€v.€Stateóó,€836€S.W.2d€586€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ô$  Ð1992).€€Ð À  ÐÌ€à0   àAt€trial,€the€court€gave€the€following€instruction€regarding€cause€of€death:€€Ð˜è  (# (# ÐÓ XÓÓ XÓÌBefore€the€defendant€can€be€convicted€of€any€degree€of€homicide,€the€State€must€haveÐ pÀ Ðproven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€death€of€the€deceased€was€brought€aboutÐ \¬ Ðas€a€result€of€the€criminal€agency€of€the€defendant;€that€is,€that€the€death€of€theÐ H˜ Ðdeceased€was€due€to€the€unlawful€act,€i.e.,€the€criminal€negligence,€of€the€defendantÐ 4„ Ð.€.€.€Ð  p ÐÌTo€convict€the€defendant€it€is€not€necessary€that€her€act€or€failure€to€act€be€the€sole€Ð øH Ðcause,€nor€the€most€immediate€cause€of€death.€€It€is€only€necessary€that€the€defendantÐ ä4 Ðunlawfully€contributed€to€the€death€of€the€deceased.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌWhere€it€appears€that€the€death€was€not€caused€by€the€defendant,€but€by€anÐ ¨ø Ðindependent,€intervening€cause,€with€which€the€defendant€was€in€no€way€connected,Ð ”ä Ðsuch€intervening€cause€is€a€good€defense€to€a€charge€of€homicide.€€However,€theÐ €Ð Ðintervening€cause€is€no€defense€if€it€was€the€natural€result€of€the€defendantððs€act,€orÐ l¼ Ðif€in€any€other€way€the€defendant€contributed€to€the€death€of€the€deceased.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÓ XG‚ÓÓ X9‚ÓÌà   àIf€you€find€that€the€defendantððs€act,€if€any,€did€not€unlawfully€cause€or€contribute€to€Ð 0"€  Ðà   àthe€death€of€the€deceased,€or€if€you€have€a€reasonable€doubt€as€to€this€proposition,€Ð #l! Ðà   àthen€you€must€acquit€her.Ð $X" ÐÌà   àIn€the€instant€case,€the€jury€instructions€required€that€the€death€must€be€due€to€the€defendantððsÐ à%0!$ Ðunlawful€act.€€As€discussed€previously,€the€evidence€established€that€the€defendantððs€conductÐ Ì&"% Ðsubstantially€contributed€and€directly€caused€the€death€of€the€victim.€€We€conclude€that€the€juryÐ ¸'#& Ðinstructions€were€not€misleading.€€Reviewing€the€jury€instructions€as€a€whole,€it€appears€that€the€juryÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmembers€were€clearly€instructed€regarding€the€legal€issues€at€hand.€€We€conclude€that€theÐ )à$( Ðdefendantððs€jury€was€given€clear,€complete,€and€accurate€instructions.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðò òII.€€Admission€of€Evidenceó óÐ ° ÐÌà   àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€her€new€trial€motion,€claiming€theÐ ˆØ Ðimproper€admission€of€evidence€about€Tennessee€law€requiring€restraint€of€children€under€age€fourÐ tÄ Ðin€moving€vehicles€as€well€as€evidence€about€the€absence€of€any€car€seats€in€the€vehicle.€€TheÐ `° Ðdefendant€claims€that€this€evidence€was€irrelevant€and€prejudicial.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401,€403.€€TheÐ L œ Ðdefendant€argues€that€she€did€not€have€a€statutory€duty€to€place€her€son€in€a€child€restraint€seat€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðno€evidence€demonstrated€that€a€child€restraint€seat€would€have€protected€the€victim€from€theÐ $ t Ðdeployment€of€an€air€bag.€€The€State€argues€that€the€evidence€was€relevant€to€show€the€defendantÐ  ` Ðignored€well„known€risks€to€the€victim.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà   àAccording€to€Rule€401€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€evidence€is€relevant€if€it€has€ð ðanyÐ Ô$  Ðtendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€actionÐ À  Ðmore€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Relevant€evidence€may€beÐ ¬ü  Ðexcluded€ð ðif€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,Ð ˜è  Ðconfusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury€.€.€.€.ðð€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€The€trial€court€hasÐ „Ô  Ðdiscretion€in€determining€whether€evidence€meets€the€test€for€relevancy.€€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€918€S.W.2dÐ pÀ Ð431,€449€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Assessing€the€probative€value€and€danger€of€unfair€prejudiceÐ \¬ Ðregarding€the€evidence€also€falls€within€the€trial€courtððs€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Burlisonóó,€868€S.W.2dÐ H˜ Ð713,€720„21€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€This€court€will€only€reverse€a€trial€courtððs€decision€if€the€trialÐ 4„ Ðcourt€abused€its€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Williamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€69,€78€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Ð  p ÐÌà   àThe€evidence€contested€by€the€defendant€relates€to€the€testimony€of€the€Stateððs€witnessesÐ øH Ðregarding€€information€dispersed€by€the€media€into€the€community€about€the€child€restraint€law,€adultÐ ä4 Ðrestraint€law,€and€seat€belt€law.€€The€Stateððs€witness€also€stated€that€her€program€provided€theÐ Ð  ÐÔ#†¼\Å»XX +€#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔcommunity€with€car€seat€checkup€events.Ô#†¼\Å»XX y•#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔ€€The€record€does€not€reflect€that€the€defendantððs€attorneyÐ ¼  Ðobjected€to€the€testimony€on€the€basis€of€relevance.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà   àWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€relevant€to€make€a€contribution€to€the€Stateððs€total€case€toÐ €Ð Ðdemonstrate€that€the€defendant€had,€in€many€instances,€Ô#†¼\Å»XX â•#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔbeen€made€aware€of€the€danger€of€placingÐ l¼ Ðher€child€in€her€lap€while€in€a€moving€vehicle.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà   àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€55„9„602(a)(1)€requires€that€ð ðany€person€transporting€a€childÐ 0"€  Ðunder€four€(4)€years€of€age€in€a€motor€vehicle€upon€a€road,€street€or€highway€of€Tennessee€isÐ #l! Ðresponsible€for€providing€for€the€protection€of€the€child€and€properly€using€a€child€passenger€restraintÐ $X" Ðsystem€meeting€federal€motor€vehicle€safety€standards.ðð€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà   àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€allowing€the€Stateððs€witness€to€testify€regardingÐ Ì&"% Ðmedia€coverage€and€statewide€programs€involving€community€awareness€of€child€restraint€seats.€Ð ¸'#& ÐThe€defendant€has€failed€to€show€how€she€was€prejudiced€by€this€testimony.€€Furthermore,€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðevidence€established€that€the€victim€was€killed€because€he€was€sitting€in€the€defendantððs€lap€in€theÐ )à$( Ðfront€seat€of€a€moving€vehicle€when€the€vehicleððs€air€bag€deployed.€€The€defendant€argues€that€herÐ |*Ì%) Ðright€to€a€fair€trial€was€compromised€by€the€Stateððs€introduction€of€evidence€about€the€lack€of€a€childÐ h+¸&* ÐÑïO Ñâ âÑe°Ñâ âÑ  Ñrestraint€seat€and€because€the€jury€was€permitted€to€consider€multiple€criminal€acts€of€allegedÐ e Ðnegligence€throughout€her€ride€with€Abernathy,€the€driver€of€the€rental€vehicle.€€The€defendantÐ Qì Ðargues€that€restraining€the€victim€in€the€front€seat€would€not€have€protected€the€victim€from€the€airÐ =Ø Ðbag.€€€Ô#†¼\Å»XX {—#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔThe€testimony€establishes€that€the€defendant€chose€to€ignore€signs€in€the€rental€car€warningÐ )Ä Ðher€of€risks€to€the€victim€of€placing€her€child€in€the€front€seat€with€or€without€child€restraint€seats.€Ð ° ÐFurthermore,€testimony€revealed€that€the€victim€had€his€own€child€restraint€seat,€but,€sadly,€no€oneÐ  œ Ðchose€to€use€it€on€the€day€of€the€accident.€€Ð í ˆ ÐÔ#†¼\Å»XX ž#ÔÔ‡X X»¼\ÅÔÌÌÌÌÓÖdÓò òÓ  ÓConclusionó óÐ ‰$  ÐÓ² ÓÌÓiÓà   àBased€on€the€foregoing,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€€€Ð aü  ÐÓñ ÓÔ#†¼\Å»XX | #Ôà0   àà0 (# (#àà0€(#(#àà0p€(#€(#àà0` p(#p(#àà0P ` (#` (#àÐ P (#P (# ÐÌÌÌÓ  Óà @  àà @ àà @€ àà @p àà @` àà0 @P à€€__________________________________Ð •0 Ðà @  àà @ àà @€ àà @p àà @` àà @P à€€€€JOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE