WPC\  Kao@҂J'H@4E]R}P 4 !午B N~yD}a$~ݽG':յiC_d]2nȦ˱Rf$Sj,A,XO[EYءjK7'"/o/j9+~0fb![En_M%_?,:Ըq/ZFr#7l*#T/7EgSrȸp\rUNI % 0(U:b 0U: 0U:w@4%>4r )8 a U:i i i i i i i i i i i i i AQ B 0D 0DU 0D D/ B D3) HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,,,,,,0nLl(hH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($,|AZ"Arial Regular- -(AG$XXXX XX  0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular(*2g$ !   XeXXX &&X Xe   `   0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular DEӀn~<$3|x 4  Y$ XSXXX &&X XS   `   1    Though,curiouslyagain,theStatedoesnotcitetoBlockburgerassupportforthe `   sameelementstest.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  !"  XwXXX'XXw   Ad FILEDXwX'   December11,1998  CecilCrowson,Jr. XXwAppellateCourtClerk ,cAZ"Arial Regular!"#%C<< C d(3$ !  (3$ !  ($$   1  ''' dxdP Pd 'dxd !  ` fXXfTR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7XXdXXd7      r(<,(j 8` `@Ef ` ttx$,` rINTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEEt(>.*jx%` `@E- ` ttx$Qe [ tߛATJACKSONSEPTEMBERSESSION,1998  STATEOFTENNESSEE,  )  C.C.A.NO.02C019709CR00344 `  `     h   )  `  ` Appellee,   h   ) `   `     h   ) `     h   )  SHELBYCOUNTY `  МVS. `     h   )   `   `     h   )  HON.JOSEPHDAILEY  `   JOHNNYLAWRENCE,  h   )  JUDGE  `  `     h   )  `  ` Appellant.   h   )  (DUI"Second,RecklessDriving)  `    ONAPPEALFROMTHEJUDGMENTOFTHE P CRIMINALCOURTOFSHELBYCOUNTY  P   FORTHEAPPELLANT: h     FORTHEAPPELLEE: @  ̜A.C.WHARTON   h     JOHNKNOXWALKUP 0" PublicDefender   h     AttorneyGeneralandReporter (# WALKERGWINN   h     GEORGIABLYTHEFELNER % AssistantPublicDefender    AssistantAttorneyGeneral & 201PoplarAvenue h     425FifthAvenueNorth ' Memphis,TN38103 h     Nashville,TN37243 (  `     h     WILLIAMGIBBONS `     h     DistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h     DAVIDC.HENRY `     h     AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h     CriminalJusticeComplex,Suite301 `     h     201PoplarAvenue `     h     Memphis,TN38103OPINIONFILED________________________̜AFFIRMEDDAVIDH.WELLES,JUDGE  x8/09   : 7RdXXd7OPINION : `     ` TheDefendant,JohnnyLawrence,pursuanttoTennesseeRuleofAppellateProcedure3(b),appealsasofrighthisconvictionsfordrivingundertheinfluenceofanintoxicant"secondoffenseandrecklessdriving.ThesoleissueforreviewbythisCourtiswhetherhisconvictiononbothchargesunderthefactsofthiscaseviolatesDefendantsrightagainstdoublejeopardyasprovidedbytheTennesseeConstitution.Weconcludethatitdoesnot,andweaffirmtheverdictofthejuryasapprovedbythetrialcourt. ` Accordingtotheproofattrial,Defendantwasstoppedinhisvehicleatapproximately7:00a.m.onOctober8,1995byOfficerWilliamsoftheMemphisPoliceDepartment.OfficerWilliamstestifiedattrialthathenoticedDefendantdrivebothrighttiresofhiscaroveracurbasheexitedtheparkinglotofabankandenteredaMemphisstreet.WilliamsfollowedDefendantforashortdistanceandobservedthecar weavingacrosslanesoftraffic.WhentheofficerstoppedDefendantandaskedhimtostepoutofthecar,Defendantstaggered,smelledofalcohol,andhadslurredspeech. ` OfficerWilliamsdeterminedthat,baseduponhisexperience,Defendanthadbeendrivinginanimpairedstateduetoalcoholconsumption;andtheofficerdroveDefendanttothelocationofDUIOfficerE.W.Whitetoundergofieldsobrietytesting.OneoftheofficersinformedDefendantofhisrightsandoftheimpliedconsentlaw;Defendantthenrefusedtosubmittoanalcoholcontenttest.OfficerWhitevideotapedthefieldsobrietytestsadministered"heeltotoewalk 8^/0 andindexfingertonose"whichDefendantfailed.AccordingtotheDUIFieldSobrietyReportenteredintoevidence,OfficerWhitealsoobservedthatDefendantseyesappearedbloodshotandsleepyandthattheodorofalcoholwasstrong.Inthereport,WhiteconcurredinOfficerWilliamssconclusionthattheeffectsofalcoholuponDefendantwere extreme. ` ThiscaseisgovernedbythedoublejeopardyanalysisannouncedbythesupremecourtinStatev.Denton,938S.W.2d373(Tenn.1996).Curiously,the   Stateneithercitesthiscontrollingopinionnoraddressesitstest,relyinginsteadonlyuponanexaminationofthisissueintermsofthe sameelementstestofBlockburgerv.UnitedStates,284U.S.299(1932). G" c}"  "  1      כTheBlockburgertestisonly ` apartofwhatwemustconsiderforadoublejeopardychallengeundertheTennesseeConstitution. ` InDenton,thesupremecourtexamineddoublejeopardyprinciplesinthis $ stateandclarifiedhowArticleI,section10oftheTennesseeConstitutionprovidesgreaterprotectionforthecriminaldefendantagainstdoublejeopardythandoesthefederalconstitution.Thatclarificationemergedasafourparttest:8 ` [R]esolutionofadoublejeopardypunishmentissueundertheTennesseeConstitutionrequiresthefollowing:(1)aBlockburger  .$% analysisofthestatutoryoffenses;(2)ananalysis,guidedbytheprinciplesofDuchac,oftheevidenceusedtoprovetheoffenses;(3) 0&' aconsiderationofwhetherthereweremultiplevictimsordiscreteacts;and(4)acomparisonofthepurposesoftherespectivestatutes.Noneofthesestepsisdeterminative;rathertheresultsof eachmustbeweighedandconsideredinrelationtoeachother.$4*+` !` ! Denton,938S.W.2dat381(discussingBlockburgerv.UnitedStates,284U.S. `   299(1932),andDuchacv.State,505S.W.2d237(Tenn.1973));seeStatev. h  Winningham,958S.W.2d740,743(Tenn.1997);Statev.Hall,947S.W.2d181, p  183(Tenn.Crim.App.1997). ` Applyingthattesttothiscase,weconcludethatthefactorsweighinfavorofaffirmingDefendantsconvictionsforDUIandrecklessdrivingasnotviolativeofourdoublejeopardyprotectionsunderthestateconstitution.First,underthefederaldoublejeopardyprinciplesofBlockburger,theoffensesarenotthesame @ anddeservenoFifthAmendmentprotection.SeeBlockburger,284U.S.at304. H TheSupremeCourtstatedinBlockburgerthat thetesttobeappliedto P determinewhethertherearetwooffensesoronlyoneiswhethereachprovisionrequiresproofofanadditionalfactwhichtheotherdoesnot.Id. !`  ` In1995theoffenseofDUIrequired(a)anypersonorpersonstodriveorbeinphysicalcontrolofavehicle;(b)onanypublicroad,highway,street,orϜalley,oronthepremisesofanyshoppingcenter,trailerpark,apartmentcomplex,orotherplacegenerallyfrequentedbythepublicatlarge;(c)whileundertheinfluenceofanyintoxicant,marijuana,narcoticdrug,ordrugproducingstimulatingeffectsonthecentralnervoussystem.Tenn.CodeAnn.5510401.Theoffenseofrecklessdrivingrequired(a)anypersontodriveanyvehicle,(b)inwillfulorwantondisregardforthesafetyofpersonsorproperty.Id.5510 4** 205.DUI,then,lackstheelementofwillfulandwantondisregardforsafety,whilerecklessdrivinglackstheelementofbeingundertheinfluenceofanintoxicant.Inaddition,thisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatrecklessdrivingisnotalesser  :00 includedoffenseofDUI.Fournierv.State,945S.W.2d766,769(Tenn.Crim. `  App.1996)(citingRayv.State,563S.W.2d218,219(Tenn.Crim.App.1977)); h  cf.Statev.Boggs,865S.W.2d920,92122(Tenn.Crim.App.1992)(holdingthat p  recklessendangerment,invehicularcontext,isnotalesserincludedoffenseofDUI).TheseoffensesfailtomeettheBlockburgertesttoqualifyasthe same   offensefordoublejeopardypurposes. ` Next,weanalyzewhether,undertheprinciplesofDuchacv.State,505 8 S.W.2d237(Tenn.1973),thesameevidencewasusedtoconvictDefendantofbothDUIandrecklessdriving. Ifthesameevidenceisnotrequired[toproveeachoffense],thenthefactthatbothchargesrelateto,andgrowoutof,onetransaction,doesnotmakeasingleoffensewheretwoaredefinedbythestatutes.Id.at239.Furthermore, [T]h{[t]hereisnoidentityofoffensesifonthetrial !` ofoneoffenseproofofsomefactisrequiredthatisnotnecessarytobeprovedinthetrialoftheother,althoughsomeofthesameactsmaynecessarilybeprovedinthetrialofeach.Id. 'x  ` Here,theevidencenecessarytoconvictDefendantofrecklessdrivingwasthetestimonybyOfficerWilliamsthatDefendantdroveoveracurbinhisattempttoaccessthepublicstreetandthatheweavedacrosslanesoftrafficwhileothervehiclessharedtheroadway.Incontrast,proofthatDefendantoperatedorwasabletooperatehisvehicle;thathesmelledstronglyofalcohol;thathehadbloodshoteyesandaslow,confusedresponse;thathefailedhisfieldsobrietytests;andthathestaggeredandswayedwassufficienttoconvictDefendantofDUI.Wefindthenecessaryburdensofevidentiaryproofforeachoffense  :00 sufficientlyseparatetoconstitutedissimilaroffensesundertheDuchac same `  evidencetest.See,e.g.,Statev.DanielLong,No.02C019610CC00362, h  1998WL74253,at*13(Tenn.Crim.App.,Jackson,Feb.24,1998)(concludingthat sameevidencetestwasnotmetinrape/sexualbatterycaseinwhichdefendantbothdigitallypenetratedvictim,fondledvictimsbreasts,andforcedvictimtomasturbatehimwithherhandduringsameperiodoftime);cf.Statev. (  WillieB.Jackson,No.01C019702CR00054,1998WL199992,at*10(Tenn. 0  Crim.App.,Nashville,Apr.23,1998)(concludingthat sameevidencetestwasmetinsale/deliveryofcocainecaseinwhichdefendantsoldcocainebutanotheractuallydeliveredit;thereforetrialcourtmusthaverelieduponevidenceofsaletoconvictdefendantofdeliverycharge).Applicationofthisfactorweighsinfavorofnotbarringaconvictionforbothoffenses. ` Third,weconsiderwhethertheproofshowed multiplevictimsordiscreteacts.SeeStatev.Denton,938S.W.2d373,381(Tenn.1996).Inthiscase,the %p victimsofbothoffensesweretheStateasthesovereignandthecommunityatlarge.Statev.Winningham,958S.W.2d740,746(Tenn.1997).Moreover,for )  thepurposeofthiscase,wefindonlyonephysicalact"drivingavehiclefromthebankparkinglotdownthestreet.TheadditionalevidencewhichconstitutedDUIwasDefendantsstateofimpairment,notanother discreteact.Therefore, /&& applicationofthisfactortendstodemonstratethatdoublejeopardyshouldbarconvictionforbothoffenses. ` Ourlastpointofanalysisisacomparisonofthepurposesofbothstatutes.Inhiswellwrittenbrief,DefendantcorrectlyarguesthatbothDUIandreckless  :00 driving arepartofthesamecodetitleandchapterandbotharedesignedtodeterandpunishdrivinginsuchawayastoendangerothers. ` InStatev.GeorgeBlakeKelly,No.01C019610CC0048,1998WL x 712268(Tenn.Crim.App.,Nashville,Oct.13,1998),apanelofthisCourtconcludedfordoublejeopardyanalysisthatvehicularassaultandDUIhavesimilarpurposes,statingthatthe aimoftheDUIstatuteistoremovefromthehighways,prosecuteandpunishthosewhoengageinthedangerousmenaceofdrivingundertheinfluence.Id.at*10.Wefindthatthepurposeofreckless @ drivingisverysimilar,justaswefoundregardingvehicularassaultinKelly.See H id. P  ` However,webelievethat,ifsurveyedbroadlyenough,nearlyanytwocriminaloffensescanbeconsideredofsingularpurpose.WithrespecttotheoffensesofDUIandrecklessdriving,wedonotfindthatthepurposesaresoanalogousastocausetheDentonscaletoshifttowarddismissingDefendants 'x convictionforrecklessdriving.Altogether,weconcludethatapplicationofthefourfactorsweighsmoreheavilytowardpermittingprosecutionandconvictionforbothoffensesasconstitutionallyappropriateundertheTennesseeConstitution. ` WeaffirmDefendantsconvictionsfordrivingundertheinfluenceofanintoxicant"secondoffenseandrecklessdriving.    :00  `     h   ____________________________________ `     h   DAVIDH.WELLES,JUDGECONCUR:___________________________________̜PAULG.SUMMERS,JUDGE___________________________________̜JOEG.RILEY,JUDGE