ÿWPC| …# VU>a %Ÿ 0í¥UB’ 4Ô è n­÷ U:¤ Þ w@æ 01& 0DW 0J› 0Tå 0^9 0h— 0rÿ 0|q 0†í 0s 1u 0dx BÜU6ùU./U*]B)‡DC° AMóm@ D3­fàv~F 0@ÄvÓ AOׯ& 0Dì D/0 B_˜HP LaserJet 4 PlusHPPCL5MS,ð,,,,,ð0nLNÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiÚƒç"3|x“ «<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular  €  ‚ ƒ [„ … † E‡ Eˆ Ó€(á(3Á¼$¤¤Ý ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€›ÝXXdÈXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(Courier New< Œ 9p`(Courier< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d&&&&7Border 1dd€-'Cþÿ << Gÿÿ cÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌò òJanuary€12,€1998ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€%ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó'ÿÿdxd \Ñ\R AØ'\ÑPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€$$Xd#ÑÑ#€$$Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€%Ô›Ñ7€ í XXdæXXdÈ7ќـ€ÙßR€()'A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌ€à8 àà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEà@ à€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€MAY€1997€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àÌ€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellee,à àà à)à àNo.€03C01„9610„CR„00387Ìà à€€€€€à àà à€€à à)Ìà àà àà àà à)à àHawkins€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)à à€Honorable€Ìà àà àà àà à)ÌWILLIAM€JAMES€LOGAN,€€€à à)à à€(Possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€toÌà àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€€€€sell€and€tampering€with€evidence)Ìà àAppellant.à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌHeiskell€Winsteadà àà àà àà àJohn€Knox€WalkupÌ205€Highway€66€Southà àà àà àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÌRogersville,€TN€37857à àà àà àà àandà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àPeter€M.€CoughlanÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€TennesseeÏà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€Parkwayà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àC.€Berkeley€Bell,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà à113J€W.€Church€StreetÌà àà àà àà àà àGreeneville,€TN€37743Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àandÌà àà àà àà àà àDouglas€GodbeeÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àHawkins€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àRogersville,€TN€37857ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÌà àThe€defendant,€William€James€Logan,€appeals€as€of€right€from€his€Ïconvictions€by€a€jury€in€the€Criminal€Court€for€Hawkins€County€for€possession€of€lessÏthan€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€and€tampering€with€evidence,€bothÏClass€C€felonies.€€As€a€Range€I,€standard€offender,€the€defendant€received€concurrentÏsix„year€sentences.€€He€contends€that€there€is€insufficient€evidence€to€support€hisÏconvictions.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àDetective€Dan€Quillen€of€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€testified€that€heÏand€four€other€officers€executed€a€search€warrant€on€the€defendantððs€residence€atÍaround€8:00€a.m.€on€April€12,€1996.€€He€said€that€officers€knocked€on€the€back€door€ofÏthe€home€and€that€for€over€a€minute,€there€was€no€answer.€€He€said€that€eventually€heÏheard€a€man€and€a€womanððs€voice€from€inside€the€house€yell,€ð ðjust€a€minute.ðð€ÏDetective€Quillen€said€that€a€woman€answered€the€door€and€that€Sergeant€AndersonÏannounced€that€the€officers€were€from€the€police€department€and€had€a€searchÏwarrant.€€ÌÌà àDetective€Quillen€said€that€officers€found€the€defendant€sitting€on€a€toiletÏin€a€bathroom.€€The€officers€asked€the€defendant€to€get€off€of€the€toilet,€and€theÏdefendant€refused€and€told€them€to€let€him€finish€using€the€bathroom.€€DetectiveÏQuillen€said€that€the€officers€removed€the€defendant€from€the€toilet€and€found€sixteenÏsmall€zip„lock€bags€containing€white€powder.€€Detective€Quillen€testified€that€all€of€theÏbags€had€a€white€powder€in€them€and€that€there€was€also€a€larger€zip„lock€bag€floatingÏin€the€toilet.€€Officer€Quillen€said€that€while€the€defendant€was€being€handcuffed,€theÏdefendant€admitted€that€all€of€the€cocaine€in€the€toilet€was€his.€€Officer€Quillen€said€that€Ïhe€went€outside€and€retrieved€his€camera.€€He€took€two€photographs€of€the€whiteÏpowder€in€the€zip„lock€bags€before€removing€it€from€the€toilet.ÌÌà àDetective€Quillen€also€testified€that€officers€recovered€money€from€aÏbedroom€in€the€house.€€He€explained€that€$2,400.00€was€found€in€a€shoe€in€the€closetÏof€the€bedroom,€$330.00€was€found€on€top€of€a€television,€and€$94.00€was€found€in€aÍvase€in€the€bedroom.€€Pictures€of€the€money€and€the€toilet€containing€plastic€bags€ofÏwhite€powder€were€introduced€into€evidence€along€with€the€money,€plastic€bags,€andÏwhite€powder.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€Detective€Quillen€admitted€that€the€defendant€toldÏhim€that€the€cocaine€was€for€his€own€personal€use€because€he€was€a€cocaine€addict.€ÏAlthough€officers€did€not€find€any€drug€paraphernalia€for€ingesting€cocaine,€they€alsoÏdid€not€find€any€small€zip„lock€bags€other€than€those€that€were€found€in€the€toilet.€€€€ÌÌà àDavid€Holloway,€a€forensic€chemist€with€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÏInvestigation,€testified€that€he€determined€that€the€powder€that€was€in€the€zip„lock€bagsÏcontained€cocaine.€€He€explained€that€it€was€difficult€to€determine€the€weight€of€theÏpowder€because€the€powder€was€very€wet€when€he€received€it.€€After€the€powderÏdried,€he€determined€that€it€weighed€.11€grams.€€Agent€Holloway€said€that€several€ofÏthe€plastic€bags€did€not€have€any€powder€in€them€but€that€approximately€four€of€theÏbags€did.ÌÌà àSergeant€Wayne€Anderson€testified€that€he€and€his€drug€dog,€Ike,€helpedÏsearch€the€defendantððs€residence.€€Sergeant€Anderson€said€that€he€yelled,€ð ðsearchÏwarrantðð€very€loudly€when€the€defendantððs€wife€answered€the€door€to€the€house.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€found€the€defendant€sitting€on€the€toilet€and€ordered€the€defendant€toÍshow€his€hands.€€Sergeant€Anderson€said€that€the€defendant€loudly€grunted€twice€andÏthen€reached€toward€the€handle€on€the€back€of€the€toilet.€€As€the€defendant€wasÏreaching€toward€the€handle,€Sergeant€Anderson€grabbed€him€by€his€right€shoulderÏand€pulled€him€off€of€the€toilet.€€Sergeant€Anderson€said€that€the€defendant€neverÏflushed€the€toilet.ÌÌà àSergeant€Anderson€explained€that€his€drug€dog,€Ike,€is€trained€to€findÏdrugs€and€money€that€has€been€in€or€around€drugs.€€He€said€that€he€took€Ike€into€aÏbedroom€in€the€house€and€that€Ike€ran€around€the€room€and€quickly€ran€over€to€a€largeÏvase€that€had€money€in€it€and€a€lamp€on€top€of€it.€€Sergeant€Anderson€said€that€IkeÏknocked€the€lamp€off€of€the€vase€before€he€could€get€Ike€stopped.€€Sergeant€AndersonÏsaid€that€the€dog€went€into€the€closet€and€tried€to€push€a€pair€of€shoes€across€the€closetÏfloor.€€He€said€that€he€pulled€the€dog€out€of€the€closet€and€told€other€officers€that€theÏdog€alerted€that€there€was€something€in€the€corner€of€the€closet.€€Sergeant€AndersonÏexplained€that€the€dog€also€tried€to€stand€up€near€the€television.€€He€said€that€the€dogÏtried€to€get€his€nose€under€the€tongue€of€a€shoe€that€was€neatly€placed€against€the€wallÏof€the€room€and€that€the€dog€alerted€that€something€was€near€the€dryer€in€the€houseÏbut€that€nothing€was€found€in€those€places.€Ìà àÌà àDetective€David€Street€of€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€testified€thatÏhe€followed€Sergeant€Anderson€and€Ike€as€they€searched€the€defendantððs€residence.€ÍHe€said€that€he€recovered€$94.00€out€of€a€vase€in€the€bedroom,€$2,400.00€from€a€shoeÏin€the€bedroom€closet€and€$400.00€under€a€box€on€the€television.€€Detective€StreetÏalso€testified€that€he€found€papers€relating€to€the€defendantððs€social€security€disabilityÏbenefits€and€Eyvelda€Loganððs€approved€application€for€Aid€to€Families€with€DependentÏChildren€(AFDC).€€The€AFDC€application€shows€no€monthly€income€and€noÏaccountable€resources.€€Detective€Street€also€found€a€check€stub€that€indicated€thatÏEyvelda€Logan€received€public€assistance.€€Detective€Street€identified€various€receiptsÏhe€found€in€the€home,€some€of€which€show€that€the€defendant€paid€cash€for€items€andÏservices.Ì€€€Ìà àDeborah€Hale,€a€friend€of€the€defendantððs,€testified€that€she€shared€aÏchecking€account€with€the€defendant€and€received€his€social€security€checks.€€SheÏexplained€that€the€defendant€had€to€have€a€named€representative€payee€due€to€hisÏdrug€addiction.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€used€some€of€the€money€in€the€account€toÏbuy€and€sell€automobiles.€€Ms.€Hale€said€that€in€January€1996€she€withdrew€$2,000.00Ïfrom€the€account€and€gave€it€to€the€defendant€because€he€was€going€to€buy€a€car.€€Ms.ÏHale€said€that€she€never€saw€the€defendant€buy€or€sell€cocaine.ÌÌà@ àò òIó óÌà àFirst,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€state€failed€to€prove€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€he€had€an€intent€to€sell€the€cocaine.€€The€defendant€argues€that,Íat€most,€the€proof€at€trial€established€that€he€possessed€the€cocaine€for€his€ownÏpersonal€use.Ì€€Ìà àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏquestioned€on€appeal€is€"whether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ï319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€may€not€reweigh€the€evidence,Ïbut€must€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allÏreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,Ï676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Ï1978).€€ÌÌà àWhen€viewed€in€this€light,€the€evidence€shows€that€the€defendantÏpossessed€several€small€bags€of€cocaine.€€Although€the€defendant€was€not€workingÏbecause€he€was€disabled€and€the€woman€living€with€him€reported€to€AFDC€that€sheÏhad€no€income,€police€found€over€$2,800.00€in€the€defendantððs€residence.€€A€dogÏtrained€to€detect€traces€of€drugs€on€money€alerted€police€to€three€different€placesÏwhere€the€money€was€located.€€Under€these€circumstances,€the€jury€was€justified€inÏconcluding€that€the€defendant€possessed€the€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€it.ÌÌà@ àò òIIó óÌà àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€there€is€insufficient€evidence€to€supportÏhis€conviction€for€tampering€with€evidence€because€the€state€failed€to€prove€that€heÏknew€that€an€investigation€was€pending€against€him€and€failed€to€prove€that€he€tried€to€Ïalter€or€destroy€evidence.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€because€he€did€not€flush€theÏtoilet,€he€did€not€take€any€steps€to€alter€or€destroy€the€cocaine€found€in€the€bags€in€theÏtoilet.€€In€support€of€his€argument,€he€cites€òòState€v.€Pattonóó,€898€S.W.2d€732€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1994),€in€which€this€court€held€that€mere€abandonment€of€evidence€doesÏnot€constitute€evidence€tampering€within€the€meaning€of€T.C.A.€ðð€39„16„503.ÌÌà àUnder€T.C.A.€ðð€39„16„503,€the€offense€of€tampering€with€evidence€isÏdefined€as€follows:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 à€€€(a)€It€is€unlawful€for€any€person,€knowing€that€anÏinvestigation€or€official€proceeding€is€pending€or€inÏprogress,€to:ÌÌà8 à€€€(1)€Alter,€destroy,€or€conceal€any€record,€document€orÏthing€with€intent€to€impair€its€verity,€legibility,€or€availabilityÏas€evidence€in€the€investigation€or€official€proceeding€.€.€.€.€ÌÓ  ÓÌÓÓThe€indictment€in€this€case€charges€the€defendant€with€knowingly€destroying€cocaineÏwith€the€intent€to€impair€the€investigation€that€he€knew€was€in€progress.€ÌÌà àInitially,€we€agree€with€the€defendant€that€mere€abandonment€ofÏevidence€does€not€amount€to€tampering€under€the€statute.€€The€defendant€in€òòPattonóóÍwas€charged€with€throwing€down€a€bag€of€marijuana€while€he€was€fleeing€from€lawÏenforcement€officers.€€This€court€affirmed€the€trial€courtððs€dismissal€of€the€indictment,Ïconcluding€that€mere€abandonment€of€evidence€does€not€amount€to€tampering€underÏthe€statute.€€ÌÌà àUnlike€òòPattonóó,€though,€the€defendant€in€the€present€case€did€not€merelyÏabandon€the€cocaine.€€The€defendant€altered€the€cocaine€by€throwing€it€into€water€andÏthen€concealed€the€cocaine€by€sitting€on€the€toilet.€€However,€we€are€mindful€that€theÑ€+ÑÇdefendant€was€not€charged€with€altering€or€concealing€the€cocaine.€€The€indictmentÏalleges€that€he€tampered€with€evidence€by€destroying€the€cocaine.€€Thus,€we€mustÏdetermine€whether€the€state€proved€that€the€defendant€ð ðdestroyedðð€cocaine.ÌÌà àAs€a€starting€point,€we€note€that€the€term€ð ðdestroyðð€is€neither€defined€inÏthe€criminal€code€nor€in€the€case€law€interpreting€T.C.A.€ðð€39„16„503.€€However,€weÏrecognize€that€the€provisions€of€the€criminal€code€are€to€be€construed€by€the€fair€importÏof€their€terms.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„11„104.€€This€includes€relying€upon€the€natural€andÏordinary€meaning€of€the€language€used.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.góó.,€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,Ï529€(Tenn.€1985).€€"Destroy"€is€a€verb€that€means€to€ruin€or€to€put€out€of€existence.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòMerriam€Webster's€Collegiate€Dictionaryóó€314€(10th€ed.€1996);€òòAmerican€HeritageÏDictionaryóó€196€(1975).€€For€something€to€be€destroyed€within€the€context€of€T.C.A.€ððÏ39„16„503,€its€evidentiary€value€must€be€ruined.€€òòSeeóó€òòSpector€v.€Stateóó,€746€S.W.2dÏ945€(Tex.€Ct.€App.€1988)€(interpreting€ð ðdestroyðð€in€a€similar€statute).ÌÌà àWhen€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidenceÏsufficiently€establishes€that€the€defendant€destroyed€cocaine€while€he€knew€that€anÏinvestigation€was€in€progress.€€The€proof€shows€that€the€officers€knocked€on€theÏdefendantððs€door€several€times.€€The€officers€eventually€heard€the€defendant€and€aÏlady€yell,€ð ðjust€a€minute.ðð€€Once€the€lady€answered€the€door,€Sergeant€AndersonÏnotified€the€defendant€that€an€investigation€was€in€progress€by€loudly€yelling,€ð ðsearchÍwarrant.ðð€€œThe€officers›€found€the€defendant€sitting€on€a€toilet€that€had€sixteen€small€zip„lock€bags€in€it.€€Detective€Quillen€testified€that€each€of€the€bags€contained€whiteÏpowder.€€The€photographs€in€evidence€corroborate€this€testimony.€€The€defendantÏadmitted€to€the€police€that€the€cocaine€in€the€toilet€was€his.€€ÌÌ€€à àDetective€Quillen€testified€that€he€removed€the€bags€and€placed€them€intoÏan€evidence€bag.€€The€defendant€stipulated€to€the€chain€of€custody€of€the€zip„lockÏbags.€€However,€Agent€Holloway€testified€that€only€four€of€the€bags€contained€a€whiteÏpowder€when€he€received€them.€€From€this€proof,€the€jury€was€justified€in€concludingÏthat€the€defendant€successfully€destroyed€the€contents€of€twelve€of€the€bags€by€placingÏthem€in€the€toilet.€€That€is,€the€evidentiary€value€of€the€contents€of€those€bags€wasÏdestroyed.ÌÌà àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€theÏdefendantððs€convictions€for€possession€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€it€andÏtampering€with€evidence€are€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àòòà àœ›€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïà àà àà àà àà àà àà àœóóJoseph›€M.€Tipton,€Judge€ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóJoe€œB.€Jones,›€œPresiding€Judge›€ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóCurwood€Witt,€Judge€à àà àà à