ÿWPC P Éj!÷y‹‘Œ.Š‘Ó,uõ°º f/ˆAŸ@êü£¶u0YóÕÚ]”œ•’(¯s~kx½c­‚¼;ngBÛý—ƒ¹j1…ÓýrŠã¾xÃŽAK |%«¦_U4Û]’† éá¢íœb/Mí¯Ÿ½=’!¬;ùBµ\ÛÂÏ]Ñàfx)˜Â/=Þׇ[â-°¾–§ÇÿW‚ò;®Ú¶7uØ™æY­!{¹•©‰uWHüÔ>vñÜ€{.U|xT­ûûz¬êŸ’ÄR ÁÍËa’fÈóëi&·¯ŒrÃàþå5à”Æó ¤@÷ÜÇáW±£µ³[ãbkQ8^Š•TQÁu˜Cc[ÍwMöè³úåà>¯Ä¼R?ô÷H«sÚÒÏr.>õtðÈž±>ÜyH^Ò¹‰¾¡O«/eݶˆÝx~Ö“£y·ÑôÑæ˜_=ª0°çƒ\ÛŒùäܳ¢}ju»ËÎsv¸ëCñ A0æå„*£•!–´ìæB63Gš.cAìDû2q«ÜŠçÆd&AÿwöÌcÓ2Ý|ÝÂB#x*M¡a‹b5å1Ï›vi#*n¬Â Šs—]ÉĘÁ ”¡‰¼é.î sY“4ºA?ñø¶Tà¢Ûü:yD¯xìØÝb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz U >‘ ÆÏ Æ• Æ[ Æ!çNïïïEññññññññññññññññññññññññbóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóó 0ëûûûû Bææ 0¤ D5§ D-Ü 0K   ASTƧ 0¤m 0D A«U˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»]ª&-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularüPH, ¡k𦠘C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀô\  `&Times New RomanLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  - ù-(|G2À$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€C »»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôãÕò»»Ô d(|3‡r$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€C »»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‡r$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€C »»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€C »»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼C »»»ÔÑ8€±XXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îI|C ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼C »îîI| #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€June€19,€2002Ð üL ÐÔ‡X±X»¼C ÔÌò òÔ#†¼C »XX±#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóDAVID€ALLEN€LACKEYÔ‡X±X»¼C Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€2000„B„1103€€€€€€Seth€Norman,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<½ ` AßÐ ¾   ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„01043„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€6,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¹  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<` AßÐ ‘á  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡ X±XXX±ÔA€Davidson€County€jury€convicted€the€DefendantÔ#†X±XX X±Ì#ÔÔ‡ X±XXX±ÔÔ#† ¼C »X X±˜#ÔÔ‡ X±X» ¼C Ô€of€one€count€of€premeditated€murder,€one€countÐ ŒÜ  Ðof€felony€murder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€theft,€and€one€count€of€misdemeanor€theft.€€The€trialÐ xÈ  Ðcourt€merged€the€two€murder€convictions€and€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€life€imprisonment€in€theÐ d´ ÐTennessee€Department€of€Correction€for€the€murder€conviction.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€theÐ P  ÐDefendant€to€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€for€the€theft€conviction€and€ordered€that€theÐ <Œ Ðsentence€run€concurrent€with€the€murder€sentence.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals,€challenging€theÐ (x Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€the€murder€convictions€and€arguing€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ d Ðin€failing€to€suppress€his€confession.€€After€review,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ô#†X±XX X±<#ÔÔ#†¼C »XX±~#ÔÔ‡X±X»¼C ÔÐ P ÐÓÀÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼C »àX±B #ÔÔ‡X±X.¼C ÔRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€andÐ ° ÐòòAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð œì ÐÌLarry€B.€Hoover,€Nashville,€Tennessee€(on€appeal€and€at€trial);€and€John€T.€Conners,€III,€Franklin,Ð tÄ ÐTennessee€(at€trial),€for€the€Appellant,€David€Allen€Lackey.Ð `° ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Bledsoe,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð 8!ˆ  ÐVictor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€Pamela€Anderson,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ $"t! ÐGeneral;€and€Lisa€Naylor,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð #`" ÐÓõ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼C »XX±$ #ÔÔ‡X±X»¼C ÔÐ è$8 $ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼C »XX±o #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X±X»¼C ÔÔ‡ X±XXX±Ôà@:: ìàI.€PROCEDURAL€HISTORYˆÐ À&"& ÐÌÓ XÓThe€Davidson€County€Grand€Jury€returned€indictments€against€the€Defendant,€David€AllenÐ ˜(è#( ÐLackey,€and€his€co„defendant,€Billy€F.€Johnson,€charging€them€with€(1)€felony€murder€during€theÐ „)Ô$) Ðperpetration€of€a€theft;€(2)€especially€aggravated€burglary;€and€(3)€theft€of€property€valued€$1,000Ð p*À%* Ðbut€less€than€$10,000.€€The€Defendantððs€case€was€severed€from€the€case€against€his€co„defendant.€Ð \+¬&+ ÐThe€Defendant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€his€statement€to€police€detectives.€€After€a€hearing,€the€trialÐ H,˜', Ðcourt€filed€a€written€opinion€denying€the€motion.€€The€Davidson€County€Grand€Jury€then€returnedÐ 4-„(-ýC Ða€superceding€indictment€charging€the€Defendant€and€his€co„defendant€with€(1)€premeditated€murder;Ð ° Ð(2)€felony€murder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€theft;€and€(3)€theft€of€property€valued€over€$500.€Ð œì ÐÐ ˆØ ÐA€Davidson€County€jury€returned€guilty€verdicts€on€all€counts,€although€the€Defendant€wasÐ tÄ Ðconvicted€for€misdemeanor€theft,€rather€than€felony€theft,€because€the€evidence€was€insufficient€toÐ `° Ðprove€the€value€of€the€stolen€property€was€over€$500.€€The€trial€court€merged€the€premeditatedÐ L œ Ðmurder€and€felony€murder€convictions€and€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€life€imprisonment€in€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐTennessee€Department€of€Correction.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€eleven€months€andÐ $ t Ðtwenty„nine€days€for€the€theft€conviction€and€ordered€that€it€be€served€concurrent€with€the€murderÐ  ` Ðsentence.€Ð ü L  ÐÓ XÓà  àÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€Defendant€presents€two€issues€for€our€review:€(1)€whether€the€evidence€wasÐ Ô$  Ðsufficient€to€support€his€murder€convictions;€and€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€toÐ À  Ðsuppress€the€Defendantððs€statements€to€the€police.€€We€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ  ÓII.€FACTSÐ „Ô  ÐÓ  Óà  àÌà  àThe€following€proof€was€presented€at€the€Defendantððs€trial.€€Officer€Gary€T.€Felts€of€theÐ \¬ ÐMetro€Police€Department,€Traffic€Division,€testified€that€on€Thursday,€January€22,€1998,€he€wasÐ H˜ Ðcalled€to€an€accident€scene€at€West€End€Avenue€and€Eighteenth€Avenue€North.€€When€Felts€arrivedÐ 4„ Ðat€7:25€a.m.,€he€found€a€1985€Mercury€Marquis€that€had€struck€a€utility€pole€and€that€had€a€lot€ofÐ  p Ðfront„end€damage.€€Felts€testified€that€€no€one€was€around€the€vehicle,€and€it€appeared€to€be€a€hit€andÐ  \ Ðrun€accident.€€Felts€also€determined€that€the€car€was€definitely€disabled€because€of€the€amount€ofÐ øH Ðfront„end€damage.€€Felts€testified€that€the€windshield€had€damage€and€that€it€appeared€that€the€driverÐ ä4 Ðhad€struck€it€when€the€car€hit€the€pole.€€Felts€testified€that€the€trunk€of€the€vehicle€was€not€closed€andÐ Ð  Ðsecure,€and€he€was€able€to€see€that€the€car€was€loaded€with€ð ðdifferent€types€of€contents.ðð€€FeltsÐ ¼  Ðtestified€that€he€then€called€for€assistance€from€a€burglary€detective.€€Ð ¨ø Ðà  àÌà  àDetective€Larry€Carter€of€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department,€Burglary€Division,€testifiedÐ €Ð Ðthat€on€January€22,€1998,€he€was€dispatched€to€work€the€accident€scene€at€Eighteenth€Avenue€NorthÐ l¼ Ðand€West€End.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€scene€at€about€8:00€a.m.,€the€car€had€not€been€moved.€€CarterÐ X ¨ Ðobserved€that€the€vehicle€was€full€of€TVs,€VCRs,€and€liquor.€€All€of€the€items€appeared€to€have€beenÐ D!” Ðð ðjust€tossed€in.ðð€€Ð 0"€  Ðà  àÌà  àDetective€Carter€testified€that€the€vehicle€was€processed€at€an€indoor€facility€€where€the€itemsÐ $X" Ðwere€first€photographed€in€the€car€and€then€removed€and€photographed€out€of€the€car.€€The€itemsÐ ô$D # Ðwere€also€identified€and€dusted€for€fingerprints.€€Carter€testified€that€he€tried€to€locate€the€ownerÐ à%0!$ Ðusing€the€vehicleððs€registration€and€by€calling€a€number€that€was€found€inside€the€glove€box.€€CarterÐ Ì&"% Ðstated€the€car€was€registered€to€Billy€Wiggins,€the€victim€in€this€case.€€Carter€went€to€the€address€onÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€registration,€716€Graymont€Drive,€but€no€one€answered€the€door.€€Carter€and€a€patrol€officerÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtalked€to€the€neighbors€and€called€ADT€Security€in€an€unsuccessful€attempt€to€locate€the€owner€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€car.€€Carter€also€returned€the€next€day,€but€stopped€attempting€to€find€Mr.€Wiggins€when€he€wasÐ |*Ì%) Ðcalled€off€the€investigation€to€go€to€another€call.€€€€Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àOfficer€Raymond€T.€Rader€of€the€Metro€Police€Department,€Identification€Section,€testifiedÐ ° Ðthat€he€processed€the€contents€of€the€car.€€Rader€testified€he€was€able€to€develop€useable€latent€printsÐ œì Ðfrom€a€telephone€book,€a€VCR,€a€wall€clock,€and€a€bottle€of€San€Juan€Rum.Ð ˆØ Ðà  àÌà  àLieutenant€Jim€Stephens€stated€that€on€January€24,€1998,€he€responded€to€a€call€from€anotherÐ `° Ðofficer€that€a€body€had€been€found€at€716€Graymont€Drive,€a€residential€area€of€south€Nashville€nearÐ L œ ÐBriley€Parkway.€€Stephens€testified€that€when€he€arrived€at€the€scene€at€about€6:10€p.m.,€heÐ 8 ˆ Ðimmediately€noticed€a€strong€smell€of€decomposition€and€observed€a€body,€mostly€covered,€lyingÐ $ t Ðon€the€bed.€€Stephens€testified€that€he€saw€a€wooden€handle€protruding€from€the€covers€around€theÐ  ` Ðarea€of€the€head.€€Stephens€also€testified€that€he€was€able€to€determine€the€bodyððs€position€becauseÐ ü L  Ða€hand€was€sticking€out€from€under€the€covers,€and€it€was€slightly€discolored.€€The€body€was€laterÐ è 8  Ðdetermined€to€be€that€of€Billy€Wiggins,€the€victim€in€this€case.Ð Ô$  Ðà  àÌà  àDetective€Marsha€Brown€of€the€Metro€Nashville€Police€Department,€Identification€CrimeÐ ¬ü  ÐScene€Investigation€Unit,€testified€that€she€participated€in€investigating€the€crime€scene€at€716Ð ˜è  ÐGraymont€Drive.€€Brown€stated€that€she€assisted€Officer€Tommy€Elder€in€obtaining€theÐ „Ô  Ðmeasurements€used€to€draw€diagrams€of€the€house.€€Brown€described€the€general€layout€of€the€homeÐ pÀ Ðas€a€one„level€home€with€three€bedrooms,€a€kitchen,€a€bathroom,€a€garage€and€a€storage€room.€Ð \¬ ÐBrown€testified€that€the€deceased€was€found€in€the€bedroom€next€to€the€kitchen.€€Brown€also€testifiedÐ H˜ Ðthat€she€processed€items€found€in€the€bedroom€and€in€the€bathroom€for€fingerprints.€€Brown€statedÐ 4„ Ðthat€she€had€been€able€to€lift€prints€from€the€bedroom€door€facing,€from€the€entertainment€center,€andÐ  p Ðfrom€some€of€the€items€in€the€bathroom.€€Ð  \ Ðà  àÌà  àOfficer€Edward€Michael€Shea€of€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department,€Crime€SceneÐ ä4 ÐInvestigation€Unit,€testified€that€he€photographed€the€residence€and€processed€several€areas€at€theÐ Ð  Ðcrime€scene€for€latent€prints.€€Shea€stated€that€he€lifted€a€print€from€a€can€of€caramel€corn€in€theÐ ¼  Ðliving€room.€€Shea€testified€that€he€was€present€when€the€bed€linens€were€removed,€and€he€saw€theÐ ¨ø Ðbody€of€the€victim.€€Shea€observed€a€wooden€handle€of€a€sledgehammer€that€he€concluded€was€theÐ ”ä Ðmurder€weapon.€€Shea€noted€that€the€victim€had€severe€blunt€force€trauma€in€the€head€area.€€€€Ð €Ð Ðà  àÌà  àOfficer€William€Kirby€of€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department,€I.D.€Technical€ServicesÐ X ¨ ÐDivision,€testified€he€collected€and€photographed€a€large€kitchen€or€butcher€knife€found€at€716Ð D!” ÐGraymont€Drive.€€Kirby€estimated€the€length€of€the€blade€of€the€knife€to€be€ten€inches€and€the€lengthÐ 0"€  Ðof€the€wooden€handle€to€be€four€inches.€Ð #l! Ðà  àÌà  àLorita€Marsh,€a€Police€Identification€Analyst€with€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department,Ð ô$D # Ðtestified€that€she€examined€the€fingerprints€obtained€from€various€objects€at€the€Graymont€DriveÐ à%0!$ Ðlocation€and€from€the€contents€of€the€victimððs€car.€€Marsh€testified€she€was€able€to€identify€the€printsÐ Ì&"% Ðlifted€from€the€entertainment€center€and€from€inside€the€bathroom€as€belonging€to€Billy€(B.J.)Ð ¸'#& ÐJohnson.€€The€prints€lifted€from€the€outside€of€the€victimððs€bedroom€door,€the€can€of€caramel€corn,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðand€the€bottle€of€San€Juan€Rum€belonged€to€the€Defendant.€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âà  àÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àDr.€John€E.€Gerber,€M.D.,€a€Forensic€Pathologist,€testified€that€he€performed€the€autopsy€onÐ ° Ðâ âthe€victim.€€Gerber€stated€that€it€was€immediately€apparent€that€the€body€had€undergone€a€significantÐ œì Ðamount€of€putrefaction,€or€decomposition,€due€to€bacteria.€€Gerber€also€noted€lacerations€andÐ ˆØ Ðabrasions€on€the€right€side€of€the€victimððs€head€and€face.€€Gerber€testified€that€beneath€the€surfaceÐ tÄ Ðinjuries,€the€skull€was€fractured,€and€the€brain€tissue€was€lacerated€by€the€broken€pieces€of€the€skull,Ð `° Ðcausing€hemorrhaging€inside€the€skull.€€Gerber€determined€that€the€cause€of€death€was€multiple€bluntÐ L œ Ðforce€injuries€to€the€head€and€that€the€manner€of€death€was€homicide.€€Gerber€stated€that€injuries€suchÐ 8 ˆ Ðas€these€would€certainly€be€fatal€without€medical€treatment,€but€that€death€would€not€necessarily€beÐ $ t Ðinstant;€he€reported€that€a€person€could€linger€and€live€up€to€an€hour€after€sustaining€such€injuries.€Ð  ` ÐGerber€also€noted€injuries€to€the€right€forearm€and€right€elbow€which€he€described€as€contusionsÐ ü L  Ðconsistent€with€ð ðdefensive€wounds.ðð€Ð è 8  Ðà  àÌà  àDetective€Roy€Dunaway€of€the€Metro€Police€Murder€Squad€testified€that€he€arrived€at€theÐ À  Ðcrime€scene€at€8:30€p.m.€after€the€first€responding€detectives€determined€that€the€investigation€in€thisÐ ¬ü  Ðcase€might€be€lengthy.€€Dunaway€stated€that€Tom€Hailey,€a€friend€of€the€victim€who€had€a€key€to€theÐ ˜è  Ðvictimððs€home,€discovered€the€victimððs€body.€€Dunaway€testified€that€he€observed€the€body€in€theÐ „Ô  Ðmaster€bedroom€and€noted€that€the€victimððs€ð ðhead€was€completely€smashed€on€the€right€side.€€HisÐ pÀ Ðbody€was€in€an€advanced€state€of€decomposition,€very€advanced.€€And€the€sledgehammer€was€kindÐ \¬ Ðof€laying€beside€his€head€with€the€handle€.€.€.€across€his€face.ðð€€Dunaway€testified€that€he€found€aÐ H˜ Ðbutcher€knife€folded€up€in€a€blanket€laying€on€a€sofa€in€the€living€room.€€Dunaway€testified€that€heÐ 4„ Ðspent€most€of€the€night€collecting€evidence€in€the€home.€€He€stated€that€there€were€packed€boxes€inÐ  p Ðvarious€rooms€throughout€the€home€and€that€items€had€been€removed€from€the€attic.€€The€boxes,Ð  \ Ðalong€with€an€apartment€application€and€a€check€written€to€Sycamore€Apartments,€indicated€that€theÐ øH Ðvictim€was€preparing€to€move.€€Dunaway€testified€that€he€also€found€several€pieces€of€paper€with€theÐ ä4 ÐDefendantððs€name€on€them€as€well€as€the€name€of€another€man,€John€Clegg,€who€was€laterÐ Ð  Ðeliminated€as€a€suspect.€€Dunaway€gave€the€two€names€to€the€fingerprint€personnel€and€asked€thatÐ ¼  Ðthey€be€compared€to€any€prints€lifted.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àDetective€Dunaway€learned€from€the€Defendantððs€father€that€the€Defendant€had€checkedÐ €Ð Ðhimself€into€the€Anchor€Home€on€January€22,€1998.€€Dunaway€testified€that€he€went€to€the€AnchorÐ l¼ ÐHome€and€informed€the€Defendant€of€the€victimððs€death€in€the€ð ðgentleðð€manner€that€he€would€useÐ X ¨ Ðto€inform€a€family€member€or€friend€of€a€murder.€€Dunaway€testified€that€the€Defendant€ð ðgrabbedÐ D!” Ðhis€face,€went€up€against€the€wall€and€slowly€slid€down€the€wall,€and€said€three€times,€ððWho€shotÐ 0"€  Ðhim?€€Who€shot€him?€€Who€shot€him?ðððð€€However,€Dunaway€stated€that€he€ð ðnever€mentioned€a€gun,Ð #l! Ðthe€manner€of€death,€when€he€was€found,€anything.ðð€€Dunaway€testified€that€the€DefendantÐ $X" Ðsubsequently€told€him€that€he€was€a€friend€of€the€victim,€that€he€stayed€at€the€victimððs€home€fromÐ ô$D # Ðtime€to€time,€that€he€did€some€part„time€work€for€him€cleaning€buses€owned€by€the€victim,€and€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðhe€knew€of€other€people€who€were€friends€of€the€victim.€€Dunaway€testified€that€the€Defendant€thenÐ Ì&"% Ðagreed€to€accompany€him€to€his€office€to€assist€in€the€investigation.€€€Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àÌà  àDetective€Dunaway€stated€that€the€Defendantððs€story€kept€changing€over€the€next€couple€ofÐ )à$( Ðhours€as€they€talked€at€the€police€station.€€Regarding€the€conversation,€Dunaway€testified€as€follows:Ð |*Ì%) ÐInitially,€the€Defendant€said€he€was€nowhere€around€the€scene€of€the€murder€at€the€time€of€theÐ h+¸&* Ðmurder€and€that€he€had€not€seen€the€victim€for€a€couple€of€weeks.€€The€Defendant€then€stated€thatÐ ° Ðhe€was€present€in€the€victimððs€house€the€night€of€the€murder,€but€he€left€around€10:00€or€11:00€p.m.€Ð œì ÐThe€Defendant€stated€that€Billy€Johnson€was€also€present€that€evening.€€The€Defendant€claimed€toÐ ˆØ Ðhave€taken€a€bus€when€he€left,€but€after€Dunaway€told€him€buses€do€not€run€that€late€at€the€victimððsÐ tÄ Ðhouse,€the€Defendant€stated€that€he€must€have€left€earlier.€€Next,€the€Defendant€claimed€that€he€sleptÐ `° Ðin€a€downtown€parking€garage€on€Second€Avenue€on€the€night€of€the€murder€and€that€Johnson€hadÐ L œ Ðð ðbumped€into€himðð€there€about€daylight€on€the€next€day.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€Johnson€toldÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€Defendant€that€he€had€killed€the€victim€the€night€before.€€The€Defendant€again€changed€his€storyÐ $ t Ðwhen€he€was€told€that€there€was€no€way€Johnson€could€have€gotten€from€where€the€victimððs€car€wasÐ  ` Ðfound€to€Second€Avenue€in€the€time€frame€of€the€Defendantððs€story.€€Dunaway€recalled€that,Ð ü L  Ðeventually,€the€Defendant€stated,€ð ðOkay.€€I€was€there.ðð€€Dunaway€testified€that€he€immediatelyÐ è 8  Ðadvised€the€Defendant€of€his€rights.€€The€Defendant€signed€a€waiver€at€5:25€p.m.€on€January€30,Ð Ô$  Ð1998.€€Detective€Clint€Vogel€was€also€present€during€the€interview.€€The€Defendant€then€gave€hisÐ À  Ðstatement.€€Dunaway€testified€that€a€few€days€later,€on€February€2,€1998,€he€and€Detective€VogelÐ ¬ü  Ðwent€to€the€jail€to€ask€the€Defendant€about€the€victimððs€wallet,€which€they€had€been€unable€to€findÐ ˜è  Ðat€the€victimððs€home.€€The€Defendant€told€the€detectives€that€he€could€show€them€where€the€walletÐ „Ô  Ðhad€been€discarded.€€The€detectives€signed€the€Defendant€out€of€the€jail,€and€the€Defendant€led€theÐ pÀ Ðdetectives€to€an€area€of€Interstate€24€near€Briley€Parkway€where€the€victimððs€wallet€and€some€otherÐ \¬ Ðpersonal€belongings€were€recovered.€€Ð H˜ Ðà  àÌà  àIn€his€audio„taped€statement,€the€Defendant€told€the€detectives€that€he€and€Johnson€spent€theÐ  p Ðnight€at€the€victimððs€home€on€January€20,€1998€without€incident.€€They€came€and€went€from€theÐ  \ Ðvictimððs€home€a€couple€of€times€the€next€day,€finally€returning€to€the€victimððs€house€about€10:00Ð øH Ðp.m.,€where€they€watched€television€for€a€while.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€when€they€arrived,€theÐ ä4 Ðvictim€came€ð ðbuck€nakedðð€to€the€garage€door€to€let€them€in€and€then€went€back€into€his€bedroomÐ Ð  Ðwhere€he€lay€in€bed,€either€asleep€or€resting,€with€the€television€on.Ð ¼  Ðà  àÌà  àAt€some€point,€the€Defendant€and€Johnson€were€in€one€of€the€bedrooms€in€the€rear€of€theÐ ”ä Ðhouse€when€Johnson€showed€a€butcher€knife€to€the€Defendant€and€said€he€intended€to€kill€the€victimÐ €Ð Ðð ðbecause€he€was€tired€of€[the€victim]€.€.€.€trying€to€play€with€his€genitals.€€You€know,€while€he€wasÐ l¼ Ðasleep€and€stuff,€and€waking€him€up€that€way€and€stuff.ðð€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€thoughtÐ X ¨ ÐJohnson€was€only€joking€because€Johnson€had€said€similar€things€in€the€past.€€However,€theÐ D!” ÐDefendant€also€stated€that€when€Johnson€left€the€room€a€little€while€later,€the€Defendant€tried€to€hideÐ 0"€  Ðthe€knife€from€Johnson€by€putting€it€under€his€own€pillow.€€Ð #l! Ðà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€Johnson€decided€that€he€did€not€want€to€kill€the€victim€with€theÐ ô$D # Ðknife€ð ðbecause€it€would€take€too€long.ðð€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€Johnson€asked€him€if€the€victimÐ à%0!$ Ðhad€a€sledgehammer,€and€when€the€Defendant€replied€that€he€did,€Johnson€told€him€to€get€it.€€TheÐ Ì&"% ÐDefendant€stated€that€he€walked€through€the€house€to€the€garage€and€brought€the€sledgehammer€backÐ ¸'#& Ðto€Johnson,€who€took€the€hammer€and€began€boasting€that€ð ðhe€was€a€real€n„„„„r€and€could€do€thisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðkind€of€stuff€and€show€no€remorse.ðð€€The€Defendant€reported€that€Johnson€then€asked€for€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âDefendantððs€gloves€so€that€he€would€not€leave€fingerprints€on€the€hammer.€€The€Defendant€went€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðanother€room€and€retrieved€the€gloves€while€Johnson€wiped€down€the€handle€of€the€sledgehammerÐ ° Ðwith€a€towel.€Ð œì Ðâ âà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€then€stated€that€Johnson€announced€that€he€was€going€to€kill€the€victim,€afterÐ tÄ Ðwhich€Johnson€left€the€room€and€the€Defendant€followed.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€they€went€toÐ `° Ðthe€living€room,€and€Johnson€went€into€the€victimððs€room€while€the€Defendant€stayed€in€the€livingÐ L œ Ðroom.€€The€Defendant€said€that€by€looking€at€a€mirrored€wall€in€the€dining€room,€he€could€see€intoÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€victimððs€bedroom.€€The€Defendant€stated€he€saw€Johnson€swing€the€hammer€three€times.€€The€Ð $ t ÐDefendant€stated€that€the€first€time€he€heard€a€cracking€sound€and€the€victim€moan.€€The€secondÐ  ` Ðtime,€he€heard€the€same€sounds,€but€on€the€third€blow€there€were€no€sounds.€€The€Defendant€said€thatÐ ü L  ÐJohnson€ran€out€of€the€room€and€said,€ð ðOh€my€God€I€just€killed€him,€I€just€killed€him,ðð€and€then,Ð è 8  Ðð ðSee,€thatððs€what€real€n„„„rs€do.€€Go€out€and€kill€people€and€not€give€a€shit.ðð€Ð Ô$  Ðà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€Johnson€came€out€of€the€bedroom€and€started€turning€lights€on€allÐ ¬ü  Ðover€the€house,€but€the€Defendant€kept€turning€them€off€because€he€wanted€to€turn€on€the€TV€in€theÐ ˜è  Ðliving€room.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€approximately€ten€to€fifteen€minutes€later,€JohnsonÐ „Ô  Ðdecided€that€they€should€get€drunk.€€The€Defendant€and€Johnson€obtained€some€beer€and€liquor€fromÐ pÀ Ðthe€victimððs€room.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€Johnson€covered€the€victim€with€a€blanket€so€that€theÐ \¬ ÐDefendant€would€not€have€to€look€at€him.€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€they€drank€for€a€while€in€theÐ H˜ Ðliving€room.€€The€Defendant€said€that€Johnson€wanted€to€ð ðgo€through€[the€victimððs]€shit.ðð€€TheÐ 4„ ÐDefendant€recalled€that€he€went€through€the€victimððs€pants€pocket€and€found€the€victimððs€wallet€andÐ  p Ð$1.90.€Ð  \ Ðà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€after€some€time€had€passed,€he€and€Johnson€went€into€a€backÐ ä4 Ðbedroom€because€Johnson€wanted€to€watch€cartoons,€and€the€living€room€TV€was€not€working.€€TheÐ Ð  ÐDefendant€stated€that€Johnson€made€several€more€trips€to€the€victimððs€room€to€get€beer,€bringingÐ ¼  Ðback€only€one€or€two€beers€at€a€time.€€The€Defendant€said€that€the€victim€continued€to€make€gurglingÐ ¨ø Ðsounds€during€this€and€for€about€forty„five€minutes.€€The€Defendant€maintained€that€he€did€not€callÐ ”ä Ðan€ambulance€or€suggest€calling€an€ambulance€because€he€was€scared€Johnson€might€ð ðtry€to€doÐ €Ð Ðsomething€to€[him].ðð€Ð l¼ Ðà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€once€they€were€in€the€back€bedroom,€Johnson€kept€trying€to€getÐ D!” Ðhim€to€drink€more,€but€the€Defendant€told€Johnson€that€he€did€not€want€to€drink€more.€€TheÐ 0"€  ÐDefendant€also€stated€that€he€tried€to€call€his€girlfriend,€but€she€did€not€answer.€€The€Defendant€thenÐ #l! Ðcalled€to€get€the€time,€which€was€1:48€a.m.€Ð $X" Ðà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€at€approximately€2:45€a.m.,€he€and€Johnson€left€the€victimððs€houseÐ à%0!$ Ðand€drove€around€for€a€while.€€The€Defendant€reported€that€Johnson€drove€the€victimððs€Mercury€andÐ Ì&"% Ðthat€they€returned€to€the€victimððs€house€at€about€3:30€a.m.€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€around€€4:16Ð ¸'#& Ða.m.,€he€and€Johnson€ran€out€of€cigarettes€so€they€took€the€victimððs€car€and€drove€to€a€nearby€gasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðstation.€€The€Defendant€stated€he€went€in€alone€to€buy€the€cigarettes€while€Johnson€waited€in€the€car.€Ð )à$( ÐThe€Defendant€said€that€he€and€Johnson€went€to€look€for€prostitutes,€but€they€were€not€successfulÐ |*Ì%) Ðin€hiring€one€and,€again,€returned€to€the€victimððs€house.Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àOnce€back€at€the€house,€the€Defendant€and€Johnson€began€drinking€again.€€At€about€6:00€a.m.Ð ° Ðthey€began€to€pack€up€the€victimððs€car€with€TVs,€VCRs,€and€other€items€from€the€victimððs€home.€Ð œì ÐThe€Defendant€stated€that€because€the€trunk€would€not€shut,€he€had€to€tie€it€closed€with€wire.€€TheyÐ ˆØ Ðpulled€out€of€the€driveway€at€about€6:15€a.m.€with€Johnson€driving.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€heÐ tÄ Ðtold€Johnson€that€he€wanted€to€be€dropped€off€downtown,€but€Johnson€refused€to€drop€him€offÐ `° Ðbecause€he€needed€the€Defendantððs€identification€to€be€able€to€pawn€the€stolen€items.€€The€DefendantÐ L œ Ðsaid€that€he€agreed€to€go€with€Johnson€to€the€pawn€shops,€because€he€did€not€know€if€Johnson€hadÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€butcher€knife€with€him,€and€he€was€afraid.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€while€they€were€on€their€way€to€a€pawn€shop€on€Charlotte€Avenue,Ð ü L  ÐJohnson€lost€control€of€the€car€while€trying€to€turn€and€struck€a€light€pole€on€West€End€Avenue.€€TheÐ è 8  ÐDefendant€said€that€he€and€Johnson€then€fled€the€scene€on€foot.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€as€theyÐ Ô$  Ðwalked,€Johnson€kept€complaining€about€being€hungry€and€wanting€to€find€a€place€to€sleep.€€TheyÐ À  Ðwalked€to€Seventh€Avenue€and€Union€Avenue,€where€the€Defendant€bought€some€french€fries€forÐ ¬ü  ÐJohnson,€and€then€they€walked€to€Second€Avenue€and€Commerce€Street.€€There,€the€DefendantÐ ˜è  Ðshowed€Johnson€a€parking€garage€where€he€could€sleep€on€the€top€floor€because€people€do€notÐ „Ô  Ðusually€go€all€the€way€to€the€top.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€Johnson€talked€about€doing€a€carjacking,Ð pÀ Ðbut€the€Defendant€told€Johnson€that€he€did€not€want€to€participate.€€The€Defendant€told€Johnson€heÐ \¬ Ðwas€going€to€go€get€his€check,€get€it€cashed,€and€come€back€so€they€could€get€something€to€eat.€€TheÐ H˜ ÐDefendant€stated€that,€instead,€he€went€directly€to€Anchor€Home€and€checked€himself€in.€Ð 4„ ÐÓ  ÓÌIII.€ANALYSISÐ  \ Ðò òÌA.€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÐ ä4 ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€insufficient€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€to€support€hisÐ ¼  Ðconvictions.€€When€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtððsÐ ¨ø Ðstandard€of€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ ”ä Ðprosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ €Ð Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€Ô  ÔòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€òòStateÐ l¼ Ðv.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€directÐ X ¨ Ðevidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€Ð D!” ÐòòState€v.€Pendergrassóó,€13€S.W.3d€389,€392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ $X" Ðthe€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€thisÐ ô$D # ÐCourt€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Buggsóó,Ð à%0!$ Ð995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956).€€QuestionsÐ Ì&"% Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÐ ¸'#& Ðfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ )à$( Ðcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐòòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantÐ h+¸&* Ðremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalÐ ° Ðdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyÐ œì Ðverdict.€€òòId.óó€Ð ˆØ ÐÓ  ÓÌ1.€PremeditationÐ `° ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€premeditated€murder€for€the€death€of€victim€Bill€Wiggins.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÔ#†X±XX X±ø #ÔFirst€degree€premeditated€murder€is€the€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another€person.€€Tenn.Ð $ t ÐCode€Ann.òòóó€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Once€a€homicide€has€been€established,€it€is€presumed€to€be€secondÐ  ` Ðdegree€murder,€and€the€State€has€the€burden€of€proving€premeditation€to€raise€the€offense€to€firstÐ ü L  Ðdegree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€599€(Tenn.€1999)€(citing€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2dÐ è 8  Ð872,€898€(Tenn.€1998)).€€Premeditation€is€defined€as€ð ðan€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€andÐ Ô$  Ðjudgment.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€Ð À  Ðà8  àð ðPremeditationðð€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€actÐ ¬ü  Ðitself.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accusedÐ ˜è  Ðfor€any€definite€period€of€time.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€theÐ „Ô  Ðaccused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determineÐ pÀ Ðwhether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€beÐ \¬ Ðcapable€of€premeditation.ÐH˜Ð Ð  ÐòòId.óó€€Premeditation€is€the€process€of€thinking€about€a€proposed€killing€before€engaging€in€theÐ 4„ Ðhomicidal€conduct.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€540„41€(Tenn.€1992).Ð  p ÐÌà  àThe€existence€of€premeditation€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury€to€determine€and€may€beÐ øH Ðinferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€Rosaóó,€996€S.W.2d€833,€837€(Tenn.Ð ä4 ÐCrim.€App.€1999)€(citing€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€539).€€ð ð[T]he€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€anÐ Ð  Ðunarmed€victim;€the€particular€cruelty€of€the€killing;€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill;Ð ¼  Ðevidence€of€procurement€of€a€weapon;€preparations€before€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime;Ð ¨ø Ðand€calmness€immediately€after€the€killingðð€may€support€the€existence€of€premeditation.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ ”ä Ðv.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997).€€This€Court€has€also€ruled€that€the€jury€may€inferÐ €Ð Ðpremeditation€from€planning€activity€by€the€defendant€before€the€killing,€evidence€concerning€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendantððs€motive,€and€the€nature€of€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€222€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð X ¨ ÐApp.€1995).€Ð D!” ÐÌÔ‡ X±XXX±Ôà  àÔ#†X±XX X±\„#ÔÔ‡ X±XXX±ÔViewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€a€jury€could€have€reasonablyÐ #l! Ðfound€the€Defendant€guilty€of€premeditated€murder.€€Ô#†X±XX X±ª„#ÔÔ‡ X±XXX±ÔThere€is€no€dispute€that€the€Defendant€did€not,Ð $X" Ðhimself,€inflict€the€fatal€injuries€that€killed€the€victim.€€However,€ð ð[a]€person€is€criminallyÐ ô$D # Ðresponsible€for€an€offense€committed€by€the€conduct€of€another€if:€.€.€.€[a]cting€with€intent€to€promoteÐ à%0!$ Ðor€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€theÐ Ì&"% Ðperson€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ¸'#& ÐAnn.€Ô-  ÔððÔ-  Ô€39„11„402.€€Additionally,€ð ð[p]resence€and€companionship€with€the€perpetrator€of€a€felonyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbefore€and€after€the€commission€of€the€offense€are€circumstances€from€which€oneððs€participation€inÐ )à$( Ðthe€crime€may€be€inferred.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ballóó,€973€S.W.2d€288,€293€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€State€presented€the€following€evidence€at€trial:€In€his€audio„taped€statement,€theÐ ° ÐDefendant€told€the€detectives€that€he€and€Johnson€had€spent€the€night€at€the€victimððs€home€onÐ œì ÐJanuary€20,€1998.€€In€the€statement,€the€Defendant€reported€that€Johnson€showed€a€butcher€knife€toÐ ˆØ Ðhim€and€stated€that€he€intended€to€kill€the€victim€because€he€was€tired€of€the€victim€trying€to€playÐ tÄ Ðwith€his€genitals€while€he€was€asleep.€€Officer€William€Kirby€testified€that€he€collected€andÐ `° Ðphotographed€a€large€kitchen€or€butcher€knife€found€at€the€scene.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€JohnsonÐ L œ Ðhad€decided€he€did€not€want€to€kill€the€victim€with€the€knife€ð ðbecause€it€would€take€too€long.ðð€€TheÐ 8 ˆ ÐDefendant€stated€that€Johnson€asked€if€the€victim€had€a€sledgehammer,€and€when€the€DefendantÐ $ t Ðreplied€that€he€did,€Johnson€told€him€to€go€get€it,€and€the€Defendant€did€so.€€According€to€theÐ  ` ÐDefendant,€Johnson€then€took€the€hammer€and€began€boasting€that€ð ðhe€was€a€real€n„„„„r€and€couldÐ ü L  Ðdo€this€kind€of€stuff€and€show€no€remorse.ðð€€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€Johnson€then€asked€for€theÐ è 8  ÐDefendantððs€gloves€so€he€would€not€leave€fingerprints€on€the€hammer.€€The€Defendant€went€toÐ Ô$  Ðanother€room€and€got€the€gloves€while€Johnson€wiped€down€the€handle€of€the€sledgehammer€withÐ À  Ða€towel.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€Johnson€announced€he€was€going€to€kill€the€victim.€€The€DefendantÐ „Ô  Ðthen€watched€through€a€mirror€on€the€wall€as€Johnson€swung€the€hammer€three€times,€striking€theÐ pÀ Ðvictim€and€killing€him.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€Johnson€next€ran€out€of€the€victimððs€bedroomÐ \¬ Ðand€said€ð ðOh€my€God€I€just€killed€him,€I€just€killed€him,ðð€and€then,€ð ðSee,€thatððs€what€real€n„„„rs€do.€Ð H˜ ÐGo€out€and€kill€people€and€not€give€a€shit.ðð€€Shortly€after€the€murder,€both€Johnson€and€theÐ 4„ ÐDefendant€took€liquor€and€beer€from€the€victimððs€room.€€Over€the€next€several€hours,€the€twoÐ  p Ðwatched€TV,€made€phone€calls,€went€joy„riding€in€the€victimððs€car,€went€out€to€buy€cigarettes,€andÐ  \ Ðtried€to€hire€prostitutes.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àLorita€Marsh€testified€she€was€able€to€identify€fingerprints€lifted€from€the€entertainmentÐ Ð  Ðcenter€and€from€inside€the€bathroom€as€belonging€to€Billy€(B.J.)€Johnson.€€The€prints€lifted€from€theÐ ¼  Ðoutside€of€the€victimððs€bedroom€door,€the€can€of€caramel€corn€found€in€the€living€room,€and€theÐ ¨ø Ðbottle€of€San€Juan€Rum€belonged€to€the€Defendant.€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àSufficient€evidence€was€presented€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€murder€wasÐ l¼ Ðpremeditated.€€Johnson€talked€about€committing€the€murder€at€length€with€the€Defendant,€chose€aÐ X ¨ Ðsledgehammer€over€a€knife€as€a€weapon,€and€guarded€against€leaving€fingerprints€before€committingÐ D!” Ðthe€crime.€€The€evidence€also€supports€the€juryððs€finding€the€Defendant€responsible€for€the€crime.€Ð 0"€  ÐThe€Defendant€was€present€and€was€a€companion€to€the€perpetrator€of€the€murder€before,€during,€andÐ #l! Ðafter€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€The€State€presented€sufficient€evidence€from€which€the€juryÐ $X" Ðcould€infer€that€the€Defendant€promoted€or€assisted€the€commission€of€the€offense€and€benefited€inÐ ô$D # Ðthe€proceeds€or€results€of€the€murder.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€points€out€that€in€his€confession€to€the€police,€he€stated€that€he€thoughtÐ ¸'#& ÐJohnson€was€only€joking€when€he€announced€he€was€going€to€kill€the€victim,€and€the€DefendantÐ ¤(ô#' Ðargues€that€everything€he€did€later,€after€Johnson€committed€the€murder,€was€done€because€he€wasÐ )à$( Ðâ âafraid€of€what€Johnson€might€do€to€him€if€he€did€not€comply.€€The€Defendant€argues€that€these€twoÐ |*Ì%) Ðparts€of€his€statement€could€have€negated€a€finding€of€premeditated€murder€if€they€had€been€acceptedÐ ° Ðby€the€jury.€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€Defendant€further€argues€that€the€jury€was€not€free€to€disregard€or€disbelieve€hisÐ tÄ Ðexculpatory€statements€while€believing€his€inculpatory€statements.€€However,€it€is€the€DefendantððsÐ `° Ðown€statement€which€is€internally€contradictory,€and€as€such,€justified€the€apparent€decision€of€theÐ L œ Ðjury€to€disbelieve€the€exculpatory€part€while€believing€the€inculpatory€part.€€The€Defendant€claimedÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€he€did€not€know€that€Johnson€was€actually€going€to€kill€the€victim€and€that€he€thought€JohnsonÐ $ t Ðwas€just€joking.€€However,€the€Defendant€also€stated€that€when€Johnson€left€the€room€a€little€whileÐ  ` Ðafter€showing€him€the€knife€and€expressing€his€intentions€to€kill€the€victim,€the€Defendant€tried€toÐ ü L  Ðhide€the€knife€from€Johnson€by€putting€it€under€his€own€pillow.€€The€Defendant€also€maintained€thatÐ è 8  Ðhe€was€afraid€of€Johnson;€yet€he€never€claimed€in€his€statement€that€Johnson€made€any€specificÐ Ô$  Ðthreats€against€him.€€Moreover,€when€they€went€to€get€cigarettes,€the€Defendant€went€in€alone.€€OnceÐ À  Ðaway€from€Johnson,€the€Defendant€could€have€asked€for€help€if€he€was€really€afraid€of€Johnson.€Ð ¬ü  ÐGiven€the€inconsistencies€in€the€Defendantððs€statement,€the€jury€was€well€within€its€rights€to€haveÐ ˜è  Ðdiscounted€the€Defendantððs€statements€that€he€thought€that€Johnson€was€only€joking€and€that€afterÐ „Ô  Ðthe€murder,€he€acted€out€of€fear€of€Johnson.€€Thus,€the€juryððs€determination€that€the€State€proved€theÐ pÀ Ðelement€of€premeditation€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€is€supported€by€the€evidence.€€We€may€notÐ \¬ Ðdisturb€this€finding€by€the€jury€on€appeal.Ð H˜ ÐÓ  ÓÌ2.€Felony€MurderÐ  p ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€felony€murder€in€the€death€of€victim€Bill€Wiggins.€€Ô#†X±XX X±…#ÔFelonyÐ øH Ðmurder€is€defined€as€ð ð[a]€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrateÐ ä4 Ðany€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping,€aggravated€child€abuse,Ð Ð  Ðaggravated€child€neglect€or€aircraft€piracy€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€Ô‡ X±XXX±ÔThe€issueÐ ¼  Ðconcerning€the€felony€murder€in€this€case€concerns€the€interpretation€of€the€statutory€phrase€ð ðin€theÐ ¨ø Ðperpetration€of.ðð€€For€a€killing€to€occur€ð ðin€the€perpetration€ofðð€a€felony€so€that€the€felony€murderÐ ”ä Ðrule€applies,€the€killing€must€be€ð ðdone€in€pursuance€of€the€unlawful€act,€and€not€collateral€to€it.ðð€Ð €Ð ÐòòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€296€S.W.2d€879,€883€(Tenn.€1956).€€ð ðIn€other€words,€ðð[t]he€killing€must€have€hadÐ l¼ Ðan€intimate€relation€and€close€connection€with€the€felony€.€.€.€and€not€be€separate,€distinct,€andÐ X ¨ Ðindependent€from€it.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòWharton€on€Homicideóó,€ðð€126€(3rd€ed.)).òòÐ D!” ÐóóÌà  àWhen€determining€whether€a€killing€is€ð ðin€the€perpetration€ofðð€a€felony,€courts€in€TennesseeÐ #l! Ðhave€considered€such€factors€as€time,€place,€and€causation.€€òòBuggsóó,€995€S.W.2d€at€106.€€A€killingÐ $X" Ðð ðmay€precede,€coincide€with,€or€follow€the€felony€and€still€be€considered€as€occurring€ððin€theÐ ô$D # Ðperpetration€ofðð€the€felony€offense,€so€long€as€there€is€a€connection€in€time,€place,€and€continuity€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðaction.ðð€€òòId.óó€€However,€ð ðin€order€for€the€felony„murder€doctrine€to€be€invoked,€the€actor€must€intendÐ Ì&"% Ðto€commit€the€underlying€felony€at€the€time€the€killing€occurs;€there€is€no€felony„murder€where€theÐ ¸'#& Ðfelony€occurs€as€an€afterthought€following€the€killing.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€107.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àð ð[I]n€a€felony€murder€case,€intent€to€commit€the€underlying€felony€must€exist€prior€to€orÐ |*Ì%) Ðconcurrent€with€the€commission€of€the€act€causing€the€death€of€the€victim.ðð€€òòId.óó€€ð ðProof€that€suchÐ h+¸&* Ðintent€to€commit€the€underlying€felony€existed€before,€or€concurrent€with,€the€act€of€killing€is€aÐ ° Ðquestion€of€fact€to€be€decided€by€the€jury€after€consideration€of€all€the€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòId.óó€Ð œì Ð(citing€òòóó€òòHall€v.€Stateóó,€490€S.W.2d€495,€496€(Tenn.1973);€òòState€v.€Hollandòòóó,óó€860€S.W.2d€53,€59€(Tenn.Ð ˆØ ÐCrim.€App.€1993)).€€ð ð[A]€jury€may€reasonably€infer€from€a€defendant's€actions€immediately€after€aÐ tÄ Ðkilling€that€the€defendant€had€the€intent€to€commit€the€felony€prior€to,€or€concurrent€with,€theÐ `° Ðkilling.ðð€€òòBuggsóó,€995€S.W.2d€at€108.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€State€presented€the€following€evidence€at€trial:€Detective€Larry€Carter€testified€that€onÐ $ t ÐJanuary€22,€1998,€he€was€dispatched€to€an€accident€scene€at€Eighteenth€Avenue€North€and€West€End.€Ð  ` ÐAt€the€scene,€he€observed€a€1985€Mercury€Marquis,€which€was€registered€to€the€victim.€€The€vehicleÐ ü L  Ðwas€full€of€TVs,€VCRs,€and€liquor.€€All€of€the€items€appeared€to€have€been€ð ðjust€tossed€in.ðð€€OfficerÐ è 8  ÐRaymond€T.€Rader€testified€that€he€was€able€to€develop€useable€latent€prints€from€a€number€of€itemsÐ Ô$  Ðin€the€car,€including€a€bottle€of€San€Juan€Rum.€€Lorita€Marsh€testified€the€fingerprint€lifted€from€theÐ À  Ðbottle€of€San€Juan€Rum€matched€the€Defendant.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àIn€his€statement€to€police,€the€Defendant€admitted€that€after€the€murder,€he€and€Johnson€wentÐ „Ô  Ðthrough€the€victimððs€belongings,€and€he€admitted€that€he€took€the€victimððs€wallet€and€$1.90.€€TheÐ pÀ ÐDefendant€also€admitted€that€he€and€Johnson€packed€up€the€victimððs€car€with€TVs,€VCRs,€and€otherÐ \¬ Ðitems€from€the€victimððs€home.€€The€Defendant€said€that€because€the€trunk€would€not€shut,€he€had€toÐ H˜ Ðtie€it€closed€with€wire.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€Johnson€said€he€needed€the€Defendantððs€I.D.€to€beÐ 4„ Ðable€to€pawn€the€stolen€items.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€agreed€to€go€with€Johnson€to€the€pawnÐ  p Ðshops.€€While€they€were€on€their€way€to€a€pawn€shop€on€Charlotte€Avenue,€Johnson€lost€control€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€car€while€trying€to€turn€and€struck€a€light€pole€on€West€End€Avenue.€€The€two€then€fled€the€sceneÐ øH Ðon€foot.€€Thus,€sufficient€evidence€was€presented€for€the€jury€to€find€the€Defendant€guilty€of€felonyÐ ä4 Ðmurder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€theft.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAlthough,€as€the€State€points€out,€ð ð[w]hen€the€merger€occurs,€proof€of€either€felony€murderÐ ¨ø Ðor€premeditated€murder€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€conviction,ðð€òòState€v.€Kenneth€Paul€Dykasóó,€No.Ð ”ä ÐM2000„01665„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€160,€at€*16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð €Ð ÐNashville,€March€5,€2002),€òòpermission€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€July€15,€2002),€in€this€case,€theÐ l¼ Ðevidence€independently€supports€the€juryððs€verdict€of€guilty€for€the€Defendant€in€the€felony€murderÐ X ¨ Ðof€Bill€Wiggins.€€We€may€not€disturb€this€finding€by€the€jury€on€appeal.Ð D!” ÐÌÓ  Óò òB.€Motion€to€Suppress€the€Defendantððs€Statement€to€the€PoliceÐ #l! ÐÓ  Óó óÌà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€his€audio„Ð ô$D # Ðtaped€statement€to€the€police.€€Specifically,€he€claims€that€he€was€in€custody,€without€having€beenÐ à%0!$ Ðadvised€of€his€ð ðMirandaðð€rights,€during€the€interrogation€on€January€30,€1998,€which€elicited€thisÐ Ì&"% Ðstatement.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÔ#†X±XX X±L¤#Ôà  àWhen€reviewing€a€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress,€ð ðquestions€of€credibility€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€areÐ |*Ì%) Ðmatters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.ðð€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.Ð h+¸&* Ð1996).€€Findings€of€fact€made€by€a€trial€court€in€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress€are€binding€upon€thisÐ ° ÐCourt€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€findings.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€However,€the€application€ofÐ œì Ðthe€law€to€the€facts€found€by€the€trial€court€is€a€question€of€law€which€this€Court€reviews€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€Ð ˆØ ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).Ô‡ X±XXX±Ô€€The€prevailing€party€ð ðis€entitled€to€theÐ tÄ Ðstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€all€reasonableÐ `° Ðand€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.ðð€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€Finally,Ð L œ Ðboth€the€proof€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€and€the€proof€adduced€at€trial€may€be€consideredÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€reviewing€the€trial€courtððs€decision€on€the€motion€to€suppress.€€òòState€v.€Henningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,Ð $ t Ð299€(Tenn.1998).Ð  ` ÐÌà  àIn€òòMiranda€v.€Arizona,óó€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€pursuant€to€the€Fifth€andÐ è 8  ÐFourteenth€Amendmentsðð€prohibition€against€compelled€self„incrimination,€police€officers€mustÐ Ô$  Ðadvise€a€defendant€of€his€or€her€right€to€remain€silent€and€of€his€or€her€right€to€counsel€before€theyÐ À  Ðmay€initiate€custodial€interrogation.€€384€U.S.€436,€479€(1966).€€If€these€warnings€are€not€given,Ð ¬ü  Ðstatements€elicited€from€the€individual€may€not€be€admitted€for€certain€purposes€in€a€criminal€trial.€Ð ˜è  ÐòòStansbury€v.€Californiaóó,€511€U.S.€318,€322€(1994).€€A€waiver€of€constitutional€rights€must€be€madeÐ „Ô  Ðð ðvoluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently.ðð€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€at€444.€€The€state€has€the€burden€ofÐ pÀ Ðproving€the€waiver€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500€(Tenn.Ð \¬ Ð1997).€€In€determining€whether€a€defendant€has€validly€waived€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€courts€must€lookÐ H˜ Ðto€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€326€(Tenn.1992).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€appropriate€inquiry€in€determining€whether€an€individual€is€ð ðin€custodyðð€and€is€thusÐ  \ Ðentitled€to€òòMirandaóó€warnings€is€whether,€under€the€totality€of€the€circumstances,€a€reasonable€personÐ øH Ðin€the€suspectððs€position€would€consider€himself€or€herself€deprived€of€freedom€of€movement€to€aÐ ä4 Ðdegree€associated€with€a€formal€arrest.€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€937€S.W.2d€851,€855€(Tenn.€1996).Ô#†X±XX X±n¾#ÔÔ‡ X±XXX±Ô€€ð ðTheÐ Ð  Ðtest€is€objective€from€the€viewpoint€of€the€suspect,€and€the€unarticulated,€subjective€view€of€lawÐ ¼  Ðenforcement€officials€that€the€individual€being€questioned€is€or€is€not€a€suspect€does€not€bear€uponÐ ¨ø Ðthe€question.ðð€€òòId.óó€òòóó€Ð ”ä Ðà8  àSome€factors€relevant€to€that€objective€assessment€include€the€time€and€location€ofÐ €Ð Ðthe€interrogation;€the€duration€and€character€of€the€questioning;€the€officerððs€tone€ofÐ l¼ Ðvoice€and€general€demeanor;€the€suspectððs€method€of€transportation€to€the€place€ofÐ X ¨ Ðquestioning;€the€number€of€police€officers€present;€any€limitation€on€movement€orÐ D!” Ðother€form€of€restraint€imposed€on€the€suspect€during€the€interrogation;€anyÐ 0"€  Ðinteractions€between€the€officer€and€the€suspect,€including€the€words€spoken€by€theÐ #l! Ðofficer€to€the€suspect,€and€the€suspectððs€verbal€or€nonverbal€responses;€the€extent€toÐ $X" Ðwhich€the€suspect€is€confronted€with€the€law€enforcement€officerððs€suspicions€of€guiltÐ ô$D # Ðor€evidence€of€guilt;€and€finally,€the€extent€to€which€the€suspect€is€made€aware€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðhe€or€she€is€free€to€refrain€from€answering€questions€or€to€end€the€interview€at€will.€ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ЀòòId.óó€€ð ðIt€is€a€very€fact€specific€inquiry.ðð€€òòId.óó€€ð ðApplication€of€the€appropriate,€relevant€factors€to€theÐ ¸'#& Ðfacts€is€a€task€for€which€the€trial€court€is€especially€suited.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Detective€Dunaway€testified€that,€in€the€course€of€investigatingÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€murder€of€the€victim,€he€found€a€job€application€in€the€victimððs€home€with€the€Defendantððs€nameÐ h+¸&* Ðon€it.€€Dunaway€stated€that€he€did€a€ð ðtraceðð€on€the€Defendant€and,€through€the€Defendantððs€parentsÐ ° Ðin€LaVergne,€Tennessee,€Dunaway€discovered€that€the€Defendant€was€living€at€the€Anchor€Home.€Ð œì ÐDunaway€testified€he€first€spoke€with€the€Defendant€at€the€Anchor€Home,€where€he€identifiedÐ ˆØ Ðhimself€as€a€police€officer€and€informed€the€Defendant€of€the€death€of€the€victim.€€Dunaway€thenÐ tÄ Ðasked€the€Defendant€to€accompany€him€to€his€office€so€that€he€could€obtain€the€names,€numbers,€andÐ `° Ðaddresses€of€everyone€both€the€Defendant€and€the€victim€knew.€€Dunaway€maintained€that€theÐ L œ ÐDefendant€was€neither€in€custody€at€that€time,€nor€was€he€handcuffed.€€Dunaway€reported€that€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐDefendant€sat€in€the€front€seat€of€the€detectiveððs€car€as€they€rode€to€the€Criminal€Justice€Center.€Ð $ t ÐDunaway€recalled€that€he€and€the€Defendant€had€a€general€conversation€while€in€the€car€and€that€theyÐ  ` Ðeven€went€to€a€Taco€Bell€to€get€food€on€the€way€to€the€station.€€Dunaway€stated€that€he€and€theÐ ü L  ÐDefendant€did€not€discuss€the€case.€€Dunaway€testified€that,€once€at€his€office,€he€asked€theÐ è 8  ÐDefendant€about€his€relationship€with€the€victim,€about€people€that€both€the€Defendant€and€theÐ Ô$  Ðvictim€knew,€and€when€he€had€last€seen€the€victim.€€Dunaway€recalled€that€at€some€point,€theÐ À  ÐDefendant€stated,€ð ðI€was€there€when€it€happened.ðð€€Dunaway€testified€that€it€was€then€that€he€stoppedÐ ¬ü  Ðquestioning€the€Defendant,€Mirandized€the€Defendant,€had€him€sign€a€waiver,€and€then€continuedÐ ˜è  Ðto€discuss€the€case€with€him.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Detective€Dunaway€testified€that€he€was€accompanied€by€one€otherÐ \¬ Ðofficer,€Detective€Vogel,€when€he€went€to€the€Anchor€Home,€but€Vogel€drove€to€the€Anchor€HomeÐ H˜ Ðin€a€separate€car.€€According€to€Dunaway,€Vogel€was€also€present€while€he€was€questioning€theÐ 4„ ÐDefendant€at€the€police€station.€€Dunaway€denied€handcuffing€the€Defendant€and€denied€putting€himÐ  p Ðin€the€back€seat€of€his€car.€€He€testified€that€the€conversation€with€the€Defendant€at€the€police€stationÐ  \ Ðlasted€less€than€an€hour€before€the€Defendant€first€implicated€himself,€including€the€time€it€took€toÐ øH Ðget€a€set€of€fingerprints€from€the€Defendant€for€elimination€purposes.€€This€portion€of€theÐ ä4 Ðconversation€was€not€recorded€in€any€way.€€Dunaway€testified€that€the€Defendant€knew€during€thisÐ Ð  Ðtime€that€he€was€free€to€leave.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àDunaway€also€testified€on€cross„examination€that€the€taped€statement€began€right€after€theÐ ”ä ÐDefendant€was€Mirandized.€Dunaway€denied€ever€having€told€the€Defendant€that€Johnson€wasÐ €Ð Ðupstairs€or€that€Johnson€had€given€a€statement€to€police€implicating€the€Defendant.€€Dunaway€alsoÐ l¼ Ðdenied€telling€the€Defendant€that€he€thought€he€was€lying,€that€he€did€not€believe€what€the€DefendantÐ X ¨ Ðwas€saying,€or€that€the€Defendant€had€better€start€telling€the€truth.€€Dunaway€testified€that€theÐ D!” ÐDefendant€provided€no€explanation€as€to€why€he€simply€decided€to€admit€having€knowledge€aboutÐ 0"€  Ðthe€homicide,€and€Dunaway€reported€that€if€the€Defendant€did€state€a€reason,€he€did€not€recall€it.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€Dunaway€came€to€the€Anchor€Home€and€told€him€that€he€neededÐ ô$D # Ðto€ask€the€Defendant€some€questions.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€Dunaway€told€him€that€he€neededÐ à%0!$ Ðto€go€downtown€with€him€to€take€his€name€out€of€suspect€status.€€The€Defendant€testified€thatÐ Ì&"% ÐDunaway€told€him€he€needed€his€fingerprints€because€his€fingerprints€were€at€the€crime€scene.€€TheÐ ¸'#& ÐDefendant€claimed€that€he€was€handcuffed€on€the€street,€after€they€left€the€Anchor€Home€and€beforeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhe€was€placed€in€the€back€of€the€detectiveððs€car.€€The€Defendant€denied€going€to€Taco€Bell€on€theÐ )à$( Ðway€to€the€police€station.€€He€testified€that€once€in€the€interview€room€with€the€two€detectives,€heÐ |*Ì%) Ðinitially€told€the€detectives€that€he€had€no€knowledge€of€the€homicide,€although€he€admitted€at€theÐ h+¸&* Ðhearing€that€this€was€untrue.€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€the€detectives€continued€questioning€himÐ ° Ðabout€what€he€had€told€them,€and€they€then€began€to€tell€him€they€did€not€believe€what€he€wasÐ œì Ðsaying.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€ð ð[T]hey€said€I€had€a€lot€of€inconsistencies.ðð€€The€DefendantÐ ˆØ Ðdenied€that€they€ever€told€him€he€was€free€to€leave.€€He€further€denied€that€the€detectives€told€himÐ tÄ Ðat€the€Anchor€Home€that€he€did€not€have€to€go€with€them.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€was€toldÐ `° Ðthat€Johnson€had€been€arrested,€that€Johnson€was€incarcerated,€and€that€Johnson€had€told€them€thatÐ L œ Ðthe€Defendant€killed€the€victim.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€then€decided€to€tell€the€truth.€€He€alsoÐ 8 ˆ Ðtestified€that€Dunaway€told€him€that€he€had€to€make€a€statement€in€order€to€remove€his€name€fromÐ $ t Ðthe€list€of€suspects€and€that€if€he€cooperated,€they€would€get€him€a€low€bond€and€have€his€chargesÐ  ` Ðreduced€to€theft.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€told€Dunaway€everything€he€knew€about€theÐ ü L  Ðhomicide;€however,€he€claimed€that€he€was€not€Mirandized,€and€he€claimed€that€he€did€not€see€theÐ è 8  Ðð ðMirandaðð€form€until€after€he€told€police€everything.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€after€he€confessed,Ð Ô$  Ðthe€detectives€took€a€break,€and€Detective€Vogel€went€to€get€the€tape€recorder.€€According€to€theÐ À  ÐDefendant,€the€detectives€then€read€him€his€rights€and€asked€him€to€repeat€his€statement€on€tape.€Ð ¬ü  ÐAfter€he€was€finished€making€his€taped€statement,€the€Defendant€was€arrested.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àIn€a€written€opinion€denying€the€motion€to€suppress€the€Defendantððs€statement,€the€trial€court€Ð pÀ Ðfound€the€Defendantððs€credibility€to€be€suspect€because€the€Defendant€had€ð ðlied€about€the€facts€atÐ \¬ Ðother€times.ðð€€The€trial€court€determined€that,€considering€all€of€the€factors€that€the€TennesseeÐ H˜ ÐSupreme€Court€enumerated€in€òòAndersonóó,€937€S.W.2d€at€855,€as€guidelines€for€determining€whetherÐ 4„ Ðan€individual€has€been€subjected€to€a€ð ðcustodial€interrogation,ðð€it€could€not€conclude€that€theÐ  p Ðguidelines€of€òòAndersonóó€had€not€been€complied€with.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€The€trial€court€concluded€there€was€noÐ  \ Ðarrest€when€the€Defendant€left€the€Anchor€Home€with€the€officers,€but€that€the€DefendantÐ øH Ðð ðaccompanied€the€officers€freely€and€voluntarily.ðð€€The€trial€court€further€concluded€that€theÐ ä4 ÐDefendant€was€properly€advised€of€his€ð ðMirandaðð€rights€and€that€he€made€his€statements€freely€andÐ Ð  Ðvoluntarily.€€Accordingly,€the€motion€to€suppress€was€denied.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€Defendant€argues€that€new€information€was€revealed€at€trial€which€brings€intoÐ ”ä Ðquestion€the€credibility€of€Dunawayððs€testimony€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€The€Defendant€arguesÐ €Ð Ðthat€Dunawayððs€statements€at€trial€reveal€inconsistencies€regarding€the€timeline€involved€in€obtainingÐ l¼ Ðthe€Defendantððs€statement.€€However,€the€Defendant€raised€the€issue€of€the€suppression€of€hisÐ X ¨ Ðstatement€in€his€motion€for€new€trial,€which€was€denied€by€the€trial€court.€€The€trial€court€heard€andÐ D!” Ðhad€the€opportunity€to€evaluate€all€the€testimony€from€both€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress€theÐ 0"€  ÐDefendantððs€statement€and€the€trial.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€againstÐ #l! Ðthe€findings€of€the€trial€court.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àOur€review€of€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€the€Defendant€voluntarilyÐ à%0!$ Ðwaived€his€Miranda€rights.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€was€asked€to€accompany€the€officerÐ Ì&"% Ðdowntown€and€that€he€decided€to€go.€€The€Defendant€also€does€not€deny€that€he€made€the€voluntaryÐ ¸'#& Ðstatement,€ð ðI€was€there€when€it€happened.ðð€€Dunaway€testified€that€he€read€òòMirandaóó€warnings€to€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐDefendant€before€the€Defendant€gave€his€audio„taped€statement,€and€the€Defendant€signed€a€ð ðwaiverÐ )à$( Ðof€rightsðð€form.€€A€discussion€of€the€Defendantððs€rights€was€also€recorded€on€the€tape.€€The€trialÐ |*Ì%) Ðcourt€noted€that€the€Defendant€never€requested€an€attorney.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€properly€denied€theÐ h+¸&* ÐDefendantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€audio„taped€statement€he€made€to€the€police€on€January€30,Ð ° Ð1998.€Ð œì ÐÓ  ÓÌIII.€CONCLUSIONÐ tÄ ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àAccordingly,€we€AFFIRM€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ô‡ ôãÕòX X±ÔÐ L œ ÐÓ  ÓÔ#†ôãÕòò ôãÕ½Ç#ÔÔ#†X±XòôãÕÌô#ÔÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ü L  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGE