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opinion.wpt}˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt‚˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt‡˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt8_/Ï óbï.˜Cê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ LOVINShayneKorth P.J.MarneyJaredEfflerGallowayLongmireGerrallsHurstfianc)RaskeTazewellintensivistMorelock TBIVinsantElkinssubduralByrge CrimLiakasDuchacMarableHaileyPruittTugglereweigh S.W.ConleeR.C.L.Wigmore Evid t]heCaylis(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman ˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK4ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€½»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼½»»»ÔÑ8€]õXXdì»»d8ÑÔ€¼½»»¼½Ôà@ttìàÔ‡î”Ò½ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼½»îî”Ò+#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJune€24,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X]õX»¼½ÔÌò òÔ#†¼½»XX]õ2#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€CHRISTOPHER€LOVINÔ‡X]õX»¼½Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Claiborne€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€11,687€€€€€€E.€Shayne€Sexton,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„01231„CCA„R3„CDÐ ¥õ  ÐOctober€31,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Christopher€Lovin,€was€convicted€of€felony€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€aggravatedÐ xÈ  Ðchild€abuse.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€andÐ d´ Ðsubmits€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€exclude€cumulative€medical€testimony.€€The€judgmentÐ P  Ðis€affirmed.Ð <Œ ÐÓËÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óÐ d ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼½»àX]õŸ#ÔÔ‡X]õX.¼½ÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€òòNormaÐ ì< ÐMcGee€Ogle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð Ø( ÐÌJulie€A.€Rice€(on€appeal);€and€Ô#†¼½»XX]õö#ÔÔ‡X]õX»¼½ÔCharles€Herman€and€Dan€Korth,€Assistant€Public€Defenders€(at€trial),Ð ° Ðfor€the€appellant,€Christopher€Lovin.€€Ð œì ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Elizabeth€B.€Marney,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð tÄ Ðand€Jared€Effler,€John€W.€Galloway,€Jr.,€and€Todd€Longmire,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,Ð `° Ðfor€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð L œ ÐÓÇÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼½»XX]õ#ÔÔ‡X]õX»¼½ÔÐ $"t! ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼½»XX]õ. #ÔÔ‡X]õX»¼½ÔÓ  Ó€€€Ô#†¼½»XX]õŒ #ÔÔ€X]õX»¼½Ôà  àAt€1:12€A.M.€on€October€16,€2000,€Cindy€Gerralls€and€Rita€Hurst,€emergency€medicalÐ ü#L# Ðtechnicians€with€the€Claiborne€County€Ambulance€Service,€were€dispatched€to€a€Tazewell€residenceÐ è$8 $ Ðoccupied€by€the€defendant,€Christopher€Lovin,€and€his€fianc,€Bonnie€Raske.€€Ms.€Raske,€the€motherÐ Ô%$!% Ðof€the€victim,€four„month„old€Caylis€Lovin,€was€outside€directing€the€emergency€unit€to€the€properÐ À&"& Ðlocation.€€Within€four€minutes€of€the€dispatch,€Ms.€Gerralls€and€Ms.€Hurst€arrived,€finding€theÐ ¬'ü"' Ðdefendant,€the€father€of€the€victim,€inside€the€residence€kneeling€over€his€son.€€The€defendant€hadÐ ˜(è#( Ðhis€left€arm€under€a€pillow€and€his€right€hand€on€the€victim's€abdomen.€€As€Ms.€Gerralls€entered€theÐ „)Ô$) Ðroom,€the€defendant€remarked,€"I€can't€do€anything€more,€I've€been€doing€this€for€30€or€45€minutes."€Ð p*À%* ÐBecause€the€victim€was€born€three€months€prematurely€and€had€been€cared€for€in€the€neonatalÐ \+¬&+ Ðintensive€care€unit€at€the€University€of€Tennessee€Medical€Center,€he€was€connected€to€an€apneaÐ H,˜', Ðmonitor€at€the€time€the€emergency€personnel€arrived.€€Ms.€Gerralls€determined€that€the€victim€hadÐ 4-„(-ý ÐÔ_Ôno€pulse,€was€"very,€very€cold€and€blue€and€was€not€breathing."€€There€was€no€sound€of€alarm€fromÐ ° Ðthe€monitor€during€the€period€the€emergency€technicians€were€at€the€residence.€€Ms.€Gerralls€and€Ms.Ð œì ÐHurst€transported€the€victim€by€ambulance€to€the€Claiborne€County€Hospital€emergency€room,Ð ˆØ Ðarriving€precisely€15€minutes€after€the€original€dispatch.€€The€medical€staff€was€able€to€generate€aÐ tÄ Ðheart€rate€but€was€unable€to€establish€spontaneous€respiration.€€After€approximately€one€hour€at€theÐ `° Ðemergency€room,€the€victim€was€transported€to€East€Tennessee€Children's€Hospital€in€Knoxville.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àDr.€Joseph€Child,€a€pediatric€intensivist,€and€one€of€his€associates,€Dr.€Jeff€Queen,€treatedÐ $ t Ðthe€victim€upon€his€arrival€at€Children's€Hospital.€€Dr.€Child€determined€that€the€victim€had€anÐ  ` Ðextreme€buildup€of€acid€in€the€bloodstream€which€was€the€result€of€either€a€prolonged€period€ofÐ ü L  Ðoxygen€deprivation€or€very€low€blood€pressure.€€With€the€assistance€of€other€specialists,€Dr.€ChildÐ è 8  Ðwas€able€to€determine€that€there€was€blood€around€the€surface€of€the€brain€and€between€theÐ Ô$  Ðhemispheres.€€The€brain€was€swollen€and€a€CAT€Scan€indicated€that€there€was€no€blood€flow.€€Dr.Ð À  ÐChild€described€the€victim€as€"cold"€and€"gray."€€The€victim's€kidneys€were€failing€and€the€retinasÐ ¬ü  Ðof€each€eye€were€covered€with€blood.€€Treatment€was€unsuccessful€and€death€resulted€from€oxygenÐ ˜è  Ðdeprivation.Ð „Ô  ÐÌÌà  àBobby€Morelock,€a€detective€with€the€Claiborne€County€Sheriff's€Department,€questionedÐ H˜ Ðthe€defendant€while€the€victim€was€still€alive.€€The€defendant€made€the€following€statement:€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà8  àà ` àHe€was€pale€all€day€and€coughing€and€turning€colors.€€Mom€got€him€out€ofÐ  \ Ðhis€swing€once€to€check€on€him.€€Everything€was€pretty€normal€seemed€like.€€He€wasÐ øH Ðstill€pale,€gurgling€a€little€but€he€was€breathing.€€I€told€Bonnie€he€was€sick,€he€wasÐ ä4 Ðjust€kind€of€lifeless€throughout€yesterday€and€last€night.€€Caylis€was€asleep€whenÐ Ð  ÐBonnie€went€to€bed€around€12:00.€€Bonnie€fed€Caylis€before€she€went€to€bed.€€CaylisÐ ¼  Ðwas€crying€around€12:30€A.M.€and€Bonnie€asked€what€he€was€crying€for.€€I€wasÐ ¨ø Ðtrying€to€hook€up€the€heart€monitor€on€him.€€I€fed€him€before€I€tried€to€hook€up€theÐ ”ä Ðheart€monitor€but€I€never€got€the€monitor€hooked€up.€€I€got€his€breathing€treatmentsÐ €Ð Ðready€but€Bonnie€already€had€everything€ready€in€the€treatment.€€Caylis€was€on€theÐ l¼ Ðcouch€and€asleep€so€I€got€the€breathing€tube€and€put€it€close€to€Caylis's€nose€so€IÐ X ¨ Ðwouldn't€wake€him€back€up.€€When€I€got€the€treatment€started€and€put€the€hose€up€toÐ D!” Ðhis€nose,€I€held€it€there€until€it€was€done,€about€five€minutes.€€I€then€put€up€.€.€.€theÐ 0"€  Ðbreathing€treatment.€€I€then€went€to€get€his€stuff€to€change€his€diaper€and€wipe€himÐ #l! Ðoff.€€When€I€got€his€clothes€off,€I€noticed€he€wasn't€breathing.€€One€of€the€reasons€IÐ $X" Ðtook€his€clothes€off€was€to€hook€his€monitor€back€up.€€I€didn't€see€any€response€toÐ ô$D # Ðhim.€€I€picked€him€[up]€and€didn't€feel€nothing.€€I€had€my€left€hand€on€the€back€of€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðhead,€holding€it€up€and€just€kind€of€shook€it,€saying,€Caylis,€Caylis,€hoping€he€wouldÐ Ì&"% Ðshake€out€of€it.€€I€leaned€down€and€gave€him€a€puff€of€air€and€looked€over€at€theÐ ¸'#& Ðmonitor€and€it€was€showing€nothing.€€I€laid€him€back€down€on€the€couch€and€beganÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCPR.€€I€was€trying€for€around€five€minutes.€€I€was€just€trying€to€get€him€back.€€I€keptÐ )à$( Ðscreaming€for€Bonnie€for€a€while.€[I€]€never€moved€him€from€the€couch.€€I€keptÐ |*Ì%) Ðgiving€him€puffs€and€pushing€on€his€chest€sometimes.€€I€had€to€push€a€little€harderÐ h+¸&* Ðbecause€he€never€would€do€nothing.€€Bonnie€got€up€and€panicked€and€I€was€cussingÐ ° Ðat€Bonnie€because€she€just€kept€running€through€the€house€there€and€I€said€go€ð!ð€goÐ œì Ðcall€an€ambulance,€he's€not€breathing.€€She€left€to€call€and€I€just€kept€trying€to€get€himÐ ˆØ Ðbreathing.€€Every€time€I€quit,€the€monitor€would€quit.€€The€ambulance€people€gotÐ tÄ Ðthere€and€didn't€bring€nothing€inside€with€them.€€They€just€picked€him€up€and€carriedÐ `° Ðhim€to€the€ambulance€when€they€came€in.€€I€just€unhooked€the€plugs€from€theÐ L œ Ðmonitor.€€Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àOn€the€day€following€his€initial€statement,€the€defendant€was€questioned€by€TBI€Agent€SteveÐ  ` ÐVinsant€and€Detective€Morelock.€€By€the€time€of€this€interview,€the€victim€had€died.€€Each€of€theÐ ü L  Ðofficers€recalled€that€the€defendant€had€acknowledged€that€he€was€alone€with€the€victim€at€the€timeÐ è 8  Ðthe€victim€stopped€breathing.€€They€also€remembered€that€the€defendant€never€made€mention€ofÐ Ô$  Ðeither€shaking,€striking,€or€dropping€the€victim.€€The€defendant€was€arrested€for€murder€on€OctoberÐ À  Ð19,€three€days€after€the€initial€hospitalization.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àAgent€Vinsant€recalled€that€during€questioning,€the€defendant€suggested€that€the€emergencyÐ „Ô  Ðpersonnel€may€have€injured€the€victim€by€jumping€off€the€porch€without€properly€supporting€theÐ pÀ Ðhead.€€Agent€Vinsant€recalled€that€the€defendant€had€speculated€that€the€rib€fractures€may€have€beenÐ \¬ Ðdue€to€his€efforts€at€CPR.€€According€to€the€officer,€the€defendant€had€stated€that€Ms.€Raske€had€beenÐ H˜ Ðin€bed€for€over€an€hour€before€he€called€for€medical€assistance.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àDr.€Child€described€infants€generally€as€having€large,€heavy€heads€as€compared€to€the€restÐ  \ Ðof€the€body€and€having€weak€neck€muscles,€thereby€making€them€particularly€susceptible€to€a€brainÐ øH Ðinjury€due€to€shaking.€€It€was€his€opinion€that€the€death€of€the€victim,€which€occurred€within€hoursÐ ä4 Ðafter€he€was€transported€to€Children's€Hospital,€was€due€to€Shaken€Infant€Syndrome,€which€involvesÐ Ð  Ða€tearing€of€the€blood€vessels€that€support€the€brain.€€Dr.€Child€described€the€force€required€to€causeÐ ¼  Ðthe€injuries€to€the€victim€as€"severe"€and€"violent"€in€which€"the€head€is€just€cracking€like€a€whip€atÐ ¨ø Ðthe€neck."€€He€also€found€internal€bleeding€into€the€abdomen€as€a€contributing€cause€of€death.€€TheÐ ”ä Ðspleen€was€fractured,€the€liver€was€torn€in€three€places,€and€the€left€kidney€and€adrenal€gland€wereÐ €Ð Ðbruised€and€damaged,€injuries€which,€in€Dr.€Child's€opinion,€"would€have€eventually€led€to€thisÐ l¼ Ðbaby's€death€.€.€.€."€€It€was€his€assessment€that€the€injuries€to€the€internal€organs€were€the€result€ofÐ X ¨ Ð"blunt€force,"€which€had€been€"directly€applied,"€a€force€different€from€that€causing€the€damage€toÐ D!” Ðthe€head.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àDr.€Sandra€Elkins,€the€Director€of€Autopsy€Services€and€Forensic€Pathology€at€the€UniversityÐ $X" Ðof€Tennessee€Medical€Center,€and€who€also€serves€as€Medical€Examiner€for€Knox€County,Ð ô$D # Ðperformed€the€autopsy.€€She€also€identified€two€separate€areas€of€critical€injury,€either€of€whichÐ à%0!$ Ðwould€cause€death:€€head€trauma€qualifying€as€Shaken€Infant€Syndrome€and€blunt€force€injuries€toÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€chest€and€abdomen.€€Dr.€Elkins'€findings€included€subdural€hematoma€or€blood€clotting€on€theÐ ¸'#& Ðsurface€of€the€brain,€retinal€hemorrhaging,€rib€fractures€due€to€a€compressing€force,€pulmonaryÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcontusions€to€the€lungs,€and€severe€internal€bleeding€due€to€lacerations€of€the€liver€and€the€spleen.€Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àDr.€Elkins€described€these€injuries€as€very€uncommon€in€infants€and,€in€her€opinion,€far€tooÐ ° Ðsevere€to€result€from€a€fall€to€the€floor€or€any€attempt€at€cardiopulmonary€resuscitation.€€Dr.€MurrayÐ œì ÐKevin€Marks,€a€forensic€anthropologist,€assisted€in€the€autopsy.€€He€described€a€variety€of€ribÐ ˆØ Ðfractures€ranging€from€"creases"€to€"complete€breaks."€€It€was€his€opinion€that€the€fractures€were€dueÐ tÄ Ðto€significant€external€pressure€on€the€right€front€of€the€chest.Ð `° ÐÌà  àRonald€Ford,€a€pediatrician€at€Children's€Hospital,€described€the€victim€as€comatose€but€stillÐ 8 ˆ Ðalive€upon€his€admission€to€the€intensive€care€unit.€€Due€to€the€signs€of€brain€trauma€and€the€resultingÐ $ t Ðbrain€swelling,€it€was€Dr.€Ford's€opinion€that€the€victim€had€died€of€"very€violent€shaking."€€It€wasÐ  ` ÐDr.€Ford's€further€assessment€that€because€of€the€extensive€nature€of€the€injury,€the€victim's€brain€wasÐ ü L  Ðno€longer€able€to€send€signals€to€the€other€organs€to€maintain€their€function.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àBonnie€Raske,€the€18„year„old€mother€of€the€victim,€testified€as€a€defense€witness.€€She€statedÐ À  Ðthat€the€premature€birth€of€the€victim€had€caused€breathing€difficulties€to€such€an€extent€that€heÐ ¬ü  Ðrequired€an€apnea€monitor.€€Ms.€Raske€confirmed€that€while€the€victim€was€born€on€June€11,€he€wasÐ ˜è  Ðnot€released€from€the€hospital€until€September€2€and€had€been€in€her€home€for€less€than€a€month€andÐ „Ô  Ða€half€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€She€described€the€victim€as€"always€coughing,€throwing€up,€heÐ pÀ Ðwouldn't€hold€his€formula€down."€€According€to€Ms.€Raske,€the€victim€was€re„hospitalized,€treatedÐ \¬ Ðfor€pneumonia,€and€released€about€one€week€prior€to€his€death.€€Seven€months€pregnant€with€aÐ H˜ Ðsecond€child€by€the€time€of€trial,€Ms.€Raske€described€the€defendant€as€a€loving€father.€€She€claimedÐ 4„ Ðthat€only€hours€prior€to€the€episode€that€led€to€his€death,€the€victim€had€stopped€breathing€and€thatÐ  p Ðshe€had€revived€him€by€shaking€him€and€breathing€into€his€mouth.€€Ms.€Raske€stated€that€the€victimÐ  \ Ð"constantly€quit€breathing"€as€indicated€by€his€apnea€monitor€alarm.€€On€the€evening€of€the€victim'sÐ øH Ðlast€hospitalization,€Ms.€Raske€and€the€defendant€had€bought€wine€and€had€drinks.€€According€to€Ms.Ð ä4 ÐRaske,€she€became€intoxicated,€went€to€bed,€and€asked€the€defendant€to€take€care€of€the€victim.€€SheÐ Ð  Ðrecalled€being€awakened€when€the€defendant€began€to€scream€that€the€victim€was€not€breathing.€€AtÐ ¼  Ðthe€defendant's€direction,€Ms.€Raske€called€911€while€the€defendant€administered€CPR,€using€"bothÐ ¨ø Ðhands."Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€defendant,€testifying€at€trial€in€his€own€behalf,€contended€that€he€had€planned€a€romanticÐ l¼ Ðevening€with€his€fianc€and€that€after€dinner,€their€lovemaking€was€interrupted€when€Ms.€RaskeÐ X ¨ Ðbecame€ill€from€too€much€wine.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€later€gave€the€victim€his€medicationÐ D!” Ðand€prepared€him€for€bed.€€The€defendant€stated€that€the€apnea€monitor€alarm€sounded€as€the€victimÐ 0"€  Ðstopped€breathing.€€While€acknowledging€that€he€had€shaken€the€victim's€leg,€the€defendant€claimedÐ #l! Ðthat€he€had€done€so€gently€in€an€effort€to€revive€the€victim€and€then€breathed€air€into€his€mouth.€€TheÐ $X" Ðdefendant€testified€that€he€began€CPR€by€using€an€index€finger€on€the€chest€and€that€when€there€wasÐ ô$D # Ðno€response,€he€screamed€for€help€from€Ms.€Raske,€who€was€too€dazed€to€assist.€€The€defendantÐ à%0!$ Ðstated€that€he€then€made€contact€with€the€victim's€upper€stomach€in€an€effort€to€perform€CPR€andÐ Ì&"% Ðincreased€pressure€to€the€area€just€above€the€navel.€€He€described€the€pressure€he€applied€with€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðhands€as€"more€than€I€was€realizing€at€the€time."€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€believed€the€victimÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwas€either€dying€or€dead€by€the€time€the€ambulance€arrived.€€He€described€himself€as€in€shock€andÐ )à$( Ðâ âacknowledged€that€he€had€squeezed€the€victim€"so€hard€.€.€.€my€arms€were€shaking"€as€he€attemptedÐ |*Ì%) Ðresuscitation.€€The€defendant€also€admitted€shaking€the€victim€but€was€unable€to€say€how€hard.€€ItÐ ° Ðwas€his€contention€that€the€medication€had€caused€the€victim€to€stop€breathing.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà@ÍÍ*ìàIˆÐ tÄ Ðà  àIn€this€appeal,€the€defendant€first€argues€that€the€state€failed€to€prove€that€he€had€anyÐ `° Ðawareness€of€being€abusive€when€the€fatal€injuries€were€inflicted.€€It€is€his€claim€that€the€injuriesÐ L œ Ðoccurred€as€the€defendant€increased€his€level€of€force€in€the€administration€of€CPR.€€He€argues€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€injuries€to€the€brain€were€the€result€of€his€attempts€to€remove€the€medication€be€believed€hadÐ $ t Ðinitially€caused€the€victim€to€stop€breathing.€€The€defendant€submits€that€it€is€"entirely€logical€andÐ  ` Ðreasonable"€that€the€injuries€were€accidental.€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àOn€appeal€and€after€a€guilty€verdict,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÐ Ô$  Ðview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.Ð À  ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€beÐ ¬ü  Ðgiven€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€juryÐ ˜è  Ðas€the€trier€of€fact.€€€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€theÐ „Ô  Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theÐ pÀ Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÐ \¬ Ðessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.Ð H˜ ÐWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,Ð 4„ Ðthe€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolvedÐ  p Ðby€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdictÐ  \ Ðof€guilt€against€a€defendant€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,Ð øH Ðthe€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€aÐ ä4 Ðguilty€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àA€criminal€offense€may€be€established€exclusively€by€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòDuchac€v.Ð ¨ø ÐStateóó,€505€S.W.2d€237,€241€(Tenn.€1973);€€òòMarable€v.€Stateóó,€203€Tenn.€440,€313€S.W.2d€451,€456„58Ð ”ä Ð(1958);€òòState€v.€Haileyóó,€658€S.W.2d€547,€552€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983).€€If€entirely€circumstantial,Ð €Ð Ðthe€facts€and€circumstances€must€ð ðbe€so€strong€and€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonableÐ l¼ Ðhypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant.ðð€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€478,€470€S.W.2d€610,€612Ð X ¨ Ð(1971).€€In€such€an€event,€the€circumstantial€evidence€must€be€both€consistent€with€guilt€andÐ D!” Ðinconsistent€with€innocence.€€òòPruitt€v.€Stateóó,€460€S.W.2d€385,€3990€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1970).€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðweight€of€the€circumstantial€evidence€is€for€the€jury€to€determine.€€òòWilliams€v.€Stateóó,€520€S.W.2dÐ #l! Ð371,€374€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974)€(citing€òòPatterson€v.€Stateóó,€4€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€657,€475€S.W.2dÐ $X" Ð201€(1971)).€€The€court€may€not€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€inÐ ô$D # Ðcircumstantial€evidence€cases.€€òòLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859;€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,€51Ð à%0!$ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€The€same€standard€of€review€is€applicable€whether€the€guilty€verdict€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðbased€upon€direct€evidence€or€upon€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€551€S.W.2d€329,€331Ð ¸'#& Ð(Tenn.€1977);€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€208€Tenn.€75,€343€S.W.2d€895,€897€(1971).€òòóóÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àAll€of€the€medical€evidence€established€that€the€victim€died€from€head€injuries€resulting€fromÐ |*Ì%) Ða€violent€shaking€and€from€internal€bleeding€due€to€blunt€force€trauma€to€the€torso.€€The€defendantÐ h+¸&* Ðacknowledged€that€only€he€was€in€a€position€to€inflict€injuries€of€that€nature€unless,€of€course,€hisÐ ° Ðspeculation€about€the€medical€technicians'€possible€mishandling€of€the€victim€had€been€supportedÐ œì Ðby€the€evidence€offered€at€trial.€€While€the€defense€presented€a€plausible€theory€that€the€defendantÐ ˆØ Ðhad€panicked€in€an€emergency€situation€and€unintentionally€caused€the€death€of€a€particularlyÐ tÄ Ðvulnerable€infant,€it€was€the€prerogative€of€the€jury€to€determine€whether€the€proof€offered€by€theÐ `° Ðstate€excluded€every€reasonable€hypothesis€except€for€guilt€as€charged.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€BenjaminÐ L œ ÐBrownóó,€No.€W1999„00327„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€Oct.€24,€2000).€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThat€the€jury€rejected€the€defendant's€claim€that€he€had€only€gently€shaken€the€leg€of€theÐ  ` Ðvictim€is€not€surprising.€€He€had€made€no€mention€of€having€shaken€the€victim€in€his€statement€toÐ ü L  Ðthe€police€and€each€of€three€physicians€determined€that€the€severity€of€the€injuries€belied€hisÐ è 8  Ðexplanation.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€state€the€"strongest€legitimateÐ ¬ü  Ðview€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawnÐ ˜è  Ðtherefrom."€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982)€(citing€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€court€may€not€"reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence"€in€the€recordÐ pÀ Ðbelow.€€òòEvansóó,€838€S.W.€2d€at€191;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Mannóó,€959€S.W.2d€503,€518€(Tenn.€1997)Ð \¬ Ð(quoting€òòMarable€v.€Stateóó,€203€Tenn.€440,€313€S.W.2d€451.€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€courtÐ H˜ Ðfind€particular€conflicts€in€the€trial€testimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favor€of€the€jury€verdictÐ 4„ Ðor€the€trial€court€judgment.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.€€By€the€use€of€these€guidelines,€the€evidenceÐ  p Ðis€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà@®®)ìàIIˆÐ ä4 Ðà  àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€by€failing€to€excludeÐ Ð  Ðcumulative€expert€testimony€relating€to€the€cause€of€death.€€The€defendant€submits€that€it€wasÐ ¼  Ðprejudicial€for€the€trial€court€to€permit€three€medical€experts€to€testify€to€the€nature€of€the€injuriesÐ ¨ø Ðsuffered€by€the€victim€and€the€possible€causes€of€death.€€It€is€the€defendant's€contention€that€theÐ ”ä Ðtestimony€of€two€of€the€three€physicians€should€have€been€excluded.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àIn€òòConlee€v.€Tayloróó,€153€Tenn.€507,€285€S.W.€35,€36€(1926),€our€supreme€court€consideredÐ X ¨ Ð"whether€or€not€the€trial€judge€should€limit€the€number€of€witnesses€a€party€may€deem€necessary€toÐ D!” Ðintroduce€in€order€to€make€out€his€case€on€the€main€issue€involved."€€Our€high€court€noted€that€"[t]heÐ 0"€  Ðquestion€has€been€much€discussed€by€the€text-writers€.€.€.€"€and€approved€of€the€following€language:Ð #l! ÐÌà  àIn€26€R.C.L.,€section€37,€p.€1033,€it€is€said:Ð ô$D # ÐÌà8  àà ` à"So€long€as€facts€testified€to€by€a€party€are€not€conclusively€established,€orÐ Ì&"% Ðadmitted,€they€are€open€to€further€proof,€and€it€is€error€to€exclude€evidence€on€theÐ ¸'#& Ðground€that€it€is€cumulative.€€Where€evidence€is€excluded€on€this€ground,€the€courtÐ ¤(ô#' Ðshould€not€submit€the€issue€of€fact€to€the€jury.€€It€may€be€said€to€be€a€general€rule€thatÐ )à$( Ðthe€trial€court€may,€in€its€discretion,€limit€the€number€of€witnesses€who€may€be€calledÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€prove€a€particular€link€in€the€chain€of€evidence,€and€this€is€especially€true€as€toÐ h+¸&* Ðexpert€witnesses,€or€impeaching€witnesses,€except€where€character€is€the€main€factÐ ° Ðin€issue.€€It€would€seem,€however,€that€the€number€should€not€be€limited€as€to€theÐ œì Ðòòmain€fact€in€issueóó,€where€the€witnesses€are€not€experts,€as€in€certain€cases€stated."ЈØÐ Ð  ÐòòÌId.óó€(alteration€in€original).Ð `° ÐÌà  àDean€Wigmore,€in€an€early€work,€described€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€in€drawing€a€line€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðbalance:€"the€effort€has€been€to€draw€the€line€fairly€between€necessary€and€unnecessaryÐ $ t Ðcomplication."€3€Wigmore,€Evidence€ðð€1907.€€In€òòWhite€v.€Vanderbilt€Universityóó,€our€court€of€appealsÐ  ` Ðdetermined€that€each€issue€"must€be€decided€on€its€own€facts€.€.€.€and€the€trial€court€must€be€carefulÐ ü L  Ðnot€to€usurp€the€function€of€the€jury€in€the€process€.€.€.€."€21€S.W.3d€215,€227€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999).€Ð è 8  Ð"A€trial€court€should€not€exclude€evidence€under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403€when€the€balance€between€theÐ Ô$  Ðprobative€worth€of€the€evidence€and€the€countervailing€factors€is€fairly€debatable."€€òòId.óó€€In€greatÐ À  Ðmeasure,€the€trial€court€is€vested€with€a€sound€discretion€in€regard€to€limiting€the€number€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðwitnesses.€€òòSeeóó€òòShields€v.€Stateóó,€197€Tenn.€83,€270€S.W.2d€367,€371€(1954).Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àIn€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€it€is€our€view€that€the€use€of€three€physicians€to€testify€toÐ pÀ Ðthe€extent€of€the€victim's€injuries€and€the€cause€of€his€death€did€not€unfairly€prejudice€the€defendant.€Ð \¬ ÐCause€of€death€was€the€central€issue.€€Certainly€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretionaryÐ H˜ Ðauthority.€€Initially,€two€of€the€three€medical€experts€utilized€by€the€state€had€treated€the€victim.€€Dr.Ð 4„ ÐChild€and€Dr.€Ford€were€at€Children's€Hospital€and,€in€conjunction€with€other€physicians€who€wereÐ  p Ðnot€called€as€witnesses,€made€specific€medical€findings€in€an€effort€to€save€the€life€of€the€victim.€Ð  \ ÐBecause€the€victim,€due€to€a€premature€birth,€required€a€sleep€apnea€monitor€and€because€theÐ øH Ðdefendant€claimed€that€some€of€the€injuries€were€the€result€of€his€attempts€at€resuscitation,€a€secondÐ ä4 Ðopinion€had€significant€probative€value.€€Moreover,€because€the€convicting€evidence€was€entirelyÐ Ð  Ðcircumstantial,€the€state€had€the€burden€of€excluding€every€reasonable€hypothesis€other€than€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendant's€guilt€of€the€crime€charged.€€The€testimony€of€the€pathologist€was€equally€essential€as€toÐ ¨ø Ðthe€cause€of€the€victims€death.€€Confirmation€of€a€substantial€hematoma,€retinal€hemorrhaging,€ribÐ ”ä Ðfractures,€and€lacerations€to€the€internal€organs€tended€to€refute€beyond€any€reasonable€doubt€theÐ €Ð Ðdefendant's€claims€of€innocence.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð D!” ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ô$D # Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE